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Ancient Maya Commerce Ancient MULTIDISCIPLINARY R ESEARCH AT Maya C HUNCHUCMIL Commerce edited by SCOTT R. HUTSON Ancient Maya Commerce Ancient Maya Commerce MULTIDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH AT CHUNCHUCMIL Edited by SCOTT R. HUTSON UNIVERSITY PRESS OF COLORADO Boulder © 2017 by University Press of Colorado Published by University Press of Colorado 5589 Arapahoe Avenue, Suite 206C Boulder, Colorado 80303 All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America The niversityU Press of Colorado is a proud member of The Association of American University Presses. The University Press of Colorado is a cooperative publishing enterprise supported, in part, by Adams State University, Colorado State University, Fort Lewis College, Metropolitan State University of Denver, Regis University, University of Colorado, University of Northern Colorado, Utah State University, and Western State Colorado University. ∞ This paper meets the requirements of the ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper). ISBN: 978-1-60732-539-0 (cloth) ISBN: 978-1-60732-555-0 (ebook) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Hutson, Scott, editor. Title: Ancient Maya commerce : multidisciplinary research at Chunchucmil / edited by Scott Hutson. Description: Boulder : University Press of Colorado, [2017] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016038253| ISBN 9781607325390 (cloth) | ISBN 9781607325550 (ebook) Subjects: LCSH: Mayas—Commerce. | Mayas—Economic conditions. | Mayas—Antiquities. | Excavations (Archaeology)—Mexico—Chunchucmil Site. | Mexico—Antiquities. | Chunchucmil Site (Mexico) Classification: LCC F1435.3.C6 A523 2016 | DDC 972/.6—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017038253 An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high-quality books open access for the public good. The open access ISBN for the PDF version of this book is 978-1-60732-697-7; for the ePUB version the open access ISBN is 978-1- 60732-723-3. More information about the initiative and links to the open-access version can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org. COVER photoGRAPH: villagers from Kochol, Yucatan, Mexico, participating in a ceremony at the ancient Copo quadrangle, Group S1E1-F. Photograph by Jamie Forde. Contents List of Figures vii List of Tables xi Foreword Anthony P. Andrews xiii Acknowledgments xvii Chapter 1. Introduction: The Long Road to Maya Markets Scott R. Hutson and Bruce H. Dahlin 3 Chapter 2. The Map of Chunchucmil Scott R. Hutson and Aline Magnoni 27 Chapter 3. Architectural Group Typology and Excavation Sampling within Chunchucmil Scott R. Hutson, Aline Magnoni, and Bruce H. Dahlin 51 Chapter 4. Chunchucmil Chronology and Site Dynamics Socorro Jiménez, Aline Magnoni, Eugenia Mansell, and Tara Bond-Freeman 73 Chapter 5. Chunchucmil’s Urban Population Scott R. Hutson, Aline Magnoni, Traci Ardren, Chelsea Blackmore, and Travis W. Stanton 107 v vi Contents Chapter 6. Environmental Heterogeneity in the Chunchucmil Economic Region David R. Hixson, Timothy Beach, Sheryl Luzzadder-Beach, and Bruce H. Dahlin 139 Chapter 7. Hydrology on the Edge of the Chicxulub Crater: Chunchucmil and Ucí-Cansahcab Groundwater Resources Sheryl Luzzadder-Beach and Timothy Beach 157 Chapter 8. Hinterland Settlement Patterns within the Chunchucmil Economic Region David R. Hixson and Daniel E. Mazeau 169 Chapter 9. Soils and Agricultural Carrying Capacity Timothy Beach, Sheryl Luzzadder-Beach, Ryan V. Sweetwood, Patrice Farrell, Daniel E. Mazeau, and Richard E. Terry 197 Chapter 10. Perishable Resources Produced for Exchange in the Chunchucmil Economic Region Bruce H. Dahlin, Traci Ardren, David R. Hixson, and Anthony P. Andrews 221 Chapter 11. Marketing within Chunchucmil Scott R. Hutson, Richard E. Terry, and Bruce H. Dahlin 241 Chapter 12. Connections beyond Chunchucmil Traci Ardren, Scott R. Hutson, David R. Hixson, and Justin Lowry 273 Chapter 13. Conclusions Scott R. Hutson 299 References 315 List of Contributors 363 Index 367 Figures 1.1. Map: locations mentioned in the text 6 1.2. Map: the region immediately around Chunchucmil 22 2.1. Map: the extent of 100% coverage mapping at Chunchucmil and subdivisions 31 2.2. Key to the detailed Chunchucmil site map and a sample group 33 2.3. Photo: paired albarradas that make up a callejuela 40 2.4. Map: houselots in Chunchucmil, quad S2E1, residential core 41 2.5. Map: sacbes at Chunchucmil, quadrangles, and other monumental groups 42 3.1. Examples of group types at Chunchucmil: Types 1, 3, 6, and 10 55 3.2. Examples of group types at Chunchucmil: Types 5, 12, 14a, 15, and 16 56 3.3. Map: all excavation operations within the 9.3-km2 map of Chunchucmil 63 4.1. Common ceramics types from Chunchucmil I 79 4.2. Map: groups with significant quantities of Middle Preclassic pottery 80 4.3. Map: groups with significant quantities of Late Preclassic pottery 83 4.4. Common ceramics types from Chunchucmil II 90 4.5. Common ceramics types from Chunchucmil III 91 vii viii FIGures 4.6. Common ceramics types from Chunchucmil IV 92 4.7. Technological development of unslipped wares of Chunchucmil 95 4.8. Map: groups with Late/Terminal Classic pottery 98 4.9. Map: groups with Postclassic pottery 104 5.1. Map: Chunchucmil site center and the surrounding residential core 109 5.2. Map: Group N1E1-C/Pich, an example of a type 2 group 113 5.3. Map: architecture, the residential core and periphery 118 5.4. Map: Group S2E1-G/Kaab’, a type 9 group 122 5.5. Placement of cached Chencoh bowl under front step, Structure S2E1-34 124 5.6. Exterior profiles of excavated portion of Structure S2E1–33 125 5.7. Map: Group S4W8-F/Balam, a type 10 group 130 6.1. The Chunchucmil Economic Region 141 6.2. Salt pans, or charcas, of the Celestún Peninsula 143 6.3. Aerial photo: coastline west of Chunchucmil, with Punta Canbalam 145 6.4. Canal near Punta Canbalam 147 6.5. Idealized landscape: karst features, shallow/buried soils, ancient stone platforms 152 7.1. Typical ancient Maya wells 159 7.2. Chunchucmil groundwater sample sites, 1994 and 1997 161 7.3. 2011 Hydrologic study area: Ucí-Cansahcab well sites and Digital Elevation Model 162 8.1. Map: sites found by Pakbeh regional surveys and the Archaeological Atlas of Yucatán 171 8.2. Map: sites between Chunchucmil and the Gulf Coast, overlaid on a LANDSAT image 175 8.3. Map: Pochol Ch’en, west of Chunchucmil 177 8.4. Map: Pochol Ch’en’s eastern wall, with detail of the central gate 179 8.5. Map: Poc Che Manuel Juárez, west of Chunchucmil 181 8.6. Map: Yokop/Atlas 39, located to the southwest of Chunchucmil 183 8.7. Map: Kum/Atlas 66, southwest of Chunchucmil on the edge of the savanna 185 8.8. Map: Chun Ch’en, southwest of Chunchucmil 187 FIGures ix 8.9. Map: Ya’ab K’i’ix, an isolated household, east of Chunchucmil 189 8.10. Map: Kanan, a non-stratified community, northeast of Chunchucmil 191 8.11. Map: Puut, a stratified community, east of Chunchucmil 192 8.12. Map: Yaxkakap, a stratified community, regional node, east of Chunchucmil 193 9.1. Landscape elevation model and vegetation zones, Gulf Coast to the Sierrita de Ticul 201 11.1. Shell ornaments recovered from Chunchucmil 244 11.2. Map: Chunchucmil site center, areas tested geochemically 249 11.3. Area D, spatial distribution of phosphorus concentrations 251 11.4. Area D, spatial distribution of iron concentrations 257 11.5. Area D, spatial distribution of zinc concentrations 258 11.6. Map: Chunchucmil, distribution of high and low quantities of obsidian 265 12.1. Map: Maya area, land- and sea-based trade routes 275 12.2. Photo: andador 280 12.3. Map: andadores near Chen Huech, west of Chunchucmil 281 12.4. Map: Chunchucmil hub-and-spoke pattern connecting residential zones to the site center 287 12.5. Temple Patio Adoratorio complexes, Oaxaca, juxtaposed with type 1 quadrangle, Chunchucmil 289 12.6. Structure N2E2–75, showing talud-tablero façade 291 12.7. Map: Group S2E2-F/Aak 294 Tables 3.1. Classification of architectural groups at Chunchucmil 54 3.2. Total architectural groups, per group type and 1-km2 block, within the 9.3-km2 polygon 57 3.3. Total architectural groups per group type within the 9.3-km2 polygon 59 3.4. Total architectural groups per 1-km2 block within the 9.3-km2 polygon 64 3.5. Operation numbers for all 167 excavations, by group type and 1-km2 block 65 3.6. Group labels for each operation number 66 4.1. Ceramic groups at Chunchucmil, listed by time period and quantity 74 4.2. Operations in which 5% of classifiable ceramics date to the Middle Preclassic 81 4.3. Operations that have at least 4% Late Preclassic sherds 82 4.4. Platforms built in the Late and Terminal Classic periods 100 4.5. Operations with Early/Late Classic architecture and Late/Terminal Classic ceramics 101 4.6. Operations that uncovered Postclassic pottery 103 5.1. Mapped features and their distribution across the three major zones, Chunchucmil 110 xi xii Tables 5.2 Population estimates, Chunchucmil, sixth and seventh centuries ce 120 7.1. Field measurement summary: depth, electrical conductivity, and salinity 163 7.2. Laboratory groundwater results: Chunchucmil and Ucí-Cansahcab 165 7.3. Laboratory groundwater results: Chunchucmil, Ucí-Cansahcab, and other Yucatán sites 166 11.1. Quantities of shell artifacts identified to genus and/or species level 245 11.2. Excavation contexts, Chunchucmil, with the most shells per cubic meter of excavation 246 11.3. Extractable phosphorus data, Chunchucmil, Yucatán 254 11.4. Correlation matrix, selected extractable and total element concentrations 259 11.5. Fine pottery and obsidian, four architectural groups, Chunchucmil 263 11.6. Excavation contexts, Chunchucmil, where green obsidian was recovered 269 Foreword Anthony P.
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