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Influencing Factors the Interdependence of Cocoa Farmers in Central Sulawesi Province, Indonesia

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Influencing Factors the Interdependence of Cocoa Farmers in Central Sulawesi Province, Indonesia International Journal of Progressive Sciences and Technologies (IJPSAT) ISSN: 2509-0119. © 2018 International Journals of Sciences and High Technologies http://ijpsat.ijsht-journals.org Vol. 8 No. 1 Abril 2018, pp. 106-113 Influencing Factors the Interdependence of Cocoa Farmers in Central Sulawesi Province, Indonesia 1 2 2 2 Andri Amaliel Managanta , Sumardjo , Dwi Sadono , Prabowo Tjitropranoto 1 Faculty of Agriculture, Sintuwu Maroso University (UNSIMAR) 2 Department of Communication and Community Development Sciences, Faculty of Human Ecology- Bogor Agricultural University (IPB). Abstract – Cocoa is the leading commodity of the plantation in Central Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Cocoa diseases infestation and low access of farmers to capital and limited partnership between entrepreneurs or industries with farmers make farming less developed. The development of cocoa commodities seems to involve improving the competence, capacity, and interdependence of farmers. This study aims to analyze the factors that influence the interdependence of cocoa farmers in Central Sulawesi Province. The study used survey design, location were Donggala Regency of North Region, Sigi Regency of West Region, Poso Regency of Central Region and North Morowali Regency of Southeast Region. The sample was taken through proportionally cluster random sampling of 380 respondent. Sampel data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Research results show that farmers' competence in weak, due to the weak role of extension workers, lack of innovation availability and low formal education of farmers. The capacity of farmers is weak in organizing and in adapting to the environment due to the low competence of farmers. Low farmer interdependence due to the low capacity of farmers and low interdependence of farmers leads to low production and income. Keywords - Competence; Capacity; Interdependence; The Productivity of Cocoa Farmer. I. INTRODUCTION The result of Sahardi et al. [6] the main problem in cocoa farming are: (1) production, where the quantity and Cocoa is the leading commodity of a plantation in productivity of cocoa pod borer (CPB), (2) diversification, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Attacks of disturbing where cocoa farmers pay less attention other types of organisms and low access of farmers to capital and limited commodities to reduce the risk of failure, (3) post-harvest, partnership between entrepreneurs or industries make where the quality of cocoa is low resulting in low prices, (4) farming less developed. Farmers are limited to wishing to inefficiency of cocoa downstream development, (5) think about how to find more relevant in the productivity of unoptimal use of cocoa waste for fertilizer and animal feed, farming. The development of cocoa commodities in Central (6) facilities and infrastructure are less optimal, (7) Sulawesi Province involves increasing the competence, institutional, where farmer group not yet optimal function, capacity, and interdependence of farmers. and (8) existence of capital provider institution still limited. Central Sulawesi became the center of cocoa The result of Arfan et al. [7] the global order is changing so commodities in Indonesia, but from year to year has not rapidly and consequently, the challenges faced by been developed. This condition is seen from the low agriculture are also growing so that agricultural extension productivity of cocoa caused by the attack of vascular streak can play an important role for agricultural development. dieback (VSD) and cocoa pod borer (CPB), low seed quality Agricultural development is determined by the provision of produced without fermentation. In addition, low access to quality extension services [8-10]. As stated by Sumardjo capital and limited partnerships between entrepreneurs and [11] the paradigm of economic growth (growth) to, (2) the industries with smallholders, as well as dry cocoa beans equity development paradigm and the next two decades trading system are dominated by middlemen [1-5]. generate awareness of the importance developed the Corresponding Author: Andri Amaliel Managanta 106 Influencing Factors the Interdependence of Cocoa Farmers in Central Sulawesi Province, Indonesia paradigm of sustainable development, and (3) the paradigm from cognitive, affective, psychomotor, and of people-oriented (people-centered). Therefore it is interdependence which resulted in low cocoa farmers necessary to improve, human resources (HR) farmers, production and income. The purpose of this study is to technology, access to capital resources and market access. analyze the factors that affect the competence, capacity, and The large potential of cocoa in the economic development interdependence of cocoa farmers in Central Sulawesi of farmers or the economy and the development of cocoa Province. commodities can be done through increasing II. METHOD interdependence. Increased production and income of farmers is a result of competence, capacity, and This study used survey design. Implemented in Central interdependence of cocoa farmers. Sulawesi Province represent four area based on the division Donggala Regency of North Region, Sigi Regency of West Farmers simply understand and apply production Region, Poso Regency of Central Region and North technology because of limited extension conveying Morowali Regency of Southeast Region (Figure 1). Samples production technology. Attempts to understand new 380 were taken proportionally cluster random sampling and technologies and seek information that is more appropriate analyzed using statistical test of Structural Equation to farming as a whole less work. Farmers continually only Modeling (SEM). Overall, there are 380 cocoa farmer expect the help of production technology without the desire population and 100 farmers in Donggala Regency, 84 to think about how to find other information more farmers in Sigi Regency, 144 farmers in Poso Regency and appropriate to improve the producvity and income from 52 farmers in North Morowali Regency. farming. Problems in cocoa business in Central Sulawesi Province, Indonesia are low competence, farmer capacity Donggala Regency Poso Regency Sigi Regency North Morowali Regency Figure 1. Research location in Central Sulawesi Province, Indonesia Vol. 8 No. 1 April 2018 ISSN: 2509-0119 107 Influencing Factors the Interdependence of Cocoa Farmers in Central Sulawesi Province, Indonesia III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION capacity or ability of farmers is one of the prerequisites for farmers to participate in agricultural development. 1. Characteristics of Cocoa Farmers The interdependence of farmers in this study is a Characteristics of cocoa farmers in Central Sulawesi manifestation of the ability of farmers in making decisions, Province from the age composition of 92,1 percent of cocoa produce quality cocoa beans and build partnerships. The farmers belong to the productive age. Education is relatively interdependence of farmers includes the ability to select low, ie seven years or equivalent primary school. The appropriate and useful information (filter system), the ability intensity of nonformal education through extension is to improve the quality of dry beans so as to have good classified as low as once a year. The level of cosmopolitan quantity and quality (competitiveness) and the ability of is low and cocoa farmers own land with an average area of farmers in partnering with employers or business players 1,4 hectares per farmer. Farmers participation rate in the (partnership). development of farming in the medium category tend to be low and the motivation of farmers in meeting the needs of Low competitiveness caused by the cultivation of cocoa the family and the motivation of farmers in the development beans produced by farmers in Central Sulawesi Province has of farming in the medium category. The experience of cocoa not been through fermentation process only through curing farmers is in the medium category with an average 17-year so that the taste or aroma is not good and the resulting dry and the attachment of tradition shows that there is in the beans are less appropriate export standards. The partnership medium category tend to be low. is weak because the marketing process is controlled by the owners of capital or industry so that the bargaining position 2. Competence, Capacity and Interdependence of Cocoa of farmers is weak and the processing process depends on Farmers the industry. Increasing the interdependence of farmers Competence of farmers tend to be low in both creates space for farmers to develop filter system, cultivation, harvesting, post harvest, processing and competitiveness, and partnership. The ability of farmers to marketing. The results of Schuler et al. [12] indicates that utilize advantageous information, implement planning-based individuals with low competence tend to lack motivation, farming, produce cocoa beans according to Indonesian frustration or apathy that ultimately impedes in the face of National Standard (SNI) and ability to build partnerships the objectives of the work undertaken. with private sector, banks and industries including weak. Competence of cocoa farmers is part of the 3. Factors Affecting Competence Level, Capacity and characteristics of individual farmers who can not be Interdependence of Cocoa Farmers separated from the work effectively in the struggle. Based An analysis of the factors determining the level on Sumardjo [13] competence has two meanings, namely: competence, capacity and interdependence of cocoa farmers (1) refers to the work
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