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Interview with Douglas Macarthur II Library of Congress Interview with Douglas MacArthur II The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project AMBASSADOR DOUGLAS MACARTHUR, II Interviewed by: Charles Stuart Kennedy Initial interview date: December 15, 1986 Copyright 1998 ADST [Note: This transcript was not edited by Ambassador MacArthur.] Q: Mr. Ambassador, you come from a distinguished military family. Your father was a career naval officer; your uncle was a preeminent military man of the 20th century; your grandfather was Arthur MacArthur, the boy colonel, later our man in the Philippines. What sort of impact did this have on your early boyhood? MACARTHUR: I think Navy families are a little bit like those ladies of easy virtue; they follow the ships or fleet around, wherever it happens to be—East Coast, West Coast. So at a very young age, we got used to different environments, totally different, East Coast, West Coast, New England, Virginia, Washington. I wouldn't say that one develops a wanderlust, but one develops a curiosity after a while about what's happening in the outside world. In my case, when I was about 12 or 13 years old, my father was asked to command a ship that took the Secretary of the Navy on a good-will tour to Japan, China. Because the Secretary had a boy my age, he wanted to take the boy along. So my father was invited to take myself and my brother. When we came to countries like Japan and China, where there were all sorts of ceremonial events and important people, we were often left in the Interview with Douglas MacArthur II http://www.loc.gov/item/mfdipbib000732 Library of Congress charge of a vice consul. This made a very deep and lasting impression on me at that age, because they spoke the language of the country, they seemed to know a lot, and showed us and explained all sorts of things to us about the country. that otherwise we never would have understood. That was when I decided that I would probably like to be a member of the Foreign Service. Q: When was this trip taken? MACARTHUR: 1921. Q: Your brother took a different course, didn't he? MACARTHUR: My brother, yes. He went to Harvard University, and then he later studied law. But I came from a long line, as they say, of soldiers and sailors. My other grandfather was Admiral Bowman McCall, who led the American contingent to the relief of Peking during the Boxer Revolution, and also fought in several wars himself. I think perhaps after two generations, I wanted to break away from a purely military background into something else. Yet, I had been taught in my earliest childhood that the first duty of citizenship is to be prepared to defend one's country in the event of need. That was why, when I was studying for the Foreign Service at Yale University, I took an ROTC course. Q: I noticed that you ended up with a commission, didn't you? MACARTHUR: Yes. After several years of active service I ended up as a first lieutenant. I would have gone on in the military reserve, but when the war clouds were breaking out in 1938, the State Department issued an order requiring all Foreign Service officers who had reserve commissions to resign. They did that, because they were afraid that if war came along, the people with commissions—and there were a number of us who did have reserve commissions from university ROTC days, would be stripped away, and the Interview with Douglas MacArthur II http://www.loc.gov/item/mfdipbib000732 Library of Congress Foreign Service would be left fairly bare at a critical time. That ruling was repealed two or three years later, so that one could get reinstated, but I was otherwise occupied at that time and never got around to it. Q: With this thought of going into the Foreign Service, was this a conscious effort as your schooling moved on, to prepare yourself for this? MACARTHUR: It was. I went to the public school system, East Coast, West Coast, up and down, until I was about 14 years old. After my father died in 1923, my grandmother supported my schooling my last four years at Milton Academy, a very excellent school outside of Boston, where I was considered a “monster” because in my class of 45, I think 44 went to Harvard, and I was the only one that was a heathen; I went to Yale. Q: What caused you to go to Yale? MACARTHUR: Well, I really don't know, except that after four years at Milton with people, all with Harvard backgrounds, I felt that I had acquired enough of a Harvard background, and I wanted to break away a bit. Yale seemed like a good place to break to, although today it doesn't seem that it's very far from Harvard. Q: What type of courses did you take? MACARTHUR: I majored in economics and history. Q: Had you talked to any people, as you moved on, who were involved in the State Department, to sort of guide you? MACARTHUR: No. No. I took the regular courses that I thought would be required. The Foreign Service examination in those days was quite different. I'll have a word to say about that later on in the day. But one knew generally the areas that had to be covered. There was one additional area that I did not take at Yale, it was not in the undergraduate curriculum, and that was international law. I took a three-month crash course after I Interview with Douglas MacArthur II http://www.loc.gov/item/mfdipbib000732 Library of Congress graduated in June of 1932. The examination for the Foreign Service was in September, and I took a three-month crash course in international law and a refresher in economics and world history. Q: Did you acquire the habit of extensive reading on the outside on various subjects? MACARTHUR: Yes. In the courses that I took at Yale, my professors and instructors knew that I was headed for the Foreign Service, and I took more than the required number of courses to cover a larger area of study. But I had some excellent courses, one given two nights a month, each three hours, by a Russian #migr# on the Soviet Union. Russia, at that point, was largely unknown to us students, because we had no diplomatic relations in the 1920s and early Thirties. That came only after Roosevelt came in '33. Q: What languages did you know? MACARTHUR: Every person taking the Foreign Service examination had to take a written examination in one language, in which he had to be reasonably proficient. But in addition, he had to pass an oral examination administered by the department after passing the overall written examination. My last year at Yale I had a very nice French instructor in an advanced course in French. This was in the days of the Depression and I used to buy him luncheon once a week so that we could talk only in French, to get a familiarity with speaking French, because unfortunately, then as now, foreign languages are taught abysmally badly in the United States. While one could learn to write and read, the fluency to communicate comes only with the practice of speaking. That, except in most advanced courses, you didn't get. Q: How did one go about applying for the Foreign Service? You graduated from Yale with the thought of going into the Foreign Service, but how did one do this? MACARTHUR: In those days, there was an application form. I had let the Department know that I wanted to go into the Foreign Service. In fact, Georgetown University at that Interview with Douglas MacArthur II http://www.loc.gov/item/mfdipbib000732 Library of Congress time had a School of Foreign Service, where a number of people would go for a refresher course, or even a year or so. One made a formal application to take the examination. The examinations were about three and a half days, and it was all in writing. The subjects included world history, American history, economics, international law, mathematics, and the language one offered. The examinations were, I think, extremely well designed. They weren't designed to find out how much you didn't know, because obviously, even if you came out of a university with a master's degree, you could only know so much when you're 22 or 23 years old. They were designed to see how well you could express yourself in the written language in the subjects which you knew. So you would have, say, a three-hour morning period on American history, and there would be five or six topics, and they would say, “Write on three of the following topics of your choice.” Obviously, one had to know something substantively, but the written expression was important, because if you're 5,000 miles away and trying to convey to the people in the State Department what a situation is, if you can't communicate and express yourself appropriately, they aren't going to get a very good picture of what the situation is in that particular part of the world. The oral examination in the language of your choice—in my case, it was French—was a very thorough one, administered by a man who was almost bilingual. It was a very useful, because even if you didn't go to that country, you had at least one foreign language.
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