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HUNIAN PRASEJARAH DI SOMBORI, PROVINSI SULAWESI TENGAH the Prehistoric Occupancy in Sombori, Central Sulawesi Province

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HUNIAN PRASEJARAH DI SOMBORI, PROVINSI SULAWESI TENGAH the Prehistoric Occupancy in Sombori, Central Sulawesi Province HUNIAN PRASEJARAH DI SOMBORI, PROVINSI SULAWESI TENGAH The Prehistoric Occupancy in Sombori, Central Sulawesi Province Nasrullah Azis Balai Arkeologi Sulawesi Utara Jalan Pingkan Matindas No. 92 Manado [email protected] Abstract Morowali is a regency within the territory of the Central Sulawesi Province, which now blooms into two districts namely Morowali Regency and North Morowali Regency. From previous archeological research, data obtained that this district is rich in archeological remains, especially since prehistoric times in the form of residential caves and burials. But all the remains are in mainland Morowali. In addition to the mainland Morowali, there are also archeological remains mainly prehistoric residential caves on the islands and coast of the Morowali region. From the survey results it is known that on the Morowali coast precisely in Kec. Menui Islands there are several prehistoric residential caves and open dwellings on the beach. Based on the findings of the survey and excavation, it can be seen that the abundant shellfish on the beach is the dominant food consumed. From the initial survey and excavation it was also seen that the use of lytic tools was not so dominantly used, possibly they used tools other than stones such as shells and animal bones. Keywords: caves, dwellings, prehistory, Morowali, island, coast Abstrak Morowali adalah sebuah kabupaten dalam wilayah Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah yang sekarang mekar menjadi dua kabupaten yaitu Kabupaten Morowali dan Kabupaten Morowali Utara. Dari penelitian arkeologi sebelumnya, didapatkan data bahwa kabupaten ini kaya akan tinggalan arkeologi khususnya dari masa prasejarah yang berupa gua-gua hunian serta penguburan. Namun semua tinggalan tersebut terdapat di Morowali daratan. Selain di Morowali daratan, terdapat pula tinggalan arkeologi utamanya gua-gua hunian prasejarah di pulau-pulau dan pesisir wilayah Morowali. Dari hasil survei diketahui bahwa di pesisir Morowali tepatnya di Kec. Menui Kepulauan terdapat beberapa gua hunian prasejarah serta hunian terbuka di tepi pantai. Berdasarkan temuan hasil survei dan ekskavasi terlihat bahwa kerang yang melimpah di pantai merupakan bahan makanan yang dominan dikonsumsi. Dari survei dan ekskavasi awal terlihat pula bahwa penggunaan alat litik tidak begitu dominan digunakan, kemungkinan mereka menggunakan alat selain batu misalnya kerang dan tulang hewan. Kata kunci: gua-gua, hunian, prasejarah, Morowali, pulau, pesisir PENDAHULUAN Tengah. Kabupaten Morowali terdiri dari 9 Latar Belakang Penelitian kecamatan dan 133 desa/kelurahan. Morowali Kabupaten Morowali adalah sebuah berbatasan dengan Morowali Utara di bagian kabupaten di provinsi Sulawesi Tengah. Ibukota barat laut, Sulawesi Selatan di bagian barat dan kabupaten sekaligus pusat administrasi terletak barat daya, serta Sulawesi Tenggara di bagian di Kota Bungku. Kabupaten ini mempunyai luas timur laut sebesar 3037,04 km² dan berpenduduk sebanyak (wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabupaten_Morowali). 113.132 jiwa pada tahun 2016. Morowali adalah Terdapat beberapa kecamatan yang wilayahnya kabupaten terluas ke-10, terpadat ke-9, dan berupa pulau-pulau seperti Kecamatan Menui memiliki populasi terbanyak ke-12 di Sulawesi Kepulauan. Hunian Prasejarah di Sombori, Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah 23 - Nasrullah Azis Penelitian arkeologi oleh Balai Arkeologi dari spit 26 di Gua Gililana menghasilkan Manado di daerah Morowali tercatat dimulai pertanggalan 29341 ± 103 BP (Ono, 2018). tahun 2011. Penelitian awal ini mengidentifikasi Wilayah Kabupaten Morowali juga adanya tinggalan prasejarah dan kolonial di berbatasan langsung dengan Provinsi Sulawesi daerah Kolonodale dan sekitarnya yang sekarang Tenggara. Seperti diketahui bahwa di sisi merupakan Kabupaten Morowali Utara. Pada wilayah Sulawesi Tenggara juga terdapat tahun 2013, Balai Arkeologi Manado kembali tinggalan gua-gua hunian prasejarah (Rapport, melakukan penelitian di Morowali dan tercatat 2014; Nur, 2018). mengunjungi beberapa tinggalan seperti masjid tua di Bungku, Benteng Kotabajo, makam dan Permasalahan bekas istana Raja Bungku II, makam Kacili Menarik untuk melihat apakah ada Surabi serta 2 buah gua dan sebuah ceruk yaitu keterhubungan budaya bermukim di gua-gua Gua Puwasu dan Gua Guci serta Ceruk serta tempat terbuka antara sebaran situs-situs Korompeeli (Azis, 2011; Marzuki, 2013). yang ada di wilayah Morowali dengan yang Penelitian lanjutan oleh Balai Arkeologi berbatasan langsung dengan Kabupaten Manado yang fokus pada situs-situs gua Morowali seperti Sulawesi Selatan serta dilanjutkan di tahun 2014 hingga tahun 2017. Di Sulawesi Tenggara. Seperti diketahui bahwa tahun 2014 dan tahun 2015 melakukan ekskavasi wilayah Sulawesi Selatan dan Sulawesi di Gua Morokopa. Tahun 2016 ekskavasi di Gua Tenggara sangat kaya akan situs-situs gua Gililana serta tahun 2017 melakukan ekskavasi hunian prasejarah. di Ceruk Kunefo. Kesemuanya sekarang masuk Akan dikumpulkan data arkeologi tentang wilayah Kabupaten Morowali Utara. Temuan sebaran situs-situs hunian yang terdapat di yang berhasil diidentifikasi antara lain berbagai wilayah pesisir Morowali. Selanjutnya dari data jenis kerang dan tulang binatang, alat serpih yang berhasil didapatkan akan dibuatkan peta bilah, alat tulang, manik-manik kerang, gelang sebaran dan menghubungkannya dengan peta kerang serta di Gua Gililana terdapat lukisan cap sebaran situs-situs hunian yang terdapat di tangan (Sriwigati, 2014; Tim, 2015). Morowali daratan serta di wilayah sekitarnya Disamping penelitian yang dilakukan oleh seperti Sulawesi Selatan dan Sulawesi Tenggara. Balai Arkeologi Manado, di Kabupaten Data arkeologi yang didapatkan akan dilihat Morowali dan Kabupaten Morowali Utara apakah ada persamaan dan perbedaan dengan dilaksanakan pula penelitian oleh Pusat yang ditemukan di Morowali daratan. Penelitian Arkeologi Nasional bekerjasama Permasalahan yang akan diangkat adalah dengan Tokai University Jepang yang : melakukan survei dan ekskavasi dimana juga - Apakah ada persamaan atau perbedaan melibatkan Balai Arkeologi Sulawesi Utara. tinggalan arkeologi yang berkaitan dengan Sejak 3 tahun terkahir penelitian kerjasama hunian prasejarah yang didapatkan di tersebut melaksanakan kegiatan ekskavasi di Morowali daratan dan di wilayah pesisir ? Gua Topogaru, Morowali serta survei di - Bagaimana strategi adaptasi yang diterapkan beberapa situs gua hunian prasejarah. oleh kelompok penghuni gua-gua atau tempat Dari beberapa sampel yang didapatkan terbuka di wilayah pesisir Morowali ? dari hasil survei dan ekskavasi didapat pertanggalan dari beberapa situs gua di wilayah Tujuan Morowali. Misalnya dengan sampel - Mengetahui persamaan dan perbedaan menggunakan sampel arang dari Gua Gililana tinggalan arkeologi yang berkaitan dengan menghasilkan pertanggalan 11.697± 35 BP. hunian prasejarah yang terdapat di Morowali Adapun dengan menggunakan sampel kerang daratan dan di wilayah pesisir serta pulau- temuan permukaan di Gua Kunefo menghasilkan pulau terdekat. pertanggalan 9036 ± 29 BP serta di Gua - Dapat menjelaskan strategi adaptasi yang Topohulu 10016 ± 31 BP. Beberapa sampel diterapkan oleh kelompok penghuni gua-gua malah menghasilkan pertanggalan yang cukup atau tempat terbuka di wilayah pesisir tua, seperti sampel arang dari ekskavasi di Morowali. kedalaman 275cm Gua Topogaru menghasilkan pertanggalan 24642 ± 62 BP serta sampel kerang Metode 24 Jurnal Tumotowa Volume 2 Nomor 1, Juli 2019: 23 - 36 Pada dasarnya arkeologi adalah sebuah ekakavasi. Dari kesemua data lapangan yang bidang ilmu yang berusaha untuk didapatkan selanjutnya akan dianalisis dimana merekonstruksi kehidupan manusia di masa lalu diharapkan dapat menjawab permasalahan berdasarkan interpretasi terhadap hasil budaya penelitian. materi yang ditinggalkannya. Disamping hasil Kesemua data arkeologi yang didapatkan budaya materi, tidak dilupakan pula aspek dari pengumpulan data lapangan baik melalui lingkungannya. Lingkungan alam yang dihadapi survei maupun ekskavasi selanjutnya akan manusia akan melahirkan strategi adaptasi agar dianalisis. Data arkeologi yang kemungkinan kelangsungan hidupnya terus terjaga. Ada masa didapatkan berupa alat serpih bilah, cangkang dimana manusia masih sangat tergantung dari kerang serta lukisan gua selanjutnya akan apa yang tersedia di alam, baik sebagai sumber dianalisis morfologi dan teknologinya. Untuk bahan makanan ataupun sebagai tempat data arkeologi berupa serpih bilah akan menetap. Gua-gua alam yang disediakan oleh dilakukan pula analisis terhadap jejak pakai alat. lingkungan sekitarnya merupakan salah satu Dugaan jenis temuan data arkeologi ini pilihan hunian. Dalam penelitian kali ini akan didasarkan dari penelitian gua-gua hunian melihat kemungkinan gua-gua alam yang prasejarah yang telah dilakukan sebelumnya di terdapat di pulau-pulau di wilayah Morowali wilayah Morowali dan Morowali Utara daratan. apakah juga dijadikan sebagai tempat aktivitas Dengan asumsi bahwa temuan sejenis keseharian seperti gua-gua yang terdapat di kemungkinan bakalan didapatkan di situs gua- Morowali daratan. gua di pulau-pulau wilayah Morowali. Penelitian ini menggunakan penalaran Analisis morfologi dengan melakukan induktif, dimana berdasarkan pengamatan pengukuran terhadap temuan dengan perlakuan terhadap gejala arkeologis dan segala aspek yang yang mungkin beda tergantung temuannya. berkaitan hingga sampai kepada suatu Temuan serpih bilah dengan melihat bentuk alat kesimpulan sehingga nantinya terbentuk batunya. Mengamati dan mengukur bidang generalisasi empirik. Adapun tipe penelitian ini dorsal, ventral, lateral
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