Adaptive Model for Meeting Urban Forest Space Needs in Central Sulawesi

International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 5, (2020), pp. 2008-2018

Adaptive Model For Meeting Urban Forest Space Needs In Central Sulawesi

Akhbar1), Hasriani Muis1), Mahfudz 2), Golar*1), Adam Malik1), Muhammad Fardhal Pratama2), Rahmat Kurniadi Akhbar1) 1) Faculty of Forestry, Tadulako University, Palu, Indonesia 2) Faculty of Agriculture, Tadulako University, Palu, Indonesia Email: [email protected]

Abstract This study aims to develop a model for analysing urban forest space requirements based on demographic factors that visible in urban areas. The study adopts a spatial analysis approach, in addition to a general analysis of urban forest space requirements using the Malthus exponential method. From this analysis the value 8.90 m2/people set was obtained and subsequently, used as a reference for determining the area of urban forest space. From the value of this constant, a projection model for exponential growth in urban forest spaces in the urban area of Kolonodale (a small city with ퟎ.ퟎퟐퟑퟐ풕 a population of ≤ 20,000 inhabitants) in the next 20 years: Yuf to-t = 9.7799풆 Keywords: Urban forest, Demography, Site description, Malthus exponential, Small town.

1. Introduction The population in urban areas is more than in rural areas. As well the physical development in these areas is faster. As a result, the balance of ecosystems will be affected in urban areas with a consequent increase of air temperature, air pollution, decrease of the groundwater and surface soil, flooding, seawater instruction, increase of the content of heavy metals in groundwater and others. With the aim to maintain the balance of the ecosystem, influenced by an increase in population and physical development in urban areas, is necessary to provide green open space (GOS). The integration of urban forest into urban planning and development is quite complex due to the increase in population [1]. The green open space needs to be increased every year, directly proportional to the increase in population. But, its availability is decreasing and probably will run out. This is because the increase in population will lead to an increase in housing needs. For that reason, the land necessary for development will increase and the green space will remain reduced [2]. In Indonesia, only a minimum of 30% of urban settlements become green open space (GOS) planning. Urban forests are also a part of this 30%. The determination of urban forest area in the provision of oxygen involves five parameters: population, motorized vehicle, livestock, heavy production of dry crust, and season. Meanwhile, water supply involves seven parameters: population, two correction factors, water supply capacity of drinking water companies, groundwater potential, and the ability of forests to store water). And the provision of activity space for city residents only involves one parameter (population). There are different type of parameters to be measured and analyzed. These parameters are involved in an analytical approach that needs to be simplified with the aim to determine uniform and efficient the green space in urban forest areas broad Several GOS studies that have been carried out with different types of parameters related to the

provision of oxygen (02), a prominent urban space requirement. Gerakis (1974) holds an assertion in this regard. This finding, modified by Wisesa (1988) [4] reported that; household consumption water supply and activity space standards are contained in the Minister of Public Works Regulation No. 5 of 2008 [4]. Therefore, in this study, an analysis model of urban forest space requirements based on integrated demographic factors in urban areas will be developed using the Malthus exponential model.

International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 5, (2020), pp. 2008-2018

2. Research Methods The scientific research approach was adopted for this study to find solutions to the issues facing the development and application of technologies which are accurate, easy to understand and affordable. The main objective of this research is to discover the best model, for the determination of urban forest space requirements, based on demographic factors (like density and population growth). This model would be one, which could function effectively with the topology of such urban areas. An analysis was conducted to see the pattern of the city’s composition, including building mass and open space [5]. This analysis is the kind used to identify the texture of the spatial patterns (availability of green open spaces, buildings and infrastructure) in urban areas and the issue of irregular mass, as well as unavailability of space in urban areas. Demographic factors such as the population density of these areas were checked using a population density index analysis method, also studies environmental quality. Population growth rates for the next twenty years were also analysed using Malthus exponential growth. Mathematical models such as this, are utilized to find solutions and solve problems related to several scientific fields. One of such prominent fields, is the sector of demography. The Malthus population growth model, is also known as the exponential model [6]. The results of the analysis carried out on the population the rate of population growth, would serve as a reference in the prediction of urban forest space requirements. This study utilized the following materials: details of the latest high resolution satellite imagery available on Google Earth and SPOT 7 (government administration, land biophysics, urban spatial planning and regional infrastructure), satellite image data processing equipment (ArcGIS version 10.1), Microsoft Office Excel 2007, Microsoft Office Word 2007; computers and printers; Global Positioning System (GPS), cameras and other writing instruments. The land objects in the satellite imagery are interpreted based on the research requirements. Demographic data (number, density, population growth) were gathered from the Morowali Regency BPS data of 2017 [7], data from RTH results and field surveys. In order to interpret land objects image pre-processing (geometric, radiometric correction and image sharpening) was fist carried out, so as to obtain a good and true picture of land objects. [8] Image pre-processing is generally used to eliminate low frequency background interference, normalize the intensity of individual particles in the image, and remove reflections that cover the image portion. In spatial analysis, all thematic data related to the analysis of urban forest space requirements are overlaid in a projection system and a uniform map scale. Overlays are carried out to identify site features, which would act as a reference in predicting urban forest space requirements. Budi et al. [9] reported that the overlays, therefore, become one of the components needed to build a predictive model.

To obtain the urban forest space area with the aim of providing oxygen (O2), Gerakis (1974) formula modified by Wisesa (1988) in [4], was used, and for household water supply and activity room standards the formula in the Minister of Work Regulation was used. Using this formula, urban needs are simplified through parameters that are directly related to the number of oxygen demanded by these areas, their water requirements, the research needs, as well as the space required by these areas. The model is modified as follows: 풓풕 Yuf to-t = ((Po+f-m+i풆 ) x Ci)/10,000 ……….. (1) 1 푃푡 r = (ln ) 푡 푃표 Description:

Yuf to-t = T- year urban forest space requirement (ha).

Ci = Urban forest space requirement according to specific goal Po = Population of the base year

International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 5, (2020), pp. 2008-2018

P1st1 = Population of year t r = rate of growth t = time period f = fertility; m = mortality; i = immigration 10,000 = number divided into units of hectares (1) = Equation from the results of the exponential model approach e = constant real number = 2.7183. ln = Natural logarithms are logarithms based e.

According to the Gerakis (1974) formula modified by Wisesa (1988) reported that it is certain that to obtain the urban forest area using the formula: Lt = (Pt + Kt + Tt) / ((54) ( 0.9375) (2)) with: Lt = urban forest area in year t (m2); Pt = the amount of oxygen needed for the population in year t; Kt = the amount of oxygen needed for motorized vehicles in the t year; Tt = the amount of oxygen needed for livestock in year t; 54 = is a constant which shows that 1 m2 of land area produces 54 grams of dry weight of plants per day; 0.9375 = is a constant indicating that 1 gram of plant dry weight is equivalent to 0.9375 grams of oxygen production; 2 = the number of seasons in Indonesia. In this study the Ci value for oxygen, as well as the value of the city’s population are represented in units of m2/s. This refers to the value of these constants; and human oxygen requirements for the area (grams/day). This study is basically concerned with and limited to oxygen requirements in respect to the number of city residents. As stated in the Minister of Public Works Regulation No. 5 of 2008, the area of forest needs in water supply uses the formula La = (Po x K (1 + RC)t-PAM-Pa) / Z with: La = the area of urban forest

that must be built; P0 = total population; K = water consumption / capita (ltr / day); R = rate of increase in water use (usually in line with the rate of increase in local city population);C = correction factor (the figure here depends on the government's efforts to reduce the rate of population growth); PAM = The capacity of water companies to supply water (m3/ year); t = year; Pa = the current potential of ground water; Z = the ability of the city forest to store water (73,000 m3/ ha / year). Furthermore, the Department of Public Works [10] has guidelines for the standard of household water needs which are utilized to determine the water needs for small towns (population 3,000-20,000) = 60 -100 liters / person / day. In this study, the determination of urban forest area needs is simplified using only two parameters, namely the ability of urban forests to store water (m3/ha/year), and the standard of household consumption water needs (m3/ year) assuming other parameters are the same. The consideration is that the presence of forests in an area determines the availability of water sources for PAM and the potential visibility of ground water, especially in areas without groundwater basins. Furthermore, the calculation of water consumption is used as standard for household water needs. In the calculation of urban forest space requirements based on the number of population with reference to the activity space standards contained in the Minister of Public Works Regulation handbook - Number 5 of 2008 [4]; the broadest standard of urban forest space requirements which is at least 4 m2/ people is used. This value is equivalent to the size of 2mx2m which is the normal value used by everyone and is considered to be quite broad. The flow chart and research stages are stated Figure 1 shown below:

International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 5, (2020), pp. 2008-2018

Figure ground Buildings & infrastructure Location, area, type and analysis condition of space cover/use and typology of Conditions of biophysical the city area factors

Number and population Map of Adm & Analysis of growth Identification - biophysical urban forest analysis of city area space needs demographic Population density & factors land availability

Interpretation of high T-year urban forest Supply of oxygen; water; resolution satellite area is in accordance activity space imagery with its function

Figure 1. Flowchart and Research Stages

The location analysis of urban forest space needs modeling was carried out in the urban area of North Morowali District (Kolonodale City) Central Sulawesi Province covering ± 690.47 ha. Geographically, this location is at coordinates 121°19'11.95" E - 121°20'49.22" E and 1°57'57.26" S - 1°59'58.75" S. The study was carried out from September to December 2017. The research locations are as shown in Figure 2 below:

Figure 2. Map of Research Locations

3. Results and Discussion of Findings 3.1. Results Analysis of Site Image (Figure Ground) Urban areas are areas have a primary function such as for residential spaces, vast human concentration and the distribution of government services, social services, and economic activities [4]. Kolonodale is an example of such urban areas. Kolonodale, located in Petasia Sub-district, North Morowali Regency, Central Sulawesi Province, has been designated as the capital of the district since

International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 5, (2020), pp. 2008-2018

the formation of this district as a new autonomous region based on Law Number 12 of 2013. Kolonodale is bordered by Ganda-ganda Village in the north, in the south by Korololaki Village, in the west by a production forest area, and in the east by the sea waters of Tomori Bay [7]. The results of the analysis of the site shows that the Kolonodale urban area has an area of 690.47 ha (6.90 km2) consisting of three kelurahan areas, namely Kolonodale 163.11 ha, Bahoue 95.19 ha, and Bahontula 432.19 ha.

The results of the analysis overview tread (figure ground) using high resolution satellite imagery GeoEye (source: imagery @ 2017digitalglobe, GeoEye, MapData @ 2017google) and SPOT image 7, identified several themes of the land based on the type, location, and number, such as: buildings (2 ecosystem type: on land and waters); offices (16 units: DPRD, District Head Office, Office of Local Government Organizations (8 units), BRI, BPD, Prosecutor's Office, PLN, PDAM, Pertamina); schools (3 units), places of worship (mosques / churches: 5 units), hotels / inns (7 units), restaurants / restaurants (7 units), ports / docks (3 units), regional public hospitals (1 unit) , shops (8 units), kolonodale market (1 unit), open / green fields (2 units), public cemeteries (4 units), rivers (4 flow streams), mangrove forests (1 location), non-mangrove vegetation beaches (4 locations), highway (27.60 km), mining area (2 locations), park (1 location); natural forest area, greening / road, mixed garden, shrub, grass, and non-mining open land (1 type of ecosystem: on land). In the process of interpreting the land object, there are still obstacles in the introduction of land objects in the image, which cause redundancy of the land object. They include; the number of residential buildings that are still integrated with shops and restaurants and office buildings, with the same shape, size and colour, as well as the old building pattern / layout. These obstacles make the items appear irregular. Therefore, it is difficult to distinguish them during object identification. This condition is very different from the new residential and office areas developed with a regular building pattern. Therefore, the object is easily distinguished. High resolution imagery facilitates delineation of land use boundaries, calculation of building area and length of roads and river flows [3]. From the data anayzed, the developmental Plan of Green Open Space (GOS) of Kolonodale City in 2017 [13] stipulates that the city land use was at least 30% of the area of 314.34 ha, or an area of 94.38 ha of green space which is distributed thus; above 20% (62.87 ha) for public green space and 10% (31.43 ha) for private green space in the next five years. This is in accordance with the Regulation of the Minister of Public Works Number: 05 / PRT / M / 2008 [4]. Furthermore, the GOS is planned for the neighbouring park, lurah park, sub-district park, cemetery, city park, urban forest and certain functions (river border, coastal border and mangrove forest). Based on the topology of the Kolonodale urban area, there are four topologies, namely coastal, mountainous, disaster-prone and densely populated topologies. Kolonodale urban area that combines coastal and mountainous topologies provides a panoramic view of the beautiful waters, the conditions of the city during the morning to noon is an array of full sun and in the afternoon the areas are protected by mountain ranges, so that the city can be called a comfortable and beautiful city. This is supported by a variety of topographic places ranging from 0 m to 450 m above sea level. This condition means the land in hilly areas can still be occupied and managed into urban areas although there are limiting factors for slope classes. The existing slope class consists of flat slope classes (0-<8%) covering an area of 17.06%; sloping (8- <15%) area of 32.46%; rather steep (15-<25%) covering 37.98%; and steep (25- <45%) covering an area of 12.50% of the urban area of 690.47 ha. From the geological and geomorphological aspects, this area consists of plains and karst hills (marble and limestone) from the ultramafic complex and matano formations with red yellow Mediterranean soil types and litosol. From the rainfall data of PT. Tomaco Graha Krida in 2016 [7], the average annual rainfall reached 2,294 mm and 117 hh, with rainfall intensity of 20.46. The average

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monthly air temperature ranges from 25.9°C - 29.2°C, and the average air humidity ranges from 66% - 81%. The hydrological conditions of the Korololaki and Kolonodale watersheds have parallel and dendritic flow patterns. In this area there is no ground water basin. Therefore the mainstay water source is surface water sourced from forest areas. Around the city centre there is a mining area (nickel and marble) which can be a source of dust and noise, while in the Tomori bay waters (the port of Kolonodale and its surroundings) is a busy sea transportation for passengers, industrial and freight transportation that will also become a contributing source for urban noise and air pollution. The existing conditions of urban areas in Kolonodale has several limiting factors in their functions as urban areas (small but attractive cities). Taking into account the allocation of GOS in 2017 and typology of urban areas, the most appropriate slope classes for residential and non-residential buildings are classes of flat slopes and ramps which all reach an area of 341.88 ha (49.51%), while the slope class is rather steep with a slope of 15-<25% covering an area of 262.26 ha (37.98%). However, it can be used as a limited area of occupancy and non- occupancy by observing existing limiting factors. The steep slope class of 86.33 ha (12.50%) should be used as a local protection area. As a result of the conditions described in Kolonodale urban areas, where urban forest is needed so the city remains healthy, comfortable and attractively occupied with civilization, Kolonodale urban area is one place which anyone would find interesting to continue its development, especially as an input to the local government. It is no less interesting is to produce new models for the management of the city of Kolonodale as related to the need for green open space for urban forests. Little wonder, Jess et.al [14] states that urban forests aim to ensure that tree production and maintenance can benefit a city. 3.2. The Results of Analysis on Urban Demographic Factors In Kolonodale City, there are demographic conditions that are classified as specific, especially the type of settlement. Kolonodale City which covers three urban areas (Kolonodale, Bahontula, Bahoue) has two types of residential settlements, namely settlements on land and settlements in coastal waters. From the results of the analysis and in accordance with the Regulation of the Head of the Central Bureau of Statistics No. 37 of 2010 [15], the urban area of Kolonodale has a score of 14 (included in the urban category). It is explained in the regulation that the category of urban areas has a characteristic population density, the percentage of agricultural households, and the existence / access to urban facilities owned has a total score of ≥ 10 (ten). Until 2017, the population of the urban area of Kolonodale reached 10,817 people with a sex ratio of 104. Population density of 1,567 people/km2 was equivalent to 16 people/ha. The average rate of population growth is 2.32 percent. From the results of the population density index (IKP) analysis, it is known that the Kolonodale urban area has a value of 100 (population density is still in ideal condition). For population density ≤ 96 people / ha given IKP value 100. IKP is an index that states the environmental quality of an area based on its population density. Population density is one of the determinants of environmental quality because the high socio-economic activities of the population of the capital city will suppress the environment, both land / water, air and environment. The more densely populated an area gets, the greater the pressure on the environment which will cause a decrease in environmental quality. IKP values range from 0-100 (value 100 indicates that the population density in the city is an ideal density) [16]. Population growth and the economy in urban areas have a negative impact on the physical environment of the urban environment [17]. Based on the analysis of the colonized urban area habitable, according to the flat slope class of 341.88 ha (49.51% of the area of 690.67 ha), the rate of population growth which is constantly 2.32 percent per year requires 49 year to reach population density of 97 people / ha (> 96 people / ha). This

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figure is equivalent to a population of 33,279 people. Thus, the threshold of the carrying capacity of settlement land that is most suitable to be used in predicting the maximum population in accordance with the quality of the environment is 32,525 people within 48 years with a population density of 95 people / ha. Considering the period of time and the fact that it is still long enough to reach the maximum number of population (48 years), the analysis of projected population growth in the next 20 years is exponentially considered quite appropriate to be used in modelling the analysis of urban forest space requirements in Kolonodale urban areas. From the results of the analysis of population growth rates using Malthus exponential theory in the next 20 years (2017-2036), it is known that the population will reach 17,489 people. This amount is still far below the threshold carrying capacity of residential land for residential and non-residential buildings of 32,434 people. This amount has been calculated as an average fertility rate of 1.89 percent; mortality rate of 0.75 percent; and immigration rate of 0.02 percent for the region of Central Sulawesi Province which is processed from Indonesian population projection data 2010-2035 [18]. 3.3. Modelling Results of Urban Forest Space Needs 3.3.1. Model Analysis Of Urban Forest Space Requirements In The Supply Of Oxygen Referring to equation (1), in this section a projection model of urban forest space requirements

in the urban area of Kolonodale is produced in the provision of oxygen (O2) for city residents (20 years period ) as follows:

ퟎ.ퟎퟐퟑퟐ풕 Yuf (o2) to t = 9.2241풆 …………. (2) The results of the calculation of the needs of the urban forest area of each person is 8.39 m2/ people or equivalent to 0.000839 ha / people. This figure is obtained from the comparison between human oxygen needs and oxygen production per day. Based on the Gerakis method (1974) which was modified by Wisesa (1988), it is believed that 1 m2 of land area produced 54 grams of plant dry weight per day; 1 gram of dry weight of the plant is equivalent to 0.9375 grams; and there are as many as 2 2 seasons in Indonesia, then we get oxygen production per day of a = 101.23 grams O2/ m . Every human being needs an O2 of 840 grams / day. Therefore, everyone needs urban forest space in the amount of (c = b / a = 8.39 m2/ people). Oxygen is needed by humans about 67% of the human body and every human being consumes oxygen in the same amount of 600 litters / day or 840 grams / day. The value of 9.2241 in equation (2) in units of ha / people is as a result of the projection of the population growth of the city of Kolonodale in a period of 20 years (2017-2036). Thus, in the development and use of this model, it is obvious that the number of population in a city multiplied by the fixed value of 8.39 m2/ people or 0.000839 ha / people will show the projection model of urban forest space requirements in the city. With the use of this model, in the next 20 years it is expected that the urban forest can provide an average of 36,351,891.19 tons / year of oxygen.

Dachlan [19], the area of urban forest that is needed as CO2 a result of anthropogenic gas produced from oil and gas fuels in the city of Bogor varies according to time and the power of the slope based on the type of tree. The need for area of urban forest area becomes narrower, if the tree used is very high, while the one using high-strength trees requires a larger area. David et al [20], opines that city trees can help improve air quality, reducing air pollution in cities that have an impact on improving human health. Urban trees have been shown to play a role in the formation of microclimates, improvement of

air quality and reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2), as well as protection of municipal water supply ([21]; [20]; [22]; [23]). Urban forests can reduce noise by 18.94% during the day, at the beginning of the rainy season [34]. Plant leaves can absorb 95% noise [14]. As noted by Mangunsong and Jamartin Sihite

International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology Vol. 29, No. 5, (2020), pp. 2008-2018

(1994) inside [24], with an ecological approach, each 1 hectare of green open space is able to absorb 2 the CO2 released by 2,000 people or 5 m per resident. 3.3.2. Model Analysis Of Urban Forest Space Requirements In Water Supply Referring to equation (1), in this section a projection model of urban forest space requirements in urban areas is produced in the household consumption water supply (w) for the urban population (20 years period) as follows:

ퟎ.ퟎퟐퟑퟐ풕 Yuf (w) to t = 9.7799풆 …………. (3) The results of the calculation of the urban forest area needs of each person is 8.90 m2/ people (0.000890 ha / people). This figure is obtained from the comparison between the ability of urban forests to store water and the household's water needs per day. Urban forests to store water of 73,000 m3/ ha / year [11]. Water needs for household consumption for small cities = 60-100 ltr / person / day which is equivalent to 65 mper capita water needs3/ year. If a = 73,000 m3/ ha / year; b = 65 m3/ year then c = a / b = 1,123 people / m3/ year, so that everyone needs urban forest space (d = 10,000m2/ c = 8.90 m2/ people ) in meeting their water needs. The value is 9,7799 in equation (3) in units of ha / people resulting from the projection of the population growth of the city of Kolonodale in a period of 20 years (2017- 2036). Thus, in the development and use of this model, there is enough data to know the population in a city multiplied by the fixed value of 8.90 m2/ people or 0.000890 ha/ people , it will be known the projection model of urban forest space requirements in the city. With the use of this model, it is expected that in the next 20 years the urban forest will be able to provide an average household consumption of water of 919,469.75 m3/ year. The forest ecosystem in Beijing has the potential for maximum interception of rainfall of 1.43 billion cubic meters, and groundwater storage of 277.82 million cubic meters in ideal conditions, at the same time, can provide 286.67 million cubic meters of fresh water [23]. The problem faced in groundwater management is the reduction of recharge areas. The decline in recharge areas can occur, among others, because areas suitable for recharge are transformed into urban infrastructure, such as buildings and roads [25]. 3.3.3. Analysis Model Of Urban Forest Space Requirements In The Provision Of Activity Space Referring to equation (1), in this section a projection model of urban forest space requirements in urban areas is produced in the provision of activity space (a) for city dwellers (period of 20 years) as follows:

ퟎ;ퟎퟐퟑퟐ풕 Yuf (a) to-t = 4.3954풆 …………. (4) The results of the calculation of the urban forest area needs of each person in the activity of 4 m2 people (0,0004 ha/people ). Value of 4.3954 in equation (4) in units of ha / people resulting from the projection of the population growth of the city of Kolonodale in a period of 20 years (2017-2036). Therefore, in the development of the use of this model one can say the number of residents in a city multiplied by a fixed value of 4 m2/ people or 0.0004 ha / people , will show the projection model of urban forest space requirements in the city. It is expected that in the next 20 years the urban forest will be able to provide space for the population of an average of 14,152 people / year. Urban community demand for urban forests is on aesthetic values and tree ecosystem services ([26]; [20]). Tree canopy cover is the most influential indicator in meeting urban forest environmental [27]. The main focus of the role of urban forests is in environmental services ([28]; [22]; [29]).

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3.3.4. Integration Of Urban Forest Space Requirements Analysis The implementation of urban forests in urban areas is not intended to build these forests in accordance with their respective functions, but to build them in a way that could unite the three functions at the same time in the provision of oxygen, water, activity space. Therefore, after knowing the function of the urban forest it is visible which item requires the widest space allocation in units ofm2/ people , the function is chosen as a reference in determining the area of urban forest needs. From the results of the third analysis of the urban forest space requirements' model developed, it is known that the function of water supply for household consumption is the widest, which is 8.90 m2/ people. Thus the value of this constant is chosen as a reference in urban forest development for urban areas of small city type (population of ≤ 20,000 inhabitants). Therefore, the projection model of urban forest space requirements in the long run is equation (3) which is changed to:

ퟎ.ퟎퟐퟑퟐ풕 Yuf to-t = 9.7799풆 …….. (5). Urban forests are an integral part of a community ecosystem with many elements (such as humans, animals, buildings, infrastructure, water and air) interacting to significantly influence the quality of urban life).

4. Conclusion From the results of the analysis model developed, the value is set at 8.90 m2 / soul as a reference for determining the area of urban forest space. From the value of this constant, a projection model for exponential growth in urban forest space needs in the urban area of Kolonodale (small city with a ퟎ.ퟎퟐퟑퟐ풕 population of ≤ 20,000 inhabitants) in the next 20 years is: Yuf to-t = 9.7799풆 . The value of urban forest space requirements determined by this analysis model, still appears in form of general constants. Therefore this is an interesting area to carry out further research on. This is in accordance with the condition of old urban forest land cover based on the type of trees involved in the supply of water and oxygen. Acknowledgement Big thanks to the Environmental Service of North Morowali Regency, Central Sulawesi; Computing Laboratory of the Faculty of Forestry at Tadulako University for the support of data and maps and data processing equipment during the research. My heartfelt gratitude also goes to all parties who have provided support, especially the Center For International Publication (CefI NaP) of Tadulako University, starting from the preparation stage to the completion of this research. Reference [1] Nirwono J and Iwan I, RTH 30% ! Resolusi Kota Hijau. PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama: Jakarta, 2011. [2] M. R. Pratama, A. Rachmansyah, and F. Usman, “Pemodelan Dinamis Kebutuhan Ruang Terbuka Hijau Kota Malang,” Program Pascasarj. Univ. Brawijaya, 2016. [3] Bitta P. dan Iwan R. Penggunaan Citra Satelit Untuk Kajian Perkembangan Kawasan Permukiman Di Kota Semarang (Use of Satellite Imagery for Study of Settlement Area in Semarang City). Forum Geografi. 2011: 25(2): 140-151. . [4] Departemen Pekerjaan Umum, Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum Nomor: 05/PRT/M/ 2008 Tentang Pedoman Penyediaan dan Pemanfaatan Ruang Terbuka Hijau Di Kawasan Perkotaan. 2008. [5] Markus Z, Perancangan Kota Secara Terpadu, Kanisius. Yogyakarta, 1999.

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