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Backed by 41 years of leadership in radionics exclusively. The Royalty of television, stereophonic high fidelity instruments, phonographs, radit Zenith Radio Corporation, International Division, Chicago 39, Illinois The Foreign Service Journal is the professional journal of the American For¬ eign Service and is published by the American Foreign Service Association, a non¬ profit private organization. Material appearing herein represents the opinions of the writers and is not intended to indicate the official views of the Department of State or of the Foreign Service as a whole.

AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION CONTENTS DECEMBER, 1959 G. FREDERICK REINHARDT, President Volume 36, Number 12 J. GRAHAM PARSONS, Vice President DAVID MCK. KEY, General Manager BARBARA P. CHALMERS, Executive Secretary page

BOARD OF DIRECTORS 8 MR. MURPHY ON THE FOREIGN SERVICE THOMAS S. ESTES, Chairman WILLIAM L. BLUE, Vice Chairman DIPLOMATISTS STEPHEN WINSHIP, Secretary-Treasurer 21 Two MELISSA E. FOELSCH, Ass’t. Secretary-Treasurer by Harry Raymond Turkel CHARLES W. ADAIR, JR. WALDEMAR J. GALLMAN 24 THE TALE OF THE BUREAUCRAT SAMUEL R. GAMMON by Richard Funkhouser MAX V. KREBS DAVID H. MCCABE 30 FROM A MEMBER OF 1959’S SELECTION BOARDS: JOHN H. STUTESMAN, JR.

40 NEW AFSA OFFICERS The AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE ASSOCIATION is an unofficial and voluntary association of the members, active and retired, of The Foreign Service of the United States and the Department of State. The As¬ 42 LETTER FROM KAMPALA sociation was formed for the purpose of fostering esprit de corps among members of the Foreign Service by Peter Hooper, Jr. and to establish a center around which might be grouped the united efforts of its members for the improvement of the Service. 50 THIS CHANGED AND CHANGING WORLD by Walter Lippmann

JOURNAL EDITORIAL BOARD 54 PACKING AND STORAGE OF PERSONAL EFFECTS W. T. M. BEALE, JR., Chairman JOHN H. BHRNS CHARLES F. KNOX, JR. departments HENRY C. RAMSEY JAMES CARSON PHILIP H. CHADBOURN, JR. 4 APPOINTMENTS AND DESIGNATIONS RICHARD T. DAVIES RICHARD FDNKHOUSER 14 TWENTY-FIVE YEARS AGO H. FREEMAN MATTHEWS, JR. by James B. Stetvart JAMES F. O’CONNOR, JR. 27 EDITORIAL PAGE GWEN BARROWS, Managing Editor DAVID MCK. KEY, General Manager 28 WASHINGTON LETTER JANE D. FISHBDRNE, Editorial and Adv. Asst. by Gwen Barrows WINIFRED B. TURNER, Circulation Manager 34 THE BOOKSHELF

The Editorial Board of the FOREIGN 36 SERVICE GLIMPSES SERVICE JOURNAL will consider all articles submitted. If accepted, the author will be paid 56 LETTERS TO THE EDITOR one cent a word at time of publication. Photo¬ graphs accompanying articles will, if accepted, be purchased at one dollar each. Five dollars

is paid for cover and full page pictures. Nega¬ COVER PHOTO tives and color transparencies are not accepta¬ ble. Photos should be black and white glossies, “Boys and Snow” by Paul Child measuring approximately 7x9 inches, and Mr. Child, currently Cultural Attache at Oslo, writes us: should be mailed between extra heavy card¬ “These children could be in New England, or Norway, board. No photos are returned. but actually they were in Germany at Plittersdorferaue, near Bonn. “It was February, 1956, and one of the coldest months in memory. The Rhine, half-seen on the right, was already Copyright, 1959, by the American Foreign Service choked with ice, and shortly afterward froze solid. That Association. was a rough winter for grown-ups, but wonderful for Issued monthly at the rate of $4.00 a year, 50 cents children——and these two snow-lovers probably wished it a copy, by the American Foreign Service Association. would last forever.” 1908 G Street, N. W., Washington, D. 0. Second- class postage paid at Washington, D. C. Printed in U.S.A. by Monumental Printing Com¬ pany, Baltimore. INDEX TO ADVERTISERS Appointments and Designations Please mention the Foreign Service Journal when writing to advertisers. AMBASSADORS DOWLING, WALTER Alban Towers C. to Germany American Foreign Service Protective Association SESSIONS, EDSON O. to Finland American Motors Corporation SNOW, WILLIAM P. to Burma American Security and Trust Company American Storage Company To Class 2 Arista Trading Company Arlington Realty Company MINTZES, Joseph Barclay, The Beam, James B., Distilling Company To Class 3 Bell, W., and Company HOWLAND, Harold E. TAYLOR, Bowling Green Storage and Van Company Barney B. Brewood, Engravers JOHNSON, Norman F. Calvert School, The To Class 4 Chase Manhattan Bank, The „ Chatel, Milliccnt—Realtor LANDRY, George A. PETERS, T. Howard Circle Florists Container Transport International, Inc. To Class 5 DACOR KEMP, Diplomatic Appliance Corporation Henry W. SUMMERS, Thomas E. Firestone Tire and Rubber Company - .. KUSHNER, Harry First National City Bank of New York Ford International To Class 6 Francis Scott Key Apartment Hotel SIAFACAS, Spiros A. WHARTON, Anita R. General Electronics Incorporated General Motors Corporation To Class 7 Glenmore Distilleries Company Grace Line 16 ADAMS, Frances L. PROVENCHER, Roger A. Greenbelt Pharmacy „ _ __ 54 BALASHOVA, Ethel Groth, Edward M. Hilltop House, Incorporated 54 To Class 8 Intercontinental Hotels Corporation 7 ANDERSON, David LEDOGAR, Stephen J. Kellogg, The M. W., Company 9 ARMSTRONG, Rodney E. LODEESEN, Jon S. Mayflower, The 49 McLachlen Banking Corporation 48 BLACK, Donald P. NEF, Edward V. Merchants Transfer and Storage Company _ 6 BOWEN, Richard L. PERRY, Jack R. Miller, R. William, Jr. 52 BROWN, Thomas Gordon, Jr. REMMEY, Paul B., Jr. National Capital Storage and Moving Company, Inc. 10 BUCHE, John Allen SCHALLER, Charles W. National Distillers Products Company 13, 33, 41 Neptune World-Wide Moving 17 CONNELY, John B. STELK, Lincoln F. Park Central Hotel 1 52 CRAWFORD, John P. THOMAS, Charles H., II Paxton Van Lines 44 HARWOOD, Douglas James TWIN AM, Radin, Rhea—Realtor 54 Joseph W. Schenley Industries—Overseas .. II Cover HUMPHREYS, Marvin W. WALSH, Thomas H. Seagram Distillers Corporation 20 KAUFMAN, Robert E. WENDT, E. Allan Security Storage Company 31 KUHZE, Kenneth A. WILLIAMS, Service Investment Corporation 10 A. Norman Simmons Properties 45 LAASE, Paul L. Smith’s Transfer and Storage Company 14 State Department Federal Credit Union 53 Studebaker-Packard Corporation 5 FSO to be Consul General Swartz, Walter H., Company 1 Terry, Louise M. Realtor 32 COOTES, Merritt N. United Services Automobile Association 18 United Services Officers’ Insurance Association 45 FSO to be Consul United States Lines .... 45 Waldorf-Astoria, The IV Cover PAPPAS, Chris C., Jr. Zenith Radio Corporation 2 FSR to be Consul General TAFT, William Howard, III PHOTO AND ART CREDITS FOR DECEMBER FSR’s to be Consuls BLACQUE, Valentin E. Pavlyak, Michael Paul Child, The Cover: “Boys and Snow” COLLINS, ROSS L. PERKEY, John B., Jr. Jacques Callot, “View of the Villa Borghese,” from the exhibi¬ FLITCROFT, Daren J. POTTER, Philip B. K. tion of French Drawings from American Collections, HENNIG, Albert W. STRONG, William H. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, p. 23 NEFF, Eric Gustaf Tenggren in “Golden Tales from the Arabian Nights,” Golden Press, Inc., p. 24 FSR to be Consul and Secretary (from Tenggren’s “Golden Tales from the Arabian Nights.” Told by Margaret Soifer and Irwin Shapiro. Illustrated by Gustaf Teng¬ COHEN, Alex A. gren. Copyright 1957 by Golden Press, Inc. and Artists & Writers Guild, Inc. Printed in U.S.A.) FSR’s be Vice Consuls “The Feast of Herod,” from the important exhibit of Nor¬ BAKER, Charles J. SHEA, James F. wegian Tapestries, organized by the Norwegian Govern¬ BALLOU, Christopher H. SHERMAN, Joseph P. ment and circulated hv the Smithsonian Institution, p. 28 CLARK, Robert B. TAYLOR, Robert L. Ivan Payne, “Queen Street, Speightstown,” prizewinner in CONNELLY, James R. Alcoa contest, p. 28 “The Magi and the Adoration,” from the exhibition of Nor¬ FSR to be Vice Consul and Secretary wegian Tapestries, organized by the Norwegian Govern¬ BROWN, William T. ment and circulated by the Smithsonian Institution, p. 29 “The Complete Journal of Townsend Harris,” book jacket FSR’s to be Secretaries illustration, (Charles E. Tuttle Co., Tokyo), p. 35 APPLEWHITE, Edgar J. ILYIN, Boris Kampala photographs, pp. 42, 43, 49 BROWN, Edward P. JENSEN, Hans J. Jan van Goyen, “A Group of Farmhouses,” from the exhibi¬ BURRIS, Dudley R. LAUDER, George V. tion of “Dutch Master Drawings,” organized by the CAMPRELL, Laughlin A. LEISERSOHN, Lawrence G. Smithsonian Institution, p. 55 CLOSE, Raymond H. LONG, Richard M.

4 m

r b " Tw '

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STUDEBAKER-PACKARD ^CORPORATION LOVE THAT 'BYSTUDEBAKER EXPORT DIVISION, SOUTH BEND 27, INDIANA, U.S.A. URK Every courtesy extended to inquiries from diplomatic personnel Designations (Continued)

DIBBLE, Philo LYNCH, Edward S. EMMONS, Virginia H. MINOTT, Joseph A., Jr. FOSTER, John S. MONTESANO, Nicholas A. GOODWIN, Joseph C. PURCELL, Duncan GOUGELMANN, Tucker P. E. REDFORD, Ralph H. HALL, Charles C., Jr. SPLAIN, Edward H. HICKS, John J. TURNER, John M. HORVATH, Leo J. WELLS, Frederick U.

FSS’s to be Consuls BERG, K. Marshall MCCULLOUGH, Ellen I. JOHNSON, Edmund R. AWARD The ICA Distinguished Public Service Award, the highest award bestowed by ICA, was presented to Assistant Deputy Director for Operations ELMER N. HOLMGREEN at a special ceremony honoring him on the occasion of his retirement.

BIRTHS

GWYNN. A second daughter, Rosemary Elizabeth, born to Mr. and Mrs. Robert P. Gwynn, July 22, in Langdale, Alabama. LEAHY. A son, Richard George, born to Mr. and Mrs. Joseph P. F.S.O. Leahy, September 4, in Melbourne. MARRIAGES

RIUDLEBERGER-STEARNS. Antonia Riddleberger, daughter of ICA Direc¬ tor and Mrs. James W. Riddleberger, and FSO Monteagle Stearns Appointment were married, September 25, at St. Andrews Church, Athens. After a short honeymoon in Greece the couple will reside in Athens where Mr. Stearns is Second Secretary at the Embassy. VARELA-KESSLER. Martha F. Varela and FSO Earl A. Kessler were Recognize him? Sure you do. married, October 2, in Mexico City. Mr. Kessler has since been transferred to Baghdad. You made him coflee that cold December morning back in the States when he packed up your DEATHS whole Georgetown apartment and moved it to Bangkok without breaking a single martini glass. BROWN. Stanton Brown, former Foreign Service Staff officer, died October 15, in Washington. Mr. Brown entered the Service in He’s the man from Merchants. A regular FSO 1952 and served at Sao Paulo and Buenos Aires. He resigned in these days because the State Department said so. 1957. Officially. Merchants is one of the firms Officially DIGGINS. Harriet Diggins, wife of FSO John Diggins, died October 10, at the West Haven Veterans Hospital, West Haven, Connec¬ Approved to move or store the personal ticut. Mr. Diggins is currently assigned to Paris. effects of Foreign Service Personnel. FYFE. Howard Fyfe, who served for twenty-eight years as United And at Merchants nowadays that’s what FSO States Despatch Agent in New York, died October 23, in Brook¬ lyn. Mr. Fyfe entered the State Department in 1911, at the age means: Foreign Service, Officially! We’re not of fifteen, and was appointed Despatch Agent in New York in surprised, really. We’ve been unofficially Official 1930. He retired on June 30, 1958. for seventy years. GILLESPIE. Joan Gillespie, a former Foreign Service Officer, died October 13, in Tunis. Miss Gillespie entered the Service in 1955. In October 1958, she resigned to do free lance writing. Her book, “Algeria: Rebellion and Revolution,” is scheduled for publica¬ tion this winter. NAGOSKI. Joseph Patrick Nagoski, Foreign Service Officer, died October 23, at Brazzaville, Republic of Congo, where he was assigned as Consul. Mr. Nagoski entered the Service in 1946 and served at St. John, N. B., Reykjavik, Marseille, and Leopold¬ ville.

EXECUTIVE 3-7770 CABLE ADDRESS: REMOVALS CHANGES IN ADDRESS MEMBERS: Please help us keep our mailing list up-to-date by in¬ National Furniture Warehouseman’s Assoc. dicating to the Circulation Manager of the JOURNAL Canadian Warehouseman’s Assoc. changes in address, in advance when possible. APO or British Assoc, of Overseas Furn. Removers FPO address should be mentioned if applicable. It is F.I.D.I. (Federation Internationale des Demenageurs no longer possible to replace copies undelivered because internationaux) of their being sent to the old address.

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7 Robert Murphy on the Service

THE ASSOCIATION graciously permitted me to speak at a luncheon just about five years ago. I am sure that during that five-year interval the Department and the Foreign Service have progressed in the right direction. I find that they have gained tremendously in standing with the American public and with the press and with the Congress. In trips around the coun¬ try I find an enormously improved understanding of our prob¬ lems, the reasons for our existence, and a desire to be helpful and not merely critical or even contemptuous as has been true in isolated instances. Since the college recruitment program was begun in 1955 and the entrance examination revised under Loy Henderson’s able leadership, there has been a tremendous increase in applica¬ tions to enter the Service through competitive examination. Only twelve hundred and sixty-one applied in 1954. The last time the exams were given in December 1957, 6,094 persons applied. Because no examination was given in 1958. applica¬ tions this year are more difficult to predict, but between 6,500 and 8,000 are expected. I was fascinated to discover that almost a third of the officers in the Service today—1,051—have BEAM entered as FSO’s-8 or 6 since September 1954. The Service is renewing itself at a rapid rate and attracting exceptionally able young men. serves world markets We have also become more energetic about presenting to the wherever in the world you’re stationed, the entire country at large the story of Foreign Service work abroad. Beam line of famous products is available to you Since 1954 the number of our speakers who have addressed civic and professional groups of all kinds around the country . . . including the same fine sour mash bourbons has increased by 70%; this year we had 1,400 speakers, in Americans have respected for more than 164 years! forty-eight states. r 1 T' HE PERIPATETIC Congressman may evoke criticism in some quarters, but the Service can only be grateful for the in¬ creasing frequency with which Senators and Representatives travel abroad. On these trips they have met a wide range of our officers, often under most trying conditions, and the verdict they have pronounced upon the capabilities of our officers gives us cause for great satisfaction. It is to be regretted that such a distorted book as “The Ugly American” could appear and achieve some notoriety, but it is significant that one of the most crushing refutations of the book came from Senator Fulbright. His remarks were supported by a number of our other friends in the Senate. One of the most effective answers to “The Ugly American’s” thesis is provided by the cold statistics of the Foreign Service Institute on language training. The Foreign Service Institute is now teaching 300 students full time in twenty-five different languages. Overseas it is administering 45 part-time language courses at 169 posts with 3,000 officers and staff enrolled. A greater measure of support and understanding in Congress has also resulted in improvements in legislation affecting us, such as the extension of medical benefits to our dependents, the provision of an education allowance where local facilities are inadequate, and the removal of the bar to FSO’s receiving hardship post differentials. The new bill just passed by the Senate and due to go to the JIM BEAM, 86 Proof Kentucky Straight Bourbon; House in January continues this whole evolution. BEAM BOTTLED IN BOND, 100 Proof; BEAM’S I have always believed that Foreign Service careers should be CHOICE Charcoal Filtered 90 Proof, 6 years old—sour carefully planned. There is little doubt that like any other pro¬ mash; BEAM’S PIN BOTTLE, 86.8 Proof, 8 years old. fession the results should be best from the point of view of the Government, one’s associates and the officer himself. and don't forget Now that personnel management is so much more efficient and Baranof Vodka and Chateaux Brand Cordials, Brandies, the facilities for training and career counseling are available, Liqueurs and Fruit Flavored Vodkas. there is really little excuse for the officer not to take advantage (Continued on page 39) JAMES B. BEAM DISTILLING CO. Excerpts from Under Secretary Robert Murphy’s talk before 65 E. SOUTH WATER ST., CHICAGO, ILLINOIS the Foreign Service luncheon Sept. 24, 1959. Mr. Murphy is DISTILLERY & BOTTLING PLANT #1, CLERMONT, KY. retiring from the Service after his overseas trip with President DISTILLERY #2, BEAM, KENTUCKY Eisenlioiver this month.

8 KELLOGG ENGINEERING BRIDGES THE GAP BETWEEN PROCESS AND PLANT

For many firms with promising processing ideas, Kellogg engineers have helped develop theoretically possible techniques into commer¬ cially successful plants. Such was the case recently with a process for using natural gas in place of coke blast furnaces to get iron from iron ore. This original devel¬ opment of Hojalata y Lamina, now brought to perfection and known as the Hyl Process, is currently producing 200 tons of sponge iron daily at the Fierro Esponja plant in Monterrey, Mexico. The M. W. Kellogg Company made signifi¬ cant technical contributions both to the HyL Process and to the construction of the plant. It is now building a second HyL Plant in Mexico —with a 500 ton/day capacity. As engineers and builders of process plants for all basic industries, Kellogg can contribute many improvements in processing and con¬ struction techniques. For a description of Kel¬ logg’s integrated and cost-cutting engineering- procurement-erection services, write for bro¬ chure, “Planning the New Plant for Profits.” THE M.W. KELLOGG COMPANY 711 Third Ave., New York A subsidiary of Pullman Incorporated

Offices of Kellogg subsidiary companies are in Toronto, London, Paris, Rio de Janeiro, Caracas, Buenos Aires & 2)appi> |9ulettbe ti0I!al Capital St,,, and Moving eo. 9e INCORPORATED :]3rospmtp ESTABLISHED 1918

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12 Mark Twain holds forth at Klaproth's Tavern Wit flashed when Mark Twain spoke and his favorite Kentucky bourbon, Old Crow, flowed during convivial evenings at the famed Elmira, N.Y. tavern. According to an intimate biography, the beloved humorist once ordered 25 barrels of Old Crow to assure his supply at Klaproth’s.

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THE OLD CROW DISTILLERY CO., FRANKFORT, KY., DISTRIBUTED BY NATIONAL DISTILLERS PRODUCTS CO. DECEMBER, 1934 ears ago

by JAMES B. STEWART

London Embassy Anecdotes

EMILY BAX* in “My Recollections of John Ridgely Carter” (one time Counselor of Embassy, London, and Minister to Rumania, 1909-1911) in the December 1934 JOURNAL writes: “I suppose it is mean of me to remind you of the day when, all dressed up in a grey frock coat, light grey tall hat, buttonhole, spats and light gloves, on your way to Ascot, you stopped in to the office to be sure that everything was right, and carrying—the only discordant note in the utter perfection of your attire—a most disreputable old umbrella! And in answer to my horrified question you said, ‘Last year at Ascot someone took my new one and left me this. So I am taking it back and if I am lucky will get my own again—or maybe a better one.’ ” Miss Bax refers to Mark Twain as follows: “Do you re¬ member when Mark Twain came over, and arrived in Lon¬ don the very day the Ascot Gold Cup was stolen? The papers announced ‘Mark Twain arrives—Ascot gold cup PACKED WITH PRIDE . ... for stolen,’ and of course the great man began every speech by PALLET VAULT Storage at SMITH'S announcing that he had stolen it.” In referring to Mr. Frank Hodson, the Mr. Fixit and General Factotum for many years in the London Embassy, Miss Bax writes: “. . . His speech was interlarded with the phrases that run in and out of diplomatic correspondence. ‘Modus vivendi,’ ‘laissez faire,’ ‘laissez aller’ and many others rolled off his tongue, though I doubt whether he knew the meaning of them.” Stone-Whelchel. Married on September 19, 1934, John F. Stone and Miss Mary Garland or World Wide Whelchel. Mr. Stone is American Vice Con¬ sul at Warsaw. Don't make a move- without calling Kuniholm-Robellet. Mr. Bertel E. Kuniholm and Miss Berthe E. Robellet were married at Leningrad, U.S.S.R., on August 27, 1934. SMITH’S Mr. Kuniholm is Third Secretary of Embassy at Moscow. ^ Born at Bucharest on November 3, 1934, STORAGE twin daughters, Linda Dekum and Mary NO 7-3343 _ Francesca, to Vice Consul and Mrs. Sheldon T. Mills. WASHINGTON AGENT FOR AMERICAN EXPRESS Comment, 1959: Linda (Mrs. Dudley G. Sipprelle) has a son, Dwight Dudley Sipprelle, who was born on February 21, 1958. Linda and family are living in Pomona, Cali¬ fornia this fall where her husband is teaching in high school. Mary (Mrs. James M. Presby) and her husband are living in San Francisco. Sheila, the eldest daughter, and her husband, Marcel Kessle Richter, live in Minneapolis. “Ket” is an Assistant Professor of Economics at the Uni¬ versity of Minnesota. Parents, Sheldon and Francesca Mills, are now in Amman, where Shelly is Ambassador.

4Private secretary at the London Embassy from 1902-1914.

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15 25 Years Ago By JAMES B. STEWART

Born at Marseille on July 28, 1934, to Vice Consul and Mrs. Tyler Thompson, a son, ~fUvct o/) CfOMi J Tyler Hunt Thompson. Comment, 1959: Tyler Hunt’s father, Career Minister, Ottawa,, writes that his son is doing his military service in the Navy. “He is a Lieutenant j.g., is living in La Jolla, California, and his ship is the destroyer escort USS BRAINE.” Tyler adds: “Have just returned from a three weeks’ canoe trip in the Canadian sub-Arctic. I have fallen in with a bad lot in Ottawa, which has resulted in my going on three canoe trips which have covered over 1,000 miles of the old fur trade routes. This year’s trip ended at Norman Wells on the Mackenzie River not far from the Arctic Circle. We take no guides and seem to spend most of our time carrying the canoes and packs on our backs rather than paddling. Al¬ though the trips are fascinating, they are really much too strenuous for a middle-aged character.”

Harold Nicolson on Diplomacy “The essential to good diplomacy is precision. The main enemy of good diplomacy is imprecision. “It is for this reason that I have endeavored in this book to convey an impression of the horrors of vagueness. The old diplomacy may have possessed grave faults. Yet they were venal in comparison to the menaces which confront the new diplomacy. These menaces can be defined under two separate headings. The first is open versus secret Begin or wind up your service tour aboard diplomacy. In other words a democratic versus an expert conduct of international affairs. Amateurishness, in all such Grace Line’s glamorous new Santa Rosa or matters, leads to improvisation. Openness, in all such Santa Paula. Enjoy all the extra niceties of matters, leads to imprecision. No statesman is prepared in service and luxury that spell the difference advance and in the open to bind himself to a precise policy. between just a voyage and a holiday afloat! An imprecise policy means no policy at all. It means aspira¬ tion only. We all have our expectations. “Diplomacy is the art of negotiating documents in a The sleek, new, air-conditioned Santas give ratifiable and therefore dependable form. It is by no means you fabulous top-deck play areas with mag¬ the art of conversation. “Diplomacy, if it is ever to be effective, should be a dis¬ nificent outdoor swimming pools ... spacious, agreeable business. And one recorded in hard print.” upper-deck night clubs, lounges and dining From the Dec. 1934 JOURNAL. Reprinted from “Peace¬ rooms. First-class accommodations through¬ making, 1919,” by Harold Nicolson. Houghton, Mifflin Co., out offer comfort and luxury comparable to Boston & New York. exclusive resort living. And More Recently: Nostalgic lines from FSO Bill Cochran: “I wish someone Sailings every Friday from New York to could write a nostalgic article for the JOURNAL on how Curasao and Aruba, N.W.I.; La Guaira Washington is changing, especially the disappearance of (Caracas), Venezuela; Kingston, Jamaica; landmarks. It hit me the other day when I went in Henry Nassau, Bahamas; and Port Everglades (Fort Goodman’s clothing store on Pennsylvania Avenue just above 17th—you remember, where we could buy tropical Lauderdale-Miami), Florida. clothing in January (when nobody else anywhere had it) and get cheerful credit? Goodman died six years ago. The store is coming down to make way for another office build¬ See your local travel agent or write ing, and is closing out. Similarly, the Tally-Ho restaurant (near 17th and H) has just closed, after twenty-nine years, GRACE LINE for the same reason. Speaking of restaurants, Hall’s, the seafood place on 7th St. S.W. is also due to disappear for a Dept. FSJ, 3 Hanover Square, New York 4, N. Y. new speed highway. It used to be one of the best, with a Agents and Offices in All Principal Cities real oldtime, Gay Nineties atmosphere. So it goes.”

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By Harry Raymond Turkel

i His office overlooked 17th Street, the Corcoran Art Gallery and the land sloping down to the Mall. The room had an HE EVENING of December 28, 1943, beginning with T ornate black marble fireplace filled with gilt, and Mr. Smith the moment I stepped into the courier jeep of the presided over a desk littered with seals, ribbons, silver Ninth Fighter Command, was one of the saddest candlestick and sealing wax. It was my great good fortune, of my life. Ninth Fighter Command Headquarters were in as a newly appointed assistant drafting officer in the Treaty a group of ugly, mustard-colored buildings set in the hills Division, to be given work relating to Mr. Smith’s duties, of an English village with the wildly improbable name of to have an adjoining office, and above all, to become some¬ Middle Wallop—lying between the villages of Upper Wallop thing of a favorite of his. and Nether Wallop. The reason was simple. Washington, then, was a sleepy, On the pine folding table which constituted Squadron Southern town and in the lofty rooms, behind the slatted headquarters I saw the long-awaited batch of mail. Seated doors, there was a leisurely pace to the work, particularly next to a portable American coke stove, still glowing red in the summer when the Congress had recessed. In conse¬ hot in the deserted office, I read my wife’s letter first. “My dear,” she wrote, “the children have been much bet¬ quence, we had ample time for anagrams, which Mr. Smith ter, although William ...” and so on to the end where loved. We drew squares, five blocks across and five blocks she appended a note. down. Each of us put in a letter, and the person making “You will be sad to learn of the death of Sydney Yost a three-letter word scored three points, a four-letter word Smith.” I read the letter a second and a third time, then was four points and five letters earned five points. The morning or afternoon was rare in which I did not see his sat staring at the glowing stove for a long, long time. To bald head peek around the door and his walrus mustaches me, it was the end of an era. waggle as he whispered hoarsely, “Hey, son; time for a game?” II On the other hand, I had the benefit of Mr. Smith’s en¬ When I entered the Department of State in July of 1929, cyclopedic knowledge and his mastery of diplomatic phrase¬ Sydney Yost Smith was already the grand old man of the ology. He taught me how to draft both diplomatic corres¬ Department. He was a heavy-set man of medium height pondence and treaties. I had to learn all over again how with bald head, bristling white eyebrows and long, droop¬ to read. He taught me to read slowly, examining every ing mustaches stained yellow in the middle by his ever¬ word and punctuation mark. The process of evaluation was present pipe. He generally wore salt-and-pepper suits and particularly important. his trousers had an elephantic droop. Mr. Smith was then “Hear this, son,” he would say and then, after reading over seventy years old and had been in the Department the stilted 18th century language of an incoming note, he nearly fifty years. He had been Chief of the Diplomatic would slap the heavily embossed coat of arms with the back Bureau through the Spanish American War and to the end of his hand, rustle the thick paper and say, “Now this is of World War I. He had been a member of the examining what the rascal REALLY means . . .” He showed me the hair¬ boards which had admitted the great career ambassadors line between the suppressio veri and the suggestio falsi. He of two decades ago: William Phillips, Joe Grew, Norman taught me how to use language to conceal or reveal a Armour, Hugh Wilson, and Hugh Gibson. These were thought, and also how to lay bare a hidden thought en¬ “his boys.” closed in waxy words. In treaty drafting, which was very By 1929, Mr. Smith had been relegated to the post of different from diplomatic correspondence, the ideal was Senior Drafting Officer in the new Treaty Division and was not merely to draft so that the intent might be understood. in charge of formalities of treaty signatures, transmittal of The ideal was to draft so that the thought could not pos¬ treaties to the Senate, and treaty correspondence generally. sibly be misunderstood.

21 TWO DIPLOMATISTS

These were merely technical accomplishments which I striding up and down, his battered pipe waving in the air, learned from the ex-Chief of the Diplomatic Bureau. Per¬ his free elbow pressed to his side. Often he would challenge haps the most valuable thing I received from Mr. Smith was me to cap his quotations, and if the play were Hamlet or the sense of tradition, of belonging to an organization Macbeth, I might be able to do it, but if it were Henry V which, throughout United States history, has been dedi¬ or one of the Richards, I would fail miserably. Mr. Smith cated to the service of the American people. His service in was a walking “Bartlett’s Familiar Quotations” forever try¬ the Department had covered a large portion of the history ing to stump me. of the United States, and thus his stories had an immediacy Just one year before the declaration of war with Spain, and cogency which could not be derived from the pages of Mr. Smith’s star was really in the ascendancy. He was not a history book. quite forty years old; he had married the daughter of an Sydney Yost Smith was born in Washington in 1857 but Assistant Secretary of State; he had just been appointed was taken at an early age to Petersburg, Virginia. His Chief of the Diplomatic Bureau, succeeding his friend, the father was a Union sympathizer and when Smith was either fabulous Alvey A. Adee. five or six years of age his parents received a laissez-passer Sydney Smith was one of the senior Departmental offi¬ to return to Washington. They all came in a carriage, en¬ cers who went to Paris in 1899 to negotiate the treaty of tering the Union lines south of Alexandria. peace with Spain. Somehow, he never talked much about Mr. Smith had little formal schooling, though in the style it and I suspect that what happened was that Professor of his day he did “go to the Academy,” and he did have John Bassett Moore, secretary and counsel of the Commis¬ private tutors. “What did you study?” I asked. “Why, sion, carried the principal load. penmanship, Shakespeare and the Bible, of course,” he Once I saw a picture of these early notables of the De¬ answered. partment, many of whom were still in the Department in From 1879 to 1881, Mr. Smith was a shorthand reporter the late twenties. They were portly men with handlebar in the House of Representatives. Even when he was nearing mustaches and wore gartered sleeves and high stiff collars. eighty, the speed of his “pothooks,” as he called them, was Round gas chandeliers with curlycues were suspended from as outstanding as the elegance and accuracy of his drafting. the ceiling, and the wood fireplace worked; derby hats were At the age of twenty-three, that is, at the beginning of the on the rack and mahogany roll top desks filled the back¬ fiscal year in 1881, he received a temporary appointment ground. Among these men were Bill McNeir, John Russ, in the Department of State at $900 per annum. The ap¬ Miles Shand, Dave Salmon and John Griffin (Tom’s father). pointment was destined to last for fifty-eight years. When John Russ, for example, whom I knew as a thin old man in he was appointed, Rutherford B. Hayes had been out of the charge of the stenographic pool, appeared in the photo as White House only three months, and James A. Garfield was a fresh-faced boy. The gracious spirit in the Department President. was still evident in the 1920’s. On my first two days of On September 19, 1881, Mr. Smith answered the tele¬ service I was taken around to make calls on nearly all of phone. These instruments had just been installed in the the sixty officers of the Department who were senior to me. new State-War-Navy Building. World War I burst like a bombshell on an unprepared “Hello, who’s there?” he roared with his mustaches Department. Sydney Smith lasted as Chief of the Diplo¬ pressed to the mouthpiece. He always held the earpiece in matic Bureau to the very end of the war, but three weeks his left hand with fingers forward while he kept his right after the Armistice he was relieved as Chief. He went to forefinger plugged in his right ear. the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, but had less real influ¬ “Of course,” he said in an injured tone, “I didn’t believe ence than at the peace conference in that city just twenty it when it said that President Garfield had been shot. But years earlier. He became careless of his dress, smoked and he was.” let the sparks fly on his vest. Something went out of the Mr. Smith lived in a red brick Victorian bay house down¬ Department when Colonel House’s people snatched the town on G Street, between 7th and 9th. He came back for peace-making from the regular officers; Mr. Smith’s career a two-hour lunch from 17th and Pennsylvania every day, went with it. and if he didn’t use the horse cars, he would drive his own Ill buggy. “We young fellers,” he would say, “used to stand around IT WILL serve to illustrate the spirit of the times at the be¬ the street corners and watch the young ladies step into the ginning °f the thirties if I compare Sydney Yost Smith horse cars.” The swirl of petticoats above a pretty ankle with another great diplomatist, Dr. James Brown Scott. Both must have been a rare treat, for at the recollection, his right had considerable influence on my thinking and development, arm went into a sudden uppercut. although both were quite different. James Brown Scott was “My boy,” he roared, peering out from under enormous a famous international lawyer who had been Solicitor of eyebrows and dropping the polished diction, “the steps was the Department from 1906 to 1910; Sydney Smith was at mighty HIGH in them days.” that time Chief of the Diplomatic Bureau. Dr. Brown had Mr. Smith’s favorite amusement was going to the theatre; had real influence at the Paris Peace Conference for he had he was particularly fond of Shakespeare. In our office he been associated with Colonel House in the early days of the would give long declamations in the style of Edwin Booth, “Peace Inquiry” and in 1919 served as legal adviser of the

22 by Harry Raymond Turkel

American delegation which negotiated the Treaty of Ver¬ Dr. Scott, on the other hand, was the darling of the Latin sailles. Americans. Brown Scott, as they called him, had been a Shortly after the war he became trustee of the Carnegie delegate of the U. S. at many inter-American conferences. Endowment, and as its head, paid for the first year of my He was a translator of early Spanish writers of internation¬ education at Oxford. He was quite fond of me and asked al law. He believed in the rights of man and was willing to accord to others the dignity he insisted on for himself. me to call him Uncle Jim, which I sometimes did. Dr. I received from Dr. Scott a very special fondness for Scott introduced me to his friends as his godson, which was Latin Americans, and he carefully fostered that feeling. certainly not true. When I objected, he justified it by say¬ Whenever I went abroad, he insisted that I carry letters of ing that he was my godfather in the profession. introduction. On my first mission abroad, I carried his Uncle Jim would take me to the Metropolitan Club for letters to the Secretary of State of Cuba, and to Dr. Busta¬ lunch and say: mante, Cuba’s famed international lawyer. 7 “Sit by the window facing the door so I can tell you who In their attitudes toward me, Dr. Scott and Mr. Smith people are as they come in.” Many of the famous and pow¬ differed greatly. Mr. Smith had an easy Southern way erful people of the Department and of the country were about him, as relaxed and soft as the elastic-sided kid shoes members of the Metropolitan Club and it w7as a liberal edu¬ he always wore. Uncle Jim, on the other hand, was a Har¬ cation to hear about them. vard man with a high stiff collar and crisp white piping on One day we were having lunch with Charles Warren, who his vest. He would often slam me down for the brashness was also a great international lawyer and former ambassa¬ I then exhibited, while Mr. Smith was indulgent. dor. Both he and James Brown Scott looked like John Bull. One day in 1930, I must have goaded Dr. Scott to fuiy. The only difference was that Mr. Warren wore a red bow The London Naval Treaty had been signed in the spring, tie, while Dr. Scott w7as smaller and wore a correct four and in the fall it had come up for ratification. My duties in hand. were to report the press reaction to Secretary of State Stim- “Jim,” said Mr. Warren, “do you know how John Foster son every morning and Senator Hiram Johnson was giving got to be Secretary of State to President Harrison? ’ the Secretary a very bad time. I must have said something “Why, of course,” said Uncle Jim, “he was in the cavalry to Dr. Scott which was critical of the Senate for he turned with General Grant at Fort Donelson.” on me, red-faced with rage, his blue eyes snapping, his false One day in Greece I told John Foster Dulles the story teeth clicking and slushing as he snarled: and with an unamused stare the Secretary said: “That “Six months in the Department and perfectly depart¬ wasn’t so at all. He became Secretary of State because he mentalized already! Harry, as long as you live, let me never had been Republican National Committeeman from Indiana.” hear you speak that way about the Senate of the United Sydney Yost Smith and James Scott Brown were both in States of America!” the direct American tradition. Both felt keenly and person¬ Over the thirty years since the incident happened, I have ally about the issues of the Civil War—or the War Between often sat at my desk and pondered: What does THE De¬ the States. partment expect? Both were superb draftsmen, but where Mr. Smith was I close my eyes and think of Uncle Jim and of his high- earthy, Uncle Jim was high-minded and moral. Mr. Smith minded idealism. I can see him again, angry, red jowls was strictly a positivist in international law; Dr. James quivering and I feel the lash of his scorn—“Six months in Brown Scott believed with all his soul in natural law as the the Department and perfectly departmentalized already.” basis of international law. Mr. Smith believed in diplomacy It is a spur to think through the basic merits of a problem. of the Teddy Roosevelt variety. I remember Mr. Smith re¬ Then I think of Mr. Smith, slouched in a chair, bald peating the dictum of Secretary Olney, pounding his desk head gleaming, shaggy eyebrows drawn together and curved as he did so—“The fiat of the United States is law upon pipe bobbing between his drooping mustaches as he mut¬ this continent.” At that moment the U. S. still had marines ters, “Pshaw, this is what the rascal really means. . . .” in Haiti and Nicaragua, and maintained the Platt Amend¬ I open my eyes, draw up the block of yellow paper and ment in Cuba. confidently begin to draft. The Tale of the Bureaucrat By RICHARD FUNKHOUSER

Now, in accordance with her plan to prevent King The Tale of the Bureaucrat Shahryar from striking off her head as he had done to all T T HATH reached me, 0 auspicious King, that there was brides before her, Shahrazad opened her eyes and signaled once in times of yore and ages long gone before, a great to her sister Dunyazad who sat up . and said, “Allah upon thee, 0 my sister, recite to me some new story, delightsome and puissant King, of the Kings of the descendants of the and delectable, wherewith to while away the waking hours Assyrians, who was mighty in war but weak in peace. In of our latter night.” dire times, when surrounded by enemy hordes, the Assyrian “With joy and goodly glee,” answered Shahrazad, “if armies wielding magnificent weapons behind impenetrable this noble and auspicious King permits me.” defenses successfully subdued all threats to their Kingdom. “Tell on,” quoth King Shahryar, who chanced to be sleep¬ But with peace, the King found that the end of trouble be¬ less and restless, and, therefore, was pleased at the prospect of hearing her story. So Shahrazad rejoiced; and thus, on came the beginning and the settled became unsettled until the first night of the Thousand Nights and a Night, she uprisings began anew, ending with fire, sword and the loss began with of his youngest, bravest and strongest subjects.

24 As the good King neared the end of his days and re¬ wisest, most loyal and richest of his Chamberlains, Viceroys, flected on the repetitious history of uncertain peace and life Wazirs, and Emirs, armed them with words of sincerity, and certain war and death, he reached the conclusion that imagination, and a touch of guile, added such largesse and his name would live forever if perpetual peace could be gifts as appropriate, and sent them forth to all parts of the brought to his land. So he sent messengers to the four earth where trouble might brew. comers of the earth bearing an offer of his fairest daughters For many months, his Ambassadors indeed performed to the seer or magician, skilled in contriving, versed in the miracles. Foreign potentates were in turn flattered by the knowledge of occult truths and perfect in mysteries and sub¬ attentions and gifts and impressed by the logic, wisdom and tleties, who could end the succession of catastrophic wars. sincerity of the words. To eliminate rogues and charlatans, however, the King But as the trial period neared the close a strange develop¬ placed two conditions on his offer: the first condition was ment occurred which the Farsi had not foreseen and which that the total cost of the solution could not exceed l/500th threatened the success of his plan. With peace had come new part of the yearly receipts of the Royal Treasury. This con¬ demands on the embassies from the merchants who saw a dition was explained on grounds that his unconquerable means to increase their trade, from the farmers who sought warriors must be retained in a state of readiness and his new markets, and indeed from the palace, the judges, coun¬ harem well provided for. selors, chamberlains, ulemas and princes, each of whom had The second condition was death on failure. important tasks to be accomplished, all in the name and best interest of the King. NOW FOR many days there were none to answer the chal¬ Now it was apparent that with these increased tasks, order lenge until finally there came to the palace one Farsi of in the small missions gave way to chaos. Ambassador after gilded tongue and hawk-like visage, a cunning artificer and Ambassador sent courier after courier to the King pleading past master of all manner of craft and inventions. Prostrat¬ for new instructions and new resources. ing himself before the King, the Farsi wished him joy and Stricken with dismay the King sent for the seer and said, laid before him a scheme fitting his dignity and dreams, say¬ “0 thou false prophet, verily all of this turmoil is thy doing. ing, “Your strength in arms is like the dinosaur which lives Your plan fails. Amend this confusion or die!” no more. This beast was built to crush all living things, Hastily and with heavy sweat, the Farsi pleaded, “0 most only to die imprisoned in the mud, an eternal grave made by magnanimous liege Lord, thine own officials are responsible the weight of his own armor, ft had not the adaptability to for the ruin of the plan. All was well until their intercession. change with the times. Your Kingdom will suffer the same Let them pursue their noble tasks and worthy deeds in fate if you depend on the weight of your armor. And here is foreign lands with their own emissaries and missions, not my secret truth: use Brain, not Brawn. The dinosaur had a with mine, er . . . a . . . thine. Relieve your own ambassadors brain the size of a wheat grain, a small wheat grain. For of these miscellaneous Operations, free them for pure the everlasting life of your Kingdom, you must depend on thoughts and the single-minded pursuit of their first objec¬ man’s greatest and most versatile weapon, his wit.” tive. Leave to each specialist the thing each does best; thus, Before the intrigued King could interrupt, the Farsi hastily all will be happy and act with full zest. The key to this riddle continued: is “SEPARATE, SEPARATE, SEPARATE!” “To avoid costly wars, you must select a group of your wisest subjects, arm them with good and kindly words, and THE KING much marvelled at this facile reply and bizarre promises of your noble intentions, add perchance such incantation, and the black became light before his sight. largesse and gifts as you deem fitting, and send embassies Forthwith, he summoned all members of his High Council to all neighboring states and their neighbors as well, thus and informed them that the representatives of Agriculture, to disarm future enemies and to persuade them to cease from of Commerce, of the Royal Treasury and all special interests conflict and to avoid disaster to themselves and to all men.” and operations must henceforth separate from the King’s embassies and establish their own missions abroad, thus “But can this be done for l/500th of the receipts of my allowing his personal Ambassadors to carry out the original Royal Treasury?” queried the incredulous King. purpose and policy of their diplomacy within the original “The expenses of your Ambassadors should cost no more sums granted. than this, my Lord; the gifts something more but no more And it was so done. Many embassies went abroad and than you wish. Some of your loyal Nabobs and Grandees appeared successively before the same foreign potentates. have indeed the wherewithal to support themselves in fitting But all went well for only a brief period as from all parts fashion. The others you must select purely for their devotion of the world a greater confusion than before threatened to and loyalty and perhaps their curiosity about foreign lands, plunge the King into conflict with innumerable and united since their reward must largely rest with Allah.” enemies. It appeared that in lieu of being pleased by the Now the King marvelled at such a wondrous and ingenious attentions of the King’s Ambassadors, foreign potentates plan and cried, “By Allah, 0 sage, and this thy word be were confused and angered by the multiplicity of the emis¬ true, 1 will grant thee thy wish and thy desire.” saries and the conflict of their messages. Equally confused And forthwith the King set about to make trial of the and angered became the emissaries, the Court and, above all. ingenious plan, granting a year and a day for the test. He the King himself, who now faced both the threat of war and selected, after many searching trials of different kinds, the the peacetime depletion of his Treasury.

25 TALE OF THE BUREAUCRAT by Richard Funkhonser

The incensed King summoned the Farsi, who prostrated men with words. Then, there is always the injection of new himself in abject terror. “Woe unto thee, 0 charlatan. By Wisdom at the top known as . . .” Allah, you are no mighty magician or Marid of the Jinn or But the swift scimitar of the enraged King had already devil. What mischief hast thou wreaked? My Ambassadors found the clear-cut solution to the problem at hand. The are confused and speak different things with many tongues Farsi’s head tumbled onto the rich Bokharas which muffled while my enemies multiply and my gold divides. Speak or his last word which sounded like “Superstructure” as it fell. forever be silenced!” The King of the Ages laid down his trusted weapon which In panic the Farsi seized the first thought which came into so often had rescued him from tyranny and injustice, evil his head. “0 my Lord, the answer is clear. Make all missions and falsehood. one! In each foreign land, therefore, there will be only one “Was there an answer to the riddle?” the weary King voice! Great economies will be also realized thereby! In the thought to himself “With small resources my small missions words of the Great Swami, ‘One for all, and all for one. cannot possibly accomplish all objectives of my Kingdom AMALGAMATE, AMALGAMATE, AMALGAMATE!’” well. Three things must happen: For the briefest moment a cloud of doubt passed the old King’s brow. His keen senses transported the ingenious UT7 IRST, THE embassies can try to perform all tasks. If thought from quick Perception into the channels of wise F they try to do everything with limited resources, noth¬ Reflection and then precipitously to Action. ing will be done well. I can expect mediocrity at best. This The action was the unsheathed scimitar! is unbearable. “Death, 0 jackass, charlatan, dog! Do you take me for “Second, the embassies can do their primary tasks well an idiot? Would not my rudest subject see that what you and their secondary tasks badly. In such circumstances I now propose differs in no wit from what you first proposed. have no alternative but to assign the work which is badly This cure is but a return to the origin of the disease. I done to other emissaries. This separates my missions, and started with one Ambassador in each country, with one the resultant cost and confusion will soon become intolerable. unified embassy and with united emissaries. Because they “Third, the embassies can do their primary tasks badly were unable to do all things required of them, you devised and their secondary tasks well. This is the worst of all. It Separation, separate missions which now too have created forces me to take the most important work away from my so many dilemmas. And now you have the temerity to pro¬ Ambassadors, go abroad myself, or assign it to other Ambas¬ pose to return to this vicious, empty and sterile circle, doubt¬ sadors, or to other special missions. This defeats the original less thinking I had forgot where it would lead. Off with purpose of the embassies and again leads to unbearable cost your head, false prophet, vile reorganizer, bureaucrat!” and confusion. The King was as a raging lion. “Thus, I am in a sterile circle leading nowhere but to false illusions. No combination is demonstratably better than any U A MALGAMATE, Separate. Separate, Amalgamate! These other and the abrupt changes in organization only make X\.are poor cures for real ills. I shall try your scheme on things worse, since basic issues are thereby lost, avoided or you to see if you work better: first, a Separation of your head forgotten.” from your body as you advised me to do with my embassies. The King scratched the royal pate, paused and then ex¬ Your head can plan Policy while your body is engrossed in claimed, “Clearly, I must do one of two things: Limit my its essential Operations. Next, if that fails to improve your Objectives or Increase my Resources. Since my Objectives total performance, we shall endeavor to put you back to¬ continue to expand, so must my Resources, my men and my gether again. You may bear a few scars from the Separation money. and lack a certain coordination from the Amalgamation but “As to men, I must always find the best and the wisest! we can prune and graft ad nauseam until the best combina¬ This is the sine qua non! tion is found. Surely this is better than taking you as you “As to money,” and here the King paused, “Perhaps the imperfectly are, trying to improve your performance, both conditions I imposed on the Farsi were too onerous? Per¬ in mind and body, by means of the ancient methods: normal haps all that has to be done cannot be done by even the best growth, guidance and experience. As a delicate and subtle men for l/500th of my income or 120 million dinars in touch since you proposed a Separation of Intelligence from Salaries and Expenses for the next Fiscal Year! Would diplomacy, we shall cut out your Memory to see if you func¬ 1/1 Oth of my income be more sensible? I wonder? What tion better, as perchance you may in your role as master are the objectives really worth? What was it the Farsi said reorganizer where Memory can be a handicap. Guards, about comparing the present defenses of my Kingdom to the unadaptable, brawny dinosaur with a pea-size brain? Ex¬ bastinado this scoundrel, bash me his neck, quarter his tinction in the mud? . . .” quarters!” In mortal pallor the Farsi cried, “0 King of the Ages, I Shahrazad paused; King Shahryar was snoring. Dunyazad have yet to reveal all of my most tested devices which never made a mental note to warn her sister to compose better fail to cure ills of all Kingdoms. One comes from the Land stories or she’d never keep her head for the next Thousand of the Genii and is called the Executive Order which makes Nights.

26 EDITORIAL PAGE

Walter Lippmann Addresses AFSA

THE ASSOCIATION’S October 22 luncheon, at which Walter responsibilities, develop this natural relationship into an en¬ Lippmann was the honored guest and speaker, was a during and rewarding bond of mutual endeavor both at memorable occasion on several scores. It brought together home and abroad. Mr. Lippmann’s distinguished record of for the first time the acknowledged dean of American com¬ responsible interpretation establishes a benchmark for the mentators—perhaps the most respected of our commentators abroad—and the largest turnout yet recorded for an Ameri¬ influence which journalism can bring to bear on public af¬ can Foreign Service luncheon. It thus permitted the Service fairs. It was especially appropriate, therefore, that he should to add its tribute to the many others which have crowned have been introduced by his friend, Ambassador Robert Mr. Lippmann’s seventieth year and to honor a dedicated Murphy who will culminate his memorable career by acting journalist who, by serving his public well, has also been as ranking Diplomatic Advisor on the Presidential good will of great service to his Government and to the Foreign visit this month. On that visit for the first time, the Presi¬ Service. dent will visit areas of Free Asia whose importance Mr. Lippmann emphasized in his analysis of the necessary dif¬ Those 473 members of AFSA who attended heard Mr. fusion of power eastward from the Atlantic Community. Lippmann expound his own distinctions between the respon¬ sibilities of the journalist and the diplomatist, and witnessed a provocative interpretation of history which was spiced with intimacies recalled from the speaker’s own early essay Howard Fyfe in diplomacy as a member of Colonel House’s organization FTER twenty-eight years as Despatch Agent in New York, known as “The Inquiry.” Mr. Lippmann’s address is printed A elsewhere in this issue for the benefit of those who were un¬ k, Howard Fyfe retired in June of last year, and closed able to hear it. the book on more than thirty-eight years of service in the United States Government. This past October he died. We agree wholeheartedly with Mr. Lippmann’s claim of cousinship between journalist and diplomatist, since each is It seems hard to believe now, but there was a time—and primarily concerned with the reporting and interpreting of not too long ago—when Howard Fyfe, out of his own pocket, events. We would not disagree with his conclusion that the was taking care of the interim financing of personal ship¬ journalist’s primary responsibility is to the public whereas ments of the FSO. Three years ago the JOURNAL under the that of the Service is to the government. title of “Howard Fyfe, U. S. Despatch Agent” said: But in an era of increasingly “open diplomacy,” where Elephants and eye-droppers, parrots and pianos, in a stag¬ the shaping of public opinion can be crucial to major diplo¬ gering parade have all passed calmly through customs under the careful supervision of the U. S. Despatch Agent and matic moves intended to influence the course of events, we been received intact. Now the old order must change . . . suggest that the journalist should share the diplomatist’s re¬ and personal shipments must be arranged for directly by sponsibility to his government and that the diplomatist the FSO ... Few public servants have earned such wide¬ spread appreciation from the Foreign Service as Howard must accept greater responsibility toward the public than he Fyfe. All who have benefited (and who has not) by Mr. has traditionally. Both now play greater roles than at any Fyfe’s unstinting service will echo our appreciation. time in the past—and at a time of unprecedented involve¬ The attitude of Howard Fyfe was never one which needed ment of their government in the forces of change at work sustaining by expressions of gratitude or praise. His unnum¬ throughout the world—in projecting the public image of bered kindnesses extended over the years to Foreign Service the United States and in interpreting with understanding the Officers, most of whom he had known only through corre¬ sensitivities and problems of foreign neighbors to a formerly spondence. He was a selfless public servant and for many isolationist public. years there will be officers around who will speak of him We in the Service acknowledge our cousinship with the with warm remembrance. This, of course, is the best of all gentlemen of the press and must, in pursuing our primary memorials.

27 WASHINQTON LETTER

by Given BARROWS

November was a facilities and should be designed by architect Edward Dur- month full of rell Stone. surprises: As you may have gathered, now is the time for all with ideas—and what reader of the JOURNAL is without ideas— WITH Robert Mur¬ phy’s announced re¬ now is the moment to play Walter Mitty long enough to tirement from the dream up a club worthy of our imagination. These ideas Service after thirty- can be addressed to the JOURNAL or sent direct to Myron Cowen; they may well result in giving tangible shape to nine years, with Washington being a most welcome new Foreign Service Center. turned down for the “With Smiling Faces” 1964 World’s Fair Before we entirely leave the subject of gentle sociabilities site, with the “far —one of our former Board members has sent us a clipping side of the moon” from a newspaper in a far-away town where we have a showing its pock¬ Consulate General, and we should like to publish it just marked face in Rus¬ as translated, deleting only the place names. It describes a sian photos, and party we have all attended, and not only once: with the published The American Consulate General gave a reception announcement of yesterday on the occasion of the visit of the American hope for a Club Ambassador from the national capital. The party started at seven a.m. (sic) and ended at 9 p.m., and “The Feast of Herod”; From Smithsonian’s Center for Foreign Tapestries exhibit, opening gervice officers in was attended by more than 200 persons from the city- including official personalities, industrialists, business Washington. men, farmers, writers, and members of the diplomatic The Center, in particular, had the air crackling around corps. 1908 “G” Street, where we have our attic hide-out. For The party was elegant and extravagant, and the hosts, years this idea of a Club Center had been discussed by starting with the American Consul General and his Vice Consuls to the smallest employee of the Consulate, FSO’s working in Washington, and recently an AFSA com¬ served their guests, offering them different kinds of mittee headed by Hendrick Van Oss and David McK. Key food and drink with smiling faces, and entertaining had had it under discussion. Now with Myron Cowen inter¬ them with good conversation. esting himself in it, and gathering vital support for it from New Inventions all quarters, the idea is gaining considerable momentum and The number of new inventions that are daily coming to may well take shape in a million-dollar establishment. the fore continue to delight and stagger us. Now a machine But whatever its size the club is expected to provide head¬ has been developed to read handwriting. We’d like to try quarters for hospitality and entertainment, with dues mod¬ est enough so that junior foreign service officers from all countries will be able to join and use its facilities regularly. With ninety embassies in Washington, in addition to American Foreign Service personnel, with numerous inter¬ national organizations such as the International Bank and OAS, the Center could well provide an invaluable meeting place in the Nation’s Capital, within easy walking distance of New State. Think of the cuisine one can expect to be set up and available, with snacks both simple and profound. These we would expect to be balanced by sports facilities ranging from boule to jai-alai to ping pong, chess and pachisi. In another part of the building one would find an extensive record collection able to accommodate the tastes of both Orient and Occident, and a Reading Room with periodicals and books from the ninety nations. The decor would em¬ phasize spacious proportions, as we see it, and would be representative of the art and the crafts of all the nations— perhaps arranged for by gifts from the countries as was done at the UN building in New York. The building itself, with gardens and outdoor statuary, and an indoor swimming pool, should be a beautiful structure to house the varied it out on some examples of handwriting we’ve seen around tance. Will the net result be even more pieces of paper to (including, at times, our own). There is a machine, too, record conversations, for instance? There is even a question that will transmit our letters across the country in two or as to what effect the nearness and availability will have on three minutes. (It doesn’t make one happy to think that the the health of the individual, who hitherto had often to run a answer can be returned just as quickly.) At Kyoto a ma¬ good race when the boss beckoned from afar. chine has been invented that will take dictation and even type it up afterwards. And there’s a new camera that takes 355 degree photographs in a single instantaneous exposure. Even a better mousetrap has been invented during this busy autumn of ’59.

10,000 Strong As we go to print more than 10,000 applications for the Foreign Service written examination for appointment to FSO-8 have been received by the Department. This month the examination will be given in cities and in towns through¬ out the United States. We had hoped to be able to print one of the examinations so our readers might test themselves, but apparently it is not possible to get the necessary reprint permission from the firm which makes them up. We do have word, however, that a handful of experienced FSO’s, including an FSO-1, have volunteered to take the exam, and we hope to be able to report on their reactions to it. Today’s Service may well produce a more elite corps than ever before—certainly a wider background than ever before is needed to cope with today’s problems, and this year’s response from the country “The Magi and the Adoration”: From the Norwegian Tapes¬ tries exhibit, opening this month at the Smithsonian. —10,000 strong—should provide excellent material. One can’t but be impressed with the excellence of many of our junior officers, many of whom have had to wait a substantial To illustrate this briefly—not too long ago a memo circu¬ interval between the examination and the appointment. lated in E gave consideration to these necessary races against Their solutions to the waiting period have been as varied time, and suggested that a suitable trophy for the winner as the individual: of two we talked with recently, one had of an annual obstacle race between SA-20 and New State be instigated. had a tour in the Navy and the other had received a fellow¬ ship for study in Germany. It proposed that a par figure for the course be set as to the time allotted for the trip from SA-20 to New State, It is interesting to note that recruitment and selection for the Foreign Service today is a problem engaging based on a competition between divisions. Handicaps, it indicated, might be assigned, such as: heavy official attention not only in the United States. Peter¬ rain, 30 seconds; Office Director rank, 50 seconds; FSO-8, borough in his column in the (London) DAILY TELEGRAPH minus 20 seconds; Deputy Assistant Secretaries minus 5 recently discussed the problem of recruitment in the British seconds; processions on Constitution Avenue, 30 seconds. Foreign Service. There have been many criticisms that the Perhaps this athletic prowess, so well exercised and British Foreign Service does not recruit from the “red¬ developed in the comparatively short run from SA-20, will brick” universities, he said, and four members of the For¬ be given even greater challenges in the near-Pentagon maze eign Office have accordingly been making an extensive tour of enlarged New State. Trophy donors will be welcomed of the provincial universities in order to get at the difficulty: once the building is completed and the courses set. “Figures for a recent decade suggest that about 94 percent of recruits come from Oxford or Cambridge. A total of 272 candidates from other universities in this period proved “Total Industry” unsuccessful.” For months we’ve treasured a line in a letter Robert P. Skinner wrote concerning Charles Eberhardt, on the occa¬ AFSA Luncheon sion of the latter’s birthday: “rejoicing that he is with us One of the remarks we liked best at the historic Lippmann and hoping that for long years to come he may continue to luncheon was Mr. Murphy’s suggestion, in introducing Wal¬ preach the gospel of total industry in whatever we may be ter Lippmann, that perhaps Summitry could be best served engaged, as the surest means of finding contentment in this today if Mr. Lippmann would get together with his col¬ busy world.” umnist counterparts from the other three countries con¬ cerned to discuss vital problems and arrive at solutions that Howard Fyfe Scholarship Fund would ease the international tensions. As reported in the press recently, one of the scholarships awarded annually by the American Foreign Service Asso¬ Obstacle Races ciation is to be named in memory of Howard Fyfe, Des¬ With the opening of the Cafeteria and Lounge in State patch Agent. AFSA has already begun to receive some last month, the completion of the new State building draws checks for this scholarship, is most appreciative, and asks near and one can’t but wonder at the effect on people and that the checks be made out to the Association’s Scholar¬ whole divisions who have been safely separated by sheer dis¬ ship Fund.

29 A Letter and Some Comments

From a Member of 1959’s Selection Boards:

Dear Joe: fications for performing the duties of an officer in the next higher class.” Even though almost all officers in Class 3 are I’ve been busy now since early September on Selection convincingly reported as meeting more than basic require¬ Board C. The details of our operations were very well de¬ ments, and the vast majority are rated as superior, there scribed by Jack McFall in the September 1958 issue of the are many whose records do not show them to be fully up to JOURNAL. YOU might, however, be interested in some im¬ Class 2 responsibilities. Beyond this, simple arithmetic pressions and notions which have occurred to me since we shows that probable promotion rates into Class 2 over the started work last month. next few years won’t permit the advancement of anywhere The experience is one of the most interesting and, at the near all of the effective and efficient people already in class, same time, most monotonous I’ve had during my Foreign plus those entering by promotion and lateral entry, before Service career. Reading file after file, day after day, in the time-in-class limitation or the sixty-year retirement rule cramped quarters and uncomfortable chairs is hard on the removes a lot of them from the Service. eyes and several other parts, but the constant parade of performance and personality going by is stimulating and To meet this situation, I think we need to take immediate rewarding. If there is any monotony in that aspect, it comes steps to dignify the departure of officers who must leave the from the conspicuously high level of service and personal Service because they have served the maximum time in class. qualification which feature the vast majority of Class 3 At present the atmosphere is one of skulking out the back door in disgrace. An officer who has served honorably, per¬ officers. formed well enough to survive the annual weeding out of the To distinguish between these officers is exceedingly diffi¬ lowest ranking, and rendered what must be accepted as a cult. I often feel as if I were blindfolded in a lapidary shop full career of faithful service, is entitled to the diplomatic where different gems, already carefully selected for quality, counterpart of a few guns and ruffles when he leaves. No were being described to me one by one by a series of in¬ one looks askance at the Colonel or the Captain when he has spectors using different terminologies and their own subjec¬ served his time and retired because he wasn’t tapped for tive standards in order that I might declare, without use of higher duty. No one is entitled to view a Foreign Service my own senses, which is best, next best, and so on. As a re¬ Officer in similar situation any differently. Having deliv¬ sult, the problems inherent in our promotion system have ered his best, he merits graceful retirement from a grateful taken on real dimensions and have stimulated me to specu¬ Service. late on how they might better be met. Many, I’m sure, are already being tackled by the Department. However, I’m THE IMPOSSIBILITY of rewarding all faithful and efficient convinced that each of us can contribute toward solutions, service by promotion also raises the problem of main¬ so you are welcome to pass this letter around to the other taining morale by demonstrating that individual services are folks in the Embassy to help get as many as possible think¬ appreciated while they are still being rendered. The annual ing on the subject. My own thoughts are very preliminary, within-grade salary increase is designed to that purpose, but and are somewhat narrowly based because they arise purely at present it is accepted so much as a matter of course that its from my experience with Class 3 performance files. I do morale building effect is slight. Furthermore, the limited know that my colleagues on the C Board are likewise specu¬ number of increases provided for by law brings their termi¬ lating on the same sorts of problems, though they, of course, nation at just the period when their morale building effect is each have their individual approaches to them. most needed—after the officer has already missed promotion Probably the major problem I see arises out of the con¬ more times than he feels he should. Maybe we need some cept that fine performance in itself should be rewarded by additional system of recognition. Because a Service struc¬ promotion. This is reflected almost universally in the effi¬ ture with more classes allows for more promotions from ciency reports. I was just as prone to accept it as anyone start to peak of career, and for shorter waits between them, before I worked on the Board, but now I’m convinced it is perhaps the possibility of expansion beyond the present neither possible nor desirable. To me the key phrase of the eight classes should get serious consideration. Selection Board precepts is that which I’ve italicized in the The mechanical aspect of the Selection Board process is following quotation: “In the final analysis, promotion must another factor which requires serious thought. While every be earned through a demonstration, within the framework one of us on Board C is devoting long hours daily to the of opportunities afforded, of the relative quality and accu¬ most conscientious study of the relative merits of each mem¬ mulated value of the officer’s performance, with due con¬ ber of Class 3, the size of the job, with almost 460 eligible sideration being given as to whether he has the basic quali¬ officers, added to its innately subjective character, requires

30 I ideate ©n €artf) I <©oob Mill^o Jtten

Therefore the Lord himself shall give you a sign; Behold a virgin shall conceive, and bear a son, and shall call his name Immanuel. Isaiah 7:14

And in the sixth month the angel Gabriel was sent from God unto a city of Galilee, named Nazareth.

To a virgin espoused to a man whose name was Joseph, of the House of David; and the virgin’s name was Mary.

In harmony with And the angel said unto her, Fear not This festive time Mary, for thou hast found favor with God. And behold thou shalt conceive in thy We think of friends womb and bring forth a son, and shall call Both far and near. his name JESUS. He shall be great, and And so we voice shall be called the Son of the Highest; and This simple rhyme the Lord God shall give unto him the throne of his father David: and he shall reign over To wish you well the house of Jacob for ever, and of his And much good cheer. kingdom there shall be no end.

Luke 1 : 26-27, 30-33

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C. A. Aspinwall, Chairman Philip Larner Core, President

4 really tremendous extra effort before we can rest assured we have everybody in just the right order. The last thing I would want, however, would he reduction in the amount of material available on each officer. Rather, the urgent need is for more, primarily in the form of clearer and more illustrative narrative descriptions of officers’ per¬ sonalities and performance, which are the real keys to judg¬ ing an officer. If the number of officers we had to rate were less, we could also be better assured of doing a precision job. Increasing the number of classes would do this. So would increasing the time in class before promotion eligi¬ bility. This latter would reduce the number of eligibles and provide a longer record of performance in Class 3 on which to base judgment of the most junior members of the class. In addressing the Selection Boards the day we were con¬ vened, Mr. Henderson remarked on the tendency of many rating officers to employ freely the next-to-highest over-all rating, defined on the Efficiency Report form as, “Perform¬ ance in every important respect is superior and there is no weakness in any material respect.” After reading as many re¬ ports as 1 have already, I have some reservations whether the rating has been correctly given in each case, but there is no question but that it is an accurate description of the func¬ tioning of a very large number of officers. However, as a means of distinguishing between the relative performances of so many, it has now lost most of its meaning. We rely more upon the many individual factor ratings on such things as, for instance, judgment, initiative, decisiveness, power and accuracy of observation, etc. (which I find far more helpful than I had realized I would) and upon the very important narrative descriptions, which range in qual¬ ity from the superb to the dismal. Over-all rating could and should play an important part, which it can’t as it is now being used. I’ve pondered over remedies for this without finding anything which satisfies me yet. At the moment I’m tempted to advocate changing the over-all rating definitions every three or four years. This on the theory that when a new system is first announced, raters pretty well try to follow the rules. As it continues in use, an inflationary process distorts it and a new standard is required. I suspect that only the extreme wording of our top rating “Performance in every respect is outstanding and there is no weakness in any respect” has kept it from being abused almost as much as the next-to-top one is now. Yet, I fear that some of the officers who most closely approach that peak of perfection do not get the rating because their supervisors aren’t convinced there has been anyone worthy of that description since 33 A.D. Before I close, here are a couple of other notions you might think about. Should the Selection Boards be fur¬ nished with information on prospective vacancies, by func¬ tion, in the class ahead so they can recommend for promo¬ tion appropriate numbers of specialists to fit the vacancies? Should the Boards have access to the rating lists of previous Boards, so they can spot the “always a bridesmaid but never a bride” types who consistently just miss promotion, and take this into consideration in weighing relative merit for advancement? I’ll look forward to hearing any comments you may have on these thoughts, not to mention your own proposals. Sincerely, Bill

32 Makes the first impression last I Since first impressions are so important with new friends, you will be wise OLD to serve them Old Grand-Dad. This finest of all bourbons marks you as a host of good taste, judgment, and generosity—most important steps on the GRAND road to lasting friendships.

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33 THE BOOKSHELF

kingdom. How that second Mongol invasion, in 1281, was defeated by extraordinary valor combined with historical accident is described in the next to last chapter of Sir mM. George’s great new historical monograph. Sir George Sansom is the finest product of specialization in a foreign service. A member of the original British “Ja¬ pan Consular Service,” he spent altogether 36 years in Japan and the Japanese empire. He was commercial counselor in Tokyo when he wrote his great and indispensable standard work, “Japan: A Short Cultural History.” Those, of course, were days when diplomatic and consular work went forward at a leisurely pace, when there was no mass of required routine work and an officer could concentrate on the task of *■ becoming acquainted with the soul, with the real essence of a country. Sir George has penetrated to that essence. His new history, of which the present volume is the first of three, will carry Japan’s story up to 1854 where it will connect with his al¬ ready published “The Western World and Japan.” His books are exceptional combinations of scholarly research Disarmament into primary source material, with lucidity and simplicity of Reviewed, by ROBERT W. RINDEN style. In other words, he is not only a fine historian but also DISARMAMENT, Secretary Herter recently observed, is a fine writer. “a subject to which all of us should be turning a very When Townsend Harris came to Japan, the way had been large part of our attention.’’ well prepared for him by Commodore Perry but the task of Those who wish to follow knowledgeably disarmament establishing diplomatic relations lay still ahead. One year discussions in the active phase near at hand will be much of arduous preliminary negotiation was required before he helped by Mr. Nutting’s concise review of negotiations be¬ was able to leave Shimoda and travel to Edo where he tween the Western Powers and the Soviet Union since 1945. conducted the actual treaty negotiations. The year of wait¬ As Parliamentary Undersecretary of State for Foreign ing in Shimoda was not an idyllic interlude but a period of Affairs from 1951 to 1954 and as Minister of State for learning, of adaptation, of frustrations, of illness and. above Foreign Affairs from 1954 to 1956, he was closely con¬ all, of acute observation. cerned with those “long, frustrated exchanges.” He writes The observations of Townsend Harris, first about Siam with authority (and most readably) regarding the debates where he negotiated a treaty of commerce, and later about on the extent of disarmament, conventional and atomic, and japan and his negotiations with the Japanese, are set forth provisions for its inspection and control. in great detail in his “Complete Journal”* which is, as a matter of fact, so complete that the actual negotations are “DISARMAMENT—AN OUTLINE OF THE NEGOTIATIONS sometirifes obscured by extraneous details. But shining by Anthony Nutting. Oxford Universty Press, New York. 52 pp. $1.40. forth is the character of a remarkable man. New Books About Japan Ambassador Douglas MacArthur II has written a brief preface to the Complete Journal. He once remarked that Reviewed by MARTIN F. HERZ in his own negotiations with the Japanese Government he BY THE MIDDLE of the 13th century, the Mongols had had profited from reading Townsend Harris’ journals. conquered half of China, had crossed the Yalu river into Although the Ambassador did not indicate the passages that Korea and forced that kingdom to submit to Mongol contained parallels with the present, there are quite a few suzerainty. Korea, writes Sir George Sansom*, “was now a scattered throughout the book that have contemporary rele¬ weak and unhappy state, impoverished by its desperate re¬ vance, notably the frequent references to the need for coordi¬ sistance. Its very weakness was dangerous, since any great nation within the Japanese Government. A typical entry, for power that established itself in China tended to expand into instance, reads: Manchuria and Korea and thus to threaten Japan.” Friday, March 6, 1857. Met the Governors at the usual place. The Japanese were well aware of the danger. Too late T asked them if they were prepared to give me answers to the they realized that an independent Korea had been their points remaining unsettled, and soon found they were anything but ready. They said these were important matters and must be calmly shield against the powers of the Mainland. Now Khubilai considered; that the Japanese took a great while to consider every Khan sent envoys to Japan demanding the Emperor’s sub¬ question; that in this respect they differed from the Americans, who mission on pain of invasion. When the first invasion at¬ decided promptly on all questions. tempt in 1274 was beaten off, the Khan established an “Office It must be remembered that Townsend Harris, the first for the Chastisement of Japan” and after completing the American Consul General in Japan, was able to “decide conquest of China turned once more against the island promptly on all questions” because he had full powers to

* A HISTORY OF JAPAN TO 1334, by George Sansom. Stanford * THE COMPLETE JOURNAL OF TOWNSEND HARRIS. Charles University Press, Stanford, Calif. 487 pp. $8.50. Tuttle & Co., Rutland, Vt. 589 pp. $7.50.

34 Look Southward, Uncle. By Edward Tomlinson. Devin- Adair Company, New York: 369 pp. $6.00. Reviewed by HENRY C. RAMSEY SHORTLY before his death, Cordell Hull confided to his friend Edward Tomlinson that “The fellows down there (in the Department) don’t seem to be giving as much atten¬ tion to these countries (Latin America) as ‘we’ used to. Uncle Sam must look southward more and more, because the Americas need one another.” Mr. Tomlinson’s back¬ ground of more than thirty years as correspondent and com¬ mentator on Latin American affairs is distilled into this com¬ pelling justification of “the Judge’s” dictum. His book is send Harris” (Charles Tuttle, Tokyo) not intended for the specialist though it can be read by him with profit. It is aimed rather at the general public and negotiate a treaty and would have required at least half a the hemispheric layman in an effort to induce greater under¬ year to receive instructions or replies from Washington. standing of the importance of hemispheric solidarity. Its Indeed, for long, wretched periods he was completely cut sweep is both comprehensive and instructive. Latin Amer¬ off from communication with the outside world. Under the ica, past and present, is presented in historical and psycho¬ circumstances when he had determined the right course of logical depth and the parameters of socio-economic ferment action he could take it immediately. While one can sym¬ at work are admirably sketched. The reader leaves the book pathize with his sufferings, there is also cause for a bit of with a conviction that Mr. Hull was right, that Mr. Tomlin¬ envy. son has succeeded in his purpose of pleading for more un¬ The late Foreign Minister Mamoru Shigemitsu wrote his derstanding bases of the interdependence of the Americas, memoirs* during a period of enforced idleness in Sugamo and that this general presentation of a highly important sub¬ prison. As Vice Minister for Foreign Affairs, later as Am¬ ject deserves a wide and sympathetic audience. bassador to the Soviet Union and to Great Britain, and then, after Japan’s entry into the war, for two years as “Cuba, Island of Paradox,” by R. Hart Phillips. Mc¬ Foreign Minister, he saw the origins of the great war and Dowell, Obolensky, New York. 434 pp. $4.95. describes his own (modest) efforts to prevent it. His account Reviewed by ANNE H. O’NEALL of the negotiations preceding Pearl Harbor is important collateral reading, joining somewhat belatedly the mass of WHEN Ruby Hart Phillips, now NEW YORK TIMES cor¬ documentary material already available on that period. respondent to Cuba, arrived in the island republic Missing from this condensed version of Mr. Shigemitsu’s in mid-1931 the stage was being set for a series of political hook is the hulk of his chapter entitled “Attitude of the developments which in less than three decades would place U. S. Towards the Problem of East Asia” in which he set Cuba high on the list of Latin American trouble spots. forth his understanding of the forces motivating American The tumultuous course of Cuban politics during these years policy. It was written, of course, after the war; its has run the course of tyrannical dictatorships, representa¬ publication immediately before the war, when it would have tive government, and voluntary popular submission to the been more profitable, was of course unthinkable. But the rule of a mystic leader. Mrs. Phillips’ book recounts in power of the United States was not ignored by the policy¬ interesting detail many of the major events in Cuba’s na¬ makers of 1941. There is, for instance, this poignant para¬ tional and international political growth and refers to graph about the Emperor’s reaction to the Japanese war parallel economic and sociological developments within the plan: country. The major portion of the book is devoted to the rise to power and rule of one-time Sergeant and later Gen¬ “The Navy plans, based on the decision of July 2nd, were communi¬ cated to the Emperor on July 31st by Nagano, Chief of the Naval eral Fulgencio Batista, who is described as a “born poli¬ General Stall. His Imperial Highness was extremely perturbed by the tician ... a man who managed Cuba by means of counter¬ plan of campaign against the U. S. contained therein. He inquired, in point, sometimes in the interest of the nation and sometimes a tone of reproof, whether war with the U. S. could really be contem¬ plated. Nagano replied that war with the Americans could not be to perpetuate his own regime.” Approximately a third of conducted longer than one year and a half with any prospect of suc¬ the book traces the emergence of the lawyer Fidel Castro. cess and that Japan’s leaders did not actually desire it.” The pleasure of reading Mrs. Phillips’ book lies not only The controversy whether the war in the Pacific was avoid¬ in what she has to say but in the way she says it. able will long occupy historians. Mr. Shigemitsu’s book, in Although Mrs. Phillips’ book does not pretend to evaluate laying bare some of the moves and countermoves as observed Cuba’s political history, her work leaves the reader wishing from the Japanese side, furnishes arguments to those who that such a long-time observer of Cuban politics had ana¬ hold the war to have been inevitable in view of the policies lyzed more deeply the fundamental causes of political in¬ of the two countries. Yet the material presented also sup¬ stability in Cuba. Aspects of the Cuban national psychology ports those who feel that the opposing policies might yet are only touched on. For example, the peculiar appeal of have been influenced, and modified, by a better working of symbolism to the Cuban masses is mentioned but briefly; and conventional diplomacy. the paradox of the conduct of the Cuban people after the overthrow of the dictators Machado and Batista is spoken * JAP AN AND HER DESTINY—MY STRUGGLE FOR PEACE, by Mamoru Shigemitsu. New York, E. P. Dutton & Co. 381 pp. $6.50. of but not developed.

35 1. Greenwich, Conn. At their wedding reception on June 29, Lieut, j.g., USNR, and Mrs. John Brayton Redecker with Lieut. Redecker’s parents, FSO-retired and Mrs. Sydney Brayton Redecker.

2. Belgrade. Secretary of Agriculture Benson and Presi¬ dent Tito enjoy a walk in the garden of President Tito’s resi¬ dence. Accompanying them are Ambassador Karl L. Rankin, Yugoslav Secretary of Agriculture Slavko Komar, and Mr. Olson, an assistant to Secretary Benson.

3. Fukuoka, Japan. Consul Richard M. Herndon receives a “Mach Buster” certificate for having exceeded the sound barrier with Lt. Colonel J. Griffin as pilot of the aircraft. Consul Herndon went along as a passenger in the F-100 F from the USAF Itazuke Air Base.

4. Washington. Talking it over after the opening ceremonies of the new cafeteria and lounge, November 2, at State are (seated) : Mrs. Elizabeth Haliagan, Secretary Christian A. Her- ter. Director of USIA George V. Allen, (standing) Fernleigh R. Graninger, Deputy Under Secretary Henderson, Commis¬ sioner Wallace of GSA, Thomas S. Estes, Joseph C. Satter- thwaite, and William H. G. Fitzgerald of ICA.

5. Okinawa. Among those who gathered at the local club last year to hear the shortwave radio broadcast of the Army-Navy game were Consul General and Mrs. Olcott H. Deming, Lieu¬ tenant General Donald P. Booth (left), Rear Admiral F. N. Kivette, and a goat. During the half. Consul General Deming, as the neutral civilian guest among the two rival services, walked the goat across the room from the Navy side to the Army side.

6. Washington. Sir Harold Caccia, Ambassador from Great Britain (receiving the trophy from Assistant Secretary Sat- terthwaite) and C. Alfonso Smith from State were winners in the Ninth Annual Tennis Tournament. The losers (left) were Lt. Col. Subroto Kusmardjo of Indonesia and William Hussey of State. Sir Harold Caccia is the first Ambassador to share in this championship. Twenty-eight nations entered teams.

7. New Delhi. Pictured as they leave the new Embassy building are: Mr. Mohan Singh, Prime Minister Nehru, Am¬ bassador Bunker, Mrs. Indira Gandhi, and Mrs. Bunker.

Shakespeare and Company, by Sylvia Beach. Harcourt, Brace and Company, New York. 199 pp. $4.50. Reviewed by MORRILL CODY THIS IS a fascinating book for those who knew Paris in the Twenties or those who have a lively interest in this period when the literary arts flourished in Montparnasse, spreading a glow which was reflected around the world. A pivotal point for the young English, American and French writers of the epoch was the Left Bank bookshop called Shakespeare and Company run by Sylvia Beach, a minister’s daughter from Princeton, New Jersey. Here Hem¬ ingway, Joyce, Fitzgerald, Gide, Valery and dozens of others gathered to talk, browse or sometimes simply to pick up their mail. Miss Beach knew them all and in her book recounts their personal foibles and eccentricities much as though she were telling it to you face to face. “Shakespeare and Company” is not a book about the literature of the period, but about the people who wrote it. It is especially rich in anecdotes of James Joyce, whose “Ulysses” she published when it was banned in both Eng¬ FOREIGN and DOMESTIC land and the United States. She sacrificed everything for REMOVALS in safe steel lift Joyce—time and money—and she gave him a personal vans, wooden vans or cases. devotion which few writers are lucky enough to experience. In the end he behaved rather shabbily toward her. Among the amusing items in the book is a letter from Bernard Shaw in answer to a prospectus suggesting that he might wish to buy a copy of “Ulysses.” Shaw ends his letter as follows: “I must add, as the prospectus implies an invitation to purchase, that I am an elderly Irish gentleman and if you imagine that any Irishman, much less an elderly one, would pay 150 francs for such a book, you little know my countrymen.” Miss Beach also tells in her book how Ernest Hemingway “liberated” Shakespeare and Company as the Germans marched out of Paris in 1945, and then rushed from there to liberate the Ritz bar. Miss Beach still lives at 12 rue de l’Odeon above what was formerly her bookshop and here in an ancient apart¬ ment she retains hundreds of books, letters, photographs, manuscripts which she has gathered in her long residence in Paris which began in 1917. Many famous writers whom she STORAGE of household effects, knew in their youth still make pilgrimages to the rue de Works of Art, furniture, office l’Odeon and recreate with her incidents of the Twenties. Last spring, as the jacket announces, USIS Paris per¬ suaded Miss Beach to lend her intriguing collection for an exhibit in its Youth Center on the rue du Dragon. Here the books, photographs and manuscripts were tastefully dis¬ played and at one end of the exhibit hall a Montparnasse atmosphere was created with photo murals from the period, old cafe tables and a mechanical piano which played George Antheil’s Ballet Mechanique. Among those who attended the opening day were Thornton Wilder, Alice B. Toklas, Alexander Calder and others who still live in Paris. As time goes on, the importance of the American enclave in Paris in the Twenties grows greater in the literary history of the United States. It had begun in Greenwich Village at an earlier period and then moved to Paris because young Washington Representative: writers from all parts of the world were gathered there. FEDERAL STORAGE COMPANY There was also the desire on the part of the Americans to 1701 Florida Avenue, N.W. escape from the puritanism of prohibition, and the moraliz¬ ADams 4-5600 ing of the older generation. A not unimportant factor, too, was the very low cost of living in France at that time. Miss Beach has not written the final book on the literary and artistic aspects of the Twenties, but she has given us a most readable and colorful picture of the period.

38 MR. MURPHY on the FOREIGN SERVICE (from page 8)

of present opportunities. Of course in the past career develop¬ ness and asked for the loan. He said he had no collateral but ment may have been a hit more haphazard. If I may mention the American Consul, his Chief, who needed the money, would my own experience I fear it may sound like a series of coinci¬ be glad to endorse the vice consul’s note. So that immediate dences. I never planned to enter the Foreign Service. I in¬ crisis was overcome. There was no group insurance or retire¬ tended to be a lawyer, and I was attending law school in Wash¬ ment provision in those days and lots of times the end of the ington when World War I broke upon us. Due to an elevator career was not entirely a happy one. accident I had suffered a leg injury which kept me out of mili¬ I’m an optimist about the Service’s future. A few years ago it tary service. A classmate was on the staff of Secretary of State did not seem to me to offer as much because of public misunder¬ Lansing, and he suggested the Foreign Service needed code standing and certain antagonisms which you know about. I clerks and provided interesting war work. believe the Service has emerged from those trials stronger and A week later I was enroute to Bern as a code clerk and found more solid. We have many friends in Congress and in the Allen Dulles there as third secretary. Bern was a center of country at large. We have a President who knows and supports wartime espionage and diplomatic activity in the classic tradi¬ the Foreign Service and a Secretary of State and an Under tion. I never dreamt of continuing in it and came back after Secretary both of whom I regard really as members of our the War to finish law school. Taking the bar examination here Service. Our press actually is fair to us and I believe most of I learned that a consular service examination was being held us have many good friends among the correspondents who are and took it just to see whether I could pass. usually inclined to give us a break when we stumble and a OBVIOUSLY they needed people badly because I did pass and kind word if we rate it. then took an appointment to Zurich thinking I would return Perhaps I could be bold enough to offer a word of advice to to practice law a little later. There were no training courses younger officers. The worst thing that could happen to us is then and the thirty day instruction period conducted by an complacency. We just can’t afford it. No matter how good we amiable inspector consisted of advice to get around the Depart¬ might believe ourselves to be, this should be left to the other ment and meet people and study the volume of regulations he fellow to discover. I think that applies especially to members handed me. He was kind enough to grant me two weeks leave of Congress and the Press. Let them find out for themselves for my wedding trip on my promise to take the copy of the how good you are. Compared with some professions, ours has a Consular Regulations along with me. I was deeply touched by few more cloistered features and it is possible to become a bit this mark of confidence and studied that portion of the Regula¬ ingrown. We shouldn’t confuse a good esprit de corps with tions relating to the issuance of marriage certificates. clannishness. . . . I never got near any post for which I expressed a preference. I would like also to say a word about the distaff side of our One assignment was sheer accident. I was in the Department Service. I think this Service career can be pretty rough at on assignment and the Chief of Personnel, Homer Byington, Sr., times, both on wives and children. Again, I recommend to the walked into my office saying. “Look, your time is about up. If younger officers to try to understand the wife’s problems. Don’t I should ask you whether you would prefer Bremen, Shanghai forget that official contact you consider so important and want or Paris, what would you say?” I was startled and asked to entertain may be just another pain in the neck to your wife. “Well, Homer, what would you say?” He replied, “That’s all Don’t load her up and expect the impossible. . . . I wanted to know,” and the next day I was assigned to Paris. World War II came upon us there and then a whole series of I DON’T WANT to abandon too easily this rare opportunity of unexpected events transpired in which career planning was meeting with so large a Service group without just a word rather noticeable by its absence. I knew practically nothing of about current American foreign policy. Again, I am optimistic. military affairs and never had been inside the then War Depart¬ Never in our history have we been exposed as a nation to the ment. Yet for about eight years I was closely associated with impact of tougher competition. Out of this highly competitive various military events and operations. How I have envied situation has developed one crisis after another. World values fellow officers who have enjoyed the War College course. It before our eyes have been passing through a rapid evolutionary would have made some things much easier. I must confess process. The consistent pressures of the international Commu¬ that my career in the Service was not as carefully planned as nist movement, the successive waves of nationalism in several it should have been. I hope you younger officers will be more world areas, the awakening of backward peoples and the careful. . . . effervescence of the underdeveloped areas provide a volume I believe every Foreign Service Officer should try to develop of problems which the most imaginative of our predecessors did a practical, working knowledge of two foreign languages. I not foresee. know this is not easy, but it is a lot easier than was the case- The recent visit to this country of Chairman Khrushchev in some years ago because of the training facilities provided. I a way epitomizes the measure of the field in which we operate don’t believe in this talk about special aptitude for languages. and its range of problems, from the orthodox political, financial, There is just no substitute for slugging away at it and using and economic to the realms of science and nuclear energy, the language every day. One of my chiefs, Bill Dawson, fol¬ global defense problems, and outer space. I certainly do not lowed the practice of talking to his subordinates in the office on know of a moment in our history which offers more solid official business in German, Spanish or French, depending on prospects for the Department of State and the Foreign Service their knowledge. I know he always talked to me in German, and to your individual careers than the present. I am sure that in which he was extremely fluent. I have always been grateful you will continue to make a major contribution both to the to him. He also had the slick system of making the vice con¬ development of substantive policies as well as in their execution. suls type their letters. I resigned twice, but I learned. In that task you certainly can find cause for encouragement Then there is the financial aspect ... I remember the case of in the leadership of a Secretary of State whose grasp and direc¬ my first chief who was press attache at Bern, a really lovable tion of policy are not only an inspiration but a good omen for man who, with a family of four, had been in debt for years. In the future. The fact that he couples with that ability and those days on a transfer the Government paid for the officer wisdom an intricate knowledge of the Foreign Service, and I but not for his family or effects. When he was consul at Magde¬ think I can say a real affection for the members of the Service, burg he desperately needed about a thousand dollars. His loyal is in the nature of a stock dividend for which the Service has vice consul went to a small bank which did that kind of busi¬ reason to be congratulated.

39 AFSA ♦ New Officers for 1959-1960

GJ. FREDERICK Reinhardt, President f GRAHAM Parsons, Vice President rp HOMAS S. Estes, Chairman of '• of AFSA, received his A.B. de¬ ** • of AFSA. one of the most active A AFSA, has served on its Board of gree from the Univ. of Calif, in 1933 members of the Association, served as Directors since 1956, two years as and M.A. from Cornell in 1935. Mr. Chairman of the Board of Directors Secretary-Treasurer, one year as Vice- Reinhardt joined the Foreign Service last vear. Mr. Parsons was graduated Chairman of the Board. He served as in 1937 and served in Vienna, Tallinn, from Yale in 1929 and N.Y.U School Liaison Director with the Club Com¬ Riga and Moscow. During World War of Bus. Adm. in 1932. He went to mittee, working to obtain suitable quar¬ If he was a political officer in the Japan as secretary to Ambassador Grew ters for Association activities, includ¬ Mediterranean and European theaters and remained there until 1936. His ing transient facilities. He is also Vice of operations. In 1955 he was ap¬ posts include Mukden, Rome, New President of the American Foreign pointed Ambassador to Vietnam. Mr. Delhi and in 1956 he was appointed Service Protective Association. Mr. Reinhardt is currently Counselor of Ambassador to Laos. Currently he is Estes is currently Deputy Assistant Sec¬ the Department of State. Assistant Secretary of State for Far retary of State for Operations. Eastern Affairs.

VV ILLIAM L. Blue was horn at Mem- STEPHEN Winship served on the ]\.| ELISSA E. Foelsch was born in * ' phis, Tennessee, where he attend¬ Hoard from 1931 lo 1934. He Tallinn, Estonia. Her family came ed school through college. He re< eived was reared in New England and during to the U. S. in 1936 and settled in M.A. degrees from Vanderbilt in 1937 World War II was a Naval aviator. Pacific Palisades, Calif. She graduated and the Fletcher School of Law and In 1947 he entered the FS, served as from the School of Foreign Service of Diplomacy in 1939. lie entered the Vice Consul, Kingston; Third Secretary, Georgetown Univ. in 1956, and is now Foreign Service in 1911 and served at Buenos Aires. As a destitute FSO-5 in the process of completing graduate Niagara Falls, Ciudad Bolivar, Naples, (old-style) in the Dept., he says he studies at Georgetown. Prior to her Kuala Lumpur, and New Delhi. He was became a management type for three appointment as FS0-8 in September, assigned to the NATO Defense College years. Later as principal officer at 1958. she was a secretary to the in Paris in 1955-56. He served as Perth, Western Australia, he enjoyed Bolivian Ambassador in Washington. Deputy Chief of Mission in Bern be¬ being 1800 miles away from the near¬ At present she is assigned to INR/REU. fore his transfer to the Dept, in 1958 est U. S. Govt, employee. Currently he to assume the duties of Executive Di¬ is EUR Staff Assistant. rector of the Bureau of European Affairs.

'Y\T ALDEMAR J. Gallman was born SAMUEL R. Gammon entered the C1 HARLES W. Adair. Jr., entered the ^ * in New York state and was gradu¬ Foreign Service in May, 1954 after ^ Foreign Service in 194-0 and served ated from Cornell Univ. in 1921. He a brief teaching career while awaiting in Mexico, India, Brazil and Belgium entered the Foreign Service in 1922 appointment. He served in Palermo in between Washington assignments as and served at Habana, San Jose, Quito, in the RRP for one year and in Milan India Desk Officer, NATO Advisor and Riga, Warsaw, Danzig, and London. as Administrative Officer and Economic more recently Chief of Trade Agree¬ In 1948 he was appointed Ambassador Officer for three years. He is now on ments Division and Director of OFD. to Poland and in 1930 Deputy Com¬ duty as Area Personnel Officer for Study assignments have included ad¬ mandant of the National War College. Western Europe in POD. Mr. Gammon vanced economic training at Princeton In 1951 he was appointed Ambassador was appointed from Texas where he and the 1951-52 session of the Nation¬ to the Union of South Africa and in still maintains his home leave address, al War College. He is currently serv¬ 1954 Ambassador to Iraq. At present and is living in Georgetown, within ing as Acting Deputy Assistant Secre¬ Mr. Gallman is serving as Director walking distance of the office when the tary for Economic Affairs. General of the Foreign Service. humidity permits. MAX V. Krebs was born in Cincin¬ nati ami was graduated from Princeton in 1937. During World War II he served in the Army from 1941 until 1946. Sinee entering the Foreign Service in 1947 Mr. Krebs has held posts at Montevideo, Bogota, Antwerp, and in the Dept., where he was Train¬ ing Assignments Officer, 1955-1957, and Special Assistant to the Under Secretary, 1957-1959. lie is currently Special Assistant to the Secretary.

AVID H. McCabe received his A.B. " from Georgetown Univ. He was a Special Agent, Naval Intelligence, for two years then entered the Foreign Service in 1952. He has served as Se¬ curity Officer at Athens, Singapore and Djakarta, and for the past year has been assigned to the Office of Security in Washington. Mr. McCabe is mar¬ ried, has a year-old son, and is cur¬ rently studying for an M.A. degree at Georgetown Univ.

No matter where you go . . . “The world agrees on ‘Gilbey's please” Gilbey’s

JOHN Hale Statesman, Jr., was horn in Washington, D. C. and raised as an Army “brat.” He received his A.B. degree from Princeton in 1942. After serving in Africa and Italy during World War II he entered the Foreign Service in 1946 and has served at Shanghai, Tehran and Paris. In the Department he has served as Iranian Gin Desk Officer and as a member of the Executive Secretariat. He is at present NATIONAL DISTILLERS PRODUCTS COMPANY a Special Assistant to Loy W. Header- °4«t 99 Park Avenue, New York 16, N. Y. 94U UGANDA today is a rich and colorful blend of the old and the new: a gigantic elephant by the roadside; an attractive new college library; naked Karamojong tribesmen living as hunters and cowherds and existing on a diet of blood and milk; alert students at work in the laboratory of a modern technical school; the crude, colorful up-country marketplace; the car-jammed commercial section of Kampala; the Madi dancers of northwestern Uganda in ostrich plumes, leopard skins and ankle bells; the enthusiastic African audience at a Makerere College concert of Western music; a thrilling ride in a modern motor craft along the ancient Nile still dotted with floating grass islands and alive with crocodiles; the well-groomed golf course where a lie may be re¬ moved from a hippo hoof-print without penalty; the textile-mill, copper- smelter skyline of Jinja; the old hunter with a spear looking quizzically at a new upcountry gasoline station—everywhere the age-old and the modern intermingling, inter-acting and revealing the fact that Uganda, like all Africa, is racing with the speed of a cheetah through a course of development and change that the Western world had time to inch through tortoise-fashion over the past three centuries. Observing, learning about, and attempting to interpret the conse¬ quences of all this change as Uganda’s quest for unity and independ¬ ence enters a critical stage has been a most fascinating experience to me in the more than two years since I went out to open the new Kam¬ pala Consulate in April 1957. Uganda is a British Protectorate located astride the equator in East Africa, bounded in the north by Sudan, in the east by Kenya, in the south by Tanganyika, Lake Victoria and Ruanda-Urundi, and in the west by the Belgian Congo. It is a country of lakes, rolling hills and luxuriant green vegetation with extensive areas abounding in wild life. The elevation is approximately 4,000 feet, affording a comfortable 65° to 85° variation in temperature year round. Kampala ranks as the principal town and commercial center with a population of 60,000. At Jinja, a second town on the Lake, the Nile begins its 3,850 mile course to the Mediterranean. The first explorers, Speke and Stanley, had come to this part of the “dark continent” less than a century ago. Europeans who followed came to know a very advanced tribe called the Baganda which had a highly developed system of government and a King or Kabaka descend¬ ed from a royal lineage of over five hundred years. In addition to the present Kabaka of Buganda, there are hereditary rulers over three other tribes in Uganda and several additional tribes with elected chiefs. In this little land, about the size of the British Isles or West Germany, eight different tribal languages and numerous additional dialects are spoken by the six million African inhabitants. Through an extensive system of education started by the missionaries and expanded and raised to university level by the British at Makerere College in Kampala, Eng¬ lish is becoming the common language destined to help unite the coun¬ try. Of the 7,000 whites resident in Uganda less than 200 are Americans.

1. His Highness the Kabaka of Buganda, Mutcsa II. 2. The Kabaka and the Consul in conference. 3. A Muganda mother and her child. 4. Fishermen on Lake George, Toro, Uganda. By PETER HOOPER, JR.

For political, commercial, and strategic reasons, however, it was important that the United States should come to know more about these people who in the not too distant future would join the ranks of the new independent African na¬ tions. Our advance contingent was a small one—one Con¬ sul and one clerk-stenographer (Jacquelyn Bamberger from Chicago). For a few weeks we read widely, got extensive briefings in the Department and talked to everyone we could find who had been in or near Uganda. Having made all the initial arrangements we could about office equipment, fur¬ niture, manuals and supplies, we finally took off from Wash¬ ington National Airport in mid-April 1957. The DC-3 which took us on the last leg of our flight in from Nairobi climbed down rapidly, skimmed over a sandy beach at lake’s edge and then leveled immediately to land on the fine, long concrete runway of Entebbe airport. It was hard to.believe that with this smooth, modern approach we had actually reached our destination in the heart of Africa. Official greetings and the formalities of immigration and customs were quickly and pleasantly accomplished and we soon left the tiny administrative capital town of Entebbe behind. We were now on the very last stretch—the twenty- one mile drive to Kampala. The road was narrow and wind¬ ing, but tarmac. The brilliant green of the hilly countryside was dotted with trees bearing vivid blossoms of yellow, red and violet hues. Towering pointed ant hills, rising five to ten feet out of the elephant grass here and there along the edge of the road, gave evidence of the brick-red color of Uganda’s soil. African houses were on separate plots and gardens, rather than in circular clusters, and they appeared much more prosperous-looking than huts we had seen in Kenya. They were square or oblong in plan and constructed of solid-looking earthen walls or concrete blocks. Nearly as many had galvanized iron roofs as had the older thatch va¬ riety. Many were hard to make out because of the inevi¬ table grove of banana trees surrounding and extending from each dwelling. These bananas were “matoke,” the most common of the many varieties of banana and plantain grown here and the staple food of the Bantu tribes in southern Uganda. They are picked green, sold in gigantic stalks, and steamed for eating much the same way as we would eat mashed potato or cooked squash. The Baganda people along the road looked healthy and quite well-dressed. The women stood proudly erect in bright, multi-colored Mother Hubbard dresses—a standard design introduced early by missionaries to eliminate all vestiges of nakedness and accepted happily by the Asian merchant be¬ cause of the extensive yardage of the cotton material in-

An African farmer with his coffee. Uganda farmers are prosperous. A Muhima herdsman with his Ankole longhorn cattle. Makerere College, the University College of East Africa at Kampala. Matoke market at Katwe, Kampala. Matoke (a type of banana) is tl staple diet of Africans in Uganda. KAMPALA APPLIANCES FOR USE OVERSEAS IN ALL VOLTAGES AND CYCLES NATIONALLY KNOWN BRANDS volved. The Baganda facial features are attractive, and OVERSEAS WARRANTIES “buxom” is the synonym for “female beauty.” How the Refrigerators, Washing Machines, Air Conditioners, Television, women manage gigantic bundles of wash or stalks of matoke Hi-Fi, Photographic Equipment, Toasters, Mixers, Irons, on their heads while gayly swinging their padded hips in an Foreign Language Typewriters, etc. exaggerated wiggle often mystifies the visitor. The men seemed to prefer the white shirt, even down to its last tattered remnants, to the Hawaiian variety. Bicycles were everywhere under propulsion of the male Muganda, and we encountered quite a number of motorcycles and sec¬ ond-hand cars in various stages of dilapidation. (I should explain here that the people of Buganda, the kingdom em¬ bracing south central Uganda where Kampala is located, are collectively called Baganda, singularly Muganda, speak a Bantu language called Luganda and are extremely proud of their customs which are referred to as Kiganda.) Along the road we saw occasional groups of smiling LARGE WAREHOUSE STOCKS OF MOST BRANDS AND MODELS school children in all-blue, all-pink or all-green simple uni¬ Known the world over for the fastest, most courteous, forms. They are used to walking as much as six or seven efficient service including export packing, miles to and from school. Little wonder that Uganda has shipping and documentation. developed some good track athletes. * BROCHURE ON REQUEST

A CLOSER LOOK at the individual farm plots or shcimbas Distributed for Export only by along the way disclosed the shiny, dark green leaf of the TRADING CO. coffee bush, the cash-crop secret of much of the relative T 50 Broad St., New York 4, N. Y., WHitehall 4-0085. Cable "ARISTEXIM," N. Y. prosperity of this country. TW O or three times a year the Branch Office: 1000 Vermont Ave., Washington 5, D. C. District 7-1422. Muganda picks and dries his coffee and takes it to a buyer, Cable: "ARISTEXIM,” Washington, D. C. a hullery or a factory for direct cash sale. The man on the small shamba often delegates all of the agricultural aches and pains to his wife and commutes to town himself to work in an office, a garage, a small factory, or as a driver, mes¬ WHEREVER YOU GO senger or domestic. This ingrained habit of one foot on the soil and the other foot in town, is the African’s substitute BY LAND ‘lAl RYBY CCASEA a- ■u»;o».sr.TL for social security. Despite housing and other enticements, he is reluctant to urbanize. If he wrorks up a dislike for his job or his boss, he can quite happily retire to his banana grove and vegetate until he needs a new shirt or bicycle tire. His food grows beside him all year round and the BETTER SERVICE rigors of cold weather are unknown. This all goes a long WHICH HAS MADE way toward explaining his adherence to custom, despite accumulating trappings of modernity. This and much more belong to the story of the Entebbe road which we have tra¬ AXTON versed hundreds of times since that first late morning in Member—Atlas Van Lines, Inc, April, 1957. One of the World's : We were pleasantly surprised by our first view of the Largest Movers sweeping perimeter of Kampala. An undulating semicircle of green hills studded with white buildings, many more than ALBERT LEE W'e had expected, stretched before us. We circled the mod¬ PAXTON, ern clock tower and turned into the line of traffic along the divided highway leading uphill to the main road which em¬ President braces downtown Kampala in a long crescent. Off to the Agents in right we spotted the picturesque Kibuli Mosque with its twin Principal Cities towers glistening white in the noon-day sun atop one of the seven prominent hills of the city. Suddenly there seemed to COMPLETE SERVICE be almost as many whites and Asians about as African peo¬ • PACKING • CRATING • SHIPPING • STORAGE ple. The turn onto Kampala Road revealed a long line of modern shops, banks, and office buildings, some three or RAXTON VAN LINES, Inc. more stories high. From this we swung uphill past the post r King 8-6400 327 N. Fairfax Street, Alexandria, Va, office, turned a corner and came to a stop before our first Member: Movers' & Warehouseman's Association of America, Inc. home in Africa, a low rambling yellow stucco structure,

44 A FOREIGN SERVICE WHO’S WHO by Peter Hooper, Jr. 1 ^ fronted by a long verandah looking across to an attractive w .. rJliHnS park, and bearing the inscription “Speke Hotel.” The Speke was in fact “home” for five weeks. Housing proved difficult to find. Locating a consular residence, ob¬ taining temporary furnishings and renting a car were among many of the things to be done in spare moments. But offi¬ cial duties could not wait. The next day I called on the Governor, the Chief Secretary and a number of the Ministers in the Protectorate Government. Sir Frederick Crawford, Governor of Uganda, is an able Colonial official with many years of East African experience behind him. His welcome was pleasant; his bearing, purposeful and sincere, bespeak¬ ing the friendly relationship which subsequently unfolded during the Consulate’s first two years in Uganda. He and his subordinates rightfully expressed pride in the extraordi¬ nary achievements of British administration in little more The Honorable Philip Young, Ambassador than a half century in Uganda. Education, health, develop¬ to The Netherlands, and Mrs. Young ment of cash crops, the railway, roads, electrification, ani¬ travels to and from EUROPE mal husbandry, fisheries, small industry, advancement of the African in trade, training in democratic government, estab¬ on the s.s. UNITED STATES lishment of a judicial system and promotion of tourism are Traveling on the world’s fastest ship is like some of the many fields of endeavor in which great progress taking a vacation before your vacation. There’s has been made. time for fun .. . room to relax . . . and the finest Next I called on the Kabaka of Buganda, Frederic Mu- food and service afloat or ashore. tesa II, who is a gracious, dapper, Oxford-educated man in his early thirties. His palace is located on the traditional UNITED STATES LINES hill-top site of past Buganda kings in Mengo just south of ONE BROADWAY, NEW YORK 4, N.Y. TEL. Dlgby 4-5800 the municipal boundary of Kampala. The palace lawn, where the Kabaka frequently entertains in the early eve¬ ning with colored lights, royal drummers and musicians in the background, is beautifully landscaped with magnificent tall trees and flowering shrubs. He received me in the office wing of bis palace. As all of his tribal subjects do, the Kabaka’s private secretary who saw me in went down on his knees and bowed low several times as a sign of respect. He remained kneeling according to custom during the entire interview. The Kabaka, following an affable greeting, ex¬ pressed appreciation over the fact that the United States had shown recognition of the growing importance of Uganda by opening a Consulate here. He evinced keen interest in America and listened attentively to my response to his query regarding the sort of work we would be doing in the Kam¬ pala Consulate. That day he was dressed in a grey, Euro- pean-style business suit.

FOLLOWING CALLS on these people and courtesy calls on my consular colleagues representing the Sudan, Belgium, France, Holland and Portugal, I had to turn my energies to the many tasks of getting our new Consulate open and run¬ ning. Our Consul General at Nairobi had lined up office space for us in advance in a new building nearing comple¬ tion. For a week our informal place of business was per¬ force the telephone at one end of the counter in the Speke Hotel lobby. When the great day came for plasterers and painters to move out and us to move in, we took possession of our spacious office rooms on the second floor of Udyam House with one table, two chairs, a rented typewriter and a vanity table bench borrowed from the Hotei for the visit¬ ing public to sit on.

45 KAMPALA

The Uganda national parliament, called the Legislative Council, had debated an interesting motion on our third day in Kampala calling for independence in 1958. It was clear that a little political reporting was in order. But much as we might have liked to settle down to a secluded report¬ ing routine until we were better equipped to face the pub¬ lic, this proved to be but a shattered dream from the very first day. A notice in the UGANDA ARGUS that the American Consul had arrived was all that was needed. From there the African “grape-vine” took over and quickly located us, first at the Speke and then at Udyam House. NEW YORK'S v/a\ A seemingly endless trail of job-seekers and students has a special “Welcome” Cs wanting to go to the States pounded on the door and bound¬ for Foreign Service Personnel ed in. We soon realized that the most-needed official form These are some of the “little extras” that during those early days was the DSP-33 (employment ap¬ make The Barclay so popular with foreign plication) . There were mad times when deliverers of sup¬ service people visiting New York: A 25% reduction in rates plies, haulers of furniture, electricians and telephone in¬ A The services of our steamship stallers arrived in rapid succession while we were knee-deep representative in job applicants claiming to have all kinds of clerical and ★ Air-conditioning and TV ★ Proximity to UN, shops, theatres, diplomatic qualifications. At such times a quick dealing airports and terminals out of DSP-33’s with the instruction to “fill-em out, send- For reservations, address em in, and wait till you hear from us” was virtually the General Manager only way to clear the decks for other pressing administra¬ tive action. There were less active days when frustratingly enough 111 East 48th Street * Off Park Avenue NEW YORK nothing happened that was supposed to. And then the A Realty Hotel • H. M. Anholt, Pres. weather seemed particularly sticky. During the less hectic moments we found relaxation in reading some of the job application letters. Many were intelligently written and well- expressed, but every now and then letters like the following would arrive in our mail: “I have been working very smartly at my present job for ten months. But I am living at least fifteen miles away and I have to cycle about thirty miles a day, which is really very unprofitable towards my life.” x * * “I have studied as a chemist, but now I am more interested in diplomatic work and specially working in the U.S.A. Consulate.” XXX “I beg applying for vacancy in your office as a dark and know how to tipe. Sir waiting for reply. Eged 20 years. I am Sir, your obiadunt.” xxx “Sir, for chances work in your office I grately active in promoting commerce throw myself at your honorable big feet.” among the peoples of the Americas, The With time came order and accomplishment and re-enforce¬ Chase Manhattan Bank today is in the ments. A bright and energetic vice consul and a keen and vanguard of those institutions which are resourceful public affairs officer were welcome additions. By then we were reasonably well equipped in the office, fostering Pan-American relations by the though still camping in at home. From the host of appli¬ promotion of trade and travel. cants we had hired and commenced training the nucleus of a good local staff. THE CHASE MANHATTAN BANK We were pleased to discover that the United States is very NEW YORK popular with the Ugandan. His high regard for things Member Federal Depostt Insurance Corporation American was something of a mixed blessing, however, be¬ cause with it often came the naive assumption that the opening of the American Consulate automatically brought with it boundless opportunity for him to visit, and particu¬ larly to study in. the United States. There supposedly was

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47 KAMPALA - toe a smart santa a time when colonial administrators had to prod the Afri¬ JOIN OUR CHRISTMAS can to attend school. How far the pendulum had swung in the direction of intense desire to seek every opportunity for CLUB NOW AND advanced education was made clear to us by dozens of let¬ SAVE REGULARLY ters and visits each week from young men and women wanting scholarships in America. McLachlen Banking Corporation Occasionally this demand for higher learning went to riotous extremes. Perhaps the most dramatic was that of MAIN OFFICE: lOTH AND G STREETS, NORTHWEST SOUTHWEST BRANCH: 12TH AND MARYLAND AVE. S.W. the boy who failed last year to get admitted to Makerere POTOMAC PLAZA BRANCH: 2425 VIRGINIA AVE. N.W. College in Kampala where his brother was studying. He

Member Federal Deposit Insurance Corp., Federal Reserve System conducted a one-man siege of the College by mounting the

— ■ ■ . "SINCE 1891. A NAME YOU CAN BANK ON" i i ■■ roof of the main hall late one afternoon and commencing to dismantle it tile by tile. He was discovered by a professor whose car suffered a near miss by one of the flying terra beautiful cotta missiles. Efforts were made first by faculty, then by werS police, to haul him down. But he refused and his aim with For Every Occasion these large and costly tiles imported years ago from India was devastatingly accurate. AT POPULAR PRICES

CHARGE Police soon abandoned the idea of attempting to climb ACCOUNTS up after him and the Kampala Fire Department was called INVITED out in force. Police and faculty went through the building and up into the open bell tower above the roof from which vantage point the)7 continued their futile efforts to employ ppmortsts persuasion. A fire truck stopped in front of the building to 5634 CONNECTICUT AVENUE look for a hydrant connection. The first volley of tiles rang EM. 3-6465 the fire truck bell and hit the Fire Chief squarely on his helmet. The truck moved on. Finally a hose was connected. FRANCIS SCOTT KEY The Chief at the business end of the hose took aim and APARTMENT HOTEL signalled with a vengeful gesture for the water to be cut on. The Nicest Small Hotel in Washington Nothing happened. 600 - 20th St., N.W., Washington, D. C. NAtional 8-5425 Doubly angry and frustrated, the Chief dropped the hose Why Foreign Service Personnel prefer the to go investigate. Francis Scott Key Hotel Then it happened. (1) It is only two blocks from the State Department (2) It offers family accommodations Alive and dancing with full jet of water, the hose soaked (3) One room, kitchen and hath, completely furnished apartments, air conditioned everyone in the vicinity except the miscreant, including the ('!) Coffee shop and excellent food Fire Chief and the stolid representatives of law, order and ROOMS Single §6.00 and up. Double §9.00 and up. good education standing defenseless in the bell tower. APTS—DOUBLE BEDS Single §8.00 and up. Double $9.00 and up. Once the Fire Department had recovered and regrouped APTS—TWIN BEDS for attack, it was discovered that so many roof tiles had Single $7.00 and up. Double $8.50 and up. Additional persons $2.00 each. already been removed that water was splashing into the 10% discount for weekly occupancy. offices and lecture rooms below, doing more damage than CAPT. & MRS. MARSHALL McKIBBIN, Mgrs. good. With that and approaching darkness, the assembled multitude of authorities retreated and allowed the deter¬ LIVING IN VIRGINIA mined demolisher to continue undisturbed. Around 9 p.m., after a four-hour stand, he came quietly down and was is a delightful experience. taken into custody. The saga ended two weeks later when We have new and re-sale experts concluded after close observation that “nothing was homes, convenient to Dis wrong with this boy except for his strong desire to go to trict of Columbia. PROVED FHA LEND college.” ING INSTITUTION. GI Fortunately neither the Consulate nor the USIS has an financing available. Apart exposed tile roof. Nor have we been singled out for any ment and house rentals, similar approach despite the fact that our limited budget Write for our pamphlet has permitted us to assist only the tiniest fraction of the and map “Living in Vir large number of capable and worthy African students look¬ ginia.” ing for a chance to study in the United States. Heightened interest between Africa and the United States ARLINGTON REALTY CO., INC. is at work in the other direction too. We were not long set¬ 2300 Wilson Blvd., Arlington, Va. tled before it became clear how actively Americans were

48 by Peter Hooper, Jr. rediscovering Africa these days. Remote as we thought we were, countless visitors from the States found their way to Kampala. During all these hectic early months our work was by no means limited to administrative, consular, public affairs and assistance-to-visiting-Americans activities. We had to inaugurate commercial, agricultural, labor and economic reporting in what is a very active though still primarily agricultural economy. Significant problems relating to world marketing of cotton and coffee arose in which we played our role in seeking harmonious adjustment of the interests Ship the safe and of the United States and Uganda. A new ICFTU Labor easy way with a College was opened in Kampala for the training of African low cost, leased CTI Container. labor unionists from many parts of the continent. This Protection, ease of heightened the interest in and demands upon our labor re¬ handling? But of course! Large porting. Applications for technical assistance and DLF loans consignments or small were forthcoming and our advice and assistance were sought consolidated shipments are safe under lock, by both the Protectorate Government and respective agen¬ padlock and seal. cies in Washington. Protection without the Last, but certainly among the most important functions, expense of costly export was the task of threading our way into better understanding packing. CTI Containers are ideal when you ship to France ... of the complicated political situation in Uganda. The first from France or to and from every country Uganda-wide direct elections to the Legislative Council in the world. Call or write for were held in October 1958. The Council, while still under specification chart and rental list. British control, already contains a majority of African members. It is the British plan to make this legislature the CONTAINER TRANSPORT basis for the future parliamentary self-government in Ugan¬ INTERNA-TION-A-L INC. da. The next stage of constitutional advance is now being 17 State Street • New York 4, N. Y. • Cable: Container N.Y. • WHitehall 3-3240 TWX: N.Y. 1-587 • TEX: N.Y. 2975 discussed and planned. However, the Kabaka’s Buganda IN FRANCE: Cont. tioval (France) S./ I Rue du Cherche-Midi. Par, Government—the most powerful and most nearly autono¬ mous tribal government within Uganda today—is currently refusing to participate in this development of the Legisla¬ tive Council. It is seeking more authority on its own behalf and a different, apparently more rapid, transition to Ugan¬ When in Washington . . . it’s dan independence. Some African political parties with vary¬ always diplomatic to say: ing degrees of reservation support the progressive build-up of African authority through the Legislative Council. Others joined together in the Uganda National Movement, which ‘meet me at The Mayflower” was recently banned because of its commercial boycott ac¬ ... for dining in The tivities threatening violence, support the opposite view. Presidential Room, where the superb Thus, like many other African areas, Uganda has two key international cuisine problems: (1) fashioning a generally acceptable plan for is graced by political unity and (2) achieving a sufficient level of tech¬ distinctive Mayflower service ... for the nical and professional skill in the short time left to assure very, very best of stability after independence. Comprehending the various as¬ Beef in The Rib Room, where prime, pects of these problems and assisting where we can in their prized ribs of beef solution will continue to be an absorbing and significant are the order of the day—everyday . . . task for us. for elegant atmosphere- continental service —Smart Society meets at The Mayflower.

tiAc A Name of International Fame Washington, D. C. Procession at Kampala C. J. MACK, Vice President and General Manager

49 This Changed and Changing Hybrid

By Walter Lippmann

I NEVER accept an invitation to make a speech if I can tion to be quite secret, lest the news that we were thinking think of a decent excuse, or even a plausible lie, to about peace would distract the people from the business of avoid it. But when Ambassador Murphy telephoned me, fighting the war. In those old days it was widely supposed somehow or other f found that I did not want an excuse. that nothing, except scientific information which reporters I accepted, feeling that in talking to members of the Foreign could not understand, could long he a secret in Washington. Service, I would, as a journalist, be talking shop. I don’t think this has greatly changed. For our two professions, if that is the right name for them, The code name of the organization was “The Inquiry,” are cousins. On one side of your activities you are, as news¬ and to this organization we brought the best specialists we paper men are, concerned with the business of reporting and could find on each of the problems—territorial and other— interpreting events, and of writing commentaries in con¬ which were likely to be discussed at the peace conference. temporary history. Your works live on forever—that is in It was in this organization that the memoranda were drafted the archives of the United States. Our works live on until which became the basis of the President’s Fourteen Points. the next edition. But whatever happens to our works, they These memoranda, or points, were not dreamed up by The are concerned with reporting and interpreting. Inquiry which was, I do not deny it, an organization of Here our kinship ends. As journalists, unless we are professors, experts and eggheads. The memoranda were ad¬ afflicted with delusions of grandeur—which can and does dressed to the specific object of presenting a substitute, occasionally happen to us, I must confess—as journalists I which would be acceptable to Western democratic public say we do not engage in the business of administering and opinion, for the secret treaties which had been made by the of operating and of negotiating the foreign policy of the Allies and by Imperial Russia before the Bolshevik Revolu¬ United States. tion of 1917. As long as you are in official life your responsibility is These treaties had been published to the world by the to be the faithful servants of the government. You can think Bolsheviks in the autumn of 1917, and they had caused what you like, I might almost say you may again think deep dismay and demoralization in the Allied camp. what you like, but when the decisions are taken you must In order to stop the rot of Allied morale and to rally the carry them out. Our responsibility as journalists is not to people to see the war through to the end, President Wilson the government. It is to the public which is the master of made his speech announcing the Fourteen Points. The the government and our task is not to serve the government’s speech was delivered in January of 1918. Each of the policies but to contribute what we can to a true understand¬ Fourteen Points which deals with a specific territorial ing by the public of the situations in which you operate. problem was a reply to some one of the secret treaties. I can speak with some sympathy and understanding of the relationship between our two professions. There was a time T THAT time, you will have noted, the State Department during the First World War when I worked on the other side A L had no active part in the big business of policy plan¬ of the street. I was engaged in what would now be called, I ning. This was done by the President and Colonel House. suppose, policy planning. My boss was Colonel House, who They communicated with each other by letter, telephone, filled a role which no one fills today. He was the President’s and by Colonel House’s visits to Washington. The Inquiry chief adviser, and he was the President’s principal diplomatic was the expert staff for planning the work of the peacemak¬ agent. Yet he was not the Secretary of State. As a matter of ing. We had, of course, a liaison with the State Department. fact, he did not even live in Washington. He lived in New I did some of the liaison work at the lower technical level, York. Thus, it was not necessary for him to become involved and I have never quite gotten over some of the things I in daily staff meetings and interdepartmental conferences. learned while doing it. I learned at firsthand, for example, I suppose you can see the advantages of that. what American isolation had really meant when you got When the President, on Colonel House’s advice, decided down to the details. to set up an organization to prepare for the making of peace One day, I remember, I was called down to Washington to at the end of the First World War, he decided that the see Secretary Lansing. He wanted to know what The In¬ organization should be set up in New York City. This was quiry was doing about a settlement in the Balkans. I told done partly for the personal convenience of Colonel House. him that I could explain what our experts were advising if I But it was done also because the President wanted the opera- could point it out to him on a map. To this he agreed. He said that he always understood things better if he could see From a speech delivered before the American Foreign Service Association luncheon meeting October 22, 1959. them on a map. Now there was a large apparatus of wall

50 maps in his office. They were rolled up, and after a little searching among them, he pulled down the map for the Balkans. This was, mind you, early in 1918 and we were engaged in a world war, and an American army was prepar¬ ing to land in Europe. The map in the Secretary of State’s office showed the boundaries of the Balkans as they were in October 1912, before the two Balkan Wars had expelled Turkey from all but a strip of land in Europe. No Secretary of State, it would seem, had had occasion to think about the territorial divisions of the Balkans in the live years before a world war began in the Balkans. That was a fair measure °f of how deeply isolated was our state of mind. I remember, too, visiting the State Department’s man who dealt with what was then called the Near East. I can’t re¬ member what his name was, but I do remember that he was a lone individual in a large room filled with lots of other The Alban Towers is Washington's finest apartment people doing all sorts of other things, and that the Near hotel for the Foreign Service Officer and his family. Eastern Department consisted of him and of two drawers Removed from the congested downtown area yet of a filing cabinet. There were at this time in the Depart¬ convenient to all public buildings, the shopping ment no ethnographical maps of Central and Eastern Europe, and theater districts, this hotel has complete facili¬ and in The Inquiry up in New York at the American Geo¬ ties for an overnight stay or an extended visit. graphical Society we had to begin at the beginning and to Moderate rates. make a large series of maps for the use of our delegation to the Peace Conference. I might add that in 1918 when the Germans offered to surrender on the basis of Wilson’s Four¬ teen Points, the American Embassy in Paris did not have a copy of the Fourteen Points. 3700 Massachusetts Ave. N.W. WO 6-6400 BUT THAT is enough reminiscence, which, I warn you, is a sure sign of old age. I would like to say a few words about our common task, which is to report and interpret the world as it is today. In doing that it is a delusion to suppose that we can or should observe events with an open and empty mind. Like anyone who does research, be it in the natural sciences or in the STVRR'vE tVMPRNY history of mankind, the raw facts are what William James SHIPPING TO OR FROM WASHINGTON used to call a blooming, buzzing confusion until we approach them with an hypothesis, with a conceptual framework into which they may fit. INCOMING CASES AND What I should like to note is how in my own experience VANS are easily stored the hypothesis has changed with which we interpret our intact inside our new, relations with the rest of the world. spacious, clean warehouse Until very recently, very recently indeed, our views of and are then unpacked American foreign policy were controlled by the underlying at your residence. conception of the Nineteenth Century—the conception that this is one world whose political center is in the North Atlantic region of the globe. This conception has underlain our thinking in foreign affairs not only throughout the Nine¬ COMPLETE FACIL- teenth Century but down through both of the world wars of I TIES for all your SHIP¬ this century. PING AND STORAGE NEEDS in our other Thus in the First World War we were drawn in when modern warehouses. Britain and her ally France were threatened with defeat. We were no longer able to remain isolated from Europe and unentangled in the wars of Europe, as we had been able during the Nineteenth Century. But how were we drawn into the First World War? We were drawn in to reinforce Great RMERKRN STVRRSE tV. Britain and France. We were the auxiliaries and the re¬ 2801 Georgia Ave., Washington 1, D. C. serves. We called ourselves an associated power and our Phone DEcatur 2-6000 TWX-WA 139 troops fought in Europe under a supreme commander who Cable Address: "Amerstor" Washington was a French General, while our Navy was under the over¬ Members: National Furniture Warehousemen's Assn. all command of the British Admiralty.

51 CHANGING WOULD

MILLICEIVT CHATEL When the war ended in 1918, we hoped and believed that we had won a victory for the idea that the principles and ideals of our western society are universal. Woodrow Wilson A Complete Real Estate proclaimed a world order. It was a world order based on Service for Residential our western principles and ideals. Moreover, it was to be an 'Northwest Washington, order in which the nations of the North Atlantic region would continue to be the political leaders of mankind. Maryland and Virginia. In 1918 there was on the surface much to justify this Realtor optimistic view. The North Atlantic Community had won a smashing military victory, and the United States had emerged as a new and powerful member of the western 1675 WISCONSIN AVE. society. Russia was still a primitive and backward country DE 2-1137 GEORGETOWN, Washington 7, D. C. in the throes of a deep social revolution. China was a feeble and backward country, divided up among foreign powers. India was still under British rule; North Africa, the Middle East and Southeast Asia were under British or French IZ. William WilierJ, imperial dominion. On the surface, in Woodrow Wilson’s Life Member time, it looked as if Britain and France, reinforced by the Milion Dollar Round Table United States and Canada, would prolong indefinitely the Advising the Foreign Service world order that had existed in the Nineteenth Century. on Life Insurance We now know that this was a brilliant illusion. Both and Estate Planning since Franee and Britain were profoundly weakened by their fear¬ 1951 ful losses in the First World War. As representatives of the western philosophy, they were challenged as imperialists NEW YORK LIFE INSURANCE CO. over all of Asia and of Africa. We did not know this in 1918. We took it for granted that with American military and fi¬ 820 SHOREHAM BUILDING, WASHINGTON, D. C. nancial help the world-wide predominance of the Atlantic STerling 3-0624 JAckson 2-9509 Community would continue. In the Second World War, the role played by the United States was no longer that of an associated power bringing AN AMERICAN EDUCATION up the reinforcements and the reserves. But before Pearl Harbor and before we actually entered the Second World FOR YOUR CHILD War, we still thought of ourselves in terms of the First World War. We used to talk, you will remember, about ACCREDITED COURSES: Kindergarten thru 8th Grade aiding the Allies to defend America. In fact, however, it was Wherever you may be stationed, Calvert SCHOOL-AT-HOME Courses can provide, by mail, a modern education for your child. soon plain that we must take up the whole burden of the Courses are kept up to date by continuous pretesting in Calvert’s war in the Pacific, including the defense of Australia and famous laboratory-school in Baltimore. Calvert guides your teach¬ ing with helpful step-by-step instructions. Courses stress the of New Zealand. In Europe the French Army had been de¬ three R’s, science, and cultural subjects ; are often used to enrich the educational experience of the above-average child. Children feated and Great Britain was under violent assault and may start any time, transfer easily to American schools. More strained to the limit. We had not only to supply the weapons than 100,000 children all over the world have used Calvert Courses. 54th year. Non-profit. Write for catalog (give age, grade). and the other economic necessities but we had to raise a great army ourselves. CALVERT SCHOOL The difference between the two world wars is marked by The School That 130 W. Tuscany Road,a the fact that in the second, as distinguished from the first, Comes to You f Baltimore 10, Md. the supreme commanders on sea and on land were Ameri¬ cans. Nevertheless, until World War II ended we could still believe—perhaps I should say we still tried to believe—that as and when Britain and France and Western Europe re¬ ZJhe ParL C^entra( covered from the damages of the war, the North Atlantic Apartment Hotel Community would still be the political center of the world. Walk to: I venture to believe that in the last analysis this was the underlying assumption in the minds of both Churchill and Slate Department—U.S.I.A.—Downtown Roosevelt at the close of the war. They believed that with Restaurants and Shopping Britain and America acting as partners, they could handle Day and Month Rates TV Lounge Russia and have the deciding voice in the postwar settle¬ Laundry Facilities Valet Service ment. They were mistaken. The fact of the matter is that Family Units with Kitchens Churchill himself was so big that he made the British power Bachelor Units with Refrigerator and look bigger than it was. It soon appeared that Britain, Private Bath though it was a great power by the old standards, was not 1900 F ST. N.W. ME 8-0540 like the U.S.A. and the U.S.S.R., a super power. It was soon evident that in the postwar world the Atlantic Community,

52 by Walter Lippmann with the British-American partnership at its core, was no International International longer the paramount power in the world. Exporters Since the war, we have found ourselves in a position dif¬ Exporters ferent from anything in our whole previous experience. We are no longer members of a world order which is accepted by mankind as being universal. There are other world orders which challenge ours and which compete with it. What is more, throughout our history as a nation the center APPLIANCES FOR EXPORT of world power has been in the North Atlantic region of the globe and the fundamental decisions of our foreign policy have had to do with our relations in the North Atlantic, REFRIGERATORS—FREEZERS particularly with our relations with Great Britain. RANGES—WASHERS—DRYERS We achieved our independence amidst the rivalry in the Eighteenth Century of the North Atlantic powers. We de¬ AIR CONDITIONERS—DISHWASHERS veloped the continent in security behind the supremacy of the British power. We fought the First World War as an auxili¬ RADIOS—PHONOS—SMALL APPLIANCES ary of the Atlantic powers. We fought the Second World War as the leading power of the Atlantic Community. Now this situation is fundamentally altered. The greatest powers Available for all current Characteristics with which we have to concern ourselves are no longer in the North Atlantic region. They are in Eastern Europe and in GENERAL ELECTRONICS, INC. Asia. While the welfare of the Atlantic Community is a close SHOW ROOMS and vital interest of the United States, the Atlantic Com¬ munity is no longer the political center of the world. We are 4513 Wisconsin Avenue EM 2-8300 living in the midst of the decline of Britain as one of the Washington 16, D. C. leading powers of the world and we find ourselves without WRITE FOR CAT4LOG a powerful ally in the face of the new powers of Eastern Europe and of Asia and of Africa. To dramatize the rapid changes in the past hundred years, we might say that throughout most of the Nineteenth Cen¬ tury the world capital was London. After the first world war the world capitals were London and Washington. After the second world war, the world capitals were Washington, Moscow and London. Now, as the postwar period comes to THE CREDIT UNION IS an end, the world capitals are Washington, Moscow, London, Peking, New Delhi, and who knows, perhaps eventually, FOR YOUR CONVENIENCE also Cairo. I said earlier and I must say again, that we are in a wholly new situation. It is not a clearly visible situation, with all . . . Use it to help its landmarks and features well defined. There are no reliable maps. This is in part because so much of the world is hidden solve those financial problems. by censorship and obscured by propaganda. But there is another reason, and perhaps a more compelling reason why See your administrative officer there are no reliable maps. It is that so much of the world for further details. is in the midst of revolutionary changes of which we can¬ not now foresee the outcome. I am sorry I cannot finish with a neat, useful conclusion. Total Loans The task of reporting and interpreting this changed and $3,096,871 changing world is a very difficult one. We have to find Total Shares our way across rough seas and through uncharted forests. $3,800,919 But that is what makes our lives interesting. And that is why, once we have been bitten by the bug, as are the best men in our two professions, we never get over it. A place to save jjj STATE DEPARTMENT NEW YEAR, 1960 FEDERAL CREDIT UNION To start their INew Year right—and lighten your correspond¬ ence throughout 1960—give them a Journal subscription. Members of AFSA may enter gift subscriptions to the Journal . A place to borrow for their friends at the very special rate of $3.50 per year. Write: Circ. Mgr., FSJ, 1908 G St., N.W., Washington 6, D. C.

53 Packing and Storage Of Personal Effects

ry HE Department’s new method of obtaining packing and storage services in the Washington area for personnel being assigned overseas, referred to last month in the JOURNAL’S columns, is the result of more than two years of study. The study was conducted by Foreign Service personnel, assisted by others who have had many years of experience in packing and storage problems. The new method was reviewed by senior Foreign Service officers in the Department and officers of other civilian agencies, including the General Accounting Office whose overseas personnel will participate in the new method. The principal object of the study was to develop a system by which the Department could hold firms accountable for pro¬ viding quality service, and to obtain such service at competitive prices. The timeliness of the study is indicated by the fact that last year the General Accounting Office on behalf of the House Com¬ mittee on Appropriations conducted an investigation of the Department’s procedure for obtaining these services. Officers of the Department were closely examined during this year’s appropriations hearings regarding this procedure, and were directed to reduce costs related to transportation. The Department was able subsequently to show that good quality export packing, which may be more expensive, can re¬ duce over-all costs, particularly for ocean freight which is often the major expense involved. Ocean freight is generally charged according to volume, and hence the smaller the volume, consistent with good protection for effects, the lower the freight cost and the more an individual’s allowance can be used for his effects rather than for unnecessary packing materials. Under the previous system, however, the Department and its personnel were dependent in large measure on the experience and fairness of a packing firm to provide both quality and economical service. The Department usually paid the within allowance packing and freight costs, and the individual paid any excess over this allowance. Under the new method, participating firms have agreed to render quality service and to keep volume to a minimum as specified, at competitive prices which are firm for one year except for reductions which the firms may offer each quarter.

FSO’s ELIGIBLE JOIN DACOR—Associate membership $5 annually. Bulletin. Family insurance. Welfare. May stay Dacor House while on leave or consultation. AND DACOR HOUSE—Resident membership, $35 annually; Temporary Resident, $10 quarterly; Non-Resident, $10 an¬ nually. Excellent meals, reasonable rates. Air conditioned throughout. Rooms, single $4 to $7.50; double $6.50 to $8.50. Club rooms for entertaining. DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR OFFICERS RETIRED, Inc. Dacor House, 1718 H Street, Washington 6, D. C.

Members of the American Foreign Service DISCOUNTS TO OVERSEAS PERSONNEL can depend upon this firm promptly to All drug, cosmetic and sundry purchases — 20% off. $25 fill orders for Engraved cards, Invitations, minimum. Less than $25 order —10% discount. Immediate Shipment Stationery, etc. Greenbelt Pharmacy 131 Centerway, Greenbelt, Maryland ‘BRe<0D ENGRAVERS APARTMENTS to Washington s Most Distinguished Residents WASHINGTON'S CENTER air-conditioned, taste¬ fully furnished, including cooking equipment, linen, secre¬ Reasonable Prices tarial service, etc. Extra beds, TV, garage, available.

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54 Right of Selection volume. Fifteen replied to the invitation, including the largest As to the individual’s right to select his own packer, we are and most experienced firms which have handled effects for informed that Section 6a (h) of Title 41, U. S. Code, grants to Foreign Service personnel for many years. the Department an exemption from obtaining bids in advance Following an investigation to ensure their ability to provide for handling the effects of Foreign Service personnel. The quality service, the proposals of six of the firms initially sub¬ statute does not grant this exemption to individuals. The Comp¬ mitting the lowest combined prices for all services were ac¬ troller General has ruled, however, that advertising waivers do cepted. Any one of these may be selected by a traveller. In the not relieve responsible officials of the obligation to obtain the absence of a preference, the Department or participating agency most economical arrangement consistent with the conditions will select the one with the lowest price and available capacity. surrounding the transaction. On the same basis, the proposals of the other nine firms were Thus the Department’s responsible officials, those who super¬ approved for limited services, primarily when the services vise the issuance of packing or storage orders obligating the relate to handling of personal effects when part or all of them Department to expend funds (not the individual whose effects are held by one of the nine firms. are involved), were faced with the problem of meeting both the Should the traveller wish to select a firm not among the statutory and GAO requirements, while at the same time allow¬ fifteen (or one among those approved for limited services, even ing an element of personal selection. This obviously required though no effects are in storage) he may do so, but he may a predetermined price structure. incur some personal expense, depending on whether he is charged a price higher than those charged by the lowest priced Previous experience in issuing packing orders on the basis of group of firms for comparable services. three or more bids, obtained by each individual, or under a contract in which individuals could still select a non-contract Liability packer, did not ensure both quality and economy. Regarding liability, the Department’s officials have pointed It is believed that the new method fully protects the individual out that under Interstate Commerce Commission regulations, and his effects, and at the same time provides for a competitive packing firms are limited to a liability of 301* per net hundred predetermined price which allows for individual selection among pounds of personal effects. Since this is manifestly insufficient, several firms. it is common practice for travellers to obtain additional cover¬ age. Procedure The Department’s officials have said that they see no likeli¬ All the major packing firms in the area were invited to sub¬ hood of increased insurance costs under the new method; none mit their prices for providing specified services under specified of the policies heretofore available to personnel has required conditions which would require quality packing and minimum that any particular packer be used.

55 Pseudonymns may be used only if the original letter includes the writer’s correct name. Anonymous letters are neither pub¬ lished nor read. All letters are subject to condensation. The opinions of the writers are not intended to indicate the official views of the Department of State, or of the Foreign Service as a whole

Language Clas at New State? Lost and Found THERE HAS been an obvious stress on make up the sixteen-week course now SOME YEARS AGO I found in packing foreign language capability in the being offered full-time. materials which were brought to my Service in the last few years, and it In another direction, the FSI might house a very pretty smoky cocktail seems likely that we are already be¬ inaugurate a series of part-time classes glass. It must have been part of a set, ginning to derive some benefits from in languages other than those classified and the owner must have regretted its this. Much time and effort are now as world languages. This would have loss at the time. Some time ago, too, I going into this phase of work, but it several purposes. The first would be to lost, in the unpacking of my things, a seems possible that even greater results provide a sound linguistic foundation rather small crystal liqueur glass with could be achieved if certain additions in, say, Polish for those who are going the initials SMG on it. I still have the to the program in Washington were to Warsaw. The ability to ask directions twin of it, and often wish that someone made. and to make small purchases would be had found it and would return it. At present, aside from the full-time useful to the Foreign Service personnel Could you establish a lost and found language study being pursued, there are on their arrival, and would probably department in your magazine? For in¬ some part-time courses in the world make a good impression upon the for¬ stance, we have a camera of some value languages being offered. However, these eign nationals with whom they would which was found by my husband in his seem to be available only at the FSI come in contact. The second purpose own office in Ankara, and which we building in Arlington, and only at 7:30 would be to provide an opportunity for still have. We could never find an a.m. Those who live in Maryland and the many people in the Department and owner. Some traveling USIA-er, no the District find that they have to be at the Foreign Service to bring back their doubt, left it. rusty Finnish and Amharic from a 0 New State by 7:15 a.m. in order to ROWENA ADAMSON make it in time. Would it not be useful level to a 2 or 3. The third purpose (Mrs. Keith Adamson) to schedule some classes in New State would be to provide an opportunity for at 7:45 or even 8:00 a.m.? While it is those people in Washington who are McLean, Va. true that some of the offices in New working on, say, Arab affairs, to learn State are in use at that time, this is not enough Arabic to be able to identify AFSA Book Discounts true of all offices. Furthermore, a case different Arab publications and read can be made for the use of some office the headlines and table of contents. T3 EFERRING to the October issue of the time for language instruction. Some of Furthermore, with political changes JOURNAL and the discounts offered those now proceeding overseas are being occurring as rapidly as they do now, it to members on books, members of given sixteen weeks of intensive instruc¬ would seem desirable for the Depart¬ AFSA are entitled to discounts on text tion prior to departure. If we assume ment to have also a reservoir of people books also. that an 8:00 a.m. to 9:00 a.m. class with some capability in the obscure lan¬ GEORGE M. CARPENTER takes an hour and a quarter of govern¬ guages to draw upon. ment time each week, it would take HUGH O’NEILL nearly ten years of such instruction to Washington Overseas Club in NYC?

State” THREE former Foreign Service em¬ “Status in ployees are planning to organize a social club in New York City, offering Two ITEMS in the October 1959 issue by a clique of currish characters. To a of the JOURNAL strike me as unfor¬ great number of people, including many membership to those who at one time tunate from the standpoint of Service Senators and Congressmen, this kind or another have served with the State morale and prestige. of article merely confirms their impres¬ Department or any other Government One item is the exchange of corre¬ sion that an “Inner Club” governs the agency abroad. spondence between Senator Mansfield Foreign Service Officer corps. I sug¬ A similar club has been in existence and Mr. Satterthwaite. I was shocked gest that we let ESQUIRE and the NEW for the last three or four years in San to learn that a Senator had to take the YORKER publish such high wit as “Sta¬ Francisco and is operating with great initiative to obtain support of the Asso¬ tus in State” and that the JOURNAL en¬ success. ciation for the Foreign Service legisla¬ deavor to print something which will We would like to discover whether tive program. The essence of this ac¬ be understood and appreciated by the there are enough people living in and tion must raise a question in every For¬ “little fellow” who helps foot our finan¬ around New York City who would be eign Service Officer’s mind, that if our cial bill on the fifteenth of April each interested and eligible for membership own organization fails to press vigor¬ year. in such a club. I can be reached eve¬ ously the interests of the Service before Yours for some wide awakeness in nings at ELdorado 5-6529. the Congress, how can we expect the the Association, and a little more per¬ Senators and Congressmen to do it for spicacity on the part of the JOURNAL’S (MRS.) VERONICA BECSEY us? I hope that in the future the Asso¬ editors. 330 East 52nd St. ciation will not be found napping on Washington HAROLD SIMS New York 22 such important matters. Editor’s Note: The second item is the article “Status Actually the Association was not “found Wordy? in State.” While an FSO may laugh at napping.” It had presented a report to the Department some months previous to re¬ himself, and even admire Miss Mit- RE: “Writing for the High and the ford’s style of trenchant wit, it is such ceipt of the Senator’s letter. The Associa¬ tion’s charter does not permit lobbying on McKnighty”: Use “prolixity” not an image (real or fanciful) as “Status behalf of the Service, nor could its status “wordy,” for “wordy” is “dirdy.” in State” describes which lends cred¬ as a non-profit organization permit it to S. T. ence to the popular American belief engage in lobbying. It can, of course, that the Foreign Service is dominated respond to inquiries. Washington

56 The AMERICAN FOREIQN SERVICE PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION

♦

The group insurance program offered by the Protective Association is a long term plan that includes three insurance coverages. Croup life insurance, accidental death and dismem¬ berment insurance, and hospital surgical major medical expense insurance are included in the program.

There are advantages for young members, for those with many years of service, and for members who have retired on an immediate annuity.

A detailed description of the program is given in the booklet “Croup Insurance Program, The American Foreign Service Protective Association, Inc., June, 1959.” Application forms are included in the booklet.

The Directors of the Protective Association are continuing their study of possible changes in the insurance program that may be made desirable because of the Federal Employees Health Benefits Act of 1959. A circular on the subject will be mailed to members as soon as possible.

Those eligible to participate in this group insurance program are American nationals under 60 years of age who come within one of the following categories:

Foreign Service Officers, Department of State Foreign Service Staff, Department of State Foreign Service Reserve Officers, Department of State Permanent American Employees, Foreign Service, Department of State FSR and FSS of the International Cooperation Administration FSR and FSS of the United States Information Agency

Address applications and inquiries to: THE AMERICAN FOREIGN SERVICE PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION c/o Department of State, Washington 25, D.C., or 1908 G Street, N.W., Washington 6, D.C. , T atin-American Departmen s. Overseas an Uanager

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