E-246 VOL. 2 Public Disclosure Authorized Sichuan Urban Environment Project (SUEP)

ENVIRONMENTALASSESSMENT Public Disclosure Authorized Volume 2 Main Report

December 1998 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized

Sichuan Research and Monitoring Institute of Environmental Protection SICHUAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT (SUEP)

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT

Volume 2 Main Report

DECEMBER 1998

This report has been prepared by Sichuan Research and Monitoring Institute of Environmental Protection

With the Assistanceof Mott MacDonaldLimited, Cambridge, U.K. SIClIUtAN trRBAN ENVIRONMlENT PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSNIENT M?,ainReport

CONTENTS

VOLUME 1- ExecutiveSummarv

VOLUME 2 - Main Report

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 SUEP Projectand Components 1.1.1 SichuanProvince Overview 1.1.2 ProvincialGovernment 1.1.3 SUEP Projectand World Bank

1.2 Descriptionof the Study Area 1.2.1 Economvof SichuanProvince i .2'.21 RegionalWater Resources 1.2.3 DomesticWater Supplies and Utilisation 1.2.4 SewerageSystems 1.2.5 Solid Waste and Sludge DisposalSystems in Place 1.2.6 Population,Water Supply, Wastewater,andMSW Projections

1.3 Policv, Legaland AdministrativeFramework

1.4 Scope and Standardsof EnvironmentalAssessment

1.5 Need for the Project

1.6 AssessmentObjectives, Criteria. Parameters

1.7 EA PreparationRequirements

1.8 SRIEP and Participants

1.9 EA Organisation

2.0 Descriptionof the ProposedProject

2.1 Overviewof SUEP Phase I Project Components

2.2 Project Formulationand Development 2.2.1 COWI/DHIProject Inventoriesand Ranking b '2..2 WorldBank Review, May 1997 2.2.3 WorldBank Final Project Selection.October 1997/March 1998 2.2.4 OngoingActivities 2.2.5 Future Phases of SUEP

2.3 Detailsof SUEP Phase I Component Projects 2-.3.1 LeshanNumber 4 WTW

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2.3.2 Zigong, Min River Intake and Yuan Ba Chang WTW 2.3.3 Luzhou Beijiao WTW 2.3.4 Luzhou Daxikou WTW 2.3.5 ChengduNr 2 WwTW (at Long Quan) 2.3.6 Leshan WastewaterCollection and PreliminaryTreatment Svstem 2.3.7 Deyang WwTW 2.3.8 Zigong WwTW 2.3.9 Leshan Municipal Solid Waste Project 2.3.10 Urban ManagementInformation Systems (UMIS) 2.3).I I CulturalHeritage 2.3.12 Technical Assistance

2.4 Cost Estimates for Proposed Projects 2.4.1 General 2.4.2 Capital Costs 2.4.3 Operating Costs

2.5 ImplementationSchedule

3.0 Description of the Environment (Provincial Overview)

3.1 Physical Environment 3.1.1 Geology 3. 1.2 Topography 3.1.3 Soils 3.1.4 Climate and Meteorology 3,.1.5 Air Quality 3.1.6 Noise 3.1.7 Surface and GroundwaterHydrology

3.2 BiologicalEnvironment 3.2.1 Flora 3.2.2 Fauna 3.2.3 Special Issues

3.3 Socio-culturalEnvironment 3.3.1 Project Area Overview 3.3.2 Social and Public Health Issues 3.33 Finance and Economics 3.3.4 InstitutionalIssues

3.4 Area of Special Designation 3.4.1 EndangeredFlora and Fauna 3.4.2 Historic and Cultural Sites 3.4.3 Parklands or Other Special Sites 3.4.4 WatershedProtection Zones

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4.0 EnvironmentalManagement and Problems

4.1 Water and EnvironmentalInstitutional Arrangements 4.1.1 National Level 4.1.2 ProvincialLevel 4.1.3 City and Countrv Level

4.2 Attainmentof Goals. Standards. Re2ulations 4.2. 1 SurfaceWater Quality 4.2.2 GroundwaterQualitv 4.'.3 Water Supplies,Treatment and Distribution 4.2.4 WastewaterCollection and SepticTanks 4.2.5 WastewaterDischarges - Domestic 4_2_6 WastewaterDischarges - Industrialand Other 4.2.7 IndustrialDischarges to Sewerage Systems 4.2.8 SludgeDisposal for Septic Tanks and WwTW 4.2.9 Solid Waste Collection and Disposal 4.2.10 Landfilland Solid Waste TreatmentDesigns 4.2.11 IndustrialSolid Wastes 4.2.12 Health and Safetv

4.3 River Svstems 4.3.1 Min River Basin MonitoringData 4.3.2 Tuo River Basin MonitoringData 4.3.3 Yangtze River Basin MonitoringData 4.3.4 UrbanPollution Impacts Assessment 4.3.5 Summarv

5.0 Determination of the Potential Impacts of the Proposed Project

5.1 Positive Impacts (Local. Basin) 5.1.1 LeshanNr 4 WTW 5. 1.2 Zigong Min River Diversion and WTW 5.1.3 Luzhou Beijiao WTW 5.1.4 Luzhou Daxikou WTW 5. 1 Chengdu Nr ' WwTW 5.1.6 Leshan Wastewater Collection and Preliminarv Treatment System 5. .7 Devang WwTW 5.1.8 Zigon- WwTW 5.1 .9 Leshan Municipal Solid Waste Project 5.1.10 Summarv of Phase i Positive Impacts

5.2 Potential Short Term Construction Impacts 5.. 1 Leshan Nr 4 WTW 5.2.2 Zisong Min River Diversion and WTW 5.2.3 Luzhou Beijiao WTW 5.2.4 Luzhou Daxikou WTW 5.2.5 Chengdu Nr 2 WwTW

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5.2.6 Leshan Wastewater Collection and Preliminary Treatment System 5.2.7 Deyang WwTW 5.2.8 Zigong WwTW 5.2.9 Leshan Municipal Solid Waste Project 5.2.10 Summary of Phase I Construction Impacts

5.3 Potential Operational Phase Impacts 5.3.1 Leshan Nr 4 WTW 5.3.2 Zigong Min River Diversion and WTW 5.3.3 Luzhou Beijiao WTW 5.3.4 Luzhou Daxikou WTW 5.3.5 Chengdu Nr 2 WwTW 5.3.6 Leshan Wastewater Collection and Preliminary Treatment System 5.3.7 Deyang WwTW 5.3.8 Zigong WwTW 5.3.9 Leshan Municipal Solid Waste Project 5.3.10 Summary of PotentialOperational Phase Impacts

5.4 CumulativeSUEP Phase I Impacts 5.4.1 Related SUEP Components 5.4.2 Other EnvironmentalImprovement Programs

6.0 Analvsis of Alternatives to the Proposed Project

6.1 AlternativesReviewed in Project Development 6.1.1 LeshanNumber 4 WTW 6.1.2 Ziaong Min River Diversionand WTW 6.1.3 LuzhouBeijiao WTW 6.1.4 Luzhou Daxikou WTW 6.1.5 ChengduNr 2 WwTW 6.1.6 Leshan WastewaterCollection and PreliminaryTreatment System 6.1.7 Devang WwTW 6.1.8 Zigong WwTW 6.1.9 Leshan MunicipalSolid Waste Project

6.2 No Project Alternatives

6.3 Phase I SUEP ProjectsConnection to Ongoing Activitiesand Future SUEP Projects

7.0 Mitigationand MonitoringManagement Plans

7.1 Niitication and MonitorinrIProgram 7.1.1 Construction Phase - WTW 7.1.2 Construction Phase - WwTW 7. 1.3 Construction Phase - MSW 7.1 .4 Operation Phase - WTW 7.1.5 Operation Phase- WwTW 7.1.6 Operation Phase - MSW

7.2 InstitutionalResponsibilities

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7.3 Equipmentand Training Requirements 7.4 Impacts and Costs of Plan

8.0 Public Processand EA Public Participation

8.1 Meetings with Public Officials in DevelopingProject and EA

8.2 Survevof PublicOfficials and Citizens in Project Area

8.3 Summary of Public Input

9.0 Summary and Conculsions

9.1 Water Supply Projects

9.2 WastewaterCollection and TreatmentFacilities

9.3 MunicipalSolid Waste Projects

9.4 Conclusionsand Recommendations

VOLUME3 - APPENDICES

AppendixA - Urban PollutionImpact Assessment(NM)

AppendixB - Approachesto Water and WastewaterTreatment

AppendixC -

AppendixD - Relevant Nationaland InternationalStandards

AppendixE -

41367.EA.TOC v DECEMBER SiCHlUANLTRBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ENVIRONNIENTALASSESSMENT Main Report

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1 Key Issues, SUEP Major Issues Report of March 1997 (COWI/DHI) Table 1.2 HydrologicalCharacteristics of Selected River Basins Table 1.3 Total Water Requirements.Leshan Table 1.4 Total Water Requirements.Zigong Table 1.5 Median Maximum Water Requirements, Luzhou Beijiao Table 1.6 Domestic Water Demand Forecasts. Luzhou Daxikou Table 1.7. Projection of Wastewaterin 3rd Drainage Area. Chengdu Table 1.8 Total Wastewaterto Interceptor.Leshan Table 1.9 Projectionof Wastewaterfrom Western Drainage Area, Deyang Table 1.10 Total WastewaterEntering Interceptor,Zigong Table 1.11 MSW Forecast. Leshan Table 1.12 SRIEP - Members Participatingthe EA work of the SUEP Project Table 2.1 SUEP Phase I ProjectComponents Table 2.2 Rankingof MunicipalWastewater Schemes (COWI/DHI) Table 2.3 Ranking of MunicipalWater Supply Schemes (COWI/DHI) Table 2.4 Ranking of MunicipalSolid Waste Schemes (COWI/DHI) Table 2.5 SUEP Phase I ConstructionSchedule (typical) Table 2.6 World Bank Water Resources Management Principles and Issues (COWI/DHI) Table 2.7 World Bank Decisionsof May 1997 Important to EA Table 2.8 Summary of Proposed Phase I Water Supply Schemes Table 2.9 Summarv Details Wastewater Works Tabie 2.10 Cost Estimates for Water Supply Schemes Table 2.11 Cost Estimates for Wastewater Schemes Table 2.12 MSW Facilitiesand their Costs Table 2.13 SUEP implementationprogram Table 3. 1 The Incidenceof Water-borneand otherDiseases in the ProjectCities Table 3.2 Summarv of Draft ResettlementAction Plan Table 3.3 Economic and Financial Indicators for Water Supply Schemes Table 3.4 Economic and Financial Indicators for Wastewater Schemes Table 3.5 Economic and Financial Indicators, MSW Table 4.1 National Water and EnvironmentalLaws Importantto SUEP (COWI/DHI) Table 4.2 EnvironmentalStandards for Surface Water, National Standard GB 3838-88. Issued I June 1988 Table 4.3 Length of river sections satisfying the Class III water quality objective bv 2020 after Strategy implementation Table 4.4 Chengdu Main Water Quality Monitoring Values (average in mgIl) Table 4.5 MonitoringCross-sections of Rivers. Chengdu Table 4.6 Statistic Data of Water Quality Monitoring, Chengdu Table 4.7 Water Quality Monitorinc Summary, Chengdu Table 4.8 MonitoringResults of Surface Water. Leshan Table 4.9 The Quality of Water Sources in Leshan Table 4. 10 Raw Water Monitoring Results at Ganyan Cross-section of Qingyi River (for Leshan N r 3 Water Treatment Works) ( 1991 -1996) Table 4.11 Average Water Quality of the Min River, 1990-91 Table 4.12 Monitoring Results at the Intake of the Min River. (May 1996) Table 4.13 Monitoring Cross-sectionsof the Mianyuan River

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Table 4.14 MonitoringResults of Assessment Section of Mianyuan River Table 4.15 Zigong- Fuxi River Monitoring Stations Table 4.16 Water Quality MonitoringResults of the Fuxi River in 1996 Table 4.17 Water QualityAssessment Statistics in 1996 in Luzhou Water Company Table 4.18 Raw Water Quality Survev Statistics Report - Yangtze, Luzhou Anfu Table 4. 19 Selected Water Quality Parameters in Yangtze River and the Frequencv the National Standard is Exceeded Table 4.20 Expected Changes in Water Qualitv in Sichuan Rivers and Impact of Proposed Wastewater Schemes Based on an Analysis of MIKE I I Runs. Table 4.21 Ranked Cost Benefit for All Schemes and Combinations Involving Wastewater Treatment Table 4.22 Ranked Benefit Cost for Municipal Wastewater Collection and Treatment Schemes Table 7.1 Raw Water Supply Sources, Intake Structures Table 7.2 Raw Water Pumpingand Transmission Table 7.3 Water Treatment Works Site Table 7.4 Treated Water Pumping and Water Storage Table 7.5 DistributionSystem and Water Consumers Table 7.6 Construction Debris Table 7.7 WastewaterTransmission and Pumping Table 7.8 Wastewater Treatment Plant Table 7.9 SludgzeManagement System Table 7.10 Construction Debris Disposal Table 7.11 Collection and Transfer Systems Table 7.12 Sanitary Landfill Table 7.13 Leachate Handling, Existing Facility Table 7.14 Construction Debris Disposal Table 7.15 Raw Water Supply Source. Intake Structure Table 7.16 Raw Water Pumping and Transmission Table 7.17 Water Treatment Works Site. Including Pumping Station Table 7.18 Residuals Disposal Table 7.19 DistributionSystem and Water Consumers Table 7.20 Solid Waste, Septage, and Direct Discharge Sources Table 7.21 Raw Sewage. Domesticand Industrial Sources to Sewer Svstems Table 7.22 Raw Sewage Overtlows, Various Locations Table 7.23 Wastewater Transmission and Pumping Table 7.24 Wastewater Treatment Plant Table 7.'5 Sludge ManagementSvstem Table 7.26 Receivinu Water Issues Table 7.27 Wastewater Reuse and DownstreamUsers Table 7.28 Solid Waste Sources Table 7.29 Collection and Transfer Svstems Table 7.30 Street Washing and Sweeping Equipment Table 7.31 Sanitarv Landfills Table 7.32 Leachate Treatment Plants Table 7.33 Local and DownstreamWater Users Table 7.34 SRIEP EnvironmentalMonitoring Costs Table 8.1 SRIEP Public Opinion Survev Form Table 8.2 Summary of Public Responses.SRIEP Survey

41367.EA.TOC vii DECE.MIBER 1998 SICHtJAN URB3AN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL. ASSESSNIENT Main Report

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1 Sichuan Province Location Ficure 1.2 Upper Yangtze Basin Main Rivers Figure 1.3 Project City Figure 1.4 Chengdu Plain Rivers & Channels Fieure 1.5 Min River Svstem - Present Figure 1 .6 Tuo River System - Present Figure 1.7 Yangtze River System - 1993-4. Spring Figure 1 .8 Yangtze Nutrient loads & Algae Problem Potential Figure 1.9 Sources of Pollution - Whole Yangtze Basin Figure 2.1 Leshan Water Supply Existing Distribution Network Figure 22 Leshan Water Supply Project Schematic Figure 2.3 Project Location and Urban Water Distribution Network Figure 2.4 Zigong Water Supply Project Schematic Figure 2.5 Location of the Beijiao Project Figure 2.6 Luzhou Beijiao Water Supply Project Schematic Figure 2.7 Location of the Daxikou Project Figure 2.8 Luzhou Daxikou Water Supply Project Schematic Figure 2.9 Chengdu Drainage Areas Figure 2. 10 Chengdu Interceptor Sewer Route Schematic Figure 2. 11 Leshan Wastewater Plan of Interceptor Sewers Figure '2.12 Leshan Interceptor Sewer Route Schematic FigJure2. 13 Devang Wastewater Existing Sewerage Figure 2 14 Devang Wastewater Project Schematic Figure 2. 15 Zigong Drainage Areas Fig!ure .16 Zigong Wastewater Project Schematic Fieure 2.17 Location of Leshan Landfill Site Fig,ure 2.18 Leshan Municipal Solid Waste General Layout Figure 2. 19 Leshan Municipal Solid Waste Project Schematic Figure 4.1 EPB organisation chart. Figure 4.2 Contribution of different Strategy Component to Improvement in Basin Pollution Index for the Upper Yangtze Basin (COWI/DHI)

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

AIC Average Incremental Cost BOD Biochemical Oxyven Demand BMP Best ManagementPractice COD Chemical Oxygen Demand dBA Decibels (noise level) DFID Department for International Development EA EnvironmentalAssessment EIRR EconomicInternal Rate of Return EPB Environment ProtectionBureau EPO Environment ProtectionOfficers ERI EnvironmentalResearch Institute FIRR Financial Internal Rate of Return GDP Gross Domestic Product GVIO Gross Value of Industrial Output Ha Hectare hh Household [MR Infant Mortality Rate m3/s cubic metres per second m3/d cubic metres per day m3/h cubic metre per hour M&E mechanicaland electrical MI/d mega litres per dav MM Mott MacDonald MSW municipalsolid waste OVI ObjectivelyVerifiable Indicators PAC Polv-aluminiumChloride PAM Polv-acrvlamide PC Project Component RAP ResettlementAction Plan SPG Sichuan Provincial Government SUEPO Sichuan Urban Environment Project Office SWMEDRIC South West Municipal Engineering Design and Research Instituteof China ToR Terms of Reference t/a tonnes per annum tVd tonnes per dav TVE Township and Village Enterprises WB World Bank WTP Willingnessto Pav WTW Water Treatment Works WwTW Wastewater Treatment Works WYR Western Yangtze Region

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VOLUME 3 - Appendices

Appendix A. Urban Pollution Impacts Assessment, Mott MacDonald, 9/97.

Appendix B. Approaches to Water and Wastewater Treatment B- 1. Water Treatment B-2. Wastewater Treatment

Appendix C. Pre-Appraisal Summarv Report, 3/98.

Appendix D. Relevant National and Provincial Regulations and Standards

41367.EA.TOC DECEMBER1998 SICHUAN UR13A-NENVIRONMENT PROJECT ENVIRONNIENTALASSESSMENT Nlain Report

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 SUEP Project and Components

The Sichuan Urban Environment Project (SUEP) is located in Sichuan Province, China. Initially in 1996, the project area for SUEP consisted of the entire Sichuan Province including the city of Chongqing. In early 1997, Chongqing and the surroundingarea were designated as a Provincial City outside of Sichuan Province. Another environment project known as the Chongqing Urban EnvironmentProject (CUEP) is being formulatedfor this new provincialcity.

Meanwhile. eariv work was being conducted by a variety of intemational consultants relative to identifyiingthe environmentalconditions of the SUEP and project priorities. Of particularrelevance to the SUEP. is the ProvincialIssues, Options and Strategiesstudy, which commencedin August 1996 and was undertakenbv the COWI/DHI team with Danish funding. This early work of 1996 and 1997 had narrowedthe focus of the first phase of SUEP to the Min and Tuo basins of Sichuan Province,as will be further explained in Section 2.2.

The project preparationwork for the Phase I SUEP has been focused on the Min and Tuo river basins. Projects were initially formulated for six cities within these basins and initial project preparationwork commencedon that basis. During the process, funding limitations and project readiness reduced the project cities underPhase I to five.

The nine Phase I environmentalinfrastructure projects that are nowvcontained in the Phase I SUEP are the focus of project preparationand this EA. These projects include four water supply projects. four wastewaterprojects and one municipal solid waste project. Other componentsthat are included in the Phase I of SUEP include a Cultural Heritage component, Urban Management Information Systems (UMIS) component including GIS. mapping and decision support systems, and technical assistance (TA). These three componentsare not assessed in the EA. nor are geographicalor environmentalissues which fall outside the scopeof these nine environmentalinfrastructure components.

1.1.1 Sichuan Province Overview

Sichuan Province. located in the southwest of China. is the third most populous province wvithover 82 million peopleover an area of about 385.000 km2. The general location of Sichuan Provinceis shown in Figure 1.1. The province had been the most populated province until the spring of 1997 when Chongqing and the surrounding area were given provincial status. Sichuan Province is approximately 1500 km from the sea and shares its borders with 8 other provinces - Qinghai.Gansu and Shaanxi to the north. Hubei and Hunan to the east. Guizhlouand Yunnan to the south and Xizang (Tibet) to the west.

The topography of Sichuan Province consists mainly of mountains and plateaux and can be geographicallydivided into the eastern basin area. the western plateau and the mountain area. About 95% of the populationlive in the basin area. The capital of Sichuan Province is Chengdu. located in the portion of the basin area known as the Chengdu plain. The Chengdu plain's level terrain. fertile land, plentiful rainfall and temperate climate. combined with established irrigation schemes such as the Dujiangyang Irrigation Scheme. all contribute to the area's agricultural abundance. and it is often referred to as "the land of plentv". The western half of the province is dominated by the Himalavan

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mountains. with an average altitude of 3,000 m, which peaks at 7.500 m in the Gonga Shan massif located in the south-westerm area of the province.

1.1.2 Provincial Government

Sichuan Province and its muinicipalities address environmental problems within the same institutional and regulatory framework found elsewhere in China. The provincial and municipal Environmental Protection Bureaux (EPBs) and the Urban Construction Commissions (UCCs) and their agencies share regulatory powers. The centrai govermment's general strategy for urban development has been to develop mechanisms for pianningr and management at the local level that will reduce waste and enable cities to function effectively using local resources. To arrive at the "best practices", local aovemments are encouraged to trv new approaches. The results are then readily disseminated through the press. professional associations. technical intermediaries, and national ministries. Cities of moderate population size are often good testing grounds for bold experimentation and the largest cities serve best as national demonstration models. The Sichuan Urban Environment Project (SUEP) has been fonrmulatedby the local officials and the World Bank in a manner consistent with this approach bv targeting a combination of large and moderate population sized cities for selected interventions.

Table 1.1 Kev Issues, SUEP Major Issues Report of March 1997 (COWI/DHI)

Key Issue IItems of Concern Water Demand High per capita water demand and new strategies must accord with reformed market organisation of the economy and rely more on price to guide enterprise and consumerchoices.

Current demand policy sets quotas for industrial water use and recycling but Chinese industries are consuming far above intemational best practice levels.

There is a reported very loNwunaccounted-for-water (Ufw) of 8.4%. which is questionable compared to reported pipe breakage rates and pipe joint quality.

Current water prices are far below the level required to encourage water conservation.

Waste^-ater treatment Present low treatrnent coverage and design and management problems. All cities should expand the sewerage coverage for a minimum 90% of the build up areas within five years. Medium and laree cities should provide a minimum of primary Wt%Tin a phased 10-yearprogramme.

Industrial i astewsaer Onl%4.5% of industrial wastew.ateris treated but EPBs report that 50%Oof the industrial wastewater meets effluent standards. which is seemingly inconsistent or indicative of inadequate discharge standards and enforcemenit.

Solid Waste Landfills are poorly controlled and the provision of adequately engineered and managed landfills would provide the largestsingle improvement in solid waste handling in China.

Environmental The chief manaaement obstacle is the significant gaps in regulators control and problems in implementation NIanaeenment ot cxisting regulations A combination ot' infrequent monitoring and low fines tor v iolations encourages non-compliance. Incentives for saving costs are much stronger than incentives for strong environmental pertonmance.

'I'ariffs laritfs should be desigmedto allow tfullcost recovery. China has adopted the "polluter pays" principle but price seting is still politicised. Financial arrangementsto cover operations cost shall be established.

.Affordabilitx rhere does not appear to be a general atffordabilityissue but the urban poor (probably 0.5%° of' the population) need to be protected from cost ot' living increases.

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1.1.3 SUEP Project and the World Bank

The background and overall World Bank policies related to the urban environment in China are reported in the China Urban Environment Service report of December 1994. Table 1.1 gives a brief summary of the key issues and chailenges. as presented in the SUEP Major Issues Report of March 1997.

In accordance with the national World Bank (WB) policies and priorities, the Sichuan Provincial Government (SPG) requested WB and bi-lateral donor support for the SUEP. The UK Government agreed to provide a grant. administered by the Department for International Development(DFID), to cover the costs of consultancy services. equipment and training required to assist the SPG in the preparation of the project to meet WB requirements. Support to improved environmental manaaement is one of the main objectives of the World Bank's and DFID's Country Assistance Strategy (CAS) for China. Managing the impact on China's urban environment of rapid urbanisation and economic growth is a focus of the CAS. SUEP is also a key element of China's Agenda 1 programme.

The SUEP objectives are to enable municipalities to recover from past environmental degradation of water and land resources and to put in place policies. practices and institutions to facilitate and sustain the cost-effective provision of essential services. The location of the Sichuan Province and SUEP cities in upstream areas tributarv to the Three Gorges Scheme (TGS) on the Yangtze River was also a key determinantof project priority. The overall objective of SUEP is therefore:

TTo allow environmentally sustainable growth in Sichuan Province.

1.2 Descriptionof the Studv Area

The "studvarea". considered for the Phase I projects and EA, is shown in Figure 1.2 and comprisesthe NMinand Tuo river basins, including the city of Luzhou located at the junction of the Tuo and the Yanatze rivers. and the small portion of the Yangtze river upstream and downstream of Luzhou. The study area does not include other tributarv river basins in Sichuan province, the Chongqing provincial citv. or areas further downstream on the Yangtze includingthe Three Gorges Dam site.

1.2.1 Economv of Sichuan Province

Traditionally an agricultu.ralprovince. Sichuan has gradually been shifting the basis of its economv avvaa from agriculture and into industrv. Although the large majority of the population is still engaued in farming and other rural activities. Sichuan is becoming an increasingly important industrial centre. Mvlanyheavy industries such as chemical. fertiliser, paper and steel manufacturing are located xvithinthe province, as well as the more traditional textile and food processingindustries. This gradual shift towards an industriallv based economy has resulted in rapid urbanisation. The national government has been promoting economic development through infrastructure investment and other methods to address the income disparitv that has arisen between the somewhat more prosperous coastal provinces and those further inland.

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The separation of Chongqing from Sichuan Province occurred in early 1997. The statistical informationfor 1997 that shows figures for Sichuan Province without Chongqing will not be available until late 1998. Therefore. the following statistical information is included from the 1996 edition of the China Statistical Year Book for Sichuan Province includingChongqing (Note $1 USD = 8.3 M):

* The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for Sichuan Province(1995) was Y 353.4 billion. This was the fourth largest GDP after Jiangsu, Shandong and Guangdong Provinces and was equivalent to 6.2 % of national GDP. In real terms. GDP growth since 1992 has averaged around 12 % per annum. With a populationof 113.25million before the separation of Chongqing (the largest regional popuiation in China) per capita GDP in Sichuan was X 3 121. This was well below the national average of X 4810.

* During the 10 vear period from 1986 to 1995 there has been a distinct shift in GDP contribution from the primarv sector to the tertiary sector, whilst the proportion of secondary sector contribution has remained fairly constant. In 1986 primary sector GDP accounted for 35.8 % of the total, secondary sector 40.7 % and tertiary sector 23.5 %. By 1995 this had changed to primary sector GDP accounting for 27.6 %, secondary sector 42.1 % and tertiary sector 30.6 %. During the same period, the proportion of the total provincial population living in urban areas has increased bv around 5 % to just over 16 % (rural and urban populationare categorised, in general, by the permanentresidence of the population- China Statistical Year Book, 1996).

- The Gross Value of Industrial Output (GVIO) for 1995 was X 442.64 billion. This is equivalent to 4.8% of national GVIO. Per capita GVIO was Y 3909 compared to the much higher national average of Y 7587. About 40 % of GVIO was generated by state owned industries, 31 % by collective owned industries and 17.5 % by private industrv.

All Phase I SUEP cities are undereoing szmnificanturbanisation and industrialisation: demands for urban services are accelerating and the urbanised areas are expanding. In the following section the five Phase I project cities are listed according to the river basin in which they are situated and their local economies are summarise.

Min River Basin:

Chengadu Chengdu is the capital of Sichuan Province and an economic and educational hub in the Province. The City has historically prospered as the centre of the rich agriculture area known as the Chengdu Plain. and has recently emerzed as a burgeoning economic and industrial centre. This rapid industrialisationand urbanisation has been accelerated by the recent completion of a 360 km four-lane expressway between Chengdu and Chongqing. Chengdu also benefits from excellent rail and airline services. The urban environmental infrastructureof Chengdu and other provincial cities has lagged somewhat behind the economic development. especiallv with respect to wastewater systems and water pollution control.

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Leshan Leshan is located at the junction of three major river systems. The central urban area is located on the west bank of the Min River, at the confluence with the Dadu River which forms the southern boundary of the tirbanised area. West of the city, the Dadu River is also joined by the Qingyi River, which forms the western boundary of the urbanised area.

Leshan is about 167 km south of Chengdu and about 200 km north of the junction with the Yangtze River. The confluence is 360 m ASL while the city is on a terrace some 20 to 30 m above the average river water level. In addition to these major rivers, the Zhugong stream flows through the middle of the urban centre. collecting wastewaterdischarges and discharging into the Min River upstream of the confluencewith the Dadu River.

The total area of the Leshan prefecture comprises one county level city and 12 counties with a population of 6.7 million in an area of 20 000 km2. In 1995 the industrial output was VI9.3 billion from X10.1 billion from heavy industry and Y9.2 b.illionfrom light industry. The major industries include paper pulp and paper. pharmaceuticals,chemicals, electrical equipment, food and beverages, textiles. Industrial water consumption is approximately 450 000 m;/day.

Tuo River Basin:

De.vang Devang City was founded in 1983 and has become an important city with industrial sectors including heavy machinery, large-scalepower generating equipment. professionalmechanical equipment, food, chemical engineering and building materials. The citv is located on the Chengdu to Mianyang Highway approximately60 km from each city. There are aggressiveeconomic development plans for the city of Devanz which are indicated by the population projections.

The urban environmental infrastructure of Deyang has lagged somewhat behind the economic development. especially with respect to wastewater systems and water pollution. The total area of the prefecture is 5 950 km2 and the urbanised area is projected to double in both size and population over the period to 2010. It is situated in the northwest of the Chengdu Plain. on the banks of the Mianyuan River. which flows from north to south into the Tuo River, a tributary of the Yangtze.

Zigolng Zigong was established on September 1. 1939 by combining the eastern salt site from Fushun Countv and the western salt site in Rongxian Countv. It has a total territorv of 4 373 km2 with 813 km2 in the urban centre. There are hills in the city with elevations ran-ing from 280 to 400 m above sea level.

Zigonu City is xvidelvknown as the -City of Salt" because it is rich in well salt minine. Over the last v0years it has developed into a medium sized city based on salt production. More recently, chemicals, machinerv manufacture have become major industries as well as food processin2z,building materials. textiles. metallurgy and electronics. A new expresswayjust compieted between Yibin and Neijiang passes through Zigong.

41367.EA.CFLAPTER I I , DECEMBER1998 SICHtjAN lJRBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT iNVIRONNMENTAL ASSESSNiENT Main RepTri

Yangtze River Basin:

Lzuzhou Luzhou City is located at the junction of the Tuo and Yangtze Rivers. The city centre, Jiangyang, lies at the end of a 5 km long and 1l.5km wide ridge that separates the two rivers. while small suburbs have developed on the north bank of the Tuo River and the south bank of the Yangtze. The total area of the prefecture is 12'245 km.

Luzhou is an integrated industrial city with power. chemical. machinerv and foodstuffs as the main industries. The Changjiang River (the Yangtze), with the tributaries of Tuojiang, Cishuihe. Yongning rivers flow through its administrationarea. Many enterprises in the city have their own independent water supply systems. which provide about 81% of the total water consumption in the city. The northern area of the city has recently received rail services and is experiencing rapid expansion and growing water consumption. Water shortage problems have existed for many vears in the area. particularly in Xiaosi. Anning and Gaoba. Hongfu town, which became the Luxian County Town in 1996, is predicted to experience rapid increases in population and industrial growth as well as agricultural output.

1.2.2 Regional Water Resources

The eastern half of the Sichuan Province has four major rivers, the Tuo. Min. Jialing and the Wu which all flow into the Yangtze at the southern part of the province. Together with the Jinsha and rivers in the mountainous westem part of the province. they endow the province with rich water resources. The river svstems of the Upper Yangtze Basin are shown in Figure 1.2.

Figure 1.3 shows the locations of the Phase I project cities within the Min and Tuo River basins. There is not a significant topographic barrier between the Min and Tuo basins in many areas, and trans-basin diversions and discharges results in significant integration of these basins for practical planning purposes. The Phase I SUEP cities of Chengdu and Leshan are located in the Min River Basin. although the eastern portion of Chengdu drains wastewater to the Tuo Basin. The cities of Devang. and Zigon2 are in the Tuo River Basin. although Zigong straddles the Tuo/Min River basins only a small portion of the city drains to the Min. The city of Luzhou is on the Yangtze River at the mouth of the Tuo River.

An understandina of the regional water resource management in the Sichuan Province is necessary in order to better appreciate the water quality issues of the study area. The agricultural potential of the Chengdu Plain has been greatly enhanced bv the Dujiangyang Irrigation Scheme located northwest of ChendLduon the Min. This Scheme consists of major headworks on the Min and a complex netwvork of natural and artificial channels across the Chengdu plain. The site has documented irrigation systems datin- back over 2000 years and the original headworks was built in the year 700. It is reported to be the oldest functioning irrigation scheme in the world and it uses the natural river configuration to minimise sediment problems in the irrigation systems. The plain drops from about 730 in at Dujiangyang to about i00 m at Chengdu. (Figure 1.4)

There is no current storage capacitv associated with the Dujiangyang scheme but planning is underway for a new reservoir on the Min River about 1i km west of Dujiangyang. One of the proposed uses for the new storage capacity is to provide additional flows in the dry season for river water quality enhancement. The Dujiangyang canals also provide trans-basin water and connect to

41367.EA.CIIAPTER i I -6 DECEMBER 1998 SICIIUAN URBAN ENVIRONMENTPROJECT ENVIRONNIENTALASSESSMENT Main Report the Tuo river basin in several areas. Since a large proportion of the baseflow in the Tuo is direct trans-basin water from Dujiangyang or indirect water from wastewater discharges, according to COWI/DHI. the two sub-basins operate more or less as one sub-basin.

The total annual run-off to the Yangtze, at Wanxian, is estimated to be some 426 billion m3of which some 26 billion m' is from the basins within Sichuan. The rainfallirun-offcharacteristics of the two main rivers affected by pollution discharges from the project cities are shown in Tablel.2 together with data for the JinshalYangtzeriver system.

Table 1.2 Hydrological Characteristicsof Selected River Basins

River Basin-Area Length Rainfall Run-off Run-off Ratio kmZ Km mm mm

Tuo 23 283 i5o 900 5i5 0.617

Min 22 664 730 1 000 585 0.585

Yangtze 974 881 2 908 1 000 436 0.436 1

Sichuan Province lies to the northwest of the Yangtze and 98% of its run-off drains to the Yangtze. The Project Cities lie on the Tuo and the Min which drain to the Yangtze.

Figure 1.5 is a schematic of the Min showing average quality of the river at various locations. based on COWI/DHI reports. It can be seen that upstream at Dujiangyang. the qualitv of the river is good but following the discharge from the Fu river. which receives the wastewater from Chengdu. the qualitv deteriorates. At this point it does not meet the Chinese Class Ill standard for surface waters which is that required for drinking water sources. The conditions in the Sha. Nan and Fu Rivers in Chengdu are generallv much more serious as will be reported later. Leshan at present abstracts water from the 'Min (upstream of the Dadu confluence) as a drinking water source. This is no longer acceptable. There is cleariv a problem in terms of oxvgen demand in the Min and its tributaries and this requires attention.

Figure 1.6 is a schematic of the Tuo River and it can be seen that conditions in the Tuo are even more serious. For the average spring flows the levels of BOD are about 7 to 8 mg/I for the entire river length from Deyang to the Yangtze while Ammonia (N) rises to 5 mg/I and is consistently above I mg/L. These are extremelv high levels and it can be seen that they result in the DO being reduced to 3 mg/I in places. Cities on the river. such as Deyang and Neijiang can no longer rely upon the river as a source for urban water supplies. The sources of this pollution in the Tuo and Min rivers are primarily liquid discharges from domestic and industrial sources. Pooriv operated official and unofficial solid waste facilities can be a contributor to water pollution and in seeking solutions to the water quality problems effective solid waste disposal must form an integral part of any plan. There is also a large loading of polILutantsfrom both natural and agricultural sources in the basins.

COWI/DHI-have prepared estimates of present and future pollution loads entering the Tuo. Min and the JinshalYangtze. These data will form a kev part in the preparationof pollution control plans for

41367.EA.CHAPTERI I 7 DECEMBER1998 SICHUAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT Main Repmrt the Project Cities. Difficulty is always experienced in the production of reliabie estimates of the many pollutant loads discharged bv industry and future forecasts cannot be precise. It appears that the estimated loads are as accurate as possible within the limitations of the COWI/DHI study time-frame.

Figure 1.7 shows a schematic of the general quality in various reaches of the Yangtze, based upon data collected by COWI/DHI for the spring periods of 1993 and 1994. In general. these are low flow periods prior to the summer rains. It can be seen that the water quality in the Yangtze, in terms of BOD and ammonia, is good over the entire length despite inflows from the polluted Tuo and Min rivers, as a result of the massive dilution provided by the Yangtze. There is not a strong case for controlling the discharges of BOD and ammonia in the Tuo and Min basins as a means for improving the quality of water in the Yangtze. Perhaps more relevant are the concentrations of nutrients, nitrogen and phosphorus, since these could cause problems in the Three Gorges Reservoir if concentrations are high and other requirements for algae growvthare met; temperature, light penetration and retention time.

As part of their river qualitv modelling work, COWI/DHI have prepared estimates of the pollution loads entering the JinshaNYangtzeriver system upstream of the Three Gor(gesReservoir. By dividing these loads by the flow in the Yanatze an estimate can be prepared of the "potential pollution" of the river. These data are shown in Figure 1.8 for river flows ranging from 5 000 to 25 000 m3/s which spans the range of ultra low flows to average flows. The Threshold Values for Total N and Ortho-P, at which algae can start growing if other conditions such as temperature, UV light penetration and residence time are adequate. are about 0.24 mg/l and 0.02 mg/I respectivelv. The problem levels are about 2.5 m/ll for Total N and about 0.1 mg/l for Ortho-P, at which point algae usually causes significant problems. It can be seen from the graph that enough Total N is present to allow algae arowth at sufficient rates to cause problems at the lower flows. Care is required when examining the phosphorus results because the load data is only available for Total P and Ortho-P is the key factor in algae growth and the threshold and problem limits shown relate to Ortho-P.

The analvsis above raised concem that serious algae growth might occur in the Three Gorges Reservoir. In order to clarif the matter further water quality and river flow data together with details of the reservoir were provided to the U.K. Water Research Centre and their algologists were asked to comment upon the likelihood of serious problems occurring in the reservoir. They concluded that some algae growth would occur but this would be insufficient to cause serious probiems. In particular it was their view that the quality of water in the reservoir and in the river downstream of the reservoir would not be such as to interferewith the performanceof water treatment processes.

Based upoIn the work of COWI/DHI. the sources of Total N and Total P in the Yangtze were examined. These are presented in Figure 1.9. based on two sets of data:

1. Results of a studv bv Mott MacDonald as part of the World Bank financed Hangzhou Bay Study at the mouth of the Yangtze river

2. Results from the COWI/DHI studv

Such estimates cannot be precise. Taking into account the different categorisation of sources used in the two studies and that the Hangzhou study covers the whole Yangtze basin while the COWI/DHI study only covers the basin upstream of the Three Gorges, the results from the two evaluations are fairly consistent. What is evident from both studies is that the bulk of the nutrients are derived from

41367.EA.CHAPTERI 1-8 DECEMBER 1998 SICHUAN URR.-N ENVIRONMNENTPROJECT * ENVIRONMENTALASSESSMENT MlainReport rural agricultural sources. Even if nitrogen and phosphorus removal was introduced for all urban discharges. the reduction of the Yangtze loads would oniv be about 10% using conventionaltreatment methods. Treatment for the reduction of N and P in the works proposed for the five project cities would result in no observable change in concentrationsin the Yangtze.

These matters were fully discussed at the WB Workshop in May 1997 and it was agreed by all parties that the removal of nutrients should not be considered in the design of project wastewater treatment works. The removal of oxvgen demand. in the form of BOD and ammonia. should be the objective in the Phase I SUEP projects. This decision was recently (May 1998) confirmed by an SPC study team investigating the Phase I of SUEP.

The significant urbanisation and industrialisation in the five Phase I SUEP cities is putting extreme pressure on surface waters. The following section introduces the local water resource issues of the five Phase I project cities. It is important to realise that. in addition to the main rivers flowingthrough the cities, there are many small drainage channels and tributaries in these urban areas that receive much of the domestic and industrial wastewater discharges, so the environmental needs extend well beyond the larger, classified surface waters.

Min River Basin:

C'hengdu The agricultural potential of the plains surrounding Chengdu have been greatly enhanced by the Dujiangyang Irrigation Scheme located northwest of the city on the Min River. Chengdu is located 30 km east of the Min River on the Fu. Nan, Sha and Pihe branches of the Dujiangyang scheme. The Pihe. which itself is formed bv the Su Yian. and Bai Tiao branches drains the eastern part of the city to the Tuo River basin. The Fu, Nan and Sha Rivers join in Chengdu and continue as the Fu He to the confluence with the Min River at the Penshan Bridge about 50 km south-west of Chengdu. Although these streams are a mixture of natural and artificial channels, they are all classified as Class III water bodies through Chengdu by the city EPB. but the provincial EPB has recommendedchanging them to Class IV. However. the Provincialgoal is to allow all streams to reach Class III levels downstream of SUEP cities. The Min River itself is classified Class III from Waizou (west of Dujiangyang) to the confluence with the Jinsha River, but it has difficulty meeting the standards in some reaches because of minimum flows. polluted inflow from Chengdu via the Fu He River. and an array of other pollutant sources.

There is currently no storage capacity associated with the Dujiangyang scheme but some early planning is underwav for a new reservoir on the Min about 15 km west of Dujiangyang. One of the proposed uses for the new storage capacitv is to provide additional flows in the dry season for water quality enhanceinent. Some of the proposed water resource management schemes currently under review also include revised operational svstems for Dujiangyang, conjunctive use of groundwater during the low-tlow months. and water conservation.

Leshan As shown in Figure 2.11 the Min River flows from north to south through the eastem part of the city. The Dadu River. which carries a much greater flow than the Min River.joins the Min in the southeast of the city. The Grand Buddha. which is a major tourist and cultural attraction. lies on the eastern side of the Min Riverjust below the confluence.

41367.EA.CLAPTERI 1 -9 DECEMBER1998 SICHUAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ENVIRONMENTALASSESSMENT MlainReport

The main pollutants in the Min River are ammonia. mineral oil and coliformnbacteria. The Min at the Penshan Bridge (upstream of Leshan) exceeds almost all standards because it is located just downstream of the confluence of the Fu He (that drains most of Chengdu). The river quality recovers to some extent by the time it reaches the Leshan Bridge and then is greatly improved by the 4 times dilution (drv-season conditions) it receives from the inflow of the Dadu and Qingyi Rivers. Leshan EPB reports that downstream of the confluence of the rivers the water quality is good at Class II. Further downstream. at the Leshan Nr 4 monitoring station, the water quality is excellent except for E-coli. Proposed SUEP wastewater treatment interventions in Chengdu will improve the water quality of the Min downstream as far as Leshan, but not to a significant extent.

The main concern in Leshan is the quality of the Min River upstreamof the confluencewith the Dadu River and the quality of the Zhugong Xi, a small open channel running through the heart of the city, which joins the Min River upstreamof the confluence of the Min/Dadu confluence.This open channel receives directlv a great deal of municipal and industrial wastewater.

Tuo River Basin:

Deyang Deyang Citv is located on an alluvial plain formed by the Mianvuan River, flowing north to south through the citv, and the Shiting River, flowing south-easterly and joining the Mianyuan to form the Tuo south of Devang. The average surface elevation in the city is 490 to 495 m. The two rivers constitute the upper part of the Tuo River svstem. The average annual flow of the Mianyuan River is about 1 419 million m'. The Mianyuan and upper Tuo basins receive significant trans-basindiversion water from the Dujiangyang irrigation scheme on the Min River. According to COWI. this input reportedly accounts for almost one third of the base flow of these upper river systems.

The Mianvuan River flows north to south through the urbanised area of Deyang and receives the majoritv of the wastewater in the Citv. The Shiting River collects wastewater from the southwestern part of the Citv and joins the Mianvuan a few kilometres downstream. Both of these rivers have extreme flow variations between wet and drv seasons. with the flow in the Mianvuan less than 0.5 m3/sat some times and mainly consisting of wastewater effluent.

Zigon,g As slhownin Figure 2.15. Zigong City is located on the Fuxi river in the southern part of the Tuo river basin some 200 km south of Chengdu and 44 km south-west of Neijiang. The city has developed around the confluence of the Xushui and Weiyuan rivers that join. to the northwest of the town. to fonn the Fuxi River. The length of the Fuxi River from Zigona to the confluence is 37 km.

The Weivuan river is polluted severeiy bv the industrial wastewater flowing from the iron and steel industrv. coal plant. natural gas de-sulphurisationplant. fertiliser industr,v.pulp and paper industry of Weivuan and domestic sewage from this area. In addition. the baseflow in the Fuxi in the drv season drops to near zero. with almost all flow consisting of domestic and industrial wastewater.

There are periodically large amounts of sludge and polluted sediments in the riverbed along the metropolitan areas of Zigong, which is subject to scour by large flood flows. Algae growth is widespread in the Fuxi River and ftewfish can live in the water. One of the most famous sites along the Fuxi River. Huanshui Pool, has deep water, but no aquatic life has been found there for many

41367.E.X%.CHAPTERI i - 10 DECEMBER 1998 SICHUAN URBAN ENVIRONNIENTPROJECT ENViRONMENTALASSESSNIENT MainReport years. Even during the wet season, the water quality does not improve because of ground water pollutants washed into the river and scouring of the in-stream sludges.

The extremely poor water quaiity conditions in the Fuxi River led wastewater treatment in Zigong to be ranked as the number I domestic wastewater project priority by both COWI/DHI and Mott MacDonald. as shown in Appendix A.

Yangtze River Basin:

Luzhou The Yangtze River is the longest river in Asia and the third-longest river in the world. Rising in western Qinghai (Tsinghai) province, the river flows 5 990 km to the East China Sea. The drainage basin of the river covers more than 1 827 000 km2. Ancient texts call the Yangtze the "Great River," and it is commonlv referred to as Chang Jiang (or "Long River").

The Yangtze and its tributaries are navigable for a total length of 3 000 km (1 864 miles). The volume of transportation on the Yangtze River system is greater than the total traffic on all the other rivers and waterways of China combined. The total annual run-off to the Yangtze. from the catchment upstream of Wanxian, is estimated to be approximately426 billion m3of which some 26 billion m3 is from the river basins within Sichuan.

The quality of Yangtze water is good over the entire length in Sichuan Province despite inflows from the polluted Tuo and Min rivers, but the natural total solids loading of the river is high in the wet season. The massive dilution of pollutants provided by the Yangtze results in good water quality in terms of BOD and ammonia. Therefore. the case for controlling the discharges of BOD and ammonia in the Tuo and Min basins, as a means for improvingthe quality of water in the Yangtze, is not strong. Perhaps more relevant are the concentrations of nutrients, nitrogen and phosphorus. since these could potentially cause problems in the Three Gorges Reservoir, under construction further downstream. However, as stated above, the risks are not considered to be so serious as to justify the incorporation of nutrientremoval in the wastewater treatment works to be constructed under SUEP l.

1.2.3 Domestic Water Supplies and Utilisation

Min River Basin:

Chengdu The public water supply svstem of Chengdu has been based on river water abstraction since early aroundwater abstraction systems at three plants were abandoned due to groundwater contamination. The Chengdu Water Companv manages four water treatment plants with a total design capacity of 1.05 million m7/day and a dailv average abstraction of 845 000 m'/dav. The City is also currentlv expandina the largest treatment pianit.Number 5. with a BOT project.

In addition to the municipal supply several major industries supply domestic water to the residential quarters for their emplovees at an estimated rate of 79 000 m3/d. Water demand has been increasing rapidly and this is attributed to three factors:

* Acquisition of more water-using appliances by urban residents:

.41367.EA.CHIAPTERI 1.11 DECEMBER198 SICHUAN URB-\N ENVIRONNIENTPROJECT ENVIRONNIENTALASSESSMENT MainReport

* Relocation of families from old urban areas to new apartment districts with improved water supply and sewerage facilities;

* Planned increases in the supply area within Chengdu City.

Leshan The Leshan Water Company serves about 90% of both the population and area of central Leshan from three WTWs using surface water sources. WTW Nr I located on the Dadu River supplying 20 000 tVd,WTW Nr 2 is located on the Min River supplying 15 000 t/d, and WTW Nr 3 takes water from the Qingyi River (but is located on the Min) and supplies 50 000 t/d. The Min River supply is considered unsuitable in terms of raw water quality and hence it is intended to abandon the Nr 2 plant after completionthe proposed SUEP WTW project.

Average daily production is considerably lower than the total design capacity due to an inadequate distribution svstem that limits the peak distribution capacity to 80 000 m'/d. This causes temporary shortages of water in the marginal parts of the supply area and in the new industrial zone. It is estimated that 10% of the Leshan's urban area is not served by the water supply system. Leshan Construction Commission state that currently water demand is 200 000 m3/d, far in excess of the total design capacitv of the existing plants. This chronic shortage is eased by the fact that the urban water supply is supplementedby a substantial self-supply by industries and others.

Tuo River Basin:

Deyang Deyang is located between the Mianvuan and Shiting rivers, approximately 60 km from Chengdu. The Mianyuan and Shiting form the upper part of the Tuo River system but the Mianyuan has insufficient vear-round reliable flow to be used as a water source for Deyang. Current water supply is abstracted from groundwater sources.

There are three existing groundwater municipal water supplv plants in Deyang with a total design capacitv of between 30 and 40 thousand m3/d. In addition, a fourth groundwater plant is under construction with a capacitv of 40 thousand m3/d. bringing the 1998 treatment capacity in-place to about 70 thousand mrId. In 1990. there were also 178 industrial and domestic wells in the city with a maximum annual water use of more than 50 million m', with several large industries using over 60% of this total. This amount of groundwater pumping is reportedly causing cones of depression in many areas.

The distribution svstem is undersized for city water supplv and leakage losses are serious. Due to these problems and the over-utilisation of groundwater, the City has explored using trans-basin surface water transfers from the Min River via the People's Canal. A proposed SUEP component to add a fifth plant of 100 000 m i'd, adjacent to the newvlyconstructed Nr 4 waterworks. was delayed until Phase 11due to Phase I funding limitations. This project proposal was based upon the extraction of water from the People's Canal about 24 km northwest of the city. There is also a proposed Qing Ping reservoir to be located in the northern mountains that could supply some surface water in the future.

41367.EA.CHAPTERI I -12 DECEMBER1998 SICHIUANllRBA\N ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ENVIRONMENTALASSESSMENT Main Report

Zigong The Number I (Chang Tu) WTW abstracts water from the Xushui river. Although it has a design capacitv of 80 000 m;/d, its average production is only 40 000 m;/d due to the lack of raw water in the dry season and capacity problems in the distributionnetwork. WTW Nr 2 (Li Shi Yuan), in the north of the town. and Nr 3 (Ma Lie Wan) obtain raw water from the Changfu Reservoir located 31 km north of Zigong in Neijiang Prefecture. They are supplied through a i000 to 1200 mm transmission main. The two WTWs have design capacities of 100 000 and 45 000 m;lday respectively, but the allocation of water from the reservoir is only 100 000 m3/d. As such. the full design capacity of these two WTWs is not being fully utilised.

The total design capacity of all WTW in 1996 is thus 225 000 m3'day, with daily average production of 116 700 m3/day. Water treatment processes typically include intake, mixing-coagulation- sedimentation,filtration, disinfection and storage. Alum is used for coagulation.

The pipe distribution svstem includes 223 km of pipe. with a diameter equal or greater than 100mm, and 8 booster pump stations. The average operating cost is equivalent to 0.75 Y/t and the averagesale price is 0.8 Y/t (0.85 industrial, 1.0 Y/t for commerciaLand 0.75 Y/t for domestic use. There is also significantdirect industrial supply in the city amountingto 200 000 m7/dav.

Yangtze River Basin:

Luzhou The Luzhou Urban Water Company has three existing WTW. The Zhongshan WTW was built in the aOs and later expanded to 20 000 m'/d designed capacitv. The Southern WTW was built in 1987and has a designed capacity of 50 000 m3/d. The third WTW is the northern WTW (Beijiao) with Phase I built in 1994 with a design capacity of 50 000 m3/d. (However, water distribution constraints limit the actual production to 30 000 m31d). The southern WTW and the northern WTW extract water from the Yangtze while the Zhongshan Works extracts from the Tuo. The Zhongshan only operates during the rainv season.as a standby WTW. because of the poor water quality in the Tuo.

A fourth WTW. the Nantian WTW. located on the south bank of the Yangtze with a design capacity of 6 000 m !d. actualiv supplies about 10.000 m'/d. In addition to these main WTW,the Urban Water Companv also owns a number of very small water WTW such as Taian, Shuizhongba. Guanshan.and Sawan. There are also a variety of small village WTWs. Industries operate about 27 water sources with most belonging to large and middle-sized factories and enterprises. The total supply capacitv of these sources is 482 000 m-/d. which includes about 4 000 m3/d from groundwater sources.

Fuji town is located 35km north from the Beijiao WTW. This area and other small towns will be served by a new pipeline located adjacent to National RoadwavNr 32 1.

The Naxi/Antiiarea southwest of the urban centre and south of the Yangtze will also be served by the Luzhou Water Company in a new WTW scheme.

41367.EA.CRAPTERI I -13 DECEMBER 1998 SICHIUAN URBAN\ FNKIRONN1FNI PRf) JCT FNJVIK(P'\II N[-\ ASsES\JII

1.2.4 Sewerage Systems

Min River Basin:

Chengdu Chengdu is divided into five sewerage catchment areas. Approximately 70% of the Chengdu City urban area is covered bv the municipal sewer system whilst another 20% discharges directly into the Fu or NaanRivers. The majority of the urban area is drained by gravity towards the four main rivers crossing the city. There are approximately 650 outfalls to the Fu and Nan Rivers. although a current programme of interceptor sewer construction is being carried out. The existina outfalls into the Fu and Nan Rivers will remain open and act as combined sewer overflows (CSOsj until the sewer networklis convertedfrom a partialiv combined into a fully separate system.

The older areas of the citv are served bv a combined sy;stem.consistina of covered brick or concrete collector channels located in the footpaths on both sides of the street. Larger concrete pipes or rectanrular channels are typically located under or along major roads. All domestic se\vaQe reportedly passes through septic tanks before discharging into the public sewerage network. and these tanks wvilleventuallv be phased out as sufficient W%vTWsare constructed.

The Shizishan WwTW was the first city sewaae treatment works and consisted of primary settlement onlv. The facilitr is worn out and the raw,sewage currently bypasses without treatment. This plant is located in the service area of the proposed Nr 2 WwT\Wand it will be removed after completion of this project and the sewerage will be directed to the new works.

In 1992. the Sanwavao WwTW became operational. serving the sewerage area covering the western and northern parts of the citv. It currentlv receives about 600 000 m3/d of dry-weather inflow while treating onlv about I00 000 m3/d. The incoming flou is split and up to 500 000 m;ld of raw sewase is bypassed to the Fu River after mixing with the treated wastewater effluent. The Phase 11construction of the Sanwavao WwTW recently began under a loan from the Government of the Netherlands. This phase will increase the capacity of the WwTW from 100 000 to 400 000 m'/d. Phases I and Il of Sanwavao WwTW are located just north-east of the proposed Nr 2 WwTW. a short distance upstream on the opposite bank of the Fu River as shown in Figure 2.9.

The industrial wastewater from most enterprises is discharged directly into the adjacent receiving waters. in man,vcases without anv form of treatment. All major industries are supposed to treat their effluent to the provincial standards before discharging either to receiving surface waters or to the public sewer network. Chengdu Cit' EPB records that 68% of this effluent receives some degree of treatment. ranging from primary to full secondary treatment. There are also ten major industries in the urban area that reportedly contribute 80% of the organic wastewvaterload in the city.

Leshan Wastewater from the domestic sewerage system is discharged through 32 outlets to the surrounding rivers with 7 large outlets to the Min River and 6 large outlets to the Qingvi and Dadu Rivers. The Zhugong River receives wvastewaterfrom 7 minor outlets. The major industries include paper pulp and paper. pharmaceuticals.chiemicals. electrical equipment, food and beverages. textiles.

Five major industries reportedly contribute 80% of the industrial wastewater flow, although recently some of these are understood to have stopped operations. These industries discharge "pre-treated" SICHUAN URBAN ENVIRONMENTPROJECT ENVIRONNMENTALASSESSMENT Main Report

wastewater into an industrial interceptor running north-south along the west bank of the Min River. The industrial interceptor discharges into the Dadu He at the confluenceof the Dadu and Min Rivers. Whilst the new interceptor to be constructed under SUEP will discharge municipal wasteNvater downstream of the Grand Buddha, this industrial interceptor will continue to discharge upstream of the Grand Buddha. although in an area of higher tLrbulienceand mixing provided by the Dadu.

Reportedly, 100% of the urban population of Leshan are connected to the sewerage network. However, only 20% of the remaining municipal population are connected to the sewerage system. There is no existing sewage treatment plant, although domestic sewage is passed through septic tanks before discharge into the sewer network. The pollution of the Min River has resulted in a serious impact on the environment adjacent to the Grand Buddha scenic spot and Leshan city. To some extent this has restrained local economic development.

Although all major factories in Leshan are required to pre-treat their waste discharge to the approved Sichuan Provincial Standard for Industrial Discharge. it appears that this treatment is not being achieved. The major industries do not fully treat their effluent before discharging into the industrial sewer, but it has not been possible to fully establish the degree of treatment that is achieved before effluent is discharged.

Tuo River Basin:

Devang For planning purposes Deyang is split into four drainage areas. The 1" Drainage Area covers the urban area to the west of the railway line and discharges into the Shiting River. The 2nd Drainage Area is the largest of the four and covers the urban centre of the city. The Mianyuan River forms the eastern boundary of this sub-catchment and is the receiving water for all wastewater discharges. The main sewers in the drainage area flow from west to east and discharge directly into the river. However. I I km of interceptor sewer has been constructed along the west bank of the river and collects the flows from the sewers in the top half of the sub-catchment. The interceptor is incomplete and at present and discharges untreated sewage through a single outfall halfway down the drainage area into the Mianvuan River, as shown in Figure 2.14. South of the interceptor. a number of outfalls exist. discharging sewage from the rest of the catchment into the river.

The 3 rd Drainage Area is located on the east bank of the Mianyuan River. and as with the 2'n Drainage Area, all wastewater flows are deposited directly into the Mianyuan River. At present these flows are discharged through numerous outfalls into the river, however the Urban Master Plan for Devang contains plans for an interceptor sewver to be constructed to convey all dry weather flows to future phases of the proposed SUEP WwTW. The Urban Master Plan also includes plans for splitting the older combined areas of the sewerage network to make the network exclusively separate.

The 4"' Drainage Area is situated to the south of Deyang City and covers a small suburb of the citv. The majority of waste%Naterfrom this sub-catchment is discharged into the Mianyuan River: however. there is a single outfall into the Shitinu River in the west of the drainage area.

There is currentiv no wastewater treatment in the city although some industries do some level of pre- treatment and the hospital disinfects prior to discharging effluent to the sewers. The city of Deyang has been constructing sewer interceptors along the Mianyuan and placing parks and footpaths along the river over the new sewers. The planned wastewater treatment works for the city will be located

-41367.EA.CliAPTERI I IS DECEMBER1998 SICH5UAN tIRBAN FNVIRONNMENT PROJECT ENVIRONNMENTAL ASSESS,MENT Mlain Repon

8.5 km south of the city, adjacent to the Mianyuan River at Tan Yuo Fang in the Ba Jiao Development Zone. Its design capacitv is 100 000 m3/dav. It is estimated that the current load of sewage is 50% domestic and 50% industrial.

Zigong The sewerage system covers an area of approximately 37 km2 including a population of 441 000. small-scale industries and commercial areas and institutions. Combined sewers serve the older areas although all future development is to be served bv separate sewers. Flooding is a problem during the wet season as some sewers are undersized. There are numerousoverflow points to the various rivers in the city.

The Fuxi River passing through Zigong is the main receiving water for all industrial and domestic wastewater. It is highly polluted and falls below the standard for a Class fll river, failing even Class IV during the drv season. Eutrophication is a serious problem during the dry season and residents frequently complain about the pollutedstate of the river. The Fuxi River in the downtown area shows obvious signs of the pollution and creates health and aesthetic problems. During the 6-month drv season, the municipal sewage and industrial discharges constitute at least 50% of the Fuxi river flow, which frequently has no natural flow at all.

There is no existing WwTW in Zigong. All domestic effluent passes through septic tanks before discharging into the public sewer system. All major industries are required to treat their effluent to the provincial standards before discharging into the domestic sewer network or directiv into receiving waters.

Manv heavv industries are located in Zigong, including chemical. salt. natural gas, sugar and metal production. Of these, the chemical industry is dominant. The Zigong EPB lists 13 major industrial pollution sources within Zigong. The majority of these heavy industries are located around Zigong City and in Fushun. a town situated on the Tuo River. The discharge of industrial wastewater from the 12 largest manufacturers in Zigong City was 85 000 m3/d in 1995 (78% of the total industrial wastewaterdischarges).

Yangtze River Basin:

Lzrtzhou2 There are no major wastewater treatment works in Luzhou and there are several direct sewage discharges to the Yangtze just upstream of the confluence with the Tuo. In most of the urban area. septic tanks are used and the sewers are a variety of combined street drains. There is a small pilot wastewater treatment works (Yaerdang) of 6 000 m3/day capacitv which was completed in 1995 w*hichaccounts for about 10% of the domestic sewage from the Jiangyang district. During a site inspection in 1997. it did not appear to be operating properlv.

It was originallv proposed to extend the Yaerdang pilot works to 60.000 m'ldav on a nearbv plot of land of 6 ha. In order to make efficient use of the proposed works. the existing combined sewer svstem of 120 km would need upgrading and conversion to a separate system. and an intercepting sewer would be required alon_ the banks of the Tuo and Yangtze Rivers. This project was dropped from the first phase of the SUEP when it was appreciated that the massive dilution capacity provided bv the Yangtze River dictated a low environmental benefit compared to competing environmental needs.

11367.EA.CHAPTER I I -16 DECEMBER 1998 SICHLIANUlRBAN ENVIRONNIENT PROJECT ENViRONNIENTALASSESSMENT MlainReport

Jiangyang district, is the old part of the city and is served by a combined sewerage system. It is estimated that 90% of the urban population is connected to the public sewerage system, with the remaining 10% using latrines. All domestic sewage passes throughseptic tanks before discharging to the public system. The hospital doses its effluent with chlorine before discharging it to the sewer svstem.

Industries located within the city of Luzhou discharge approximately 175 000 m3 of wastewater each day, with a further 650 000 m; being discharged bv the remaining industries in the municipality. The main industries within Luzhou are chemical, paper and fertiliser factories. All major industries are required to treat their effluent to the provincial discharge standard before discharging to local receiving waters or into the public sewerage system. However, in reality treatment varies from non- existent to full secondarv treatment and there is little knowledge about the overall compliance with this standard.

1.2.5 Solid Waste and Sludge Disposal Systems in Place

Min River Basin:

Chengdiu In Chengdu. domestic solid waste is collected bYthe Utility and Sanitary Administration Bureau and deposited at a sanitarv landfill located 33 km to the east of the citv. The landfill is reported to receive approximately 2 000 tonnes of waste each day, which is deposited in a single 2 m thick laver and covered regularlv with earth. Three drainage channels exist around the site to collect and divert surface water and a dam at the base of the landfill creates a storaze area for leachate from the waste. The leachate is conveyed to a small on-site treatment plant, which is designed to treat the leachate before discharging it into a small stream. The plant has not been working recentiv.

Leshan In Leshan. domestic solid waste is collected by the EnvironmentalSanitation Division and deposited at a landfill site approximately four kilometres south east of the citv. The landfill site is reported to receive 180 tonnes of waste material each day. of which 30 to 40 tonnes has been incinerated in the past. During recent site visits. the incineratorwas not operating and appeared not to have been in use for sometime. The landfill is not lined but it has a leachate collection and treatment svstem consisting of settlingy.anaerobic treatment and disinfection before discharge to a small stream. Solid waste is deposited in 0.3 m thick lavers and covered regularly with dirt. Operational procedures. including provision of regular cover. are not adequate. The area is ventilatedwith stone filled areas to avoid -as accumulations.

The Environmental Sanitation Division empties septic tanks at a rate of about 60/month and the sludgte(estimated at 140 tons/month) is hauled to the solid waste landfill or applied to farmland.

41367.EA.CHIAPTERI I - 17 DECEMBER1998 SICHUAN IRHAN FNVI RONMENTPROJECT ENVIRONMvIENTALASSESSMENT Main Report

Tuo River Basin:

Deyang The amount of solid waste from the city is estimated at 200 tons per day including waste from minor factories, commercial areas and institutions. It is collected by the Urban Administration Commission. The solid waste is processed either at an existing composting plant at a site in Maanshan Mountain east of town and about 2 km from the river, or an existing landfill several kilometres from the city centre. It is estimated that about half is composted and half is landfilled. The waste plant has an incinerator. composting plant and small landfill with leachate aeration pond. The City initially applied for a SUEP MSW project to increasethe capacity of the composting plant but the project was rejected on a variety of technical, cost and environmentalgrounds. In Phase II of the SUEP, the City will most likely upgrade and expand the existing landfill operation. as well as improve their collection systems.

Zigong The quantity of solid waste from Ziaonc is estimated at 300 tons/day including waste from minor factories. commercial areas and institutions. The solid waste is collected by the Sanitary Bureau and either brought to a composting plant located 30 km southeast of town or to a dump site 10 km from downtown. The plan is to abandon the dump site and expand the treatment site in a future phase of the SUEP. The compostingplant was not in operation during a 1997 site visit.

Yangtze River Basin:

Luzhou Approximately 390 tonnes/day of domestic solid waste is transport to a local landfill site. A new incinerator has been built to the west of the town centre between the two rivers. It has a capacity of 200 tonnes/dav. but has not been commissioned vet due to the lack of spare parts. This site also contains a landfill site. which is reported to have experienced several gas explosions in the past. The city will undoubtedlv require a new MSW project under a future phase of SUEP.

1.2.6 Population, Water Supply, Wastewater and MSW Projections

Population and project loading projections follow for the nine Phase I SUEP projects. There are three projects in Leshan. two in Luzhou and Zigong, and one each in Chengdu and Deyang.

Leshan Number4 WTV Table 1.3 summaries the forecasts of maximum water requirements in order to meet the totai water demand for the service area of Leshan City.

Table 1.3 Total Water Requirements, Leshan

XMaximumWater Requirements/m'/d) X ear\ COW( I SWN'IEDRIC Low | NIedium | High 1996 42 138 596 100 1 69 100 i 69 100 '000) S77268 1 199500 97 100 J 97500 99800 2005 129390 275350 132500 138000 144800 2010 1 171054 351200 180400 200600 223200 !201I ! 459900 23iS00J 266800 308700

41367.EA.CHAPTERI I - 18 DECEM4BER1998 SICHUAN URBAN ENVIRONMIENT PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSiMENT Main Report

Zigong Min River Intake and WTW Table 1.4 summaries the forecasts of total water requirements for the service area of Zieong Water Company.

Table 1.4 Total Water Requirements, Zigong

.ear r Total Vater Requirements(m ld)

- car Low Mledium High 1995 149 000 149 000 149 000 2000 192 400 197 700 203 200 2005 267900 284400 302 700 2010 386300 414 200 472 800 2015 527800 590 100 726300

Luzhou BeUiao WTW This project will expand an existing WTW in Luzhou and serve small towns to the north and a new development zone. A median growth scenario was adopted for the purposes of checking preliminary engineering designs. This approach results in the maximum water requirements for each of the five satellite towns shown in Table 1.5.

Table 1.5 Median Maximum Water Requirements, Luzhou Beijiao

|ear [V'ater Requirements(m'/d) Total Anning | Shidong ShuangJia Desheng Renhe Fuji (inc. 15%losses) 1996 1 700 1900 160 500 120 6800 11 650 2000 5000 3 600 500 1 200 500 j 15200 225 800 i010 10200 X 8200 1500 3 100 1 500 j 41 500 1 75900

The proposed suppiv of 30 000 m3/d to Fuji and the satellite towns will be utilised immediately if the hiHh or median groxvth scenarios are realised, or will only be sufficient until the year 2004 if the low arowth scenario is realised. The remaining 20 000 m'd supplied by this project will be used in the existing Luzhou service area. including the new Nan Gao development zone.

Lzchou Daxikozt WV7TV This facility will serve the Anfu and Naxi service area southwest of Luzhou and replaces an existing small and inefficient facilitv in Naxi. Domestic water demand forecasts were prepared on the basis of projected population and a per capita demand. and are presented in Table 1.6. The per capita demands used by the UPDI were 200. 250 and 300 I/c/d in the years 2000. 2010 and 2050 respectivelv. These figures were considered to represent the 'hiLh' scenario and for the purposes of sensitivity analysis. a 'medium' girowth prediction was prepared using the lower per capita demands for Luzhou City. In Table 1.6, 4 500 m;/d of water has been added to that produced by the Anfu Water Company as an estimate of the supply from the Gas Company.

41367.EA.CHAPTERI i -19 DECEMBER 1998 SICHUAN U.RBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT Main Report

Table 1.6 Domestic Water Demand Forecasts, Luzhou Daxikou

Y ear Per 'Medium'Scenario | *High' Scenario l Per Capita(1I/cd) Demand(m 3/d) Per Capita(llc/d) Demand(m3/d) 1996 145 4 2001+ 4 500) 145 4 200 (+ 4 500) 1997 i 148 5 000(+ 4 'oo) Ii5 000 (+ 4 920) 2000 159 10 100 200 12 700 2005 f 170 11 700 213 s5900 2010 r 180 13300 225 19600 2015 200 16500 250 25500

Chengdu iVr2 Wiv7TW The projected wastewater flows for the 3rd Drainage area, to be served by the Nr 2 WwTW proposed under SUEP. are shown in Table 1.7.

Table 1.7

Projection of Wastewater in 3rd Drainage Area, Chengdu

TotalWasteWater in 3'uDrainage Area (m'/d) VYear Low f Nledium High 1995 162300 162300 162300 2000 189900 197200 201700 2005 224600 244200 261600 2010 314100 356200 L 40300 2015 399800 480400 562000

Leshan Waste vater Collection and Preliminarv Treatment Svstem The new interceptor to be constructed under SUEP will serve the urban area of Leshan. yet will only convey 72% of the total wastewater discharged into the municipal sewer svstem. The other 28% equates to the amount of wastewater discharged directly by small industries or wastewater that is generated bv the sub-urban population which are not being served by this phase of the interceptor sewer. Table 1.8 presents the average wastewater flows predicted to enter the proposed SUEP interceptor. (Note that the proposed SUEP interceptor sewers will also serve for future growth in Leshan and have Ia design capacity of 254 000 m;ld.)

Table 1.8 Total Wastewater to Interceptor, Leshan

Xear Lou Total WVastewaterWMd) | Low Medium High I SNVIEDRIC I 1996 36200 1 36200 363 200 1 20(00 4800 1 46 000 j 47 000 2005 62 000 64 600 67 400 201( 8;800 92600 102000 o1000000 j01' 107900 122600 140 100 I150000

Devang Ww7W The catchment area of the west bank interceptor comprises approximately half the total area of the citv. SWMEDRIC estimate that 40 to 50 % of Deyang's sewage originates from industrial premises. many of which undertake preliminarv treatment of the effluent. Table 1.9 presents forecasts for

41367.EA.CHAPTERI I - 20 DECEMBER1998 SICHUAN U!RBANENVIRONMENT PROJECT ENVIRONMENTALASSESSMENT Main Report wastewater produced in the western drainage area of Devang. These flows have been calculated by simply proportioning future wastewater flows in accordance with the size of the catchment.

Table 1.9 Projection of Wastewaterfrom Western Drainage Area, Devang

VYear | Total*W'astewater fm'/d) Low Medium | High SWMIEDRIC 1995 53 200 53 200 53 200 40 000 2000 71000 74500 78000 ! 67000 2005 98 000 114500 124900 100500 2010 132900 167800 196900 134000 2015 170900 233 300 285 700 l

Zigong VwTV The proposed interceptor sewer that will convey wastewater flows to the neNwWwTW in Zigong will serve approximately 53 % of the urban population. These flows are displayed in Table 1.10.

Table 1.10 Total Wastewater Dischargingto the Interceptor, Zigong

$ear TotalWastewater entering Interceptor (m3/d) I \'ear S Low Mledium High 1995 97i600 97600 97600 2000 j 126000 129500 133100 2005 175-500 186300 198300 2010 I 253100 271400 1 309800 2015 3 345800 1 386600 3 475 800

The WwTW at Zigong will have a treatment capacitv of 80.000 m3/d. It can be seen that the works. which is scheduled for completion in 2002, will operate at full capacity from the day of completion.

Leshan Municipal Solid Waste Project Table 1.11 provides the MSW forecast for Leshan:

Table 1.11 MSW Forecast, Leshan

Year Popuiation CitYCentre k2/ person,da! M.S.W. NI.S.W. M1,S.V Total M.S.9W. - Collected (irowth PopuLlation Gro%%1th Generated Collected Delivered MSW Recycled by Rate Including Rate b% By others to or Disposed Munic. o per Migrants " per Municipality Landfill of elsewhere Gov't annum (x I1000i annum (T/ day) (T/ day) (T/ day) IT/ day) (T/dav))-)

1997 6.5 233 0.84 196 S0 20 100 96 41 2000 4 280 0.87 244 195 25 220 24 80 2005 4 40 0.91 309 263 15 278 31 85 2010 -4 410 0.96 394 355 0 35 39 90

The forecast population figures in the City Centre. including the migrant population in the vear 2010, varv from a maximum of 450 000 to a minimum of 200 000. The figures used in Table 1.11 are closer to the City Master Plan figures because the city PMO believe the high growth rate per annum

41367.EA.CHAPTERI I -21 DECEMBER1998 SICHUAN tURBA-NENVIRONMENT PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT MainReport will be achieved by enlarging the city centre, changing the boundaries and bringing rural populations into the urban area.

1.3 Policv, Legal and Administrative Framework

Laws and Regulations of Environmental Protectionthat were important to the performanceof this EA included:

* Constitution of P. R. China (December 4. 1982):

* Environmental Protection Law of P. R. China (December 12, 1989);

* Law of P. R. China on the Preventionand Control of Air Pollution (August 29, 1995).

* Law of P. R. China on the Preventionand Control of Water Pollution(May 15, 1996);

* Water Law of P. R. China (January 21, 1988);

* Water and Soil ConservationLaw of P. R. china (June 29, 1991).

Wild Animal Protection Law of P. R. China (November 8, 1988);

* _Lawof P. R. China on the Prevention and Control of Solid Wastes Contamination (October 30. 1995);

Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Cultural Relics (Nov 19. 1982).

- tRegulationson Administrationfor Environmental Protection of Construction Projects (GHZ 1986) No. 003 issued by National EP Commission. National Planning Commission (NPC) and National Economic Commission);

Guidelines and recommendations important to the conduct of this EA included:

* A Number of Suggestions about the Environmental Management Problems of the construction Projects (HJ(88)No.117 issued by NEPA).

* Some Suggestions of Further Doing Management Work on the Construction Projects Well (HJ(93)No.015 issued bv NEPA);

Notice of Strengthening the EA Management Work of the Construction Projects financed bv Loans of International Financial Organisations (HJ(1993)No. 324 issued by NEPA, NPC. Ministry of Finance. and Bank of China);

Decisions of the State Council on a Number of Problems of Environmental Protection (GF(1996)No.31).

41367.EA.CHAPTERI i -22 DECEMBER 1998 SICIIUAN URBAN ENVIRONMNIENTPROJECT ENVIRONMENTALASSESSNIENT Main Report

* Decision of the Sichuan Provincial People's Government on Strengthening the Work of EnvironmentalProtection (CFF(1996)No. 142);

TeclinicalGuidance for the conduct of this EA included:

* Technical Regulation of Ecological Impact Assessment of the Construction Projects ConcerningNatural Resources Exploitation (Draft) (December, 1995);

* Technical Guidelines of EA (HJ/T2.1-2.3-93);

* Operational Directory for World Bank Financed Projects -- Environmental Assessment (OD4.01 issued bv W.B. in July 1992).

* Data Collection of EA (W. B. DocumentNo. 139, October 1993);

The followingdocuments were also used as data sources relative to the performanceof this EA:

* Proposal on Sichuan Urban EnvironmentProject, Phase I (by Leading Group Office of SUEP, November 1996);

Proposal on Sichuan EnvironmentProject, Phase I Financed by World Bank Loan (by SMEDRIC. March 1997);

* Pre-feasibility Study Reports prepared for the nine Phase I component projects (by SWMEDRIC,March 1997).

* Environmental Assessment Outlines of SUEP Component Projects (Sichuan Research Institute of EnvironmentalProtection. July 1997);

* SUEP City Planning Documentsand Atlases:

* Reports on the Land Acquisition and Resettlement for the Construction of SUEP Component Projects.

City studies on pollutant discharges. ambient water quality in stLdy area. air quality. noise. and biolocical environments:

SRIEP investigations of sewage quality, sludoe quality and raw water for potable water supplies.:

* Investigation Data on Public Participation (Municipal Governments and Environmental Protection Bureausof Phase I project cities. December 1997).

* Technical Outline for EA (HJ/T2.1-2.3-93);

41367.EA.CHAPTERI i -23 DECEMBER1998 SICHUAN URBAN ENVIRONNIENT PRO.IFCT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT Main Report

1.4 Scope and Standards of EnvironmentalAssessment

In v'iew of the nature of the proposed projects, the EA scope was divided into two time periods, construction phase and operational phase. In both of these phases. the scope included the necessarv treatment and disposal systems as well as the related collection system. pipeline and other project facilities.

The standards for the environmental assessment of the projects were identified by the Provincial and Citv EnvironmentalProtection Bureauxand thev include:

* Ambient air: Class B of Ambient Air Quality Standard. GB3093-1996:

* Surface Water Environment: Categories III and IV of Environmental Qualitv Standard for Surface Water, GB3838-88 (Fuxi is onlv Categorv IV currentlv but river reaches in Chengdu and Deyang have been recommended by Provincial EPB to change from Category III to Category IV.);

* Acoustic Environment: Class B of Urban Regional Noise Standard, GB3096-93

The appropriate discharge standards for use in this EA included:

- Air pollutants: Class B of Integrated Emission Standard for Air Pollutants. GB16297-1996: Class B of Emission Standard for Offensive Odour Pollutant GB 14554-93:

Water pollutants: Class of Integrated Discharge Standard for Wastewater. GB8978- 96:

'Noise:Class B of BoundaryNoise Standard for Industrial Enterprises,GB12348-90.

* Solid wastes: Pollutant Control Standard for Agricultural Sludge GB4284-8: Technical Standard for Sanitary Landfill of Municipal Refuse (CJJ 17-88)

1.5 The Need for the Project

The SicihlianProvincial Government has carried out the overall planning of the exploitation and utilisatioii of water. wastewater and solid waste in a number of the cities in the Yangtze River catcihmentarea. The components of the SUEP in Chengdu. Devang. Zigong. Neijiang. Luzhou. Leshan. Yibin. Mianvang. Guangyuan. Panzhihua and Nanchong have been placed on the agenda. The objectives of this planning are to:

Implement comprehensive controls on wvaterpollution in the Yangtze and its four main tributaries in Sichuan Province;

41367.EA.CHAPTER I i -24 DECEMBER 1998 SICHIUAN URBAN ENVIRONNIENT PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT Main Report

* Meet the increasing water demand of large and medium sized cities in the province and improve the urban environmental quality of cities along the rivers;

The complete implementation of the above mentioned components or sub-projects will significantly reduce the problems related to water supply, wastewater treatment and solid waste or refuse treatment/disposal for 75% of urban residents in the province. The implementationof those sub- projects will have practical and far-reaching significancefor creating a good ecological environment, improving people's living standards and achieving the strategic target of sustainable development in Sichuan.

The screening and rationale for selection of project components for inclusion in the first phase of the SUEP is described in Section 2.1. The SUEP project benefits are fully described in Section 5.1.

1.6 Assessment Objectives, Criteria, Parameters

The EA work for the proposed project was undertaken in three steps:

(1) Preparatorv Work: Included field survey. relevant data collection, investigation and evidence gatheringfor the compilation of the EA outline.

(2) Compilation of the EA Outline: Based on the preparatory work and in termnsof the characteristics of the project, specialists compiled the EA Outline, and then submitted it to SEPB for examination.

(3) Field Sampling and Monitoring: After the EA Outline was approved by SEPB, the EA team went to the project sites to conduct sampling. monitoring, public investigationand expert consultation.

(4) Compilation of the EA Report: The EA Report was drawn upon the basis of previous work. The main guidelines for the compilationof the EA Reports were:

* Notice of Strengthening the EA Management Work of the Construction Projects Financed by Loans of International Financial Organizations, issued by NEPA. NPC. Ministrv of Finance, and Bank of China:

* Technical Guidelines of EA. HJ/T2. 1-2.3-93 issued by NEPA:

* The EA Outline and its Written Repiv:.

* The relevant data provided by the cities. city EPBs and SWMEDRIC in the pre- feasibilitv design reports:

41367.EA.CHIAPTER I 1-25 DECEMBER 1998 SICHUAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ENVIRONNMENTAL ASSESSMIENT Main Report

1.7 EA Preparation Requirements

The Environmental Assessment (EA) for this project was based on the following directives and guidance documents:

* World Bank Operational Directive 4.0 1, October 1991 (Class A Project);

* World Bank Environmental Assessment Sourcebooks, Volumes 1-3, Technical Papers 139. 140. and 154.

* World Bank Environmental Assessment Updates 1-21, through December 1997.

* World Bank Aide Memoires (May 97, Oct 97. March 98);

* NEPA Standard HJ/T 2.1-2.3. 1993. Technical Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment, 1993-09-18 published, 1994-04-01 in effect.

* Class A project determination

1.8 SRIEP and Participants

Sichuan Research Institute of Environmental Protection (SRIEP) was created in 1977. It is a research institute majoring in environmental sciences, being composed of 8 professional sections, including environmental engineering, environmental assessment, environmental ecology, environmental information. It employs 230 staff. including 170 technical staff of whom 107 are engineers and senior engineers. SRIEP has a Class A Environmental Assessment Certificate awarded by NEPA. and has a Class A Pollution Control Certificate awarded by SEPB and a Class C Project Design Certificate awarded bv the Sichuan Construction Commission.

Since 1977. SRIEP has sponsored or participated in a number of kev research projects at national or provincial level. The main topics have been air pollution prevention and control. water pollution prevention and control. baseline conditions of water and soil. environmental pollution in the Three Gorges and its impact on human health. environmental regional boundaries, noise control and solid wastes disposal. SRIEP has won several awards at levels at ministerial and provincial level.

SRIEP has also undertaken the environmental assessment work for a number of projects. involving chemical engineering. metallurgy. electric power. hydrology. pharmacv. food processing, building materials, textile. pulp/paper making and machinery. Four such projects were World Bank financed: Integrated Agricultural Development in Sichuan Province and Poverty Reduction in Qianjiang PrefectLre. Moxi Natural Gas Exploitation. Ertan Hvdroelectric Transformation & Transmission. and Qinba Mountain Poverty Reduction. For these projects SRIEP not only undertook the EA but also the environmental monitoring and evaluation during their implementation process. The key SRIEP staff taking part in the environmental assessment work for this project are listed in Table 1.12.

41367.EA.CHAPTER I 1 - 26 DECEMBER 1998 SICHUAN LIRB.\N ENVIRONMENTPROIFCT ENVIRONMENTALASSESSMENT Main Report

Table 1.12 SRIEP - Members Participating the EA work of the SUEP Project

Name Profession Post 1 Main Dui,

Ding Floucan Environmentalassessment Deputxdirector. Enpineer Chief Fang Zhili Environmentalecologe Ditto Chief in charge of sub-report Wang Honglei Environmentalassessment Ditto Ditto Liu Yongqi Ditto Ditto Ditto Wang Qing'an Environmentalecology Ditto In charge of sub-report Liu Zhongren Ditto Senior engineer Ditto Luo Men2hua Ditto Ditto Ditto Gu Runnan Environmentalassessment Ditto Ditto Sun Fan; Environmcntalecology Engineer Report compilation Xie Qiang Ditto t Ditto Ditto Zhang Qiujing Ditto Ditto Ditto Deng Lumin Environmentalassessment I Ditto - Ditto Li Lianedonge Ditto 1 Report compilation. tiEuresdrawing Su Peng Ditto 1 Ditto Wei Ming Environmentalacoustics Engineer Report compilation Yu Heng Ditto Assistant engineer ! Ditto

1.9 EA Organisation

The Phase I SUEP Overall EA contains information regarding the entire Phase I SUEP program. includinc summarv information on the EAs prepared bv SRIEP for the individual component projects.

Appendices included in this EA are as follows:

Appendix A. Urban Pollution Impacts Assessment, iMott MacDonald, 9/97.

Appendix B. Approaches to Water and Wastewater Treatment B- l. Water Treatment B-2. Wastewater Treatment

Appendix C. Pre-Appraisal Summary Report, 3/98.

Appendix D. Relevant National and Provincial Regulations and Standards

41367.EA.CHAPTERI I -217 DECEMBER1998 Figure 1.1 Sichiuain P'rovinec Locatioin Chiria

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41 3b7 FA:~FUR i RI I 1 1 IN4TWASI? ENVIRONMENTALASSESSMENT SICIAN UzRBANENVIRONMENT PROJECT SMainRepon

Figure 1.2 Upper Yangtze Basin Main Proiect cityivr Rwer Rivers AX Trbutary MAinRiver A'VMin River

a Sichuan Province 0 100 200 Kiometers ChongqingMunicipality

DECEMBER1998 41367.EAFIGUREI.2 PROJECT SICHU'\N URBA\NENVIRONNiENT ENVIRONNIENTALASSESSMENT

Figure1.3 ProjectCities

Tlin Basin )

DECEMBER1998 41367.EAFIGURE1.3 SICHUAN URBAN ENVIRONMENTPROJECT ENrVIRONMENhTALASSESSMENT Main Rport

MIN

DIANGYANUJ \ Rfnti

A,Main River ChengduPlain /\/Tributary Rivers& Canl

ChengduPlain N

°, 10 2DKibneteeFgue1 S

41367.EAIIGURE 1.4 DECEMBER i998 >m Figure 1.5 Min River System -1993-4, Spring z

c: X~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ z Fu River z

Chengdu NanRiver ShaRiver O

Yangtze River DO=10 IIT_| B0D=1 .5 Dujiangyang NH3N=0.2 /^ . Min River

Leshan I Dadu River

QingyiRiver

PROPOSEDPROJECTS:

WASTEWATER: !WATERSUPPLY ' r m man~ r 1 Chengdu Control pollution of 1 Chengdu Increasing deman w Tuo & city m rivers !T2 Leshan Replacement of V, 2 Leshan Reduce pollution polluted source oc ofTuo 4- M~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ m) z

c >

0' Figure 1.6 Tuo River System - 1993-4,Spring m i 0 k Yangtze Z River I ~~~~~zHr I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-- 2 m + ++ / t~/iTuo Rie 7 Mianyuan River /u Rivuzhouer

Deyang Neijiang - Zigong Jian River i

Shiting River Fuxi River

m

PROPOSEDPROJECTS: _

WASTEWATER: IWATERSUPPLY Z n 1 Zigong Fuxi - WQ bad in city i Deyang Possible Contamination 2 Deyang Pollution of Tuo of GW by Mianyuan. ,..m wn 3 Neijiang Pollution of Tuo in city | 2 Zigong In adequate source I 6 Luzhou ??3 Luzhou Extension of demand > Z

_, W m m Figure 1.7 Yangtze River System - 1993-4, Spring z

M

I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-

DaduRiver Fu River Qu River

Min River rtTuo River Jialing River 1|H To ThreeGorges Reservoir Jinsha River Yangtze V Yangtze River

Yibin Ltuzhou Chongqing Wanxian

DO=8.5 DO=8 DO=8 I DO=8.2 BOD=0.8 BOD=0.8 BOD=2 ! BOD=1r NH3N=O.1 NH3N=0.2 !NH3N=0.2 ! NH3N=0.15

z

5 m 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ m t m'> a, ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ m >=. _ oLa 00~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ SICHUAN l)RBAN ENVIRONMENTPROJECT ENVIRONMENT1\L.ASSESSMENT Voliume2 - iMainReport

Figure 1.8 Yangtse Nutrient Loads & Algae Problem Potential

3 .- ---. 0.4

Z-1-0.3 .. Lo a d . N ro.- bIm, I :Loa P~Thrhd ---E-; ' . t4x^ hreshd.~_eqSfe z -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0.2a. J'R-...z4.-...... >-e..;.. ------^- .--. - ...... 0 Z.._U _.... -.0;.1s,& >;-i-=R .4-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~._~i~~ -0_*; ;

Yangtse Flow - m3Is

41 367.EA.F1GI-RF]8 DECEMBER1998 SICHUAN URBAN ENVIRONMENTPROJECT ENVIRONMENTALASSESSMENT VtUmiie2 - Main Report

Figure 1.9

Sources of Pollution - Whole Yangtse Basin (Hangzhou Bay Study) 120

100 - Urban Domestic 80 -~~~~~~~~~~~Industry

X 60 - Fertiliser 0 Livestock 40 8 Other 20-

Total N Total P

Sources of Pollution - Yangtse above Chongqing (Cowi Study) 120

100

____,; .- .__...... - Urban Domestic S 80 < N ;Xt 7><5Se;tss&& iH _-at.-- Industry 60 i7iAgriculture 40>a;0090.00;,'0^0 00,>>40~J40 EARural 'S f'I<--S@2 m Rural Towns 20

0 Total N Total P

41367.EA.FIGUREI.9 DECEMBER 1998 SICHUAN URBAN ENVIRONMIENTPROJECT FNVIRONNIENTALASSESSMENT NMainReport

2.0 DESCRIPTIONOF THE PROPOSEDPROJECT

2.1 Overviewof SUEPPhase I Project Components

The objectives of Phase I of the SUEP have been delineated in detail by SUEPO and DFID but can be summarised as follows:

* To advise and assist the Sichuan Provincial Government in developing environmentally, socially and economically effective schemes to improve water supply, water pollutioncontrol and solid waste services for six cities in the province.

Table 2.1 shows the projects that are proposedfor the first phase of the SUEP:

Table 2.1 SUEPPhase I Project Components

Water Supply I. Leshan Water SupplyPipe and Treatment Works Nr. 4 100,000m'/d 2. Zigong Water Supply Pipe and Treatment Works 200,000 m;/d 3. Luzhou Beijiao Water SupplyExpansion 50.000 m'/d 4. Luzhou Daxikou Water Supplyand Treatment Works 50,000 m;/d

Domestic Waste Water 5. Chengdu Nr 2 Treatment Works and interceptor sewer 300,000 m;/d 6. Leshan WastewaterCollection and Preliminary Treatment 254,000 m;/d 7. Devang TreatmentWorks and sewer 100.000 m3/d 8. Zigong TreatmentWorks. Pumping Stations and sewer 80,000m;/d

Municipal Solid Waste 9. Leshan Improved Collection Equipmentand Landfill 400 T/d

Note: Six cities were originallv included in the Phase I of SUEP but Neijiang WwTW dropped out due to funding limitationsand project readiness. Five cities now remain in Phase 1.

2.2 Project Formulationand Development

2.2.1 COWI/DHI Project Inventoriesand Ranking

The SUEP Project has been undergoingpreparatory work for several vears under a varietv of funding sources. in addition to the DFID funded project preparation work involving Mott MacDonald. Some of the most relevant work to the project covered in this EA is listed below:

Water Sector Fact Finding Study carried out by Ausino (Australian funding) Development Trends and Infrastructure Studv undertaken by Chreod (Canadian funding) * Urban Water & Wastewater Resources Strategy including water quantity and quality modelling carried out bv COWI/DHI (Danish funding)

41367.EA.CHAPTER2 2-1 DECEMBER1998 SICHUAN tURBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ENVIRONMIENTAL ASSESSMIENT Main Report

* GIS Implementationstudy carried out by several Canadian firms in joint venture as the Canadian SichuanInformation Management Consortium.

The consulting teams of Ausino. Chreod. and COWI/DHI all prepared some level of project prioritisation work during their input to the SUEP Phase I preparation. The Ausino Prioritv Guidelines included the following organisationalstricture:

Water Supply

* projects which contribuLteto an optimisationof utilisation of existing facilities; * projects which have the lowest incremental costs; • municipalities who express a willingness and commitment to introduce cost recovery and demand management; * areas where there is a high incidence of water-bornediseases. * poorer areas.

Wastewater Projects

- projects which alleviate the problem of wastewater discharges to receiving waters upstream of water supply intakes. • projects which solve industrial wastewater discharge problems, including industrial discharge problems outside of the large urban areas; * projects catering to the more densely populated and older core areas of the cities as a high per capita benefit should be expected in these locations; * projects which have the highest cost-effectiveness; * pollution absorptioncapacity of the receiving waters.

Chreod used a ranking model based on four themes:

I. urban growth prospects: . economic growth prospects: 3. demand for environmental infrastructure: 4. ability to pay for infrastructure.

The Ausino and Chreod analvses were integrated into the primary project prioritisation work that was undertaken by the COWI/DHI team and finished in the spring of 1997. They ranked 147 schemes that they had considered in outline. These comprised 23 water supply schemes. 52 municipal wastewater schemes. 22 industrial wastewvaterschemes. 18 municipal solid waste schemes. 24 flood control/water resources schemes and 8 other schemes.

The following pre-screeningz criteria were adopted by COWI/DHI in conjunction with SUEPO in the earlv elimination of potential projects from the Phase I of SUEP: * Projects which w%ereoutside of the scope of the Urban Water and Wastewater Resources Strategy: * Projects for which funds from other sources had alreadv been allocated: * Projects which are not urgently needed. which have been proposed for implementation beyond the year 201 0;

41367.EA.CHAPTER2 2-2 DECEMBER 1998 SICHU.AN URBAN ENVIRONMIENT PROJECT ENVIRONiMENTAL ASSESSMENT Main Report

* Project which are not adequatelydescribed (ie. lack of cost estimates); * Municipal projects which address areas outside of the main urban areas; * Projects which are proposedas a direct result of the implementationof the Three Gorges Dam project.

After a screening procedure the lone list was reduced to a shorter list of 78 projects. The ranking of these projects involved the use of four main criteria each with a weighting criterion, as follows. supported bv 8 sub-criteria.

Water. Wastewaterand Resource Management Schemes 60

Infrastructure and ManagementSupport 15

Financially viable service providers 10

City/Province and Basin Priorities 15

The COWI/DHI project screening results for Water/Wastewater projects were evaluated against the following with the correspondingweights in brackets:

1. reduces the bacteriologicalpollution of surface water (10) 2. reduces pollution with ammonia and organic material in surface water (10) 3. reduces eutrophicationin surface water (10) 4. reduces other surface water pollutants (10) 5. reduces groundwaterpollution (10) 6. improves the water resource availability (15) 7. reduces the incidenceof communicable diseases (25) 8. improves the recreationalenvironment (10)

The following sub-criteria were used by COWI/DHI to evaiuate the projects' effects within infrastructureprovision and management:

1. service level improvements (10) 2. supply capacitv (deficit of persons served) (30) 3. unit cost of the proposedproject (10) 4. equitable access to services (20) 5. status of project preparation (30)

AlthoUgh a large number of proposals vere submitted to SUEPO from the project cities. SUEPO proposed components w ithin and from the Tuo River Basin. Chengdu and Leshan for prioritv implementation during the Phase I of SUEP. The provincial SUEPO provided the following background information relative to this prioritisation:

* The Tuo River has the highest preference because it contains over 22 million in population, or about 20% of the provincial total, even though it only contains 5% of the provincial land area. Water shortages are severe in the basin and at the same time pollution loads are serious. negatively affecting the ability to withdraw more water.

41367.EA.CHAP'rER2 2-3 DECEMBER 1998 SICHUAN URB.-AN\;ENVIRONMIENT PROJECT ENVIRONMNIENTALASSESSMFNT Main Report

* Chengdu City, the capital of Sichuan, is the centre of South-western China in terms of economy, trade and culture. The environmental infrastructure is far short of what is necessary to serve the city causing extreme water qualitv degradation in the urban area.

* Leshan is one of the most popular tourist cities in China having the Grand Buddha cultural and historic site. Water supplies are outdated and insufficient and there is no adequate wastewater collection or treatment system. Solid waste management is also inadequate.

The ranking positions established by COWI/DHIltogether with the SUEP preferences are shown in Tables 2.2 to 2.4 (Note SWMEDRICis the Southwest Municipal Engineering Design and Research Institute of Chenadu. the SUEP local design consultant.)

Table 2.2 Ranking of Municipal Wastewater Schemes (COWI/DHI)

C Preliminarv Cost Estimates Citv Scheme COWI/DHI Phase I 1997 (prelim.) Ranking SUEPSelection Mlillion: Source Zisone No. II Yes 320 SWMEDR]C Chengdu No.2 2 Yes 568 SWMEDRIC Devang No.1 4 Yes 210 SWMEDRIC NeiiianE Bairnuchong II Yes () 346 SWMEDRIC Leshan Dujiachane 13 Yes 269 SWMEDRIC Neijiang Xinshi 18 60 COWIIDHI Chengdu Wuguibei 27 720 COWI/DHI Chenedu Jiang'anhe 28 110 COWI/DHI Chengdu Fuhe 29 330 COW\IDHI Chengdu Sanwsvao 30 220 COWI/DHI Chengdu Qingbaijian 31 220 COWI/DHI Leshan Sha%wan 36 19 COWI/DHI Leshan Zueongshi 37 360 COWI/DHI FLeshan Wutongquiao 38 26 COWU/DHI Luzhou Ya'erdang 41 Yes 136 SU'MEDRIC

Droppedout of PhaseI afterinitial selectiondue to fundingand project readiness.

41367.EA.CHAPTER2 2-4 DECEMBER 1998 SICHUAN URBAN ENVIRONNIENT PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAl ASSESS\iIFNT Main Repqrt

Table 2.3 Ranking of MunicipalWater Supply Schemes (COWI/DHI)

Cowl/DHI Preliminarv CostEstimates Citv Scheme COWUDHI PhaseI 1997 (prelim.) Ranking SUEPSelection Million V Source De%ang Municipal S Yes () 370 SWMEDRIC Zigon2 Min River 10 Yes 450 SW'EDRIC Chengdu Qinbaijiane 14 5o COWIfDHI - Luzhou Beijiao 17 Yes 166 SWMEDRIC Chen2du TwS,6 32 Yes 1120 SWMEDRIC Luzhou Daxikou 33 60 COWIIDHI Leshan No.4 44 130 COWI/DHI Luzhou Lantian 46 80 COWIIDHI Luzhou Lingvo 51 0O COWIIDHI Leshan Municipal 5.6 Yes 147 SWNiEDRIC Neijianig BeijingSource 1 73 161 COWI/DHI

Droppedout ol PhaseI afterinitial selectiondue to fundingand project readiness

Table 2.4 Ranking of MunicipalSolid Waste Schemes (COWI/DHI)

COW l/DHI Preliminary CostEstimates Citv Scheme . Phase 1 1997 (prelim.) . Ranking SUEPSelection Million : Source Neijiane Dongauanvuan I. Yes 1) 12 SWWMEDRIC Deyang Ma'anshan 20 Yes ( ) 20 SWMEDRIC Leshan Municipal 34 Yes 62 SWMEDRIC Deyang Guanghan 36 10 COWI/DHI Luzhou Ganyutan | 39 18 COWI/DHI

Droppedout of PhaseI afterinitial selectiondue to fundingand project readiness

The COWI/DHI rankings shown relate to the whole 78 projects. which cover all types of scheme. Within each table the preferred schemes of the particular type are ranked from the top downwards. The SPG. SUEPO office and the design institute worked closely with proposed project cities to further develop a list of proposed projects. These projects are shown as "SUEP Selection' in these tables and there wasgenerally good agreement on the selection with the prioritisationscheme. Table 2.5 shows the originally proposed SUEP Phase I construction schedule. which has now been delaved:

41367.EA.CHAPTER2 2-5 DECEMBER 1998 SICHIUANURRAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ENVIRONMIENTAL,.\SSESSMIENT M-ainReport

Table 2.5 SUEP Phase I Construction Schedule (typical)

Nr Year Canstruction Schedule 1.Compiete preparation of construction. 1 1998 2. LandAcquisition. resettlement and site preparation. 3i Order foreignequipment. _. Civil works for watersupply projects. 2 1999 2. Civil works for sewagetreatment projects. 3. Site preparationfor MSW treatmentprojects. I. Compietionof civil works of WS projectsand equipment installation. 3. 2000 2. Completionof civil worksof sewagetreatment projects. equipment installation. and sewer pipe construction. 3. Constructionof civil worksof MSW treatmentprojects. I. Completionof installation.water supply projects. 4 2001 2. Completionof installationof sewagetreatment equipment and complete pipe construction works. 3. Installationworks. MSW treatmentequipment. I. Completeauxilianry works of all projects. 2. Testrunning and commissioning.

2.2.2 World Bank Review, Mav 1997

The SPG has committed itself to incorporating World Bank policies for water resources management into the provincial strategy for the SUEP. This includes the following five major principles for water resources management: I . Development shall be based on a sustainable use of resources; 2. Water shall be considered a social and economic good with a value that reflects its most valuable potential use: 3. Water management shall take place at the lowest appropriate levels; 4. Governments shall plav an enabling role: 5. Water management shall be based on a holistic approach both in terms of the managing institutions and in terms of the natural resources. These principles. and the main issues related to them, with potential tools for implementation identified by COWI/DHI. are shown in Table 2.6:

Table 2.6 World Bank Water Resources Management Principles and Issues (COWI/DHI)

Principles Issues Potential loois Modemntechnology Developmentshall be basedon a sustainable WaterconservationQaniyoecvs uscof resources. Reccling andreuse Quality objectves . _ ~~~~~~Qualitobiecnives W ater as a ,ocial and ccontlimicgood w%ith VaiuTof water I'ariffs value consistent with its most valuable . . . Incentives potentialuse. Prig of water Subsidies Water managemtent at the lov%est Decentralisation Institutionalstren2thenin2 appropriatelevels. Privatesector involvement Autonomv to institutionis Supplydriven development Investmentcapital/planning Governmentsshall pla%an enablinerole. Demanddriven development Public awareness Resourceprotection Environmentalstandards Monitoring andenforcement Water managementshall be based on a Riverbasin authorities Walistermanproagem shall be based on aCoiilict resolution Catchmentcommittees holisticapproach Managementdata and informationsvstems

41367.E.CHAP-rER2 2-6 DECEMBER 1998 SICHUAN I !RTBF\NFNVlRON%MENT PROIECT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMIENT Main Rcport

A Workshop was held bv COWI/DHI/SUEPO from the 6th to 9Mayh 1997 covering all aspects of work undertaken to date. The most significant points to arise in terms of effect upon the SUEP Phase I project and EA are listed in Table 2.7:

Table 2.7 World Bank Decisions of May 1997 Important to EA

SUIEP EA Issue World Bank.lay 1997Decisions Water and The COWI/DHI work hadnot yet reachedthe stage "shere tully operatingriver qualitymodels are available to assess Wastewater the merits of alternativepollution controlstrategies. The World Bankagreed to proceedingwith the preparationof Strategies 14 engineeringprojects for appraisalbut required fullerjustification for the selectionof theparticular schemes.

It wxasestablished that the contributionof the six cities to the nutrients entering the Three Gorges Reservoirwould be negligible andthat the removal of nutrients. nitrogen andphosphorus. from the cities'wastewater was not justified |

The projectsshould determine water quality improvement from proposedschemes which will necessitatethe setting of reasonable-"lo%%-low' conditions for comparingthe achievementof ChineseClass 11- ClassV standards.The projectteam should evaluate the ability of existingirrigation diversion schemes. especially the Dujiangyanirrigation system diversionsto theTuo Basin.

The Bank is very interestedin obtainingmore information on the operationof the existingseptic tanks in the cities and the disposal of sludge. includingtimetables for removal of these tanks once treatment plants are installed.

Project Selection The World Bank reviewed and agreed in principle to most of the proposed SUEP projects with some modifications.

Sewage treatment plants in SUEP will not have nutrient removal because it was determined that the domestic sewage contributionto potential algae formation in Three Gorges was insignificant compared to totalbasin loads. Solid Waste The World Bank experts were not supportive of proposed incineration and composting plants for a varietr of Projects economic and technical reasons. The proposed solid waste projects should be considered landfills at this stage. until additional work can be accomplished tojustify the other options.

The World Bank would send a solid waste technical assistance team to Sichuan in the summer to further evaluate the solid waste management systems.

EA Processing The Bank concluded that a category '-A" EA should be prepared.

The bank officers preferred that a single EA be prepared which first covered the overall SUEP conditions and the entire province. and then individual chapters on each project. and finally an overall mitigation and monitoring plan for the SUEP that combines the recommendationsof each selected project.

Public participation can be limited to locally elected representatives so that all communications with such officials should be documented and presented as indicativeof public participation used in the project.

Land acquisition and resettlementplanning is very important.

Following the meeting of May 1997. the World Bank requested Mott MacDonald to undertake a review of projects in order to generate a ranking list based upon -Benefit/Cost". This study was prepared and a report was issued under the title of the "Urban Pollution Impacts Assessment". This report was taken as the final justification of the project components included in SUEP I and is included in this report as Appendix A. The approach and findings from this work are summarised below.

41367.EA.CHAPTER2 2-7 DECEMBER 1998 SICHUAN URBAN EN\VIRONMIEN,\TPROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT MlainReport

2.2.3 Urban Pollution Impacts Assessment

The Urban Pollution Impacts Assessment (UPIA) is fully presented in Appendix A to this EA. The UPIA considered impacts on Sichuan's rivers from discharges of municipal wastewater which is of domestic and industrial origin. The two most important parameters expressing the detrimental impact of such discharges are: 1. Biochemical Oxvgen Demand (BOD), and 2. Ammonia as the ammonium ion (NH.-) which, when dissociated to free un-ionised ammonia (NH3) is highly toxic to fish. Ammonia also exerts an oxygen demand as it is biochemicallydegraded to nitrate (NO3-)and water; this oxygen demand is not included in the oxygen demand expressed by BOD. These two factors have been combined to create a parameter of Oxygen Demand (OD). This parameter was calculated according to the formula: OD = BOD + 4.3 * Ammonia

Although, chemically, ammonia requires 4.57 units of oxygen to decay, the multiple of 4.3 times ammonia was selected because the decay process is facilitated by the action of micro organisms and some of the ammonia ends up being incorporated into the bacterial protoplasm in an unoxidised state such that on average 4.3 units of oxvyen are used for each unit of ammonia. The procedure used for calculating a pollution index was to compare the OD, estimated at selected points in the river, to the OD that the river water should show if it were in a state considered as unpolluted. The unpolluted state was determined from the river water quality standards (according to Class) assigned to each reach of the rivers by the EnvironmentalProtection Bureau (EPB).

From the river classificationsthe OD objective was calculated based upon the objective for BOD and the derived objective for ammonia. The reach pollution index was calculated by selecting a representative point in the river reach, calculating the OD predicted bv the computer model (OD,) at this point and dividing the ODPby the objective OD (OD,). If the reach pollution index ODp/ ODois less than 1.0 then the reach may be considered to meet its objective, in such cases the index is normalised to 1.0. If the reach pollution index ODpI OD. is greater than 1.0 then this is an indication of the degree of pollution.

It was desirable to combine the indices calculated for each reach of a river to create an overall river pollution index. Because the river systems under consideration consist not only of the main river channel but also of a number of important tributaries the river pollution index is calculated for all these reaches and then called a river basin pollution index. The river basin pollution index is derived bv subtracting I from the reach pollution index to eliminate any reaches that meet their objective, multipiving the reach pollution index by the length of the reach. then dividing the total of this for all reaches by the total length of the river. This index would be zero for an unpolluted river. Because the basin pollution index is norinalised by length it is reasonable to compare the index calculated for one river basin wviththat calculated for another to give an overall indication of the degree of pollution.

Because the class standard concentration for ammonia is expressed as free unionised ammonia it was necessary to translate this to a concentration of ionised ammonium. This can be done using a standard relationship xvhich is dependent on temperature and pH. The temperature was modelled by COWIIDHI and a global pH of 7.9 was selected following a review of monitored pH values. For a gtivenconcentration of ammonium the proportion unionised will increase with both temperature and pH.

41367.EA.CFIAPrER2 2-8 DECEMBER 1998 SECHUAN URBAN ENVIRONMIENT PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMIENT Main Report

Details of the modelling and assumptions made can be found in Appendix A. Models were run for March 1987 flows in all cases and for 1987 and 2010 discharoe loads. These two years were chosen because 1987 is the year for which a complete data set exists for the calibration of the model and 2010 is the design horizon for the project.

A limited number of water qualityvmodelling tests were conducted by COWI/DHI, using MIKE I 1 to determine the effective of various water pollution control interventionson the quality of the rivers in the basins. The COWI/DHI results were used to calculate River Basin Indices for the baselinecase. with no interventions.and for a number of cases covering the wastewater treatment proposalsfor all of the project cities. Table 2.8 below summarises the findings.

Table 2.8 Expected changes in water qualitv in Sichuan rivers and impact of proposed wastewaterSchemes based on an analysis of MIKE11 runs.

Sourceof Data Descriptionof Scenario 1 BasinIndex % Change |Mmin River j Baseline 1 1.4S 1987Loads PhaseI Chengduand Leshan 1 1.04 28% Baseline 1 2.85 1 .lin River PhaseI Chengdu 2.39 16% 2010Loads I PhaseI Leshan 2.85 0% PhaseI Chengduand Leshan 2.39 16% Tuo River Baseline 2.11 1987Loads PhaseI Devangand Neijiane 1.89 10% Baseline ] 4.40 Tuo River PhaseI Dexang 4.14 6% 2010Loads Phase I Neijiang | 4.33 2% PhaseI Devangand Neijiang 4.07 7%

From this initial assessment it mav be seen that the Chengdu wastewater scheme is likely to provide the greatest benefit for the rivers in comparisonto any other scheme. The Leshan wastewater scheme is not expected to yield anv significant improvements in the overall qualitv of the River Min as a result of the very large dilutions provided by the inflow of the River Dadu at Leshan. Deyang wastewater scheme will improve the qualitv of the MianVuanand Shiting rivers to which it currentiv discharges untreated sew,agebut will not significantly improve the quality of water in the Tuo river. The Zigong wastewater scheme provides significant local improvement to the Fuxi in Zigong, but little improvement in the Tuo River downstream.

The combinations of treatment strategies show that for the river Min it is possible to effect considerable improvements in water quality and get relatively close to meeting water quality objectives in the future. Unfortunately in the Tuo catchment. constructing all the treatment schemes together will still not prevent further deterioration of the river. However. there will be benefits for in the immediatevicinity of the cities and there will be an increase in the length of river reaches between the cities which do meet their river water qualitv objectives.

Bv contrast. for the Min river. although complete treatment of municipal and industrial wastewater in 2010 results in a considerable improvement in the quality of the'water and a large reduction in the pollution index. the length of river that actually meets its river water quality objective during the low flow situation does not increase from the baseline 405 km out of a total river basin length of 685 km.

41367.EA.CHAPTER2 2-9 DECEMBER 1998 SICHUAN UJRBANENVIRONNIENT PROJECT ENVIRONMENTALASSESSMENT Nain Report

It was found that only for the most extreme combined treatment and flow augmentation scenario, resulting in a basin index of 0.37, that the length of reaches meeting their objectives under the March 1987low-flow situation increases to 449 km.

This limited series of tests was insufficient to allow the aeneration of a "Benefit" wilich could be applied to the manv individual schemes of interest; For this reason a simplified river quality model was produced and calibrated against the more precise MIKE 11 results. The advantage of this new model was that tests runs could be quickly undertaken.

The objective underlying this water qualitv modelling work was to identify, from a selection of possible wastewater collection and treatment schemes, those bringing the greatest benefit to the environment and to the people of Sichuan for the least expenditure of limited funds. Normally in a cost benefit analysis a monetary value is derived to quantify the benefits which can be compared directly with the constructionand operating costs of the project. For an environmental improvement project such as SUEP it is not practical or realistic to attempt to calculate a monetary value for the benefits. For this reason an alternative method, using the River Basin Pollution Index (RBPI) was developed, which provides a sound, objective and consistent quantitative measure of benefit. A benefit cost index was calculated as:

BaselineRBPI - SchemeRBPI * 10,000 PVcost

The schemes were then ranked by this index to clearly identify those with the greatest benefit to the qualitv of the river whole basin for the least cost.

Table 2.9 shows a list of all the schemes involvingthe treatment of wastewater dischargeswhich have been considered. ranked with those with the highest cost benefit index at the top. It mav immediatelv be seen that the treatment of discharges in Zigong receives a verv high prioritv, this is because the river Fuxi is so heavilv polluted bv domestic wastewater from Zigong and has so little baseflow in which to dilute these pollutants.

41367.EA.CHAPTER2 2-10 DECEMBER 1998 SICHIUAN URBA\N ENVIRONMENT PRO.IECT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT Main Report

Table 2.9 Ranked Cost Benefit for all schemes and combinations involving wastewater treatment

River Scenario Detail Number TBasin Index % Benefit|P Cost Benefit

Iuo 80uoMunicipal Zigona T7 2.550% 859.61 16.29 Tuo PhaseI Zigone T3 6.57 5% 254.04 14.96 Tuo Major industries Zigone TI l 6.63 5% 259.67 12.32 Tuo 80°oMunicipal Deyang TS 6.,34 9% 520.58 11.72 Tuo 80%M,%unicipal Deyann.Neijiang and Zigong T8 4.75 320o 1905.55 11.55 |Tuo Phase I Deyano TI 6.60 5% 311.37 11.24 Tuo Minor industries Zigong T16 6.85 1% 96.05 10.41 Tuo Major industries Deyang T9 6.85 1% 96.39 10.37 |Tuo PhaseI Deyane.Neijiang and Zigong T4 6.13 12% 850.28 9.64 Tuo Combinations 80%+ Major Industry T25 3.74 46% 3575.64 8.98 Mlin 80%Municipal Chengdu M4 1.53 52% 2125.48 7.90 |Min Combinations Chengdu80%+ Major M12 1.21 62% 2554.86 7.83 Min Major industries ChenadutMin) M7 2.88 10% 429.38 7.69 Tuo Combinations PhaseI + Major Industry T23 5.09 27% 2520.37 7.38 Tuo Combinations 80%+ Major + Minor T26 3.34 52% 4896.67 7.37 Tuo Minor industries Deyang T14 6.82 2% 186.16 6.98 Min PhaseI Chengdu Ml 2.72 15% 769.52 6.37 Tuo Major industries All Major Industries T13 -.94 15% 1670.09 6.05 Tuo Combinations PhaseI + Major + Minor T24 4.63 33% 3841.35 6.04 M Nin Combinations As M12 + 80%Leshan M13 1.20 63% 3572.55 5.63 Mvmin 80%Municipal Chengduand Leshan M6 1.52 53% 3143.17 5.38 Min PhaseI Chengduand Leshan M3 2.72 15% 1085.14 4.52 Min Minor industrics Chengdu M7 2.85 11% 841.84 4.28 Tuo Major industries Neijiang TIO 6.72 3% 595.27 3.86 Tuo Minor industries Deyang.Neijiang andZigong T17 6.47 7% 1321.06 3.63 Tuo 80%Municipal Neijiang T6 6.77 3% 525.37 3.43 Tuo Major industries Chengdu(Tuo) T12 6.72 3% 718.76 3.20 Tuo PhaseI Neijiang T2 6.86 1% 284.87 3.16 Tuo Minor industries Neijiang TI1 6.70 4% 1038.S5 2.41 Min Phase I Leshan M2 3.21 0% 315.62 0.16 Min 80o%Municipal Leshan M5 3.20 0% 1017.69 0.10

To clarifv the relative benefits of municipal wastewater treatment schemes. Table 2.10 shows the benefits and costs of full municipal wastewater treatment - as represented by 80% BOD and ammonia removal - and the benefits and costs of the Phase I schemes.

The order of the schemes remains the same showing that this first programme of works is a step in the right direction. The total benefit cost has been calculated for all the cities and indicates that despite higher costs the overall benefit of providing a high level of treatment in the future is greater than only providing partial treatment. This is largelv due to the fact that the scenario of removing 80% of BOD and ammonia removes a greater proportion of the ammonia than the Phase I scenarios and. because of the greater OD per ton and lower decay rate of ammonia. shows a greater overall benefit.

41367.EA.CHAPTER2 2-I I DECEMBER 1998 SICI-IUAN I IRBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ENVIRONNIENTAL .-\SSESSMIENT MIain Report

Table 2.10 Ranked Benefit Cost for Municipal Wastewater Collection and Treatment Schemes

River Scenario Detail Number BasinIndex NP Cost Benefit Basin ] ______. _ _ _ __ j / n l 1 M Cost *ruo 80%klunicipal Zieone T7 5.55 200'T 859.61 16.29 Tuo 80%Miunicipal Deyang TS 6.34 f9% 520.58 11.72 Min 80%Municipal Chengdu M44 1.53 52% 2.125.48 7.90 Tuo 80%0Nlunicipal Neijiang T6 6.77 3S% 525.37 3.43 Min 80%.Municipal Leshan M5 3.20 0% 1.017.69 0.10 T'otal All Cities 14% 5.048.72 7.69 | Tuo PhaseI Zigong T3 bt.7 5% 254.04 14.96 Tuo PhaseI Devang TI 6.60 5% 311.37 11.24 Min PhaseI Chengdu "VI 2.72 15% 769.52 6.37 Tuo PhaseI Neijiang T2 6.86 1% 284.87 3.16 Min PhaseI Leshan M2 3.21 0% 315.62 0.16 Total I All Cities 4% 11.935.42 6.79

Reference to Appendix A will show that a number of other aspects were covered in the analysis and a number of important aspects were revealed by the work, for example:

1. The augmentation of river flows in the drv season, in addition to the treatment of wastewater, will be necessary if water quality objectives are to be achieved for all river reaches.

2. The use of the River Basin Index to calculate benefits can mask important local conditions which only have an impact on a very short length of a river. For example:

In Leshan the quality of the very small Zhuaong river which runs through the city and a short lenoth of the Min River is poor. The resolution of such problems is important to the tourist industry and the residents of Leshan. However the Benefits analvsis shows that improvement of the situation will have little impact on the basin as a whole. This is because the polluted Min river receives massive dilution from the Dadu river immediately dowvnstream of Leshan. Use of the model to investigate this verv local sitiation showed that it is much more cost effective to spend money on increased sewerage and transmission sewers than to build treatment works. The result of the analysis led to a reconsideration of the project as originally proposed with the result that sewerage cover will be extended and secondary treatment delaved until a later phase of the SUEP.

In summary. this work has validated the conclusions from earlier ranking assessments and has led to modification of the proposed schemes. makingJ them more cost-effective.

2.2.4 Final Component Selection - WB Missions October 1997/March 1998

The WB sent small study teams in July of 1997 to further evaluate the solid waste projects and the overall study progress on all projects. Some of the proposed projects were modified or dropped from the first phase of the SUEP at that time. The WB then moved the next scheduled formal review of the Bank from September to October of 1997.

41367.EA.CHAP-IER2 2-12 DECEMBER 1998 SICIHUAN URBAN ENVIRONNIENT PROJECT ENVlRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT NMainReport

In October of 1997, the WB mission visited the project and confirmed work done by COWI/DHI on the water resources strategy, including water quantity and quality modelling in the study area. The results of the UPIA were accepted and formed the basis for the final endorsement of the components selected for inclusion in the SUEP Phase 1.

Pre-appraisal of feasibility stidies and preliminarv designs for the selected components was undertaken in March 1998 and, subject to a number of conditions, work was approved. In particular, at this stage the SPC had not vet formally approved the Phase I of the SUEP but had given tentative approval to a WB loan amount for the project of $1 50M USD. This level of funding and a review of project readiness led to the confirmationof the nine component projects now included in the Phase I of SUEP.

Since this time attention has been given to the World Bank' comments as presented in the Aide- Memoire and points raised by the SPC. It is anticipated that preparation will have reached a stage where Appraisal can be conducted in early February 1999.

This EA is based on the approved technical designs of March 1998 with minor modifications and adjustments as dictated by WB concernsand comments and suggestionsfrom the SPC.

2.2.5 Ongoing Activities

Additional work was requested by the World Bank Pre-appraisal Mission. This included the production of an "Industrial Pollution Control Action Plan" (IPCAP) and the preparation of a feasibility studv covering means of controlling the dischargefrom a major nitrogen fertiliser factory.

DFID agreed to support Mott MacDonald to assist the SUEP project office in the conduct of this work. After some delay. work started on these studies in late November 1998. It is anticipated that good progress will have been made by the time of the planned Appraisal of the project.

The earlier studies. outlined above, led to recommendationsrelating to flow augmentation as a means of water pollution control. Aspects justifying further investigationare summarisedbelow:

Option 1 - Changing diversions at Dujiangyang The water availabilitmanalysis shows. although dilution is not the solution to pollution. proper river management including flow augmentation with relativelv small quantities, can reduce water quality problems during the critical months. In this respect. river augmentation may be achieved through a combination of surface water control and the pumping of groundwater.

Option 2 - Increasing the Inter-BasinTransfer between the Min and Tuo Basins Flow diversions from the Min River via the Qingbai and Pihe canals alreadv contributes about 1/3 of the flow in the upper part of the Tuo basin. Runoff. mainlv as groundwater return flow from the Chengdu plain. contributes about half the annual flow. General river augmentation on the Tuo can be achieved onilv in combination with drastic water resource management initiatives in the Chengdu piain.

Option 3 - Increasing combined use of Surface and Groundwateron the Chengdu Plain Theoreticallv. the available groundwater resources on the Chengdu Plain correspond to an average river flow of 80 m'/s, or about 1/¼of the flow at Dujiangyan of 320 m3/s, if it was abstracted only

41367.EA.CFIAPTER2 2-13 DECEMBER 1998 SICHUAN UtRBANENVIRONNIENT PROJECT ENVIRONMENTALASSESSMIENT Main Report during the 3-month critical dry period. For cities like Chengdu and Deyang, located on the Chengdu Plain, it appears that a rational water resources manag'ement involving both surface water and groundwater will be necessary.

Option 4 - Introducingand EncouragingWater Savings A 10% increase in agricultural efficiency could result in a 100% increase in water availabilitv for domestic use or for in-stream water quality improvement. Important options to achieve water savings in agriculture. wvhichmay be evaluated, include:

* developing small scale storage ponds: * improving water use efficiency; * introducing greater diversificationof cropping svstems: * introducingwater resourcestariffs.

The World Bank expressed interest in pursuing further study of integrated water resource and water quality options in the Min River basin during the March 1998 mission. Terms of reference have been developed for an additional technical assistance program to undertake such a study of the optimisation of water resources and water quality linkages in the Min River basin. This study will provide valuable information for future phases of the SUEP.

A specific technical assistance component was also added to the Phase I SUEP project designed to improve the environmental monitoring systems of the study area, both at the Provincial and city levels. Such improvementswill allow for improved assessments of environmentalconditions as well as enhanced capability to track environmental improvementsresulting from SUEP interventions.

2.2.6 Future Phases of SUEP

Phase I of the SUEP is intended to be only the beginning of a long-term investment program in environmental infrastructure in the Province. Future phases of the SUEP will benefit from the strategy and modelling work performed by COWI. the project preparationwork and river pollution index work prepared bv SUEPO/Mott MacDonald, and the variety of other action plans and studies just discussed. In addition. the technical assistance program for Phase I of SUEP will prepare a cadre of management and technical leaders for this ongoing work. Some of the initial priorities that should be considered are those projects that were initially selected but then dropped as well as other high scoring projects in the COWI/DHI screening exercise. New projects are likely to emerge from the integrated water resources and water quality work as well as the Industrial Pollution Control Action Plan work.

2.3 Details of SUEP Phase I Component Projects

Outline details of the main componentsof the water supply schemes are shown in Table 2.11. Some of the engyineeringdetails quoted in the table and repeated below may be expected to change a little in the course of the detailed design. Such changes will have are not expected to effect this EIA but if radical chanigesoccur these will be re-evaluated. The two schemes for Luzhou each have a capacitv of 50 000 m'/d. The capacitv of the Leshan scheme is 100 000 m3/d. whilst that for Zigong is 200 000 m3/d. The Luzhou Beijiao scheme involves the supply of 25 000 m'/d to Fuji, a county town some 35

41367.EA.CHAPTER2 2-14 DECEMvIBER1998 SICIliUAN URBAN ENVIRONNMENT PROJECT ENVIRONNIENTAL ASSESSNIENT Main Report km north of Luzhou. The Zigong scheme involves the supply of 210 000 m3/d of raw water but treatment works for only 80 000 m3/d with the additional water used to replace inadequatesupplies for treatment works.

Table 2.11 Summarvof Proposed Phase I Water Supply Schemes

Luzhou Luzhou Leshan Beijiao Daxikou Zigong

Capacity m;,'d 100 000 50 000 50000 200 000

Intake Source Qingyi Yangtze Yanstze Min 66km x DN 1600 Raw Pipeline 3.lkm x DNI100 0.S5km x DNIOOO 1.2 km x DN800 0.3km x DN000 0.4km x DN900 3 x 4400 rn-/h Raw Pumps 3 x 2300 m'/h 2 x 1150mnih 3 x 1150 m'/h 3 x 4400 m3/h

Treatment Works: 100000 m;/d j0 000 m;/d 50 000 mId 80 000 m;/d Pre-sedimentation 14.4 m/h 15 m/h 13.8 m/h 13 m/h Sedimentation 6.9 rm/h 6.3 m/h 7.0 nt/h 6.8 m/h RG Filters 12 x 48 m2 16x 25m: 8 x 45 m2 540 m2 Backwash Air +Water Water Air + Water Air + Water Disinfection Chlorine Chlorine Chlorine Cl. + NH, Clear Water Tank 2 x 5000 m3 2 x 4500 m3 2 x 3000 m; I x 14400 m; 3 TW Pumps 4 x 1800 m/h 6 972mh 4 x 972 m/h 5 x 2020 m /h 3x 972 rn/h T M:vIAINS 8.13 km x DN 800 30.45 km x DN 700 2 km x DN 1000 7.5km x DN1200 1.73 km x DN 600 2 kmx DN 600 0.2 km x DNSO0 30 km x DN 100-800 Reservoirs 2000 m;+9000 m;n 2000 m; 4000 m- - 2000 m;

Details of proposed Phase I wastewater projects are shown in Table 2.12.

Table 2.12 SummarYDetails WastewaterWorks

Chengdu | Devang t Leshan Zigong Capacity ( mJ/dl 300 000 io0t 000 [ 254 000 80 000 ain Interceptor 4.9 km x I 14.7kmx 7.3kmx Main Interceptor 2400/1800 ! 6.7kmxnDNl.am m DN 500i-100 DN 500- 1600 ' I | . ~~~~~~~~~~~~~x 2708 m'/h ~~~~~~~~3,x 400 m'ih Ra%%Pumps 6 x 3240 mr/h 3 \ 3000 mr'ih 5 x 2604 mr/h 4 x 2000 mr/h Treatment Works: T I Preliminar ' Treatment CS.FS.G CS.FS.G CS.FS.G CS.FS.G PrnmarnTanks 4 x 48 m dia. None None None Aeration Type Activated Siudge | Oxidation Ditch NoneExtended AS Tank Retention 10 h iS h e15 I Final Sedimcntation T'anks 8 x 51 m dia. 4 x 42 m dia 4 x 44 m dia. 4xl9mdia. I~~~~~T 4x 4 da Digesters 4 x 19 m dia. None None

Dewatering Centrifuge Belt Belt

41367.EA.CHAPTER2 2-1 DECEMBER 1998 SICHUAN URBAN ENVIRONMIENT PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT MlainReport

There is only one Phase I MSW project, located in Leshan, consisting of improved MSW collection and an upgraded and expanded landfill.

A summary of the project details of all Phase I SUEP projects is contained in the following sections. Expanded project descriptions and details can be found in the component appendices.

2.3.1 Leshan Number 4 WTW

The city of Leshan currently operates three water treatment works. The Nr I Banzhuwan WTW has a capacity of '0 000 m'/d and extracts water from the Dadu River. The Nr 2 Renjiaba WTW has a capacity of 15 000 m;/d and extracts water from the Min. This plant is scheduled for decommissioning due to the water quality problems of the Min. The Nr 3 Baiyangba WTW has a capacity of 50 000 m'/d and extracts water from the Qingyi River. The Nr 3 WTW is located near the Min River and originally used the Min as its water source, but a new supply system was constructed from the Qingyi due to the increasing problems with the Min river quality. Both the Dadu and Min sources are subject to pollution effects from sources upstream and within the city of Leshan.

The following problems of the Leshan water supply system were noted in the engineering reports prepared for this project:

* Current and projected supplies are insufficient to meet increasing demands. Because of insufficient water supplies, private enterprises provide independent water supplies. These self-prepared water sources are scattered, uneconomical, and water quality is usually poor.

* The existing distribution system receives insufficient water and experiences low water pressures in many locations, especially during the peak summer demand periods. Due to limited network coverage, small pipe diameters, large leakage losses and low pressure, water supply is extremely limited in some areas.

- Pollution of the water sources is increasing and becoming more serious. WTWs Nrs I and 2 were constructed in poor locations at the lower end of the city and the intake water quality has been deteriorating. The city development has resulted in extreme pollution of the Min River. The phenol content in the source water for WTWs Nrs I and 2 is higher than required standards and this adversely affects the treated water qualitv for these plants.

* Projected water needs for the year 2010 indicate a water shortage of 200 000 m3/d will occur. The Phase I SUEP project is designed to meet half of that projected need with a design capacity of 100 000 m-/d. The Qingyi was chosen as the most reliable water source for the svstem with respect to water quality. The proposed supply system includes a newvintake structure on the Qingyi River just upstream of the city at Jian Shan Zi. raw water transmission main along the Qingyi to the water works site. and the construction of the 100 000 m /d Nr 4 WTW at Gii Li Ba.

The proposed Nr 4 WTW has an intake structure located well upstream of the urban area where the Qingyi river is deep and narrow, even during dry season flows. In summary the scheme includes the following components:

41367.EA.CHAPTER2 2-16 DECEMBER 1998 SICHUAN P!RIBANENVIRONNIENT PROJECT ENVIRONME\rNTAL ASSESSMIENT Mlain Report

* Inlet and pumping works located on the Qingyi River at Jian Shan Zi * Raw water transmission main from the intake of DN 1100.approximately 3.1 km * Transmission main swab injectionand withdrawal chamber for pipeline maintenance * Gu Li Ba water works with a capacity of 100 000 m;/d. located in western portion of Leshan in an industrial area (future phase to 200 000 m3'd) * Treated water pumping works at the water works site. * Treated water transmission mains.

Figure 2.1 shows the existing and proposed WTW in Leshan and Figure 2.2 is the project schematic for the Leshan Nr 4 WTW.

2.3.2 Zigong, Min River Intake and Yuan Ba Chang WTW

Present water supplies to the city are limited by lack of resources. Whilst the treatment works and distribution svstem have a capacitv of 230 000 m3/d the limited resources frequently fall below this supply capacity. A total supply of 247 000 m'ld could be maintained in a normal year but for 10%of years the average supply does not exceed 192 000 m'/d and in recent years supplies have had to be restricted to lower levels, down to 130 000 m;/d. These restrictions are causing hardship for some areas of the city where pressures cannot be maintained and supplies are unreliable.

Surveys report that 25% of residents are dissatisfied with the reliability of present supplies and that 93% of those surveyed are willing to pay for an improved service. Industry is aiso suffering from the severe shortage of water in the area. Factories have attempted to develop their own "self-supplies" but they have now reached the stage that the entire industrial and commercial developmentof the city is dependent upon the introductionof a large new water source.

Existing ground water sources are inadequate for future development and therefore it will be necessarv to develop a new source from one of the larger surface waters. The local Fuxi River is entirely inadequate since at times the natural flow falls to zero and the only water carried is largely untreated wastewater. The large rivers of the area that potentially could be used for abstraction are the Tuo, the Min. the Dadu and the Yangtze.

Several alternative water resource schemes were evaluated by the project team. The proposedscheme involves an intake structure located south-west of the citv on the Min River and pumping water through a DN 1400 main approximately 66 km to a new treatment works located at Yuan Ba Chang. The supply system involves the intake works and pumping station. intermediate pumping station and related engineering features, supply of raw water to the existing Changtu water treatment works (to replace the deteriorating water qualitv supplied by the adjacent Xushui River). and the new water treatment works at Yuan Ba Chang.

In summar,v.the scheme inciudes the followingcomponents:

* Inlet and pumping works on the Min River near Nixi Town, Yibin municipalitv: * Intermediate pumping station and control structures: * Pipeline of DN 1400 approximately 65.8 km long, including four large river crossings (length of 30m to 90m). four minor road crossings: * Distribution tank and pump station distributing raw water to existing Changtu water works and new Yuan Ba Chang water works:

41367.EA.CFIAPTER2 2-17 DECEMBER 1998 SiCHUAN t!RRAN ENVIRONMkENTPROJECT ENVIRONNMENTALASSESSMENT Main Rcport

* Suppiv Main of DN 900 conveying supply water from the distribution tank about I km to the Changtu water works (local funds); * New Yuan Ba Chang water works with capacity of 80 000 m3/day, with future phases to increase capacity to 200 000 m'/davy * 7.5 km treated water transmission main: * New distribution mains (local funds).

The proposed intake and pumping system at the Min River will be a 27-m diameter concrete structure located on a solid rock foundation at the riverbank. An analysis of the Min River indicatedthat both the water quality and quantity are adequate for the proposed use as a potable water supply. It is located near Nixi Town. under the jurisdiction of Yibin municipality. An inter-governmental agreement is contemplated to address the protection of the watershed above the proposed intake from development approved bv Yibin.

The transmission main will cover very rocky and hilly terrain following an existing narrow and steep roadway in most locations. Since the roadwav is single track and constructed in very rough terrain, the pipeline construction will cause temporarv traffic problems. A preliminary construction effort to widen this road to allow passage during pipe construction has been recommended. There is an alternative access to Nixi Town and Yibin along the Min River. The pipeline route bypasses several small communities so the land losses and impactsoccur in rural aaricultural areas. Of special concern will be the crossing of four streams along the route.

Figure 2.3 shows the existing and proposed WTW in Zigong and Figure 2.4 is the project schematic for the Zigong Min River Intake and WTW.

2.3.3 Luzhou Beijiao WTW

Luzhou City is located in the Yangtze valley at the junction with the Tuo River. Historicallv it is a very old city having been founded in the first century BC. It is an important communicationcentre with river and road access to Yunnan Province and Guizhou Province as well as Chongqing and Chengdu. The original citv is located in the fork of the Yangtze and the Tuo Rivers but development has now spread to the northem bank of the Yangtze (Xiaoshi district) and the south bank (Nantian). The principal industries in the area are chemical, food production. and electrical and mechanical machinery.

The city is presently being connected by a spur expresswav to the existing Chongqing-Clhengdu Highwav and has been identified by Chreod as an area of rapid growth. In particular the area to the northiand within the corridor along the expressway is likeiy to develop rapidly and especiallv the districts of Xiaosi. Anning. Gaoba. and Fuji.

It is planned that Xioasi will be developed as a financial. commercial. and entertainment centre. Anning is deshinated to be an important freight and passenger centre with accompanying warehousing facilities and light induistry. The district Gaoba to the east and downstream of the city adjoins the harbour of Longxi and is expected to become a container port with railway and road access. It is anticipated that some heavy industrv will also be developed there.

41367.EA.CFIAPTER2 2-18 DECEMBER 1998 SICHIUAN tURAN ENIVIRONMENT PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT Main Report

In 1996 the Sichuan Government decreed that the town of Fuji. 35 km to the north of the citv. should become the new Administrative centre for the adjacent Luxian County. It will therefore become an important political and economic centre. Construction within the city is underway and considerable new infrastructure has alreadv been completed. The existing industrial area to the south of the town already has ten state owned industries. mainly chemical and construction materials. and further enterprises. including a distillery. are planned.

The Luzhou Water Companv has been given the responsibility for the supplv of water to Fuji and small towns en route between Luzhou and Fuji.

Three separate water companies have unitil recentlv served separate urban areas of Luzhou:

* The Luzhou Water Companv served the central area and the area north of the Yangtze including Xiaoshi and Beijiao * The Jiang Yang Water Company served the area of Lantian on the south bank of the city. * The Naxi/Anfu Water Company served the satellite towns of Anfu and Naxi. (12km south- west of the centre city)

Followinc recommendations from the World Bank the old Luzhou Water Company and the Naxi/Anfu Companv have merged and it is planned at a later date to incorporate the Jiang Yang Company thus creating a single entitv which will be responsible for the water supplv of the whole of Luzhou.

The existing Beijiao Works is located in the northern part of the City has a current capacity of 50 000 m'/d and extracts water from the Yangtze River, immediatelv downstream of the Tuo junction. The southern works also has a current capacity of 50 000 m;/d and extracts water from the Yangtze River. The standbv Zhongshan works has a capacity of 20 000 m3/d. extracting water during the wet season from the polluted Tuo River, supplies the area north of the Yangtze and can also feed into the central area via mains crossing the Tuo River. The small Lantian WTW has only a capacity of 6 000 m'!d and suffers from severe water shortages.

The present maximum water requirements for the present service area of the old Luzhou Water Company is estimated to be 80 000 m-/d. Although Nan Gao Development is a new development it is assumed that the inhabitants will be relocated from Luzhou and that the domestic water supply requirements for this area are already included in the overall water requirements for the citv. The Nan Gao Development Zone is a 460-hectare development of residential. commercial and industrial premises already under construction. It is situated on the north bank of the river and is almost as large as the existing central area of LuzIou. The planned population is 50 000. Proposed pipelines will serve this area from the expanded Beijiao WTW.

In the nearby communitv of Fuji in Luxian County. there is a rudimentary treatment works supplying a maximum of 10 000 mr'/d. Raw water for the WTW comes from locai surface water and under2round sources which are polluted and unreliable during the dry season. The present population is approximately 20 000. with a considerable number of temporary migrants. Along Highway 321 there are also a number of villages whicil could also benefit from the construction of a pipeline from Luzhou to Fuji. These small towns and villages have only rudimentary water supplies at present.

A 41367,EA.CFHAfTER2 2-19 DECEMBER 1998 SICHUAN URBAN ENVIRONMNENT PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMtENT M10ainReport

The following problems were cited for the existing water supplies:

* Due to pollution in the Tuo River, the Zhongshan Works has essentially stopped all operations except during very high wet-season flows in the river.

* The municipal area and surrounding communities are very scattered and there is poor raw water and low water delivery reliability.

* The proportion of water sources owned bv factories and enterprises is extremely high, possibly as much as 81% of the total urban water consumption. Much of the water supplied to residents from these systems is of poor quality.

* There are too many administrativeentities managing water in addition to the factorv and enterprise systems.

This proposed SUEP project will double the capacity of the existing Beijiao water treatment works to 100 000 m31d and suppiv water to Fuji town and other small communities. The existing intake on the Yangtze is an 18 m diameter concrete structure about 25 m deep, and will require additional pumping capacity oniv. The upper floor level of the pump station is 1.8 m above the maximum one hundred- year flood level. The intake station incorporatesa backwash pipe to enable the cleaning of the intake screens. Studies indicate that backwater effects from the Three Gorges Dam Scheme will be negligible at Luzhou and therefore the statistical water levels upon which the original design was based are still satisfactorv.

The existing treated water pumping station has been designed to accommodate the additional pumps required. The existing pipework arrangement within the pumping station permits flow to be passed bv gravity to Xiao Shi and also to be boosted to Wan Shan Ping Reservoir. The proposed transmission main to be funded under SUEP will connect into the spine main of the distribution system under construction.

The DN 600 main from the treatment works follows the route of the existing main to Wan Shan Ping Reservoir and then follows the route of the existing outlet to the junction with the main to Guankou. The route of the pipeline follows along the eastern edge of the main Highway 321 through Anning. Shidong, Shuang Gia. Ren He. De Sheng to Fuji. The proposed route is along open road and there are no obstructions. The pipeline will be laid in trench 4 m from the centre-line of the road with a minimum cover of 850 mm. At Fuji there is a connection to the new Er Dao Gou storage tank. which is located to regulate supplies to the town.

The Luzhou Beijiao water works project components proposed for funding under the SUEP can be summarised as follows:

* Additional 3 pumpsets in the existing raw water intake: * Raw water pumping main. DN 1000 mm Steel. 550-m long; * Treatment Works: * Pre-sedimentation/sedimentationtanks. associated mixing and flocculation facilities: * Filter block. containing rapid gravity filters with water-only backwash facilities: * Ancillarv buildings:2 Nr administration buildings and 3 Nr accommodationblocks:

41367.EA.CHAP'TER2 2-20 DECEMBER 1998 SICHUAN URBAN ENVIRONMIENTPROJECT ENVIRONMENTALASSESSMENT Main Report

* Six treated water forwarding pumps; * Fuji Transmission System, including pumping mains, reservoir and booster pumping station: * Nan Gao DevelopmentZone, including pumping mains. reservoir.

Figure 2.5 shows the existing and proposed WTW in Luzhou and Figure 2.6 is the project schematic for the Luzhou Beijiao WTW.

2.3.4 Luzhou Daxikou WTW

This proposed Phase I SUEP Project will provide a new treatment and distribution system to serve the Naxi/Anfu area on the south side of the Yangtze River. This area is about 12 km south-west of the Luzhou citv centre. The Naxi area is located at the confluence of the Yongning river with the Yangtze and developed with construction of the Luzhou Natural Gas Chemical Plant which produces fertiliser and raw chemicals.

Water consumed in this area has been supplied from the Guanshan Water Works, which was administered by the Anfu Hydro-power Companv, a subordinate of the Luzhou Construction Committee. This Works was put into operation in 1979 and it extracts water from the Yangtze River. The Works has operated well above its design capacity and also violates drinking water standards during the high turbidity wet seasons. The lack of an adequate water supply is limiting economic development of the area.

The proposed Daxikou WTW will be designed to a capacity of 50 000 m3/d and new transmission mains, pumping systems and storage tanks will be constructed. The WTW to be covered under the World Bank loan at Daxikou includes:

* Yangtze River Intake Structure

e Raw water pipeline. DN 800, from the Intake Structureto the WTW. 1.2 km. • Water treatment works. capacitv of 50 000 m'/d. * Treated water transmission mains. DN 1000 for 1.2 km. and DN 500 for 200 m. * R.C. Reservoir with capacity of 2 000 m'. * Refturbishmentof an existing I 000 m3 tank at the Guanshan WTW. * Conversion of existing Guanshan WTW to standby operation only for emergencv conditions.

The proposed Yanttze intake structure was oriainallv located about 0.3 km from the WTW site but concerns about clearance for navigation. as well as potential upstream contamination from a new port under constriction. caused it to be moved. It is now located about 1.2 km upstream of the WTW site to mitiuate these concerns. The intake consists of an 18 m diameter circular caisson sunk to'a depth of 27m. Groulid floor elevation of the pump station is located about 3.18 m above the I 00-vear flood elevation.

The proposed Daxikou WTW is located just south-west of the Naxi/Anfu town area. less than 0.5 km from the south bank of the Yangtze River. It is mixed forest and agricultural land on a moderate slope, and some ground levelling and a few relocations are required. The Luzhou Daxikou water works project components proposed for funding under the SUEP can be summarisedas follows:

4I367.EA.CHAIIER2 2-21 DECEMBER 1998 SICHUAN URBAN ENVIRONNIENT PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT Miain Report

* Inlet works including facilities for pre-chlorination * Pre-sedimentation/sedimentationtanks. associated mixing and flocculation facilities. * Filter block, containing rapid gravity filters with air/water backwash facilities. * Water tower in blower house for backwash water. Building also contains air scour blowers,instrument air compressors.and backwash pumps. * Chemical house containing storage facilities for chiorine drums. chlorine dosing room. coagulant storage. and preparationand dosing room. * Chlorination with vacuum chlorinatorsand ejectors, using 1-ton drum chlorine drums. * Clear water reservoir, reinforcedconcrete with capacitv of 3 000 m3. * Ancillary buildings including workshop,4-story administration building, canteen. garage and guard house. * Four treated water forwarding pumps

The treated water mains deliver water to a new 2 000 m3 reservoir and into the existing Guanshan WTW which will be decommissioned,converted for standby operation, and a new 1 000 m' storage facility will be constructed. These transmission mains will be laid on a granular bed across open Csountrvsideand tracks with a minimum cover of 2 m. No potential problems were noted with this construction. A future development zone called He Xi is located south of Naxi and will be supplied by the new 2 000 m reservoir provided in this project. However,the distribution system design has not vet been completed in detail for He Xi.

Figure 2.7 shows the existing and proposed WTW in Luzhou and Figure 2.8 is the project schematic for the Luzhou Daxikou WTW.

2.3.5 Chengdu Nr 2 WwTW (at Long Quan)

The proposed scheme for the Chengdu Nr 2 wastewater collection and treatment svstem serves the 3rd Drainage Area of Chengdu. The main sewer systems have been constructed and stormwaterseparated in the 3 rd Drainage Area. Secondarv sewers feed into a main interceptor which currently terminates near the junction of the New Cheng Ren Road and the Second Ring Road. The SUEP project will extend this interceptor approximately 4.8 km to the new treatment works site at Long Quan, located in the Liuli Village portion of Chengdu.

In summarv. the scheme includes the following components:

* A 4.825 km interceptor. of DNI800 and 2400 size. delivering wastewater from the termilation of the existing seweragzesvstem to the Nr 2 WwTW site.

* The first phase of the Nr 2 WwvTWwith a capacitv of 300 000 m;/d. (A future second phase will increasethe wastewatertreatment capacity at the site to 450 000 m3/d.)

* A DN2600 outfall. 695 m long, from the W'vTW to the Fu River. at a point just downstream of the outfall from the existing Sanwavao WwTW.

. A sludge management programme consisting of transporting the sludge (following anaerobic digestion and dewatering) to the sanitarv landfill for disposal. The SUEP

41367.EA.CHAP'I'ER2 2-22 DECEMBER 1998 SICHUAN l!RBAN ENVIRONN4ENTPROJECT ENIVtRONrvMENTA[..ASSESSMEBNT Main Report

project includes vehicles necessary for sludge transfer but not any modifications to the existing landfill.

Figure 2.9 shows the existing and proposed WwvTWsin Chengdu and Figure 2.10 is the project schematic for the Chen-du Nr 2 WwTW scheme

2.3.6 Leshan Wastewater Collection and Preliminarv TreatmentSystem

The SUEP wastewater project for Leshan was initially conceived as a new domestic sewerage interceptor system with complete WwTW. The wastewater was to be pumped across the Dadu to a proposed WwTW site some 2 km downstream on the west bank of the Min River. However,an initial analysis of the proposed project determined that:

1. significant sewerage svstem construction was required to move the wastewater south out of the urban centre and,

2. the potential water quality improvement in the Min River downstream due to the proposed WwTW was relatively small due to the large drv-season dilution flows provided by the Dadu He.

These analyses caused the project to be redefined as a sewerage system and preliminary treatment scheme. only, during Phase 1. Leshan. like all SUEP cities. is under a Provincialmandate to install a secondarv WwTW in the near future (all medium sized cities, by 2000). This project will facilitate the long-term goal of providing a full secondary WwTW for the citv of Leshan. In Phase 1. the greater health and water qualitv benefits wvillbe achieved by removal of the wastewater from the urban centre and cultural sites. and providing preliminary treatment through screening. In subsequent phases of the SUEP. additional treatment can be added at the end of the new interceptorsewer prior to discharge to the Min River. Leshan. like manv provincial cities, is not in a position to meet the year- 2000 goal but this project will foster long-term achievement of this objective.

For the proposed Phase I SUEP project. the screened wastewater will be discharged to the Min River. just upstream of a division into two streams around a small island. to encourage greater mixing. A WwTW site has been located 1.7 km further south of this location and this Temporaryoutfall pipe can easily be extended to a future WwTW under subsequent phases of the SUEP.

The data on the existing sewerage system in the City of Leshan are quite limited. In the older central areas of town. the sew%ersare covered collecting channels often built of stone arched construction. The laruer sewers are either of pipe or rectangular concrete channels. The svstem is generally a combined svstem except in the newer suburbs. In summarv, the scheme includes the following components:

* Reinforced concrete interceptor svstem: * Twin DN 1000 steel pumping mains across the Dadu He: * Three pump stations. Nr I at 130 000 m31d.and Nr 2 at 32 000 m'/d. and Nr 3 (Xiao Gong Zui PS) at 254 000 m3/d:

41367. EA.CHAPTER2 2-23 DECEMBER 1998 SICHUAN l!RBAN ENVIRONNIENT PROJECT EN\VIRONNIENTAL .-\SSESSMIENT SlainReport

* Preliminary treatment consisting of coarse and fine screening and screenings processing at Nr 3 PS. before conveying wastewater across the Dadu He; * A residuals screenings management programme consisting of trucking the screenings from the preliminary treatment plant at Nr 3 PS (following dewatering) to the sanitary landfill for disposal.

The proposed interceptors will be constructed along the banks of the various rivers and streams in Leshan, in order to convev wastewater to a central pumping station at the Dadu. Some of the sewers will be constructed in very restricted and densely populated areas and traffic disruption is inevitable. Sewer interceptors will be constructed both south and north of the Zhugong Xi to intercept existing outfalls. Pump station Nr I will be located at the north bank of the stream at the Zhugong Xi Bridge. Pump station Nr 2 will be installed adjacent to the Min River and will be used to intercept and pump from an existing major outfall into the new interceptor sewers. The pumping station will be built out into the river to minimise demolitionand relocation.

Pumping station Nr 3 receivesflow from the major interceptor coming south along the Min River and the secondarv interceptor constructed along the Dadu. It is located near a park at the junction of the Dadu and the Min River and will be built out adjacent to the Dadu retaining wall. The location is highiv visible and near a major tourist area and boat loading dock for tourists visiting the Grand Buddha. According to SRIEP, it is also located in the protection zone of the Grand Buddha cultural park and extra precautions may be necessary relative to noise, odour and screenings disposal in this location.

The pumps will feed dual DN 1000 steel mains across the Dadu He. pumped in rotation to decrease the possibilitv of solids settline in the lines. In order to prevent gases in the high spots and solids deposition in the low spots of the crossing, the pipeline will be periodically flushed at high velocity. The choice of method of laying the pipe across the river has not been finalised. The two choices under consideration are "float and sink" or pulling the pipeline through a pre-dredgedchannel. The pipeline will be designed to withstand buckling under hydrostatic pressure and installation forces. In either case the pipe will be laid in pre-formedtrench in the riverbed.

A preliminary treatment scheme of dual screening will occur at the pump station prior to transferring the wastewater across the Dadu. Each screen chamber contains a 50mm coarse screen and a 5mm fine screen. The City had proposed removing screenings from this preliminary treatment plant by barge to an unknowvndisposal location. However. followincgconsultation with the EPB and design engineers. this scheme has been revised to a svstem using of dewatering and disposal by truck to landfill. It was felt that an open barge of wastewater screenings was both unsightly and unhealthv. and there was riot an acceptable location for transporting them by barge for ultimate disposal.

Figure 2.11 shows the existing sewer svstems in Leshan and Figure 2.12 is the project schematic for the Leshan Wastewater Collection and Preliminarv Treatment Svstem.

2.3.7 Devang WwTW

This project will serve the 2 nd Drainage District of the city that covers the main urban centre of the citv. The WwTW has been located in such a manner to allow future enlargement and servicing of Drainage District Number I (discharging to the Shiting River), and the 3rd Drainage District. located east of and discharging to the Mianvuan River.

41367.EA.CHAPTER2 2-24 DECEMBER 1998 SICFHlUANI IRBAN ENVIRONMENTPROJECT ENVIRONMENTALASSESSMvIENT Main Report

An existing interceptor sewer (1 .5m square concrete culvert) has been constructed for I I km along the

west bank of the Mianyuan River. This culvert conveys wastewater generated in the 2nd Drainage District (central area of the city) to a point south of the central area. The interceptor sewer currently discharges untreated wastewater to the Mianvuan River at this location.

A proposed SUEP interceptor in the form of a 1.5 m square concrete culvert will convey the wastewater south from this location, approximately 6 700 m to the proposed WwTW location. In the future, another interceptor will be constructed along the eastern bank of the Mianyuan River to serve the eastern portion of the city in the I" Drainage District. This sewer construction will require future enlargement of the WwTW. This site also allows for future gravity interceptor construction in a proposed development area located north-west of the site.

In summary. the scheme includes the following components:

• A 6.7 km long, 1.5 m square interceptor, delivering wastewater from the termination of the existing interceptor to the Deyang WwTW site.

- Inlet pump station with screening of raw sewage bypassed directly to the Mianyuan when peak flows exceed 130 000 m3/d.

e The first phase of the Deyang WwTW with an average flow capacity of 100 000 m3 /d (future second phase will increase the wastewater treatment capacity at the site to serve the eastern and south-western districts of the city.)

* An outfall from the WwTW to the adjacent Mianvuan River (assumed 1.5m square culvert).

. A sludge management programme consisting of transporting the sludge (following dewatering) to sanitarv landfill for disposal. The SUEP project includes vehicles necessarv for sludge transfer but not any modifications to the existing landfill.

Figure 2.13 shows the existing sewer systems in Devang and Figure 2.14 is the project schematic for the Devrane WwTW scheme.

2.3.8 Zigong WwTW

There are currently 88 outfalls discharging raw sewage in Zigong along the Fuxi River. The proposed sewer wvillintercept these outfalls.

There are twelve sewer sub-catchment areas in the citv and the proposed interceptor will collect the wastewater from seven of them. including the most densely populated central areas. Further interceptors. pumping stations and treatment capacity will be required for the southern suburbs and the outlying areas of Gongjin and Shuping. Many of the existing sewers are large culverts that also convey storm water from the combined sewer portions of the drainage districts. Zigong intends to

41367.EA.CHAIPTER2 2-25 DECEMBER 1998 SICFIUAN I rRBAN ENVIRONNIENT PRO.IECT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT Main Report separate sewers where possible but separation in the congested and steep portions of the central area will be problematic.

The proposed interceptor route essentially follows the Fuxi River through the citv centre, in many locations on piers located in the River adjacent to the walls formingzthe River's edge. In some cases it is tunnelled and in some cases it is in a buried section. In some locations it may be below the normal wet season flow level so special precautions will be incorporated to prevent floatation of the pipe and to prevent excessive infiltration into the pipeline. The pipe will be provided with I m minimum cover when laid on land.

The proposed interceptors be constructed of flexible-jointed concrete pipes (rubber-ring joints) and will range from DN 600 to DN 1600. Two pumping stations are also required. The Shawan pumping station will be located in the city centre adjacent to the river and the Daijiaba terminal pumping station will lift all of the city sewerage to the WwTW location above the floodplain of the Fuxi River. Although the Fuxi River can have very low flows during the dry season, it is subject to extreme flooding, as occurred during the 1996 wet season.

The Shawan pumping station is located at the existing outfall from sewer catchment area v. It will be 8.6m by 4.6m in plan and located in the river. The pump station will be 2m from the retaining wall and be accessed by a bridge. Provision has been made for emergency overflows to the river, and a second high flow overflow may also be added. It contains three submersible pumps. 2 duty and I standby and forced ventilation will be provided to the pump sump. Due to limited space, the distribution and control room may be located in an adjacent house.

The Daijiaba pumping station is situated on a 60m by 54m site located on agricultural land adjacent to the Fuxi River. Incoming wastewater will be screened and solid wastes conveyed to the landfill. There are three duty and one standby pumps in the pump station. This pump station transfers the wastewater across the Fuxi River. and up the adjacent hillside to the WwTW site.

The WwTW site is located about 4km south-east of the city centre but 7 km downstream along the Fuxi River due to the meander of the stream. It is located on the south side of the Neivi Highwav and access is bv underpass under the roadway. The design levels of the site are above the I 00-year flood levels of the Fuxi River.

In summary. the scheme includes the following components:

* Reinforced concrete pipe interceptor system of 5.2 km total leng:th. in sizes of DN 600 to DN 1600. will collect the wastewater from seven existing major outfalls In the City. * Pumping station at Shawan to lift the wastewater from an existing outfall into the new interceptor sewer. * Pumping station at Daijiaba to forward the flows from the entire city to the WwTW site. * Reinforced concrete pumping main of DN 1200 for 0.9 km. * First phase of the Zigong WwTW with an average flow capacitv of 80 000 m3/d. (A futLre second phase will increase the wastewater treatment capacity at the site to serve other sewer districts of the city and outlying areas.) * Reinforced concrete outfall pipe of DN 1400 from the WwTW to the Fuxi River.

41367.EA.CHAPFER2 2-26 DECEMBER 1998 SICHUAN l!RBAN ENVIRONNIENT PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL. ASSESSM27IENT Niain Report

* A sludge management programme consisting of trucking the sludge (following dewatering) to the sanitary landfill for disposal. The SUEP project includes vehicles necessary for sludge transfer but not any modificationsto the existing landfill.

Figure 2.15 shows the existing sewer svstems in Zigong and Figure 2.16 is the project schematic for the Zigong WwTW.

2.3.9 Leshan Municipal Solid Waste Project

The total population of Leshan citv centre is currently 223 000 including migrants according to the Leshan Master Plan. Low and high estimates of the population to be served in the year 2010 are 327 000 and 410 000 respectively. Leshan is a city with long-term growth plans based on tourism and expansion of the urban centre. The present per capita MSW generation is estimated at 0.84 kg/d and is expected to grow with economic development to 0.96 kg/d in 2010. The City also has a design target to increasethe proportionof MSW collected in the urban centre from the 41% rate estimated in 1997 to 80% collected in the year 2000.

This project involves major improvementsto the existing municipal solid waste (MSW) collection, transfer and disposal systems in the City of Leshan. Currently, there are four main methods of waste collection/transferof MSW in Leshan:

1. The first method is the collection point, where bins are stored on or near the side of the road and are emptied daily by a truck. The bin is lifted by mechanical means and emptied into the storage area at the back of the truck (there is no compaction in the truck to increase the MSW density prior to transport).

2. The second method of transfer is to tip cart-loads or basket-loads on to a flat floor for hand loading bv shovel into an open top truck for transport to the disposal site.

3,. The third method of transfer is for basket-loads of waste to be carried up steps and loaded into a hopper with bottom opening doors about 2i/2meters above ground level. The hopper doors are high enough from the ground .for an open top truck to park underneath. When the truck is in place. the hopper doors are opened mechanically and the waste falls into the truck. The truck manoeuvres so as to distribute the waste throughout its length and then takes the uncompacted waste to the landfill.

4. The fourth method of transfer is by the use of containers set below floor level in a concrete floor in a warehouse. An overhead crane lifts the empty and full containers on and off transport trucks.

The proposed collectionitransfersvstem will use rear-loader trucks to automate the loading of wastes into compactor trucks. or container and open trucks. One new transfer station is proposed in the project. The SUEP project will also provide six 10-ton open trucks. three 5-ton container trucks. twelve 5-ton rear-loading compactor trucks. ten 2-ton rear-loading compactor trucks and one repair truck. This will greatly automate the collection process. minimise human contact with wastes durinu handling. and make the transportationsystem much more cost-effective.

41367.EA.CHAPrER2 2-27 DECEMBER 1998 SICEHUANURBA-\N ENVI RONNIENT PROJECT ENVIRONNIENTALASSESShlENT M[ain Report

All municipal collection trucks travel from the collection and transfer areas about 7-km by road to an existing landfill site located to the south-east of the citv near Ling Yun. well away from densely populated areas. A new road was constructed in 1997 that provides good access. A screening. composting and incineration plant is located at the entrance to the landfill but it is currently out of operation. This facility is not up to modem design standards (was closed due to air pollution concerns) and will be dismantledduring implementationof the SUEP MSW project.

The landfill currently operates more as an open waste dump filling valleys between rock outcrops. Little preparation was made to the site prior to filling and the approach for waste filling has been end tipping on to a flat area of waste. A power shovel is used to push the waste over the very steep slope. Leachate pools are located on both tipping faces, and the older working area had approximately 0.30m of cover as well as gas vents consisting of rock filled cane baskets some of which were covered with grass.

A small anaerobic leachatetreatment plant, described as experimental and not working, is located in the valley and untreated leachate leaves the site to downstream rice paddies and agricultural areas. During the 1997 wet season, it was measured at a rate of 100 m;/dav. It is a considerable distance to any surface waters from the site but the localised impacts due to exposure of workers and agriculture should be considered serious concerns. During high wet-season runoff periods, it may be conveyed downstream to the Dashi River, ultimately to the Min River.

After a thorough review of alternative technologies and sites (see Section 8.5), the selected MSW disposal alternative involves expanding and upgrading the existing landfill site to meet international technical, safetv. health and environmental standards. To accomplish this. the following issues will have to be addressed verv carefully:

* Intermediate cover . Control of leachate (short-term and long-term) . Better control of landfill gas * Better tipping method * Better compaction * A deeper layer of final cover *A carefully phased tipping plan to blend the new site with the old.

The improvementsto the existing site are designed to allow for collection. recirculationand treatment of the leachate before it is discharged. and the collection and flaring of landfill gas. The proposed design also uses a pattern of waste tipping into cells such that the levels rise from the low point of the site to the high point. The City must abandon the current practice of end tipping down a very steep. unstable slope. Improvementto the existing site is called Phase I and will last the city for at least four years. Enlargement of the site. called Phase 2 and made possible by the purchase of additional land at the site. will enable improved tile landfill svstem to continue for another eight years. Site investigations indicate that there is up to four metres of clay under the base of the site althoughIthis thickness tapers to near zero at the top of the rocky outcrops. This clay will be excavated leaving at least one meter of clav in the base and will be redistributedso as to provide the site with a clay seal up the sloping sides.

41367.EA.CHAP[rER2 2-28 DECEhlBER 1998 SICIIUAN ('RBAN ENVIRONNIENT PROJECT ENVIRONMENTALASSESSMENT Main Report

Figure 2.17 shows the existing MSW systems in the city of Leshan and Figure 2.18 shows the project schematic for the improved MSW collectionand landfill systems.

2.3.10 Urban Management InformationSystems (UMIS)

The Urban Management lnformation Systems (UMIS) component is being prepared for the Phase f of SUEP under support of the Canadian government. It would support the improvement of urban management practices in five project cities through the upgrading of computerised information systems and extensions and updating of urban mapping information. The immediate imperativefor SUEP would to be improving decision-making bv leaders and urban managers in project cities and within the Provincial Construction Commission bv making appropriate information available on a timely basis. Urban managementpractices that will be addressed are:

1. strategic development and infrastructure planning, or the identification and prioritisation of infrastructure investmentrequirements based on market demand; and, 2. capital investment

UMIS has minimal physical impactsand is not addressed in this EA.

2.3.11 Cultural Heritage

The Sichuan Province Cultural Heritage Strategic Master Plan (SPCHSMP) is now underway with funding support from the Italian government. The SPCHSMP is designed to assist the SPG in preparing a timely Strategic Master Plan (SMP), an Immediate Measure Action Plan (IMAP) and related investmentprogramme. The SMP will enable the various ongoing and future conservationand rehabilitation activities to be undertaken in an integrated manner, including approaches which would balance improved management of Sichuan's cultural heritage assets with increased educational and tourism benefits. IMAP is designed to define steps in a coordinated and comprehensive policy and a set of best practices for Sichuan Province, which would be a model for use elsewhere in China.

The SPCHSMP is mainly a management component and is not addressed in this EA.

2.3.12 Technical Assistance

The WB considers it critical that institutions responsible for implementing and managing the SUEP projects are equipped with the management and technical knowledge. skills and equipment necessary to carr, out their mandates. A technical assistance (TA) needs assessment is underwav at the time of this EA that will provide training and equipment to the provincial and citv PMOs. Provincial and City. EPBs. and the water. wastewater and solid waste operating companies or departments.

Of particular relevance to the EA. the WB has insisted on an overall environmental strengthening component in the area of environmental monitoring. This strengthening is aimed at improving the citv and provincial abilitv to monitor and report on environmental conditions under stress, as well as providing the means to better assess the environmental performance of the Phase I investment package. The provincial and city EPB monitoring package is still in draft form at the time of this EA but this component will provide the means and mechanisms for complying with the mitigation monitoring outlined in this EA.

41367.EA.CHAPTER2 2-29 DECEMBER 1998 SICHUAN UR13ANENVIRONMENT PROIECT ENVIRONMENTALASSESSMIENT MlainRepori

2.4 Cost Estimates for Proposed Projects

2.4.1 General

Project cost estimates were prepared for all Phase I SUEP projects in accordance with World Bank requirements. The cost estimates have been based on the preliminary design documents prepared by the local design institutes with subsequent clarifications and minor amendments as necessary. This costing exercise serves to verifv the cost estimates prepared by the local design institutesand provides the basis of the subsequent financialand economic analysis of the viability of the scheme and the size of the World Bank loan which will be needed.

Cost estimates for the proposed scheme have been determined using the following data:

* unit rates for common elements of civil works derived specifically for this project:

* empirical cost functions for treatment works, previously used on other World Bank projects in China and calibratedfor use on this project; and

- Chinese assessments of the costs of land acquisition, resettlement and compensation checked bv the design consultants.

2.4.2 Capital Costs

Cost estimates are the subject of continuous updating the data included here is that presented for Pre- appraisal and some modification is to be expected.

A summarv of the capital costs for the proposed schemes are shown in Tables 2.13 to 2.15. Power connection and land and resettlement costs are based on rates provided by the design institutes (Dl) and extent of the works identified in the preliminarv design documents.

The capital costs include estimates of any customs duties and taxes on items expected to be imported directly for the project. The Chinese Government made significant changes to the levels of such duties and taxes at the end of 1997 and the revised rates have been used in this estimate.

Table 2.13 CostEstimates for WaterSupply Schemes

LeshanI (.\1 |Luzhou Beijiao 1 igonoue PIrimeCost 109.5 126.7 Dax,kou 323.4 ______6 __7 65.9 _ __ J______|rinineeringCosts 12.9 15.3 1j 7.8 38.9 Contingencies T 27.5 32.2 16.1 82.7 | Total Capital Cost 149.9 174.2 ] 89.8 | U5 A.\nnual ( ost-Cl1 pa j 10.13 10.17 6.95 38.64

41367.EA.CFIAPTER2 2-30 DECEMBER 1998 SICHlUAN URBAN ENVIRMNNIENT PROJECT ENVIRONNMENTAL,ASSESSNIENT Main Report

Table 2.14 Cost Estimates for Wastewater Schemes

(im) | Chengdu ] Deyang | Leshan | Zigong PrimeCost j 550 | 208.2 S2.4 1 173.4 Enaineerin2Costs 62.7 24.1 10.1 20.3 Contineencies 131.3 50.0 20.7 43 1 Total CapitalCost 744 282.3 1 113.2 236.8 AnnualCost (M l pa) 27.3 11.2 4.8 9.3

Table 2.15 MSW Facilities and their Costs

Componentsof theScheme EstimatedCosts 1. Landfill Plant Items 11.77 Civil Works 18.81 2. Plant in the Cit18 Washers& Sv%eepers 4.08 Collectiontrucks 6.25 Other 0.43 3. Civil Worksin theCiry 7.03 4. Land Acquisition 9-40 TotalPrime Costs 57.77 EngineeringCosts 6.66 Ph sical andPrice Contingencies 20.6 Total Capital Cost 85.04 Annual OperatingCost (.NIVpa) 1.63

2.4.3 Operating Costs

Projected operating costs for Phase I projects have been prepared and can be found in the individual feasibility reports to be issued for Appraisal. Civil and M&E maintenance costs were based on percentages of the base costs for constructingthe works. Power, chemical and sludge transport costs were based on the predicted performance of the works as determined for the preliminarv design. Staffing costs were based on those produced bv SWMEDRIC.

2.5 Implementation Schedule

An overall Phase I SUEP implementationpro-ram is shown in Table 2.16. based on the timetable for appraisal in September/October 1998. Individual component implementation programmes can be foundin the component appendices.

41367.EA.CHAPTER2 2-31 DECEMIBER1998 SICHUANU'RBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMNENT

TABLE 2.16 PROJECT IMIPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE

I998 141 2101 21101 /YJZ2 PmpsotCosnponnni 1 0? Q3 1Q 020 0IQ 0 0QQ1 02 T 04 LeshtanWater Supply 4Q

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41317,EA TABLEZ.1 DECEMBER1998 SlaCUTANURBkAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECr ENV1RON\MENrALASSESSMENr

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41367.EA.FIGURE1.1I DECEMvBER1998 SICHUANI RBAN ENVIRONIVIENTPROJECT ENVRONENTL SSESSMENT ENVIRONIENTAL A

Figure 2.2 Leshan Water Supply Project Schematic

Qingyi River

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413.6 -'IUR2 DEEBE 0 SICHUANURBAN ENVIRONMENTPROJECT ENVIRONMENTALASSESSMENT Figure 2.6 Luzhou Beijiao Water Supply

Desixnhead = 30m Project Schematic Pop.served (I 997)= 20.000

Er Dao Gou StandbvTank u T /wn Volume: 9.000m3 in/ Top WaterLevel: 383m AD Luxian County Tank

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41367.EA.FIGURE2.6 DECEMBER 1998 ENViRONMENTALASSESSMENT SICHJIiANURBAN hNVIRO,NIM PROJECT Nep1

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Guanshan Tank (formerly Guanshan WTW) 3 Volume: 1.000 m .NTank.; }Top Water Level: 292 m AD

r. New Standbv Tank Daxikou WTWVTreated Water PS / Volume: 2.000 m3 Phase I Capacity: 50.000 m3/day / Top Water Level: 330 m AD Phase 2 TW PS on separatesites / Pump Discharee: vaies 270400 I/s / Nr of Pumps: 3 duty/I standbyv / Pump DischargeLevel: 270.96m AD A , /-

/PS\ P/ \S^ HeXi Development Zone

Daxikou WTW WTW Phase 1: 50.000 m3/day Phase I & 2: 100.000 m31day Top Water Level = 277.5 m /

Maxiniutm =25(J. 19 m AD I;nt/ak\e

\/ / Statlon \~~~S Daxikou WTX ' Intake PS _/ \ ~~~~~PhaseI Capacitv: 55.000 m3/day N1inimumm AD = 228.84 / ~~~PhaseI & 2 Capacitv: I110.000 m3/dav Minimum22ntaliAD~ ~ e pipe to PS Pump Discha'ree: 4001I/s \/ / DN 800 Phase I Nr of Pumps: 2 dutyilI standbv / ~~~L= 100 m Phase I & 2 Nr of Punnps: 4 dutry/ I standbv

9 EZ ; / ~~~~~~~~Grad4.31 %

/ IntakeT Screen DN 1000 Yangtsi Lenmth = 2 m

M823670EA.FiGURE28 DECEMBER 1998 SICHUANURBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT DRAFTFEASIBILI[T REPORT

Figure2.9 ChengduDainage Areas

:2~~~. ~ ~ j 1)

-~~~~~I -

I i ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~it

/ ,J --- ' #,^~~ ,' '''' ---\ I---

41367.EA.FGURE2.9 DECEMBER1998 SICHUAN URBANENVIRONMENT PROJECT ENVIRONMENTALASSESSMENT Figure 2.10 Chengdu Interceptor Sewer K(EY RouteSchematic - Gravit,vPipeline r77777771 ~- PumpineMain i 0;|Resettlement

ExistineDN 1000 to StxnwavaoWTVTW (to be retained) SecondRing Road ExistingDN 1800 Interceptor

New Chene Existing interceptor sewer centre line Ren located13 m eastof roadcentre line ProposedInterceptor Sewer Road (road width 40 m includingcvcle lane Desi2nDWF at outlet = 450.000m3/dav andfootpaths) PeakDesign Flow at outlet (includesk=1.3) = 585.000m31day DN 1800to DN 2400 PrecastRC plain end pipelaid on concrete ShaRiver bedding. 4.825km long.gradient 0.1% (crossin trench) Pipecover rangesfrom 6m to 8m (except2-3m in Shariver). Groundwater level approx.3m below surface

, |-r N~~~ewninerceptor sewer centre line locatcd cast of road centre

D/DNO 2200 FutureInterceptor Sewer

DN 1800 Kf_. Size chan-es he., DN 2400 '' ' ' '

Railway (crossusing pipejack > 30 m long) Industrial Area

Newinterceptor sewer Laid in cvciewav centreline located12 m castof roadcentre line (road width25 m) New%interceptor sewer centre line loc ted 12 m DN 800Future Interceptor Sewer southoftroad centre line (roadwid I 25 m) following line of proposed Third Ring Road

______Wu Ho Road ______---__ ' - I(roughunmetalled)

F7n Zhou Jia Yuan Zi Hamlet (to be resettledsince open trench - Z =} - constructionis used)

Proposed / ChendguNr. 2 WwTW

41367.EA.FIGURE2.Io DECEMBER1998 SICFIUAN URBAiN FNVIRONNIENT PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT

Figure 2.1 1 Leshan Wastewater Plan of InterceptorSewers

!~~~~-,5 >--;-

\0\ +-< 5,.t// $N- ' i 1!; :~~~~~~~~~~~

**1 \4 y gc > f statzon>NB,j//~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1,1

rG;' < ~~~~~~~~-===;_ffi<> r>~~~~~~~~~~~~'

*; Terrapt =-----Ai~~~~~~~~, 'N . BI

* < < 9 / X . Oulhli . 5 Ej~w

41367.EA.FIGURE.1I DECENIBER 199S~~~~~~~~~~~~~Pimp SICHIUANURB3AN ENVIRONMENT PROJFCT ENVIRONMENTALASSESSMENT

KEY ...... ''' SUEP Interceptor Sewer Figure2.12

----- Pumping Main Leshan InterceptorSewer Future Facilitv RouteSchematic

Qing YiDirection of draina-e Zhu Gong X; DN 1200. 1.9k

4/I, DNO 800. 3.1 km

\R>. DN 1250. 2.4 km ; /I s A ; Nr. I PS

DN 500. 0.6 km *%.IX Max. Capacity = 130 000 mi/

DN 600. 0.6 km , h 2 duty + I s'by pumps

I Min River

Nr.PSiI Max. Capacity - 32 000 mild 2 duty+ Isby pumps AS ; DN l500. 2.2 km

DN 1000. 0.9 km PS Nr. 3 PS -- '-- - -\ Max. Capacity = 250 000 mi/ d Dadu 4 duty + I s'bv pumps Xiao Ba \

2 Nr. DN 1000 Steel Mains. 2.3 km

/9 l TenmporaryOutfall

Future Du Jia Chang WwTVWV Capacity when built I 00.000 m3 /da/v Peak flow when built= 130.000 m3Iday (WwTW> Future capacity 1201i0)= 180.000 rn'1day Future peak tlow = 234.000 mriday

413671EAAFIGURE2.12 DECEMIBER1998 f 0'

QZ /~~~~~~~~~~~~~e

// I~~~~~~~~~L0A SICHUAN URBAN ENVIRONMvlENTPROJECT ENVIRONMENTALASSESSMENT FIGURE 2.14 .EY 1 Deyang Wastewater KEw' ProjectSchematic - Existing Interceptor P

SUEP Interceptor

i:ianyuan River

Existinelnterc,gtor SeEer. r Sewer Size i.j c5rIeconrretrculv.rt t

ExistinHerg outfalls-cornverted0 ' :: ^X:6yemergencySoverflowscen oveto o u sea:

/eang w- -'rat Tcattn dDeya g.a Degang

~yexisting and:proposecEinterceptor |000

Gradient~~~Ga,i6 = 0.1-00018::t:0 ;; ao:inal::pacitY: 100.000 n*/d Outfall from _ ;;'0:0~~~,;0 l ' ~ExistineInterceptor Sewver

: ~~~~InterceptorSewYer Pk : . dseing eastDevang /ERE\4: to be buiEtin the future /~ 0 ~ ~ ~ = ~ tt ure phaseof WwTW

Proposed Interceptor Sewver- Sq.concreta culvert 1.5x 1.5;m , I-ength= 6.7 km_ | Gradient = 00018_

1 7 | ~~~~~Screenedovertlowv for untreated sewsae

Devang "TN%,at Tan Jia ' ou Fang W%TW% * Nonminalcapacity: I100.000 m;d \ iOutfaliI for treated sewvage Peak tlox%-= 130.000 m- d 1

41367.EA.FIGURE2,14 DECEMBER 1998 4-!4

I C- ----

WX At/ -'' i - / ~~0 I 2 Klmr W ~~~~~~ \nAs-m,.,,,/ t f; jJ /~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~V/ A\ 'axcJv''

_ltivet\ ,< [ , R~~~~~~~~~~I ;li D SIxacllvl >l(,u NSIS~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

10 N~~~~~i

.',, IntcrccptorPioposedSewer~~~~~~Gf l\NVIR\-NIENIAL ASSStSSNIENF SICHIlUA\N R13-N EI:N\IRO)NME:NT R(OJECI

Fiwure2.16 Zigong Wastewater Project Schematic

Z ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~Z

< Z~~~~~I~

- g ,----- _--

Z Z~~~~~~~~~~~I-

*~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\ _ \

_ ^ _I \t I ~ ~ I- * i -

DECEMBER1998 41367.EA.FIGU.REL2.16- SICIILA\X vUIM,\\ IRONNIENTPROJECT FT\RON% IINT I. ASSFSSNIENT

Figure2.17 LeshanMicipal SolidWaste GeneralLayout

I~~ 0, 1 Kilomet"" Stre

M ExistingLandfill Existing\ IS1WPlant *80 Mu Etension of Landfill * New Stora-geDepot (in containers A SanitationTruck Team * StorasueDepot (in containers) *Bin TransferStation 0 Kilometers '.ation Div.Service Areaj

41367-EA.FIGURE2.17 DECEMBER1998 4-

rn A2I.slingu- col cll till 1,)Il;ill.itIitl' ki I Ifi ] -o ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~N, (N T alo1lit .,cll) _,ti, - IhttuL11 )l IilIsIItit - collectii llh jdcallIialll aldII a dl

{ /1')')7 241 124 266 207 *\20}1(1 3 175 410 . ( ts l(lclio,ll 44WelIssaI 50in c/c

(0t113,kt3/hr

|IRANSIR|lt

S~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I I N ,A 1 o))1,till. - mill.lhilfil c*llialillalcillo viel Lecha 14 la.lo

I sislill IS ,,g /P g~ ~~~~1 /1 u pie Co vil 14\cXsintlg. fill)

El El Ne\% I S ' DIISPOSALA 'l.A 1 / I.~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~ANDILLI.I

I lol l i,,ldldelkcisit) A Sivit, 52111 F Xistilig lI)t)/ility\ / 7 zr,?IIIIiSCIIIII j' C,),Cg,,},tjclllli',lljtllttlit';l'cA;It;,',',l-,ciIca

(tub t b)IIC lsc l lINII Dtl II.ISAI i I) IN slompc ta,,k Aerobic Ii> ett) 200(1 )xidation l1th(I

DIisclt ;rge

\:\isiIII i 'llseI I 320__0__11__/_)\_r

x Stiec:tS\%ISCb,IS d(hllc) 4 \)is Phase 2: ;/3 Slicel \ashlr;lit mwelm.s ...... (16icignl)l:S ..... 2 \:1c Il'I'se:l/.T ('2I.esi.^rbidIt s.l CeperI liociCtilu1 2 \ixisiing I'lail ;lII Ladfill Rqelicslcd x SlicSe l ashers ((hliuese) 2 Compctor. cw 2 Open ltirucks X I)1 I:xct1v;llr. I 2 m 2 Co(li,auit1uIll dks 5t 5,_ I IltloIcr 2 0 7IHillliOecus 0 i0ck 0 ° -Ot ;_xx Olk cis antude ')tt 0l I%Nuck5t 3 To_l{}llll,ll} SD20 aC <} ~~~~ltl,;jloades IW _, g SICHIUANLRBI \N ENVIRONMIENTPROJECT ENVIRONMENTALASSESSMENT MiainReport

3.0 DESCRIPTIONOF THE ENVIRONMENT(PROVINCIAL OVERVIEW)

3.1 Physical Environment

3.1.1 Geology

Sichuan lies at the eastern end of the collision zone between the Indian and the Euro-Asian continents. The Sichuan basin in the eastern part of Sichuan is a stable platform that has resisted the intense deformation of the collision zone, with the low mountains surrounding the basin formed in response to minor movements along the margin of the platform. The only area with significant recent sedimentation is the Chengdu plain. where the dissected basin topography has been buried under thick lavers of gravel and sand washed out of the mountains bv the Min river.

The marine sediments deposited on the Yangtze platform are mainly dolomitic limestone and dolomitic shale. ie. original mud with high content of calcium-magnesium-carbonate. Drv conditions are shown bv Triassic salt deposits, which at Zigong have been extracted through 800 to 1 000 m deep boreholes for more than 150 years.

Minerals varv in the study area and minerals of importance for each project city can be found in the appendices. The largest recorded earthquake in the area was magnitude 5.6 on the Richter Scale with an intensity of 6. The earthquake intensity for structural design is 7. There is little concem relative to earthquakes for the type of projects being constructed under Phase I SUEP.

3.1.2 Topographv

Although the Sichuan Province is surrounded by various mountain systems. the project cities tend to be located along waterwavs in rolling terrain. The Chengdu plain watercourses are fed by the Dujiangyan diversion svstem on the Min River at about elevation 700m. The main agricultural areas in the upper plain are from 400 to 600m elevation. The followintt sections relate the proposed projects and the surrounding landscapes:

Leshun Aunmber4 WITT Elevation in Leshan along the rivers is approximatelv elevation 300-350m. The WTW was moved to a site awvayfrom the Qingyi River. in part to provide flood protection. It is a very flat site with little relief or surface preparation necessarv.

Zigon,g, Min River Intake can7CiYuan Ba Chung WTW The City of Zigong is located aloni river valleys in the low hilly area in south Sichuan. The height of the area ran.es from 2400mto 901m above sea level.

The elevations of the Fuxi Ri-er. the Yuexi River and their major tributaries are in the range of 265- 500 m. Generally there are two terraces in the river valleys. The height from average river water surface to the higher bank level is about 30m.

For the proposed SUEP component. the proposed pumping station is sited on a solid rock foundation on the Min river bank with a floor level of 289.1 m AD. The river levels vary between a low level 292.82 m AD (95 percentile) to a high level of 306.329 m AD (99 percentile). The upper floor of the pump station is situated 1.6 m above the highest flood level at 307.82 m AD.

41367.EA.CHiAPTER.3 3-i DECEMBER 1998 SICHiUlANI RBAN ENVIRONNIFNTPROJECT ENVIRONMIENTAI.ASSESSMNIENT Main Report

The pipeline route is located in a narrow valley and there is little choice of alignment. The scheme involves pumping water 66 km over verv hilly terrain to the water treatment works located at Zigong. The pipeline will be located on the south verge of the road. cutting-off the corners of major road bends and wvithdeviations to bypass the various villages.

The route is extremelv undulating with manv deep vallevs and peaks. There are four stream crossings along the pipeline route. The WTW site is relativelv flat (<3% slopes) and above the flood levels of the adjacent Xushui river.

Lu:hou Beijiao TTV7V Luzhou is located along the Yangtze River in the transition between the Sichuan Basin Plain and Yunan-Guozhou Plateau. It is on a main routes to Yunan Province. Guizhou Province and Chongqing City. Topographicallv. Luzhou City falls from the south to the north. The south-east part is mountainous whilst the north-west lies on low hillv terrain. The height of the area ranges from 250 m to 300 m above sea level. The WTW is located on a ridge above the Yangtze, well above flood levels.

Lutzhou Daxikout TTV7V The height of the area ranges from 250 m to 300 m above sea level. The proposed Daxikou WTW site is located on gentiv rolling terrain, covered bv a combination of light forest and agriculture. Some re-grading will be required to prepare the site but it is above the Yangtze flood protection level.

Chengdu Nr 2 Wii'7T The proposed WwTW is to be built on the east side of the Fu River and 800 m from the Yong An Bridge. The site is typical of the low-lying agricultural area with a height is 487.2 - 484.8 m AD. wvhile the adjacent Fu River has an average level of 484.0 and a flood elevation of 487.4. The topographv of the site is verv flat with a natural slope of about 2% from south-east to north-west. A small flood protection berm and infilling mav be necessary to protect the site.

Leshan WVastewater Collection and Prelinminarv'Treatment Systenm The elevation in Leshan along the rivers is approximately 300-350 m AD. There is little variation in eievation across the SUEP project area including the sewerage svstems. pump stations. outfall and fitire WwTW site. The project involves a significant underwater pipeline crossing of the Dadu.

Delv angWPVwTWV Devang lies on the fan-shaped alluvial plain between the Mianvuan and Shiting rivers. The terrain of the city slopes gently witil the north-west higher than the south-east and the gradienit is 2-3%. The cit" is 500 m or so above sea level.

The WwTW site is located on sand and river gravels at a general level of 474m AD but there are some small depressions at 47imnAD. The design level is 474.5m AD and about 16 000 in of fill will be required. The site is relatively flat (<2%) slopes along the western bank of the Mianvuan River. The I in 50 xear flood is at a level of 474.35 m AD and the I in 100 vear flood is 474.7 m AD. A flood bank will be constructed to protect the site. The final effluent discharges through an outfall at a level oft476.1 mnAD and can therefore be discharged by gravity even at times of high flood.

41367.EA.CIIAPTER3 3- 2 DECEMBER 1998 SICHIUANU RBAN 1:N\IRONMENT PROJECT ENVIRONNIENTAIASSESSMIENT MIainRepon

Zigon7g WivTWV The height of the Fuxi River. the Yuexi River and their major tributaries are in the range of 265- 5OOm. Generally there are two terraces in river valleys. The height from the average river water surface level of river to its higher bank is about 30m.

The WwTW site is located in a reasonably flat area between hills at site levels varving from 280m to 285m AD (the nearby hills reach 307m AD). Considerable ground preparation will be required since the design levels are typicallv 288 - 289 m AD for the majoritv of the plant and 2-87m AD for the administration buildings. The site is 181mfrom the Fuxi River: the 50 year flood level in the river is 286.3m AD. Flood protection is therefore not a concern at the WwTW.

Leshan M1dunicipalSolid Waste Project Leshan lies approximately 300-350m AD. The area of the MSW landfill is in a small agricultural vallev with significant relief. This topography is utilised in the MSW disposal plans. which can be found in the schieme-specificAppendix.

3.1.3 Soils

Detailed geotechnical information is not vet available for all sites. Preliminarv information has been examined and no major issues have been identifiedthat would affect the Phase I project construction.

3.1.4 Climate and meteorology

All project cities are located in the semi-tropicalmonsoon zone. where the climate is mild and wvet. There is only a minor variation in climate from the southern citv of Luzhou to the northern SUEP cities of Chengdu and Devang. The following summarv is shown for Chengdu as an example of the climatic features of the project area:

* Unique monsoon climate. relatively mild winters and warm summers. four seasons. majority of precipitation between May and September. little frost and snow. low winds and manv overcast days with frequent inversions. high humidity. * Mean annual temperature is 15.5°C to 16.5 °C and the absolute maximum temperature is 37.3 'C and the absolute minimuin temperature is -5.9 'C. * The annual frost-free period is 280 days. * The mean annual wind speed is 1.2'm/s and the main wind direction is north to north-east. Winds are calimol average 46% of the time. * Mean annual relative humiditv is 82% whilst the mean annual atmospheric pressure is 956 millibar. * Mvleanannual sunshine time is 1238.6 hours and sunshine rate is 28%. . The mean annual rainfall is 976 mm whiie the average rainfall betxveen Mav and September is 816 mm. or about 86% of the annual total during the wet season.

In Figure 3.1 the monthiy rainfall pattern in 1996 is shown for the project cities. A similar pattern is shown for all cities with the wet season occurring in July, August and September and the drv season from October to June. It can be seen that the driest month is December. Comparison with Figure 3.2, which show\s the average flows of the two main rivers. downstream of the Dujiangyang irrigation

41367.EA.CI-IAPTER 3 3- 3 DECENIBER 1998 SICHUAN URlBAN ENVNIRONIENT PROJFCT ENVIRONN(FNTAL A.iFS"`MENr Miain Report scheme, reveals a different pattern. This difference arises from the regulation and control of flows in the complex river network. Lowvestflows occur in March and the flows are attenuated so that there are larger flows in October than one would expect from the rainfall data. The main reason for the different patterns of rainfall and flow are due to the water needs of paddv rice which has a growing cvcle of about 120 davs. Paddy is watered and the seedlings planted in Mav/June. just before the start of the wet season. and the summer rains keep the paddv watered until the harvesting in September/October. Run-off from the paddv maintains river flows through to the lowest flow period of Februarv/March.

In order to assess the impacts of pollution. one needs to concentrate on conditions in low flow periods. For this reason Mlarch flows have been selected for use with those of 1987, a drv vear. serving as reference conditions.

Figure 3.1 Monthly Rainfall Totals - 1996

Figure 3.2 MeanL-IIL-JL..JL~~~~~~~~~~~~~~... monthly flow in Min and Tuo Rivers

3.1.5 Air Qualitv

Like many urban areas in China, the ambient air quality is generally poor in SUEP cities with some variation due to topomrapls and pollutant source mix. The topographv in Chenodu. in particular.

41367.EA.C I WITER 3 3-4 DECEMBER 1998 SICHU-\N t RB.\N i E\IRONNIENT PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT Main Repon

makes it susceptible to frequent and persistent temperature inversions. Relative to the Class 11 standard of GB3095-1996. TSP is the main pollutant of concern and standards are exceeded for the whole year. NO, and SO, exceed the standards for 5-15% of the time.

There is some concern that these conditions will cause problems related to odour from the proposed Phase I WwTWs. especially since the existing Sanwayao WwTW has had odour problems. A temperature inversion near the ground will cause the worst conditions for odour. Conditions for inversions in Chengdu occur throughout the year. with a frequency in the morning of 5%. and in the afternoonof 22%. The average intensity at 7am is 0.81 C/lOOmand at 7pm is 0.79 C/lOOm.with an average thickness of 278.1mat 7am and 153.5mat 7pm.

This odour potential is more fully discussed in the impactsand mitigation section. It is expectedthat proper design and operation of the WwTWs will greatly reduce odour problems. There are few residences or sensitive receptors in the project areas and appropriate mitigation measures are proposed.

3.1.6 Noise

All major urban areas in the province have locations that exceed ambient noise standards. Monitoring of ambient noise levels has been conducted at the proposed project sites and used in detailed noise modellingzby SRIEP. Details of this modelling and recommendedmitigation measures can be found in Chapters 5 and 7.

3.1.7 Surface and Groundwater Hvdrology

The overview of recional water resources was provided in Section 1.2.2. since improved water quality is a major target of the SUEP projects. Water quality modelling work and the approach adopted in obtaining the greatest improvement in river quality at least cost is covered in Chapter 2. In Chapter 4 detailed analyses of the rivers in the studv area are presented and the problems arising are discussed. The Phase I SUEP projects concentrate on the improvement of urban water resources and water quality issues. The COWI/DHI water resource study reports contain much information on the overall water resource conditions and wastewater and pollution loads ,discharged in the study area. Discharges from industry and agriculture are covered and the impact of this point and non-point pollution on the rivers has been considered. Whilst the physical works covered-bv SUEP I do not cover these latter pollution sources. these issues vill be re-visited in later phases of SUEP. Nevertheless it is appreciated that the proposed interventions of Phase I are essential components of a fully integrated system for water resources and water quality cQntrol in the Province.

.Ariculture is bx far the largest water user in the province. From the present averagte consumptioln of 37 millioni in'/day. it is expected that the irrigated agzricultural need may increase to 40-45 million m'.'day in 2010. despite a decrease in agricultural land. The general agricultural practices, with widespread use of terraces capturing the naturai runoff. favours high water losses by evapotranspiration. thereby limitiniz the water available for the major cities. Since irrigation mostlv coincides with dry weatherconditions. it is a key factor in water resources availability in low tlow conditions. and is therefore a key factor. influencing conditions in the rivers flowing through urban areas.

4i367EA.CIIAPTER 3 3. 5 DECEMBER 1998 SICHUi.AN URAN E.NVIRON1N''NTPROJFC'r ENVIRONMtlEN-l'.l ASSESS.MENT Main Report

The pollution level in Jinsha-Yangtze and Jialing rivers is generally low, but the entire Tuo river and parts of the Mminriver are polluted bv wastewater. Small rivers like the Fu in Chengdu and the Fuxi in Ziaongare heavilv polluted- According to COWI/DHI.the main pollutants are mostly confined to the followin-:

* micro-organisms including bacteria from households and animal husbandrv * dearadable organic matter from households and industrv * ammonium/ammonia from households and industrv * the nutrienlts. phosphorus and nitrogen. which can cause eutrophication in lakes and reservoirs.

The environmental impacts caused bv discharges of total ammonium are:

* toxicity to aquatic life of free ammonia (NH3) * consumption of river water oxygen by nitrification * deterioration of drinking water qualitv (even after waste treatment) - contribution to eutrophication

The groundwater potential within Sichuan is generally low except for the Chengdu plain. The shale sediments and metamorphic schists that dominate the Sichuan basin have verv low porositv and permeability, so groundwater is limited to fractures in the basement rocks and to alluvial deposits in vallevs and other low lving area. Along the major rivers. alluvial terraces of sand and gravel mav serve for significant abstraction bv river bank infiltration and provide substantially better water quality that can be obtained from the surface water due to natural filtering through the sand and cravel. The Chengdu plain sand and gravel has a high potential.

3.1.8 Agriculture

Sichitan is the province in China with the highest agricultural output. 83% of the provincial popuiationi is involved in agriculture and the area under cultivation ranks 4rh in the provincial listings.

The main crops are rice and wheat with other corns and sweet potatoes also being of importance. The annual output in 1995 for these produce and areas under cultivation are as follows: Rice 16.6 million tonnes 3.0 million hectares Wheat 6.6 million tonnes 2.3 million hectares Other corn 4.7 million tonnes 1.7 million hectares Sweet potato 4.3 million tonnes 2.0 million hectares

The land usage is illustrated In the pie chart In Figure 3.3.

4 41367,EA.CI IAPTER 3 3-6 DECEMBER 199X SICIIUAN U;RB.ANFlNVI RONNIENTI PROJFCT ENVIRONMENTALASSESSMENT Nlati Repnrt

Figure 3.3 Division of Field Area by Crop for 1995

Total Area = 0 888 9 93 million ha

1.99i/ x -\ [3ricenc ~~/: \ : sshN~eat l 'com

o sw%eetpotato *other I.716\2.332

Sichuan is the second most prolific province in terms of animal husbandrv. The recorded animal populations are as follows:

Cattle/buffalo 11.2 million Horses 0.6 million Pigs 70.9 million Sheep/goats 12.1 million

Pouitrv output is tvpicallv 12% by weight of that of pigs so this must account for an unimaginable number of chickens.

Two factors are of kev importance to the pollution of water courses: the use of fertiliser for arable farming and the disposal of animal waste. One pig gzenerates approximatelv 5 times the waste of a human so we are talking about animal waste totalling about 500 million population equivalents.

The usage of synthetic fertiliser in 1995 amounted to 1.5 million tonnes of nitrogen fertiliser (as N) and 0.5 million tonnes of phosphate fertiliser (as P). These production rates can be compared with the expected production rate from the 85 million people in the province as follows

i Nitrogen generated t/year Phosphorous generated t/year I

From Fertiliser I 1.5 0.5 From total population I 0.25 0.03 Potential Fertiliser Run-off j 0.1 5 to 0.3 0.01 to 0.017

Of course the aim is for the nutrients applied as fertiliser to be consumed in crop growth. In practice a proportion of that applied is xwashed from the land into the river svstems. In the course of the Hanmzhou Bay stud\. coniducted for the World Bank. !lott MacDonald undertook poilution balances on 5 rivers including, the Yangtze. From this work it was concluded that of the nutrients gzeneratedin rural areas (from animals. from humans and from fertiliser) the percentage which runs off to the rivers are as follous:

NitrogTen 10 to 20% Phosphorous 2 to 3.5 %

The potential run-off from fertiliser use can be seen to be of a similar masgnitude to that discharged bv the whiole of the provincial population.

41367.EA.CIAPTER 3 3_7 DECEMBER 1998 SICHIJAN URBAN ENVIRONNiMENT l'ROJECT ENVIRONiMIENTAL .. SSFSSMFNT :-lain Reqort

This brief analvsis shows the significance of non-point source pollution in the province. In following Phases of the SUEP the following investigations should be carried out and a strategv for dealing with the pollution sources developed.

* Estimates of pollution loads generated within the river basins from fertiliser run-off. animal wastes and the rural population should be estimated.

* Byvexamination of nutrient balances within the river svstems estimates should be prepared of the percentage of BOD. N and P washed into the rivers from the rural pollution loads. These estimates should be compared with data from elsewhere.

* The estimated loads washed into the rivers should be compared with the loads generated from urban residential and industrial activities in order to determine the significance of the non-point discharges.

* Arable farning practice should be examined to determine means by which fertiliser use can be reduced and the wash-off of nutrients can be controlled. The economic impacts of such interventions should be evaluated and compared with the costs of pollution reduction by urban wastewater treatment.

* The disposal and reuse practice as applied to animal waste should be studied with a view to establishing improved practices to minimise wash-off. Again costs should be compared with alternative urban control alternatives.

* Recommendations should be prepared for discussion at provincial and state levels for changes to agricultural practices in order to reduce water pollution in a cost-effective wav.

3.2 Biological Environment

The individual SUEP project component appendices include general information about the flora and fauna of the Sichuan Province and SUEP cities. The project areas are a combination of urbanised and intensive a-ricultural areas with no undeveloped land affected. As such. native species of flora and fauna are few,v.The polLuted levels of the wvatercourseslimits aquatic life to a great degree.

3.2.1 Flora

The rural Phase I sites and project areas contain only common plants such as eucalyptus and pine. and the areas are either urbanised or used for agriculture. There are no undeveloped areas affected.

3.2.2 Fauna

There are oniv domestic poultry located in the studv areas and no wild animals are located in the vicinitv of any Phase I projects.

41367.EA.CHAPTER3 3-8 DECENlBER 1998 SICHUtANI Rl¢-N ENVIRON\IENT P'ROJFCT ENVIRONNIFNTALASSESSMENT :MainRelprt

3.2.3 Special Issues

There were no special issues noted in the project areas such as sensitive plant or aquatic species. wetlands or wildlife habitat. cultural or historic sites except as noted in Section 3.4. or sensitive receptor groups.

3.3 Socio-cultural Environment

3.3.1 Project Area Overview

The total population of Sichuan wvasestimated to be 82 million after the separation of Chongqing in 1997 (6.6% of the population of China), with a 'Natural Growth Rate' of 9.87% (1995). This growth is approximatelv midway betwveenthe highest figure of 15.12% for Qinghai and the lowest of 3.35% in Shandong. The total fertilitv rate is reportediv now verv low in China as a whole: a figure of 1.99 live births for women between 15 - 64 is recorded as of October Is' 1995. With such a low birth rate and hiah life expectancy the proportion of the population of pensionable age is increasing. This has implications for cost recoverv as the increasingz percentage of the population on low incomes (pensions) reduces the ability to pay introduced charges. Males out-number females in the total population of China: a ratio of 5 1.03: 48.97. Although this population statistic indicates a significant feature of Chinese society, it does not present issues of significance for the project.

There is considerable rural-urban migiration in Sichuan. The migrant population has a higher proportion of males than females. Thev represent an important source of low-cost labour and it is suggested that the construction sector obtains 60% of its workforce from temporarv migrants. It is not ciear what impact this significant number (8 million rural migrants seeking work in the cities of the WYR) will have on demand for services in the six cities and if this will have any implications for cost recoverv. In terms of demand. it is likelv that new migrants to cities while increasing demand for services will not do so in proportion to numbers. Their obligation to pay for services because of the lack of urban resident status mean that their demand is lower than those of the resident population. However. migration regulations have been considerablv relaxed over recent years. As policies continue to evolve and migrants are (ranted official residence status. their access to free or subsidised water \\ill be the same as those of the existing urban population. This couid change the potential income levels From utilitV user fee charzes. The lower status employment. that migrants are engaged in. results In loxNer incomiies.The higher level of expenditures on items sucih as schooling, healthi. housing and k%atermean that their capacitv to make choices on further expenditures (user fees) are considerably compromised. Their access to services mav be lower than that of other urban groups.

Althoull ethnic minorities only comprise 4.1 % of the WYR population. in some prefecture minorities form the largest g,roup of the population. They tend to be concentrated in the most rural and remote of the districts with relatively low GDP outputs. One of the incentives for rural to urban migration is the higher income available in urban areas. It seems likely therefore that within the cities with hiuh numbers of immigrants. representation of ethnic minorities will be significant. The relationship between migration and minorities status needs to be established because of the lower 'human capital'

41367.EA.CIIAPTER3 3-9 DECEMBER 1998 SICHUIAN t[Ril N ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAE. ASSESSMENT Main R¢port generated within the ethnic minoritv groups. This mav have an impact on reducing their demand for services due to lower levels of exposure to health information and lower education levels.

Women share equal rights with men in China. However. responsibilities for dailv activities appear to result in women being emploved in jobs that enjoy less responsibility. status and salarv. While the projects are likely to have social benefits for all g,roups.women's interests in the impact of the project. wvithinthe domestic arena. are likeiyto be greater than those of men. They have the main household responsibilities for cooking. cleanlinessof the household and surrounding environment, which require access to and use of wvater.

The nlimber of households in Sichuan in 1995 (i October) was 34.53 million. Average household size was 3.3 persons. with just over 34 % of households having 3 persons. The labour force was 63.4 million. with 63 % working in the primaryvsector. 16 % in the secondarv sector and 21 % in the tertiary sector. The average wage in Sichuan in 1995 was li4 645 per annum, compared to the national average of X 5 500. Wages in the agriculture. forestrv and fisherv sectors were X 3 868. in manufacturincrthev were X 4 622. in the utilities thev were X 5 950. in the construction industry they were X 4 851 and in governmentagencies X 5 087.

Annual per capita disposable income in 1995 was X 4 003, compared to the national average of X 4283. Annual per capita living expenses were X 3 429. compared to the national average of £ 3 538 (living expenses refers to the total expenditure of households for daily life. excluding fines and taxes - China Statistical Year Book 1996). Expenditureon food accounted for 51.3 % of living expenses and the cost of household facilities,articles and services amounted to 8.6 % of living expenses.

3.3.2 Social and Public Health Issues

The incidence rate for infectious and parasitic diseases in Sichuan is up to double the national average. reported to be about 180 per 100 000 in 1995. These diseases are largelyvwater related and therefore indicate the relevance of a programme that aims to improve water and sanitation. The national incidence of Hepatitis A. also a water related disease. has risen to such an extent that the Government has launched a campaign for its control. The main health issues of concern for the project are the need to reduce infectious and parasitic disease. and to monitor and control toxic waste emissions and prevent them entering the food chain. fmprovement to the monitoring. diagnosing and reportingaprocedures is recommended.

In Table 3.1 the incidence of some water-borne diseases and other major diseases in the project cities is shown. These \were data made available by the city PMOs.

411367.EA.CI[APTER3 3- 10 DECEMBER1')98 SICHUF..\N UtRB.\NEWVIRONNIENT PROJECT FNVIRONMENTAL. ASSESS9IFNT Miain Reponl

Table 3.1 The Incidence of Water-borne and other Diseases in the Project Cities (1995 to 1997 data presented as numbers per 100 000)

[ l______FChengdul Deyang Zigong Luzhou Leshan ] Cholera 0.7 l l l Typhoid l 0.1 l 0.05 | 1j 1t.5 Dysentery 45.7 60.0 102 120 21.8 Hepatitis i 61.5 42.2 77.9 160 141 Hookworm j 3.8 0.05 1.9 0.6 Malaria 0.8 10.5 2.1 | 15.1

Scarlatina 4.78 15.1 - Phthisis 36.3 Bilharzia -- 0.03 l l Other Diarrheal Diseases F -- 63.3 36.9 7 i Cerebrospinal Meningitis 0.45 1 Measles 0.44 l.4 Cephalitis B | 0.2 Epidemic Meningitis l - l 0.5O --

The are a number of points of interest which arise from the above data. The incidence of disease seems to be higher in the southern cities which are hotter than those in the north. The incidence of hookworm is generallv low. whilst this is known to be high in the rural communities.The incidence of hepatitis and dysentery are high. These diseases are often related to poor food or water hygiene.

Drinking water supplies are found to be effectively chlorinated in urban areas and water is normally boiled before direct consumption. Nevertheless the proposed SUEP components are likely to have significant public health benefits for the following reasons:

I. The casual use of water for washing of cooked and uncooked foods is widespread. Thle introduction of wastewater treatment will lead to lower bacterial and parasitic concentrations both in raw and treated waters. 2. The provision of more generous treated water supplies will reduce the use of poorer quality water. 3. The maintenance of positive pressures throughout the water distribution systems will reduce. if not eliminate.the back-siphonaze of polluted water into distribution svstems. 4. Follow-ingthe introduction of wastewater treatment and/or the relocation of discharges dowkinstreamof populationcentres. health risks from phvsical contact with polluted waters flowiniz in streams and open drains in close proximity to residential areas will be significantiv reduced. . It is most likely that a part of the reason for the high incidenceof water related diseases in the province is related to the unusually high percentage of the population living in rural areas vhere water supply and sanitation facilities are somewhat rudimentary.

Whilst proof cannot be provided. it would appear likely that the serious levels of water related diseases are in part due to the total lack of wastewater treatment in cities other than Chengdu and the common use of open channels for the discharge of wastewater.

41367,.EA.C IAPrTER3 3- I DECEMBER 1998 SICHUAN tIRB \N ENVIRONMENTPROJECT ENVIRONiMFNTL\ ASSFSSM\ENT Main Report

The socio-economic impact of the project has been considered upon the basis of data collected from willingness-to-pav surveys. resettlement action plans and informnation from the cities. In all of the cities it was found that people had a high degree of awareness of the importance of public health issues and a good understanding of the links betwveen environmental conditions and health. A high proportion of those interviewed expressed a willingness to pay for services but quantitative results. in the most part. were not obtained. Quantitative data on willingness to pav in Chengdu has had to be used as a basis for assessments elsewhere.

Social behaviour. -ender issues. household income patterns. health and need for social awareness have been covered for each of the five cities. Details of these findings are included in the component feasibility studies. Resettlement and compensation plans are covered in a separate "Resettlement Action Plan".

In Table 3.2, the main findings of the RAP are summarised.

Table 3.2 Surnmarv of Resettlement Action Plan

Chenadu 1 Devane Leshan Luzhou _Z! _ont W _ , _ l _ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Project W. i Ww WS W. MSW Daxikou Bi wis Wa Total

Nr. of l_ householdsto 340 24 I 53 37 it 10 |45 3 554 be resettled l LandArea to be T F T t j 478 j 159 f 94 16 284 41 30 122 2224 1448 used(niu) l -l Total Cost 1i1 94 7.7 9 4.1 2.2 33.4 244.4

3.3.3 Finance and Economics

Details of the financial and economic evaluations conducted will be included in the SUEP Phase I Feasibility Reports to be prepared for Appraisal. Summaries of the main economic and financial indicators as presented for the schemes and the water utilities at the Pre-appraisal stage are shown in Table 3.3. It should be noted that the data shown will change somewhat by the time of Appraisal but no major changes influencing this EA are expected.

The AiCs for Zi,ong are Lnusually high because 40 %,oof raw water is fed to an existing WTW anid therefore costs have been set aLainst only 60% of the flow. Whilst those for Luzhou - Beijiao are high due to costs of the pipeline to Fuji. Table 3.3 Economic and Financial Indicators for Water Suppiv Schemes

Lha Luzhou Luzhou | j Leshan i Beijiao Daxikou L AIC - financial.aI010°-Pa(YxM) 0.81 1.78 ! 0.94 4.94 A IC - econoniie. at I0% pa Vim) 0.7, 1.56 0.83 1.65

Attariff tlim ) 1.0 10 2.8

41367.EA.CHAPTER3 3- 12 DECEMBER 1Q9)8 SICHA\N I RB 4N ENVIRONMENTPROJECT FNVIRONNtENT\I. AESESNSENT Main Repnrt

FIRR after tax (%pa) 10.5 | 9. 10.0 J 9.2 EIRR 1% pa) 15.1 14.2 1 5.11 15

All schemes have been found to be affordable when personal costs incurred. based upon the tariffs generated bv utilitv level analvsis. are compared with the lower 10 percentile incomes. Willingness to pay surveys indicated that a high percentage of people are prepared to pay for improved services and the tariffs proposed appear to be acceptable. The main economic and financial indicators for the wastewater components are presented in Table 3.4. Again the data shown is that prepared for Pre- appraisal but no major changes are expected.

Table 3.4 Economicand FinancialIndicators for WastewaterSchemes

AIC - financial,at 10 paiWm) Chengdu Deyang E Leshan Zigong | AIC-financial. atI 0 pa Yini) 0.88 1.16 0.26 0.69 AIC - economicat 10%.pa tV/tn) I 0.73 0.87 ! 0. 02;9 At tariff (V/m') 1.2 1.5 0.35 1 1.0

FiRR aftertax ___pa_ 8_S.5 9.3 | _ 10-2 |_9.1 EIRR (Spa) I 53 ! 16.1 ! 14.8 16.2

Comparison of projected tariffs with lower 10 percentile incomes shows all proposed tariffs to be affordable.

For the MSW component. economic and financial indicators determined at the Pre-appraisal stage are summarised in Table 3.5 for both the medium and the low growsthcases.

Table 3.5 Economic and Financial Indicators. MSW

i 1ediumGrowth | Lo} Groisvth AIC- financial.at 0IOpapaW/nt) 118.8 133.2 AIC - economic.at 0I patVo j 99.7 113 MYN 1cv iv"t) ! 115 136 FIRR %t) 1.5

3.3.4 Institutional Issues

Analvses of institutional needs have been conducted in order to establish the required actions to acilieve sustainiable operation anid management of the utilities to be responsible for the works to be liinded under the World Bank loan. Proposed water suppiv projects will be owned and operated by existing enterprise xwater companies. Wastewater Companies have been forned to be fully responsible for existing and new wastewater works. Proposals have been prepared bv the cities for the structure. responsibilities. working methods. staffing. assets. financial manag-ement and institutional strengthening needs. These proposals xNill be presented as a separate Project Component covering Technical Assistance needs.

41367.EAA.CH\PTER3 3- 13 DECEMBER I'98 SICFIr\1AN U.RB-N ENVIRONMENT PROJECT FNVIRONFIFNT.-\I.-\SCFS5S1ENT MiainRetvrn

3.4 Areas of Special Designation

3.4.1 Endangered Flora and Fauna

In 1986. the Environmental Protection Committee of the State Council published a "CIinese Rare and In Severe Danger Protection Plant List". It was subsequently revised in 1987 by NEPA. In addition, a "State Key Protection Wildlife List" wvaspublished and approved by the State Council in 1988.

SRIEP used these listings. consulted local EPBs and scientific research institutes. and found that there are no iisted species in the project area that could be impacted bv the SUEP project construction.

3.4.2 Historic and Cultural Sites

A state law called the "Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Cultural Relics" was adopted by the 2 5"' Meeting of the Standing Committee of the Fifth National People's Congress and promulgated by Order No. 11 of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on November 19. 1982.

The province has also passed cultural protection regulations in the Provincial People's Congress on December 23. 1982 and revised in November 30. 1985. Thev are called the "Reaulations for Cultural Heritage Preservation of Sichuan Province.'

The SRIEP consulted with the cultural heritage offices of the province in the preparation of the EAs and found that no protected sites were affected by SUEP components. The temporarv sewage outfall location in Leshan is not in the protection area of the Grand Buddha although the final pumping station at the Dadu and Min confluence (Xiao Gong Zui PS) will be. There have been limited efforts to locate and protect cultural and historic "assets` in the province and another SUEP component (funded by the Italian government) is looking into additional measures to locate and protect assets.

3.4.3 Parklands or Other Special Sites

There were no sensitive areas or receptors noted in anv of the nine component project areas such as parklands. schools. hospitals or others that needed special protection from the proposed SUEP constructioll or operational impacts.

There are 3 natLral reserves near Leshan: Dafengding Natural Preserve (in Mabian Countv. at national level). Wavu ;Muntain Natural Preserve (at the junction of the 3 counties of Hongya. Rongjin and HanyLuan1.at provincial level) and Heizhuuou Natural Preserve (in Ebian Coulitv. at countv level).

None of these reserves will be adversely affected by the SUEP.

3.4.4 Watershed Protection Zones

The national and provincial authorities have made si-nificant strides toward protecting watersheds. especiallv those related to municipal water supplies. Industries are directed away from these watershed protection zones and existina polluting industries are given incentives to close and/or

41367.EA.VCHAPTER3 3- 14 [)ECEMBER 1998 SICHUAN1!KRI :N ENVIRONNIENTPROJECT ENVIRONNIENTAI. .\SSFSSNIENT \iaiin Report

relocate. However, there is enormous competition for the water resources of the province. even thou2h thev are abundant. The Chenedu Plain is one of the most productive agricultural areas in China. a countrv that feeds its populationon onlv 15% of its land area. This historic agricultural use is increasinlyv beingzreduced due to the combined processes of industrialisation and urbanisation of the Province. The increase in competition for water leads one to question whether there should be an expansion of the watershed protection concept into legal and institutional methods to allocate water on a watershedbasis. using a varietv of economic. legal. social and environmentalcriteria.

SRIEP has anailsed the impacts of proposed wastewater and MSW projects on existingYwatershed protection zones and also recornmended detailed watershed protection measures for the proposed WTW underthe Phase I SUEP projects.

41367.EA.CHAPTER3 3. IS DECEMBER 1998 StCHU.\N URBAN ENVIRONMIENTPROJECT ENVIRONMENTALASSESSMENT Main Report

4.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND PROBLEMS

4.1 Water and Environmental Institutional Arrangements

The Constitition of the People's Republic of China (1982) provides the framework for environmental protection law in China. Article 26 of the Constitution stipulates that the -the State protects and improves the livin_ environmentand the ecological environment.prevents and remedies pollution and other public hazards." National legislation is comprehensive and appears to cover most areas of environmentalconcern. However,the level of enforcement in Sichuan. as the rest of China. is often less than satisfactorv. The Chinese economy continues to arow rapidly and there is often a trade-off between the strict enforcement of environmental legislation and promoting economic growth and emplovment.

4.1.1 The National Level

Table 4.1 shows the national water and environmental laws that are relevant to the SUEP Phase I projects.

Table 4.1 National Water and Environmental Laws Important to SUEP

SECTOR LAW Waterand W\astewater WaterLaw of thePRC WaterPollution Prevention Law of the PRC ImpiementingRegulations for WaterPollution Preveniion Law of the PRC WaterPollution Control Technical Strategy issued by thePeople's State Council. PRC TemporarvManaging Method for WaterPollution (license for dischargingwater pollution) EnvironmentalProtection Supervision Management Method for SewageTreatment Facilities PollutionControl Management Regulation for WaterSources. Protection Zones for DrinkingWater TemporaryMethod for CollectingDischarge Fees FinancialMlanagement and Accounting of Collectionof DischargeFees

SEC'TOR LAW EnvironmentalProtecrion EnvironmentalProtection Laut of PRC EnvironmentalProtection Law andregulation of the atmosphere Regulationfor Noisecontrols NationalEnvironmental MSlonitoring Management Reguliation Environmental Protection Law and Regulationfor EnterprisesOwned by StreetCommission

SEC''I'()R |LA\\'W Naturall Rceources Prorction Lao%and Reguiation for the NaturalEmiironimentc Land ManagemrentLa" of'the PRC ForestLa%% ot the PRC

The national laws and regulations are supported bv standards which stipulate the quality to be achieved in xvater.wastewater and solid wvastemanaerement. Some of the more important standards relative to the SUEP projects and the EAs include:

41367.EA.CIIAPTER4 4- 1 DECEMBER 1998 ;ICI IUAN URBAN ENVIRONMENTPROJECT ENVtIRONIMENTALASSESSMENT Main Report

GB 3838-88 EnvironmentalQualitv of Surface Water All surface waters in China have been classified according to these ambient stream standards. The following is a general translation of the surface water classes:

I Headxvorksof rivers and national protected areas if Drinking water source area, endangered fish. water needing animal area. national/provincialfamous visitor area Ill Drink-ingwater source area. common fish area. famous city visitor area IV Common industrial use. recreation V Agriculture area (separate standards also apply to agricultural irrigation water but rareiy enforced)

Table 4.2 provides the numerical standards associated with these classifications:

Table 4.2 EnvironmentalStandards for SurfaceWater NationalStandard GB 3838-88, Issued 1 June 1988

Parameter Unit Stream Classifications Trr 11 I 111InII IV V |Temp. @ C Averaae including in summer < 1: average includine in wvinter< 2 PH 6.5 - 8.5 6-9 Sulphate mg/l 250 Chloride mgdI 250 Fe mg,l 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5 1.0 Mln mglI 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.5 1.0 Cu mg/I 0.01 1.0(fish0.01 1.0(fish O.01) 2.0 2.0 Zn mgIl 0.05 1.0 (fish 0, 1) 1.0 (fish 0.1) 2.0 2.0 Nitrate ma N/i 10 10 20 20 25 Nitrite mg N. I 0.06 0.1 0.15 1.0 1.0 Ammonia mg N/i 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.2 0.2 Kield. N1 mP N/il 0.5 0.5 I 2 Totai P ma PAI 0.02 0.1 (lake .025 0.1 (lake 0.05) 0.2 0.2 COD vinI mgl 2 4 6 8 10 Oxi gen mg l > 90°O sat. 6 5 3 2 CODC(CrI mgl 15 I 15 20 25 BODS maI 3 4 6 10 Fluoride maIl 1 1 1 1.5 1.5 Se mP I (.01 0.0 i 0.01 0.02 0.()2 \.s ml} Im 0.()5 ()05 0.05 0.1 1.1 llg 1III 1 (.00(0(11 0.0(0)05i (1.0001 1).()01 1.001 C t mgIlI 0.005 10D)00.(l5 0.01 Cr-6 m6Ml|)1 0.05 0.05 0.05 ( .i I'h mg I 0lO I 0 .05 (.05 )0.5 t).i Cvanide mL'! I 0.005 .0)5(fish.005) 01.21fish.005) 0.2 (1.2 Phenols mf Il 1).002 0.()02))005 0.01 Oils m[A (d.05 0.05 0.05 0.5 I. Detergents | melI 1).2 0.2 (.2 0.3 0.3 E. coli noil i0.V00 _ _- PAil mg 2-l.5X I 25 X 10o 2.S X 10° __.

41367.EA.ClAPTrER4 4-2 DECEMBER 19QX SICHUAN t RBAN ENVIRON\IENT PROJECT ENVIRONNIENTA.L ASSESSMENT M,ainReport

The provincial recommendationsfor classifications of rivers are as follows:

JinshaNYangtze:The water qualitv at Panzhihua and upstream shall fulfil the requirements of Class II standard; downstream of Panzhihua the water quality shall be Class III. (The Jinsha becomes the Yangtze at Yibin with the inflow of the lin River)

Min River: The water quality shall attain Class 11in the upper sections and Class Ill in the remaining parts of the river. necessitating construction of new wastewater treatment plants. (Class Ill is also the target for small tributaries but this mav be unrealistic due to dry season flow conditions in places such as Chengdu.)

Tuo River; The water qualitv at Devan_ and upstream shall be Class 11and Class III downstream of Devang. All small paper mills (capacities less than 10 000 tons) shall be closed down and a number of wastewater treatment plants shall be constructed. Low dry-season floxvsat Deyang mav preclude the ability to meet Class 111standards cost-effectivelv.

Jialing River: The water qualitv in Nanchong and upstream shall be class II and the remaining part shall be class 111.

CJ 3020-93 Water Qualitv Standard for Drinking Water Sources

CJ 3025-93 Water and Sludge Disposal Standards for Domestic WWTP

GB 8979-96 Comprehensive Discharge Standard for Wastewater (All)

The Provincial EPB indicates that this national discharge standard is the most wideiv used and the Provincial discharge standards shown in the next section are usualiv not applied. The following revised standards went into effect on 1/1/98:

GB 5084-92 Agriculture Irrigation Water Qualitv

GB 11607-89 Fisherv Waters Qualitv Standard

GB 12941-91 Landscape and Recreation Water Qualitv Standard of the PRC

These standards have been laid down but monitoringtfor compliance and enforcement is essentiallv noni-existentat this time and therefore they are not considered relevant to the SUEP Phase I projects.

GB 4284-84 AAgriculturalUse of Sludge

GB 3096-93 Standard for EnvironmentalNoise of Urban Area

GB 3095-96 Ambient Air Qualitv Standard

These standards are relevant to the SUEP projects and have been incorporated into the assessment of construction and operation impacts. The most important standards related to SUEP Phase I projects

41367.iACCIIAPrER4 43 DECEMIBER 1998 SICFIUAN 1;Rt3-AEN'VIRONMIENT PROJECT ENVIRONMENT.\I. \SSESSNMENT \1ailn Report are shown in Appendix D. However. the relativelv low impact of these standards on the form of proposed projects dictates that full translations are not necessary at this time.

4.1.2 The Provincial Level

Environmental management at the provincial level is performed in accordance with an integrated svstem of environmental control from the national to local levels. Figure 4.1 shows the general relationships of the provincial level EPB in relation to the other levels.

The provincial level EPB can exercise certain powers through the Legal Systems Bureau to assist in the drafting of legislation and regulations that are produced at the provincial and municipal levels. The main provincial laws that are concerned with water and wastewater management are:

The Regulations on Water Resources Conservation and Protection of the Changjiang River in Sichuan (1988)

Regulations on Environmental Protection in Sichuan

Sichuan Provincial Discharge Standards, DB51/190-93

Provincial Discharge Classes A = Tuo. ilianvuan. Fuxi. all Chengdu Rivers B = I\Miniiang above Leshan C = Upper Yangtze. Dadu. Qingvi. Min below Leshan. Yanvtze

4.1.3 The City and County Level

The Citv and Count,v level EPBs are mainiv involved in monitorina and enforcing standards and regulations set by the national level (NEPA) or the Provincial EPB. There is. however. some local level planning for environmental management such as the environmental improvement studv being conducted by JICA for the citv of Chengdu.

4.2 Attainment of Goals. Standards. Regulations

China has made the issue of environmental protection as one of its fundamental policies for the country's sustainable development. It is the national goal that the present pollution situation shall be alleviated so that all the major cities shall be improved in terms of environmental qualit) by the Near 2000. One of the main polic\ statemenits is the so called -three at the same time' which means that planning. implementing and progressing shall be achieved simultaneously with economic development. Lirban/rural development and environmental improvements. Other main policv statements inclUde:

- prevention combined with mitigation and prevention is preferred: - pollutioll shall be mitigated by the one who has generated the pollution (polluter pavs).

41367.EA.CI1APrFR4 4-4 DECEMABER 1998 SICHUiA.N tIRBA\ FNVIRON;iFN1 I'RCIFCT ENVIRONMIEN\TAL .SSiSSNIENT \IaiinRepor

Concerning water quality, focus is on the following issues:

- control of industrial discharge of heavy metals. organic and chemical pollutants. - introduction of clean technology. updating of production procedures to conserve water and to increase production efficiencv: - construction of domestic wastewater treatment works to improve the environmental qualitv in urban areas and to reduce the pollution of rivers. - improvement of surface water qualitv bv means of river pollution mitigation. water resource conservation. and enhanced management of the water sector

Sichuan Province. in liie with the national policies. has set the following year 2000 targets:

I. the domestic unit water supplies should increase from 160 lcd to 210Ilcd bv 2000: 2. centralised svstems for treatment of domestic wastewater shall be constructed in all large and middle size cities: 3 vwithregard to industrial wastewater. the national target for wastewater treated shall be 60% compared to 48% as at present: 4. the total amount of heavv metals in industrial wastewater shall not exceed and preferablv be less than 1995 levels: 5. the seriouslv increasing pollution situation in the Tuo River and the Min River shall be alleviated significantly; 6. the qualitv of surface water in all major cities shall be improved and shall meet relevant national standards.

Whilst the above objectives are sound there is doubt wvhethertargets can be achieved by the year 2000. Certainil the SUEP will provide a significant step towards these objectives.

4.2.1 Surface Water Qualitv

The streams of the Min River Basin are classified according to the Environmental Standards for Surface Water. National Standard GB 3838-88 issued I June 1988. as follows:

Above MuorI1 Xian. Class I (about 150 km upstream of Dujiangyan) MuornaXian to WaizouL Class 11(about 90 km upstream of Dujianevan) (There are factories located upstream of DujianYvan) Waizou to Yibin. Class Ill (Leshan WwTW, Leshan MSW landfill, Zigong WTW Supply Diversion) Dadu and Qinugyi Rivers. Class Ill (Leshan WTW) ,All small streams in studv cities are Class Ill (Fu. Sha. Nan) by the city EPB but the provincial EPB has recommended changing them to class IV (Chengdu WwTW) Small headxvater streams are Class 11

The streams of the Tuo River Basin have the following classifications: (Note - Tuo River officially begins at Mianyuan - Shiting River junction)

Qing Ping and above. Mianvuan. Class I Qings Ping( to Hai Wan. Class If Hai Wan to Luzhou. Class Ill (Devang WwTW)

41367.EA.C1iAP'ErR4 4 5 DECEMBER i1t98 SICHU\N URRB.\\ FNIRONNIENT PROJECT ENVIRONMiENTALASSESSMENT Mlain Reporr

Fuxi River. Zigong to the Tuo. Class IV (Ziigong WwTW)

The streams of the Jinsha/Jangtze Basin have the following classifications:

Upper sections. Class I To Devong. Class 11 Devong to Yibin. Class III Yibin on dowinstream. Class III (Luzhou WTWs, Beijiao and Daxikou)

The water qualitv modelling under the COWI/DHI provincial water resources and water qualitv strategy analysis has shown that the main rivers in the Upper Yangtze Basin have a large assimilative capacity due to a large rapid and turbulent flow. This sitiation provides a natural decav of organic matter and ammonia in the rivers to the extent that there is no significant impact between either sub- basins or betvzeen cities.

The results of water qualitv modelling show that without additional wastewater treatment bv year 2010 the Class III water qualitv objective for organic matter. ammonia and dissolved oxvgen will be satisfied for:

100% of the Jinsha and Yanogtzerivers: 47% of the Min river (including the Fuhe branch through Chengd u); and 1% of the Tuo river (including the Puvang branch downstream of Chengdu).

COWI/DHIl have prepared a wide ranging water strategy that will form the basis of the SUEP in upcoming phases. Phase I will foster the achievement of the goals of the strategy, but other significant interventions are required for areater water qualitv improvements. At the end of the proposed strategv implementation (bv the year 2020). the situations in the N'lin and the Tuo rivers are predicted to improve and Class III water quality objective will be satisfied for: 60%,1oof the Nfin river (including the Fuhe branch through Chengdu)- and 60 % of the Tuo river (including the Puyang branch downstream of Chengdu).

Mlanx of these stream seaments may not realistically reach Class Ill objectives due to the very low drv season flows. Additional flow augmentation. transfer of agricultural water. and/or downgrading of objectives xill all have to be considered in detail. The limiting parameter is total ammonia and the river sections wihere the Class Ill wvaterqualitv cannot be achieved are the upper reaches immediatelv downstream of ChenUdLt.

41367.FA.CIl APTER4 4-6 DECEMEBER 1998 SICIIIUAN URBA\N ENVIRONMIFNT PROJECT ENVlRON4\IENT.-\L .-SSESSMIENT \laini Report

Table 4.3 Lencgthof river sections satisfying the Class III water quality objective by 2020 after Strategy implementation

Sub-basin Lengthof Compliance vith Class III

Model BOD Total Dissolved

Sections ammonia Oxygen

Jinshaand Yan2tze rivers 2968 2968 2968 2968

Mminand Fuhe rivers 474 378 285 474

Tuo andPuva=g rivers 484 443 291 477

The additional improvement that may be achieved through increased river flow in the upper part of the Min and Tuo rivers will increase the lengths that satisfv the Class III objective to: 74% of the Min river including Fuhe: and 84% of the Tuo river.

Quantification of the amount of BOD and ammonia that exceeds the Class III water qualitv objective in Basin Pollution Index shows that with traditional wastewater treatment at all pollution sources. 93% of the potential improvement can be achieved. Figure 4.2 shows the proposed improvements in pollution index through various interventions proposed in the strategy. Wastewater treatment in accordance with the Strategy will achieve 80% of this improvement while increasing the flow in Min and Tuo mav contribute an additional 5%. The remaining 8% will require more advanced wastewater treatment while the final 7% is due to pollution in run-off from agricultural land.

In Sections 4.3.1 to 4.3.3, water quality monitorina data provided bv SRIEP is presented for the Min, Tuo and Yangtze river basins respectivelv. In Section 4.3.4. the relative contribution of the Phase I SUEP wastewater schemes in meeting the surface water qualitv objectives is analysed using an urban pollution impacts assessment and a river pollution index.

4.2.2 Groundwater Quality

There is an enormous potential for additional groundwater exploitation and conjunctive use in the Chenrdu Plain according to the COWI/DHI water quality strategy documents ( 1 lf97. 3/98). Further work has been recommended to studv this potential and the abilitv of conjunctive use to assist withi water qualitv improvements in the SUEP area. especially during the critical drv-season iow flow periods.

To date. roundxwater has riot been wvidelVused in the studv area. except for eariv municipal use Il cities such as Chengdu and Deyanu and for rural water suppiv. The wide varietv of surface waters available coupled with seasonable availabiiitv has meant little usage of groundwvater in Leshan.

General conclusions regarding the avaiiabilitv and quality of groundwater in the Cheng-du Plain are as follows:

Groundwater resources are abundant in some parts of the plain.

Some levels of contamination have occurred in the cityvareas.

I-.1;7AC1 iAPTER4 - 7 nF('FN\;II1R 1')QR SICuIIJAN URBAN-EFNVIRON.\IENT PROJECT lNV IRONNIENTAI. ASSESSNIENT NtainReport

Contamination in rural areas from over-applicationof pesticides and herbicides or drainagze from Township and Village Enterprises(TVEs) is not well documented.

Further study of the potential for exploitinggroundwater resources is justified.

Surface water will continue to be used in Leshan for the foreseeable future.

4.2.3 Water Supplies, Treatmentand Distribution

Accordingto the National and Provincial development plan. the per capita demand for the vear 2000 shall be 210 litres/day compared to the current average of 160 litres/dav. The average domestic demand for the 14 cities included in the studv varies from 97 to 284 lcd with an overall averagzeof 150 lcd. which is slightlv below the official current average. The average future demand for the vears 2000 and 2010 is recommendedto be 150 lcd and 170 lcd respectively. Even with increased water using devices, thev are hopefulthat water conservationwill become prevalent.

The review of existin2 WVTWsin SUEP cities proposed for water supplies has shown that many of the national standards for potable raw water supply are violated in SUEP cities. The cities are making arrangements to replace WTWs that have polluted water sources (eg. Chenadu is replacing polluted well supplies with new BOT surface water WTW west of the city. and Leshan is replacing a WTW on the polluted Min River). The efforts to emplov cleaner sources of raw water is coupled with an effort to improve the quality of surface water throughoutthe province bv construction of domestic WwTWs and ensuring industrial treatment compliance. The improvementin quality of raw water abstracted for potable water will be one of the main benefitsof such interventions.

Another factor that greatly affects some WTW performance is the high solids contents of the source waters at times of hi-h river flow. Solids are relatively simple to remove but the high raw water solids concentrations. coupled with the use of somewhat antiquated water treatment technologies cause turbidity problems in finished suppliesat some sites.

The natural and man-made problems in the raw water used bv WTWs in the studv area result in manv cases in treated water that fails to meet Chinese standards for part of the time. Furthermore. these standards are somewOhatless stringent than those used in most developed countries. Water supplied at the tap is considered non-potable in all SUEP cities and bottled and boiled water is used for domestic purposes. A limited reviewNof treated water records indicates that serious contaminants have been remolvedand the vater suttfersmore from hi_h turbidities and some bacterial contamination from old treatment and distribution systems. Sainpling of raw wvatersources by SRIEP for the Phase I SUEP projects indicated tihatthe proposed intake sources are not contaminated by pesticides. herbicides or nitrates. However.this mav not be the case in manv of the smaller and more rural water supplies.

Water losses are reportedly high in all SUEP cities according to SWMEDRIC design reports and COWI information. In some cases. the losses mav be even higher than reported. In addition. manv of the distribution systems are undersized. As such. computer and field assessment of the water distribution systems has been necessary to ensure that water produced by the new WTWs can be delivered to thiecustomers and hence generatethe predicted revenues.

41367.EA.CHAPITR4 4-8 DECEMBER 1998 SIC IRAN URBN- ENVIRONMiF\NT lR(>R.IFCT FENVIRONNIENT.\i. ASSESSNIENT Main Repoart

In existing Sichuan WTWs. sedimentation sludges and backwash water are routinely returned to the adjacent surface waters. This practice has been found to cause a variety of problems in western countries relative to solids and alum discharges. However. the problem is somewhat low on the list of poilution priorities in Sichuan. whiere major domestic and industrial and agricultural problems remain to be solved. In manv cases the high levels of natLrally occurrine solids in the rivers render the impact of water treatment sludge discharges negligible. SRIEP have verified that the proposed discharges of WTW sludge arising from this project will cause no measurable impact on surface water qualitv (Sectioni 5.3.3). At the present stage of water pollution control in China it would be inappropriate to insist on the control of these innocuous discharges when there exist many more cost effective demands for investment. It was concluded therefore that the control of WTW sludge discharges should be re-considered in futLre phases of SUEP.

4.2.4 WVastewater Collection and Septic Tanks

Sewerace systems in the project area are usually combined in the older areas and separate in the new development areas. The policy in China is to separate existing combined systems and in several of the cities there are plans for rehabilitation of existing sewerage systems, changing to separate systems in the process. The Fu and the Nan Project in Chengdu. scheduled for completion in 1997. is an example of such a project. Another feature of this project. the construction of intercepting sewers and recreational parks along the river banks. has been adopted bv several of the other cities.

Treatment of wastewater starts at the housin, blocks where the wastewater passes through a septic tank before discharge to the public sewer system. This treatment reduces the suspended solids and also. to a varying degree. the level of BOD and nutrients. If these septic tanks are abandoned after construction of treatment works. the load estimates to the WwTW would increase by about 10% for BOD and 30% for suspended solids if it is assumed that the existing tanks are working effectively. In practice one finds that the tanks are emptied infrequently, in manv cases once in three vears. In practice therefore one would expect the concentrations of BOD and SS to rise by only small amounts.

Wastewater collection has been steadilv improvina in the area. considerinLg that open stortnwater drains were widely used in most areas a few vears ago. Urban areas have required the use of septic tanks in homes and other buildings for many years with the overflow to the storm or separate sewver systems. The early sewerage was usually a combined system that conveyed stormwater plus sanitarv wastewvater. The new areas of the cities. such as the 3rd Drainage district of Chengdu. are being built with separated sewer systems to keep stormwater away from the sanitary wastewater. However. the use of septic tanks is still usually required since few central WwTWs have yet been constructed.

IFlhcreis no commonl timetable for the construction of separate sewers. WwTWs and the eiimination of septic tanlks. There is a provincial goal that all medium cities and larLgershouid have WwTWs constructed by the year 2000. but this is a rather unattainable target. given the immensity of the task and limited funding. It would appear that septic tanks will continue to be used in the SUEP study area for at least anotiler decade.

4.2.5 Wastewater Discharges - Domestic

There is onlv one central munLicipalWwTW operating in the Sichuan. This is Sanwavao WwTW in Chenadu which began operations in 1994 with a capacity of 100 000 mAd. A phase iI expansion of

41{, FA\ CIIAPIER4 4-9 [W('FMIR 149X SCI IUA\NURF-X"N ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ENVIRONMENTALASSESSMENT

300 000 m3/d is under constructionto bring the total capacity to 400 000 m;ld. There is. therefore. little experience with WwTW operation and performance.

Sanwavao WwTW has sufferedfrom operational problems that has seriouslv affected the performance of the wastewater treatment and effluent qualitv. and also the sludge digestion and handling. There is limited effluenitmonitoring data available but the treatment efficiency is not igoodand in some cases the ammonia levels leaving the WwTW are higher than those entering the plant. There has been little incentive to operate the facilitv efficiently since the treated effluent is mixed with 4 to 5 times the quantitv of raw sewage beforebeing discharged to the Fu He.

The facility has not been evaluated in detail but limited site investigations would indicate that insufficientaeration is currentiv used at the WwTW. undoubtedlv to save energy costs. This lack of sufficient aeration coupled with the problems with the siudge digestion and handling facilities has contributedto the odour problems in the vicinitv of the WwTW.

The problems at the Sanwavao WwTW provide an added level of -need" for the SUEP wastewater facilities in order to adequatelvdesign and operate facilities and also train a cadre of professionals in the proper operation and maintenanceof central WwTWs for the province.

4.2.6 Wastewater Discharges - Industrial and Other

Wastewater reports and loadingsprepared bv COWI/DHI coupled with the limited industrial reporting that was gathered during EA production indicatesthat modern and clean technology industries are not the rule in Sichuan province. Many of the older factories, especiallv State Owned Enterprises (SOEs) are being closed down for both economic and environmental reasons. It is for example provincial policv to close all paper mills with capacities below 10,000tonnes/vear.

An industrial pollution control action plan has been requested by the World Bank and the Sichuan Province has agreed to produce and implement such an action plan in conjunction with the Phase I SUEP project. The integrated water quality benefits of municipal control and industrial control can greativ accelerate the restorationof better water qualitv in the SUEP area surface waters. This Action Plan is under preparation and will be completed bv the end of April 1999.

4.2.7 IndustrialDischarges to Sewerage Svstems

There is concern that factories located close to the citv sewerage system migyhtdischarge wastewater to proposed WwTWs wvhichcould render the whole wastewater difficult' to treat. In order to investigate this risk. SRIEP conducted sewer sampling in all areas likely to feed to the WxvTWs. No probiem wastes were found in the sewer systems contributing to proposed WwTWs except at Zigong where acid discharges. which would result in the attack of sewers was identified. In this case the local EPB have acted promptly and the discharge has been stopped by transfer of the waste to another factorv which can makleuse of the acid.

There are siiznificant industrial waste contributions to the proposed Phase I WwTWs and the staff of these WwTWs will require training in the testing of raw sewase qualitv and the detection of wastes that could cause problems in the operations of the WwTWs. It will be particularly important to eliminate anv potential sources of hazardous or toxic wastes that are both difficult to handle in the WwTWs. but also could present a safety hazard to sewer and sewage treatment workers.

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4.2.8 Sludge Disposal for Septic Tanks and WwTW

As mentioned above. the only significant municipal WwTW in Sichuan is the Sanwavao WwTW in Chenodu. Sludge processing has been a problem at this facility and the sludge digestion plant has not been operating duriniz the SUEP formulation period. It apparently requires new equipment and and some renovation to operate correctlv.

Sludge from this WwTW has traditionally been uLsedfor landscape fertiliser at the WwTW and the surrounding area. This practice is not considered environmentallv safe, both because of the lack of digestion and the potential for heavy metal contamination. Sludge from the proposed works will be disposed of to landfill at all proposed WwTWs until there is evidence that sufficient sludge treatment is fuliv effective and the sludge quality can be evaluated for conformance with land application Quide- lines.

Septic tank sludge is reported, by some cities, to be landfilled, but common practice would indicate that it is used for agricultural fertiliser in a similar fashion to niehtsoil. In some cases. it may be directly discharged to watercourses. The long-term elimination of night soil and septic tank sludges will be greativ beneficial to the overall health of the population.

4.2.9 Solid Waste Collection and Disposal

General details of solid waste collection in the five project cities were provided in Section 1.2.5. There is only limited data available on most SUEP cities because onlv one MSW facilitv is included in Phase I of SUEP. In general. the urban core areas appear to have fairiv good MSW collection svstems. but the present disposal practice is hardly adequate. Areas of lesser densit,v. surrounding the urban core areas. suffer from random dumping and inadequate collection and disposal. The following statistics are given for Leshan. since it is the only Phase I MSW citv and data has been collected there.

Although officials of Leshan estimate the MSW collection rate at over 40%. this filure mav be high and is certainlv not applicable outside of the urban core area. There is widespread dumpina ot NISW in the surrounding suburban areas. especially along small streams and drainage channels. These small dump sites are then washed into surface waters during heavv rains in the wet season. As such. thev are a local health and aesthetic problem that contributes to a basin wide water qualitv problem. For cities like Leshan that have strong growth and expansion plans. it will be important to begin managine the MSW from the surrounding lower-densitv areas as well as the urban core.

4.2.10 Landfill and Solid Waste Treatment Designs

Based on the faciiities inspected during the Phase I SUEP project preparation work. current solid w%astemanagement facilitv desisgn and operation are inadequate in the province. The vast majoritv of mechaniical MSW plants (using incineration or compostine) were shut down due to a varietv of problems related to design. spare parts. operational cost. or other reasons. All of the liandfills' operate more or less as open dumps without intermediate or final cover. control filling in cells. drainaaze controls. etc. Some facilities had cas and leachate coilection systems. However. not one successfullv operating leachate treatment plant was identified in the province.

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This Phase I SUEP project has significant benefits to Leshan but if it is successful, it could be a model facilitv for the entire province to emulate. Some World Bank publications have indicated that well- designed and operated landfills are the biggest need for MSW in China and this could not be more evident than in Sichuan.

4.2.11 Industrial Solid Wastes

The management of industrial solid wastes (anything other than air emissions or liquid discharges) has not been investiaated in detail during the Phase I SUEP project. No sites have been identified concerning the disposal of conventional industrial solid wastes or more dangerous hazardous and toxic wastes. The latter are banned from municipal landfills but it is not known how well this ban is enforced.

There is some evidence that a number of factories use adjacent watercourses to dispose of solid wastes but this has not been verified. Future phases of the SUEP should investigate this issue further. The World Bank has requested that Sichuan Province provide a time-bound action plan for industrial water pollution control and solid waste issues might be a component of such a plan.

4.2.12 Health and Safetv

The health statistics for some urban areas in the SUEP area indicate that the incidence rate for infectious and parasitic diseases in Sichuan is up to double the national average of about 180 per 100.000. This indicates that infectious diseases. which are dominated by water related diseases. are a key issue for the province both in the present and future. According to COWI/DHI. high E. coli concentrationsat the raw water intakes are experienced at Chengdu and Chongqing and are taken as a clear indication of faecal (human and animal) contamination.

Health statistics that were available (such as Infant Mortalitv Rates) are described in the Feasibility Reports for ail Phase I project components. It was essentially impossible to gather information on safety and accident rates. etc. Cursorv observation leads one to the conclusion that construction is quite dangerous and the accident rates must be quite high. This is probably also related to the fact that a large amount of work, that would normallv performed by machinery in western countries, is undertaken bv human power in China.

4.3 River Svstems

Water quality data for the rivers in the studv area is produced by the Provincial and Citv EPBs on a regular. planined. basis to meet the requiremenits of the State Environmenital Protection Agency (SEPA). Sampling and analyvsisis conducted on three occasions each year at pre-defined sampling locations. Monthily data are not available nor are there means to identifv serious accidental discharges other thani the requirement for factories to inform the EPB of such incidents.

In Section 4.3.1 below present data covering the quality of water in the rivers of interest are presented. In the evaluation of alternative pollution control strateaies. COWI/DHI have used historic data for the *ears 1987 and 1995 for calibration and verification of water qualitv models. Thev then prepared forecasts of future pollution loads which would be discharged to the rivers for the years 2000 and 2010 as the basis for estimation of the future "baseline" conditions. The effects of various pollution

41367.EA.CfiAPTER4 4- 12 DECEMIBER 1998 SICHUI.\NUIRB-\N F.NVIRONM,1ENT PROJECT ENVIRON\MENTALASSESSMENT NkainRep0rt control interventions were studied by reducing the "loads" discharged according to the intervention to be evaluated. The same approach and data were used by Mott MacDonald in the UPIA reported in Section 2 of this report.

For the purposes of comparing wastewater improvemiient schiemes it was decided to only consider tile situation in which the detrimental impact with and without the schemes is greatest. This is the situation of low river flows when there is the least available water in the river to dilute and disperse the pollutants. Low river flows occur in Sichuan during the dry season. which lasts from Januarv to early April. and is exacerbated bv agricultural practices that demand significant water for paddv field irrigation during the spring.

As well as seiecting the lowest flow month of the year. flows have been selected for a year representing particulariv low flows. Full river flow data are available onlv for 1986-7 and 1993-4. To put these 2 years in context. an analysis of the average annual flow data since 1957 showed that, for the Min and the l'uo. 1987 was the vear of lowest average flow.

While annual average flows do not necessarily reflect the lowest monthly flow, the availabilitv of data precluded a more rigorous examination. It was not considered worthwhile to pursue a more detailed analvsis of flow data since it would be uniikely to significantly alter anv of the relative rankings of the schemes. It was therefore decided that flow data for March 1987 would be used in basin index calculations.

SRIEP provided some detailed water quality monitoring data for the streams in the Phase I project cities. In many cases. the water quality appears to be better than predicted by the COWI/DHI modelling work. mainiy due to flows at the time of monitoring being higher than the modelled flows.

In the sections below the quality data covering the "present" river quality are presented. These data are in general for the year 1996 although in some cases incomplete data for 1996 has made it more sensible to quote 1995 data and in some cases 1997 data is qtuoted. For practical purposes all data can be used to reflect the present situation.

River quality data are presented in Tables 4.4 to 4.19. The more relevant sampling locations are shown on the maps presented in Figures 4.3, 4.4. 4.5 and 4.6.

4.3.1 Min River Basin Monitoring Data

Chen,gdzu ( fin Trihzbtary StreaU77s) The Three Rivers of Chenudu can be seen to consist of engineered channel structUres rater than natural river courses. and the base flows of all of the rivers are highlytvcontrolled. Table 4.4 presents monitorin!g data provided by the Chengdu City EPB for some of these reaches.

The SRIEP conducted a wvaterquality monitoring program to evaluate the potential impacts of the constructioni of the Chenudu Nr 2 WwTW. For monitoring existing water quality in the two rivers. the Sha and the Fu. 5 cross-sections were used. Their locations are shown in Table 4.5:

Sixteen parameters were monitored including water temperature. pH. COD. BODs. NH3-N. NO.-N, NO--N. volatile phenol. Cu. Zn. Pb. Cd. Hg. Cr6(. As and flowvrate measured asvnchronously. The monitoring was conducted in 3 days from December 4 through 6. 1997, totally 3 davs. Sampling was

41367.EA.CIlAPyTER4 4-13 DECEMBER 1998 SICHU.AN URBA.\N FNVIRON\IENT PROJICT FNVIRONNIFNTAL ASSESSMENT Main Report

carried out twice each dav, at 10 o'clock in the morning and 16 o'clock in the afternoon. -The procedures for sampling, analysis. quality control and data processing were according to the relevant national standards.

The monitoring results are givenin Table 4.6 (see end of chapter). The monitorina work was done in the period of dry or low water season of the rivers. At that time, the flow rate of the Sha River was 13.4- 15.3 m '/s. xvhile35.1 50.95 m'/s in the Fu River. The water qualitv monitoring results for the low flow condition in the two rivers were compared to the Class Ill water qualitv standards contained in GB 3838-88and the results are summarised in Table 4.7: Table 4.4 Chengdu Main Water Quality Monitoring Values (average in mg/1)

No Reach River PH TSS DO BOD | CODln, Free Ammonia Dujiangyan- Min Hih |Min 87.56 9.8 1.5 2.3 0.002 2 Chengdu WTW Nr 6 Tai Nan rliao 7.9 47 9.3 2.4 2.8 0.002 3 An Gin Zhen Baio Tao 7.6 87 8.9 1.6 2.5 0.001 4 Gaoqiao Fu 7.6 87 8.9 1.6 2.6 0.002 ; Daangie Dukou Fu 7.5 128 5.2 IS 7 0.01 6 Yongan Daqtao Fu 7.6 274 4.7 9.7 9.2 0.01' 7 | Huayang Zhen !Fu 7.4 133 2.1 7.1 10.2 0.02 8 Shun Hechang Fu 7.5 119 4 ,.7 ,.S 0.008 9 Chengdu WTW Nr 5 Sha '.6 89 8.7 1.7 2.7 0.002 10 Gantamiao Sha 7_4 532 7.3 4.4 4.6 0.008 11 Chengren Qiao Sha 7.6 367 5.6 10.1 9.2 0.017 12 Hezuozhen Zouma 9 45 9 1 3.3 3.2 0.002 l S Baihouqiao Nan 114 6.4 5.9 4.8 0.00b 14 Anshunqiao Nan 1.5 120 4.4 16.8 9.6 0.012 I5 Wenxingzhen Giangan 7 4 67 S. I 1.4 4.1 0.005 16 Qinglongzhen | Ginma S.0 86 7.7 1.7 3.9 0.00l Table Notes: Min upstream station I. correspondsto teed w ater for People'sCanal. Station 4 corresponds to the beginning oftthe Fu upstreamof the cNt. Station I I is the Sha near the Chengdu Nr 2 W%%TWsite. upstrean of Fu confluence. Station 6 is on the Fu dow%nstreamot'the San%wavaoWwTW. Station 8 is the Fu just upstream ot'the Nlin contluence.

Table 4.5 Monitoring Cross-sections of Rivers, Chengdu

RiverSection ros-ectio | Location

Slia RiNer I \ ater Works Nr. 5 unstream of the urban area Sha River II Chengren Bridge upstream oftthe coiutiucice%%ith thc Eu Riser Fu River III Yon'an Brndge Iu River IN 5()1nmdowniistream ot t'ie proposed W%%T\' Fu River 20km dowjnstreamot the proposed W%1'UW

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Table 4.7 Water Qualitv Monitoring Summarv, Chengdu

Exceedenceof GB 3838-88 Standards: Rvr Cross- ICOD (Cr) I /T ol. Phenol \HN - Rir | Cros5-iDO Rate C / BOOR RatetIa NHNRatel I S1 tin Section section NialxValue X IRateeVale i lx Biax V'alueeRate!X Rate/Vaue lax iax N'alueX ValueX ax Standard Standard Standard I Standard X Standard I Standard Standard Sha River j I 1 16.7 "o, 1.17 j 83.3 "- i 1.4 1U0% i 4.34 n/a N/a nia Sha River II i 1 E n%1.19 83.3% .2.82 100%,J i:7.18 66.7% /7.6 nia ra FuiRiver III 10TI00 :1.39 I 00° ,'4.56 o0 % , 7.1 66.7 5.8 n|a t nia Fu River j IV I 00% 1.69 1 00 %o/ 6.88 j I00%zoi 10.08 100% /9.0 100 % i 3.01 nia

Fu River V j 100% 1.71 I 100 -1. 4.83 1 100% .'7.2'4.6'/o/103 1 100% 66.7 %,1.48 |16.7

Ifin, Upstrenlm/Downstreamof Leshan Five cross-sections were selected bv SRIEP for monitoring of existing surface water quality in the proposed project location based on the characteristics of the river system and sewage discharge of the future WwTW. as follows:

Cross-section I Leshan Bridge on the Min River, located upstream of the urban area of Leshan Cross-section 11 Min River Bridge located upstream of the urban area of Leshan Cross-section III Ma'an Mountain on the Min River Cross-section IV Limatou on the Dadu River Cross-section V 20 km away downstream of the sewage outfall on the Min River

Monitoring and analysis were done according to the analytical methods suggested bv the Quality Standard for Surface Water (GB3838-88). Results of water monitoring are shown in Table 4.8.

Table 4.8 Monitoring Results of Surface Water, Leshan

Items Items ~~~~~~~leanvaluesmonitored in all cross-sections |

DO 6!1 I 6.1 8.0 j .0 j 10.0 COD, '- .7' '4. 2. BOD; 2 2.7 1.0 0.9 I.80 Non-ioniic ammonia .007 0.011 0.009 1 0.009 0.008 ligND i, ND ND ND ND lUe \I D ND ND ND ND I \~~D ND ND ND ND Lid I \D ND ND ND ND PI1 6~ ~ ~~~.75 ~ I~~~~~~~~~~~68.31 8.24 00 Ss PI -.1i dS. 31.5 Water teinperaturc 01 9.2 11.3 11.0 . j Ph N D ND N D ND ND

All values met the standard of Class III of Surface Water Standard (GB3838-88). which explain that the quality of surface woater was good in the assessment area, during this sampling program. However. the quality of the iMin River upstream of and through the urban area of Leshan does have

41367.EA.CHAPTER4 4-15 DECEMBER 1998 SICI IWAN I IRA" ENVIRON,MENT PROIECT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT Main Report

problems meeting Class III standards during extreme drv-season as seen by the long-term monitoring reported by COWI.

Qin,gyi1Dadu/.M1linRivers (at Leshani initakes) In Table 4.9. the quality of the water in the three rivers is summarised based upon analvses conducted bv the Public Health Department on samples collected from the intakes of the existin2 works. It can be seen that the quality of raw water in the Qingyi is better tan that in both the Dadu and Nlin rivers.

Table 4.9 The Qualitv of Water Sources in Leshan

(mgil) Qingyi Dadu Mlin River | I . I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Class Site Gan!an acv Banzuman Limatou Tongjiang Gaodunzi Renjiaba C Pharmac ______1____ Chunmen F Samples 5 | 3 76 22 50 14 34 1 22

Phenols 0.004 <0.01 0.03 0.0028 0.005 0.004 <0.002 0.042 0.005

Cyanide <0.002 <0.02 0 0.008 <0.002 | 0.001 0.2

Arsenic <0.002 <0.02 <0.02 0 j 0.014 <0.02 <0.02 0 0.05

7 Mercury <0.001 't0.001 0 0.001 0.00029 <0.001 | - 0.00i 0.0001

Cadmium <0.01 <0.01 0 | . 0.0019 <0.01 - - 0.005 [Chromium <0.004 0.004 j 0 0 0.0i8 <0.004 <0.006 0.012 0.05

Copper <0.01 <0.01 0.09 . 0.01 <0.0 I 0.01 1.0

Lead <0.01 <0.01 <0.09 - 0.018 <0.01 <0.01 - 0.05

Table 4.10 provides raw water monitorin2 results for the Leshan Nr 3 WTW. whose intake is located on the Qinayi. just upstream of the proposed intake - raw water quality is good.

Table 4.10 Raw Water Monitoring Results at Ganvan Cross-section of Qingyi River (for Leshan Nr 3 Water Treatment Works) (1991 -1996)

(lass B. ras 1991 -1995 1996 Parameter water F Standard \XlaAx. | lin. Jan. I Nav I July I Oct. Colotir No obvious 20.9 i0 <5 120 23 10 13 abnornal colour Lurbidi,tv i I ) II 0 I1D1) j i0 pH 7.5-5.56, 8.19 7.08 6.5 8.84 7.54 7.42 mciii &[aSlc N mnormal - !1 ito 110 No I '&IdOr anidr.mcll Iol hardne,s lmJL.) -1504 I1IN : 143 184.0 1178._1()8. I 5.1 !12 1 DIssolked iron 41t!L'I.) 4,0.046 0.064 L.115I (0(358 Mn mal) 1. i | ND NI) <0.2 ND L'maL n L 1i | ND ND 0.t21 ND /n (itg!LL) i 11007 ; 0.0(03 I (0.(28 0.01 'henols m(l,.) 014 0(.01021 (1)03 ND | 11.002 '00) I <0.)0 I <0.101I \nionicdetergent imn .) <. l I I <' <0.( SulphateImniL4 L).-i" 65 40 56 24.4 ChiorndeIn-ll.) - - 6.( j.0 .5 !4 Dissolved solid Imn!L) I <(0 ! | I 394 210 '20 204 FIL0orideIng/L) I i t.1I 0.17 ND <012).2 !14.2 '0. I C'.ande maiL) j A).0 U01 i<1l<.01 ND <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 ND

41367.EA.CHAPTI:R4 4- 16 DECEMBER 19981 SICHUAN tURIAN F\NVIRONAIENT PROJECTr ENVIRONNIENTAL ASSESSMENT Main Reiort

As (mgiL) 0.05 <0.02 <0.02 ND ND <0.00! jND ND Se Img/L) 0.0 I < F ND ND <0.005 j ND <0.00i Hej (mg/) I 0001 <0,001001 <0 01Oi NND ND <(.OO1 ND 00.001 Cd (maiL) 0.01 <0.01 <0.0 I ND ND ND ND Cr"' (meiL) | 0.05 <0.005 <0.005 I ND I <0.005 ND ND ND Pb(mg;L) 0.07 101 i <0)0 ND ND ND I ND ND .As (m;!L1) i0.05c < ND iND :ND ND Nitrate (ma'!.) 20 0.82 2.0 0.24 _.27 .07 F1.9 Total coliform (NrA.) 10000 2387 >16000 | 2400 1 liO |4x 102 >i.6xl 0 35ilO It can be seen from these results that the quaiitv of the raw water in the Qingryi. immediatelv upstream of the proposed intake is consistentiv good.

.VI/in.Proposed Zigontg Intake, Lpsrreamnof Yibin All the indexes or parameters of water qualitv can meet the Class IlIl Environmental Qualitv Standard for Surface Water (GB3838-88). The raw water at the intake can meet the requirements specified bv the Class I of Water Source Qualitv Standard for Drinking Water except colour, turbiditv and total coliform bacteria population (see Tables 4.11 and 4.12).

Table 4.11 Average Water Qualitv of the Min River, 1990-91

Parameter Leshan Pianchuanpzi Chinese River Class mg31 19i' 991 ! 1990 1991 FClass III I Class 11 Ss _1 _1 4S 348 218 F- _ _- DO 64 1 5.7 7.9 17 7 >6 COD 4.29 7 0 V.7 15 1 15 BOD 2.0 i 1.2 1 0.9 4 3 NH.-N ') .24 1)0.02 1 0.03 0.02 0.02 N02-N 0.037 0043 0.016 10.016 1 0.15 0 10 NO3-N 1 '3 1, 0.53 1 0.31 20 10 Phenols (0 0001)O1 ()1 i0.001Mo. 000 0.002 Arsenic OOi 0002 Nd Nd 0.05 I 0.05 Cvanide 0001 0 001 Nd Nd j 0.2 i 0.0005 Cr i61 [.(i)01i O 002 Nd Nd j 0 I 0.05 Mercuim Nd Nd Nd Nd 1 0.0001 0.0000o5 Lead o'IOI)i - 0.05 L 0.05

Table 4.12 Monitoring Results at the Intake of the Min River, (May 1996) (mg/1)

(lass B Result Class B Result Parameter (.ll3020-'3)* 1* Parameter C.J(3020-93l! 1* ll*

Ienimperature C 1 i- ; Chiorate 25)) 41 I

Colour deurce) .15 rI.1r lltorulalaiolOUr 22 i Fluorite 1.0 0.14 '1.3 Ilurhiditl(deur"c) 42 Suipliate <25) 11.93 215; Visiblk mattcrs n - No Cyanide 0.05 ND ND O(dour & smdll No abnormal odour and - ) Cr- 0i N\D I

i ranparenct (mI l 113 Volatilephenol 0()(4 ND I

I _ | iinl naphthol) _ | i Conducti%ii' 230 1 1H001 ND pH h.5- S.5 8.!7 i 9 Dissolvediron 05 F - 0.2S (in 450 128 Mn I | N114D.

DO S28 As j t.05

41367.EA.CHAP'IlI:R4 4- 17 DECEMBER 19S8 t- z m .. c w~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~T I lle 4.141 m MI.initor-ing 14!eSllis f ASSCSSmICIn SC(l4onI o34 4Mi:lIlytian ItiVCi' Z

.Wiier z. (CriposscE ii,. lelk FIn1 r;lc JAI SS C)()(()). 1B1)1)5 Ni13-N N02-N (C11- I'le.iols Cri-6 Ib lig Temnperaltire

.______.(1Is _ J/S) _(_C _ )

Ne's %akue 7.89 21.7 7.5 35.97 12.47 (1.(5 (.002 (t (4.4424 () (4.449 (.1)1)4)5 -

I luallig Xli miax valti 7.89 3.3.2 7.91 37.8 12.92 (0.72 (0.022 (1 (1.03 (4.0(MI (.0)9 (.(4(8 I I m__ill; oltc 7.82 11.6 0.73 26.65 11.59 (4.48 (.()15 () (4.l)444 ( 44.07( (0(440402 9 Nc's \ Iilti: 7.75 11.37 4.64) 31.43 I 0.14 1.13 (1.()4 (U 44.1404 0.1)05 0.()8 ()()() I

lDoligl)a B(ridge imiau ulue 7.78 13.0 4.7 33.(8 1(0.71 1.16 ().04 () (X()((5 0.44)(7 (.1 04.0)00442 12

mill 1111a_7 7.73 4.8 41.15 25.41 X.(17 I.t)l O0.02344.444 44 0.0)2 4) 44 9 Ncs.i %liuc 6.882 8.77 33.()2 *1.39 51.33 25.72 2.28 44.27 C) ().033 (4.0446 0.06 (1.0()()5 Il; JAmt wix wahic 7.1(0.1 12.55 38.0 5.86 57.57 34.50 2.67 44.28 () 0.0)44 0.1(09 0).12 (.((19I )

militlvalu 646)(16 7. 1i 9.3 .4.85 .411.9 1414.27 1.38 0),21 () ().40()4 ().()()5 44.0)4 4) 9 Ne's vaIlti 7.72 18#.29 5.31 22.45 8.69 1.21 (.19 I) (4.0)2 01.0)42 (.1 I(I IMiaisShall Cou.4ty iu..\ %;a1le 7.86 S-.f. 5.77 21.(48 9.32 1.31 (4.19 (4 (4.0))2 (4.4)4)5 4).)13 (01)41 I I

muisl\;ale 7.51 27 5.19 163 5 7.()6 (0.94 (4.17 ( (4.4(4I (1 0.07 (4 9

S1111dadIril v; le 8-88 6j.5- 8.5 >5 - I ,S I <0. 15 <44.2 A.0)(l5 <01.445 (1.(15 -.().4(4)(l (Clas(, ;ll 3838-88 _. . O

rn~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~n m

I-a~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~' m

.0 s V _ - Z z~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- Table 4.17 Water Quality Assessment Statistics in 1996 in Ltizhou Water Co. z

Monthi Jainary Febrirary March A ril May June J ut Aus ust Sept nnber Oct ber November December Result Raw Trteated lRaw lreated Raw frealedatweated |Raw Raw TreatedTreated Raw Treated Raw Treated Raw T'reated Raw Treated ' ten_V Water Wate Wler Vater ater Wate Water Wate Waler Water Water Water Water Water Waler Water Waler Water Water Water Water Walel Watel Water 1 Colouir 50 1 5" 60B. 1 60 1 6n iO 60 10 70 1° 60 10 6 10 60 10 80 IO 70 20

2 Ttusbidity 75' 1" 35', 1- 55"t" I zo" Ill 70' 10 4000 10 2800' 20 1600" 20 3980 1 2600 1° 1850 10 1050 1 z 3 Odor and taste Norrralt Normat Nouirrat Norrrial Norrirat Noirrial Nonral Norirrat Nornal Norirrat Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal Norrmal Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal Normal 4. Seeable tltirrgs Norre None Norne Norne None Nonre None None Norne None None None Nore None None None Norie Nore None None Nore None None None 7 5 PH 7 8 7 5 7 a 76 79 7.7 7 8 77 7 8 7.7 79 7S 7.9 7.6 7.9 7.7 7.8 7 6 7.8 7.6 80 78 7.9 7.8 _ 6 Totatltardness (mg/1) 7556 75 56 82 35 82.53 12042 121.23 152 1152 8 1521152 8 11344 1372 120.42 120.2 12802 134,00 1345 1382 13244 13240 15050 151.00U 175 178 :-7

7. Fe 03 02 050 01 03 0.25 032 03 0.32 0.30 034 0.20 0.31 025 0.34 025 0.35 025 04 025 05 028 0.4 0.2 > 8 Mn None None None None None None None None Nonre None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None 9. Cu None Norre Norre Nonre None None None None Nonre None None None Norne None None None None None Nonre None None None None None 10. Zn Nonie Norre Nmrre None Norre None None Nonre Nonre None None None Norre Norre Nonle None None Norie None None None None None None II ValatblePeol .eio None None None Nonre Nonle None <0.001 Nonee NorNe None None None None None None None

12 Arrioni Syrirttelic Deleigerrt (trltl -- 13 Sulpliate 10842 108 48 98 54 98 56 128 05 128.03 136.24 136 36 136 24 136 36 124 54 124 32 135.03 135 00 142.35 142 4 135.8 136 5 127 00 127.4 136 4 136 8 154 156 14. Chloride 10 23 10 32 9 78 9 78 13 25 13.28 14 28 14.52 142rt 14.52 15 15 10.84 10 54 12.15 12 12 11.50 11.80 12 00 12.3 13 00 ;2.80 12 00 12.3 15 Total Dissolved Solid .- - - - - 16 Fluoride 09 0.9 10 10 1t10 10 1 1 10 1.1 10 0.9 0.9 09 0.8 0.8 0.8 10 09 1.0 09 09 10 0.8 0.7 17 Cyanlide None Nonre - None None Norne Nonme - - None None - - None None None None Norme None 18. As (rmmgtl) None Nonre Non e None None Noune None None Nore None None None None None Norie None None None None None Nonle None None None 19. Se . .

20 Hg - Norre Not e . - - - . - -. - - 21 Cd N N Z 22 Cr6 None Norme None None None None None None None None None None Nonie None None None None None Norme None None None None None

23 Pb None None Nonre None Norme None None None Nonre None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None D 24 Nitrate . 0 1 None 0 3 0 01 0.2 01 0.2 o0 <0.2 c01 005 <0.05 0.22 0.2 0.31 0,3 0.3 0,2 1 5 1 2,0 <20 ;-

25. TolalBacteial . 3 4 . 12 - 8 - 10 . 12 11 - 7 10 16 5 - 3 26 Colon Bacillus 3 3 3 3 . 3 . 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 -

27 Fhee Cl (rg/tl _ 0 6 0 4 0 3 _ 0 rt _ 0.6 0 6 0 6 _ 0.6 0 6 0,5 05 - 0.6

i6 - Table 4.18 Raw Water Quality Survey Statistics Report - Yangtze, Luzhou Anfu

Data Unit 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 Result , Item March March August February September March October April October March l. Colour 8 10 2 <1 20 15 30 15 5 15 2. Tuibidily 8 6 200 10 >100 18 >100 20 >100 3 3. Odor and laste None None Noue None None None None None None None 4 Seeable things None None None None None None None None None None 5 PH 8.34 7.88 8.24 7.82 8 26 8.22 8.23 8.14 8.24 8 2 - mg/l 147.01 152.14 122.19 152.74 100.09 154.54 146.1 142.8 154.9 202.2 D 6. Total Hardness (CaCO%) 7, 7. Fe ing/l 0.07 0.24 1.88 0.11 0.16 0.29 0.4 <0025 0.12 0.16 8. Mn Ing/l 0.08 0 07 <0.025 <0.025 <0.025 0.06 <0.025 <0.03 <0 05 0.06 H 9. Cu <0 025 <0 01 <0.025 <0 025 <0.025 <0.025 <0 025 <0.02 <0.025 10 Zn <0.025 <0.025 <0.025 <0.025 <0 025 <0.025 <0.05 0.03 11. Valaitle Pheol7o mglI <0.002 <0 002 <0 002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 12. Aieioi Synthetic Detergent mg/I <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0. 1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 13. Sulphate mg/I 37.3 8.16 10 16.4 12 50 20 24 10 24 14. Chloride mng/l 5.12 19.92 7.97 11.1 8.33 7.22 46 10 13 10.7 15. Tolal Dissolved Solid mg/l 218 198 186 240 130 156 114 132 170 218 16. Fluoride mg/l 0.22 <0.2 <0.2 <0 2 <0.2 <0.2 <0 2 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 17 Cyanide mg/il <0.01 <0.01 <0 01 <0.01 <0.01 <0 01 <0 01 <0.01 18. As <0.01 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0 01 <0.01 19 Se 20 Hg <0.001 <0.001 <0 001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0 001 21. Cd <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 22. Cr'6 <0 004 <0 004 <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 <0.01 z 23. Pb <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 24. Ag ------25. Nitrate (N) 1.12 1 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 1.2 1 <1 O 26 Total Bacterial 3.5 800 140 25 610 23 235 400 6400 1250 L 27. Total Colon Bacillus > 16000 16000 > 16000 50 >16000 <20 16000 9200 > 16000 54000 ; 4 ,28 Free Cl .. m - i mn Source: Ltizhou Anfu Water and Power Supply Co rn~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~r m ~~~~~~~~~~~~_ xr_ C .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~z SICHUAN tRI1BAN fNVIRON%IFNT PRO.IECT ENVIRO\:MENTAI. ASSESSNINT Ml.in Rporn

Table 4.19 Selectedwater quality parametersin Yangtze river and the frequency the NationalStandard is exceeded

City: Luzhou Year: 1995

Station _Yangtze River Name Luojiuxi Dadukou Shoubaya Standard GB 3838-88 Location Upstream Downstream Downstream Parameter Average Above Average Above Average Above Category 3 NS NS NS

(mg/l) % (mg/I) % (mg/I) % (mg/I)

DO 8.16 8.50 - 8.30 - 5.00 COD (Mn) 2.52 5.29 33 5.50 33 6.00

BODs 0.95 1.42 - 1.30 - 4.00

NH3-N 0.014 0.006 0.009 - 0.020

Phenol - - 0.001 0.005

Oils - - - - 0.050

As - 0.0008 0.0016 - 0.0500

Hg - - - - 0.0001

Cr5 0.020 - 0.050

Cd 0.005

41 '67 EA.TAB.E4. 19 DECEMBER 1998 Chliniese uovernlment Nanouia)|l National z Na.. itnia IViIolImCal National

Ei~~~~viionmt~~~~~~ntal___Eivio___i itlI t l-{a~~~~~~~~~~~Itijici Staudards z Provincial 5z E'o 'inaIlvilollin 1 0tl IlrlotectionAgeaU Povincial I IVilohliflenl(tdl __ ... (l EPl3) ______t nv ronnilOiental 0n Research I nlsti(tte Moinitorilg Statioil Prvincial Mongtoriig _.I I 1l~ _ }Cesicth a.nd Ivl nilou-ing Divisionl In format i;on Cenlter Ilvi S I )dtd Stb,,t,li2tcdto Ni' ('A I'ollutlion C'ontrlol l)ivision AssessmenetPi-ovilicii[I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Center 1\41ieiig(ei;e S:ientilic Slt,tdies lx)loitatioi/)evel. l)ivision (EA Approvals to NEPA) § Environmental MonitoriN, hnlvirotnnental Nattul;l (Joitservatini l)ivision Iublicity andt EducatioiN Center I All Media Assessmntcns I'bl I)icity and( Hultcatlioti Divisioxn I'niv imonotental Indulstry AssociationI International Coopemation l)ivisioni Society tor t'linyionmental Sciences Q(n Sichutan,PEMS and PERI are Accountling l)ivision t essentially the same organization) l.aw anld Regullatlory D)ivision I

Cityy Environmentalon'llelllal I _____ Ci vironmentalI

RearCllc iStilLste Monitoriing Station . P

to vDironsnssieitalCe intpleirnce o S_ieiitiiic-- Sitidies Exploitafion/De. Division (EAssessnl entls anod NlFPAEnitrotg ( itiidro t Z EnvironmcnLlal t 4 lvron atellal City Environmental (C'ElB) MollitoringyEAl MediaCeterAl City Environmental~ (to Media l D;zlaStelewzille:d~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~t P1zIlMS tTI j Plrotection Organizationso . rs .. , ' stOq

Asesct 1997 tbOctober s Cntl nvoe na l c

SUEI'SD Project PhlaseI CtoUntilyEnvironutnentsall essentialy_tt_esame_oranizaoi3n) _ ProtectionBtireaU Monitoring Station O- 14 4- C) 0'-

z > C~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C 4-lc m~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~> mj m

mz Upper YangtzeBasin Improvementof Basin PollutionIndex 0 Left

AllsoucesPas

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Phase It

z

Figur-c 4.2 C'o11riblitioll ulidireflti(Strategy coilpollelli to imilpJovellellt z in as1sinPollutioni Iiilex foi t(le Upper Van g(ze Basill On (Sour icc: (()WI/I)I II UmbunWaulci Retsourlcesamlid W;als.lcw Strategy)

> D -v) m rsl~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~r

;x vN~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ _ 00 ENVIRONMENTALASSESSMEN[T Nbin Repotr SICEHlAN1RBAN ENVIRONNIENT 'ROJECT

Fizure 4.3 ChengduWater QualityMonitoring Statons

- ~~ ~ ~ ~ _ 0

, , , . _ -~~~~~ *'Y-

DECEMBER1998 41367.EA-FIGLURE4.3 ENlvRONMVENTALASSESSNENI SICHIU.AN-L:RBAN ENVIRaNN IENT PROJECT Niin RipLm

Figure4.4 LeshanWater Quality MoriitoringStations

i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~12Lsa Vid Ee E -- )~ ~ ~ ~~~enib,---

-I- fIn River 1'idge

2 Kiorrters=0 3 Inak-e

41I367.EA.FIGURE4.4 DECEMBER1998 z

0

/

f C 9

:'U,'/Q ENV1RUNNhtN&H ~i.

Figure4.6 ZigongWater Qualitv Monitoring

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-- \ R, ,n, J . i s ,<-Vaakm~

0r v Kioxtr"0 Wae LivNntfn tto

11i67.E-\FlGUlRI74.6 DECENI9BER1998 SICFIUANU:RRAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL \SSFSS\IENT .Main Rea!rt

5.0 DETERMINATION OF THE POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT

Phase I of the SUEP will inivolvethe implementationof four water supply schemes. four water pollution controlschemes and one solid *vastescheme. In China. as elsewhierein the world. these tvpes of scheme normallycreate a common seriesof impacts.both positive and negative.

*- In Section 5.1 the typical positive and negative impacts expected in the construction and operation of the type of works covered by the SUEP are presented. * In Section 5.2 the positive impactsof the individualproject componentsare summarised. * In Section 5.3 the short-term negative impactsarising from constructionare presentedfor each of the project components. * In Section 5.4 the potential longerterm impactswhich can occur during operationare presented for each scheme.

In Chapter 7. a series of generic mitigationmeasures. to counteract the adverse impacts identified.are presented. Also presented are proposals for the monitoring of the implementation of the generic mitigation measures and details of the organisations responsible. These are presented as schedules in tabular form.

Also includedin Chapter 7. are proposalsfor the long term monitoring of the success of the project.The main PerformanceIndicator is the qualitv of the river waters and sampling and analvtical programmes are proposed. Other Performance Indicators to be monitored relate to the effective operation of the component engineering works.

In Appendix E. impacts. mitigation methods, the monitoring of mitigation and the designation of responsibiiities are presented for each specific project component.

5.1 Tvpical Impacts of Public Health Projects

5.1.1 PositiveImpacts

Water Supply Schemes

The normal positive impacts one expects for water supplv schemes. which also relate to the SUEP I schemesare summarised below:

Increasedwater supplies lead to improvedpublic health through the easv availabilitvof water for personal hygiene use and for food preparation. Improvementsin the qualitv of drinkingwater supplies lead to lower incidencesof water-borne diseases. * Improvementsin the quality of raw water to be used. after treatment. for drinking water supplies lead to lower incidences of water-bornediseases since the effects of interruptionsin effective treatmentare miniinised. * The raising of pressures in the water distributionnetwork ensure that water is availableto more peopie for longer periods and reduce or eiiminate the risks of back-siphonageof polluted _roundwaterinto the drinkingwater suppiv svstem. Filtration and chlorination are the most important means of eliminating water-bornebacterial diseaseswhilst the reduction of organic pollution of source water is the most effectivemeans of eliminatingTHMs from drinkingwater. SICHUAN I!RI \ I:NVIRONNIEN-rPROJECT ENV'IRONNIENTALASSESSMENT NtainiReport

Water PollutionControl Schemes

The normal positive impacts one expects for water pollution control schemes. which also relate to the SUEP I schemesare summarisedbelow:

* Connectionof householdfoul drains to effective.enclosed sewers creates a range of benefits:

- Contactwith sanitarv waste w*ithinthe home is reduced - Contactw ith infectiouswaste in open sewers. drains and streams is reduced. - Odour problems are reduced or eliminated. - Contaminationof foodstuffsis reduced. - The general environmentof those livingclose to open drains is improved. - Amenitv is improvedand exposure to harmful materials is reduced particularly or the more vulnerable members of the communities- e.g the voung and the old. - The handline of niLhtsoilis eliminated.This is believed to be one of the major sources of illnessfrom waterborne diseases.

* The discharae of treated or untreated wastewater at a point downstream of the township removesthe possibilitvof access bv townspeopleto the harmful constituentsof the wastewater.

- 1Thetreatment of wastewaterbefore discharge to a river has manv benefits:

- The concentration of pathogenic organisms in the waste water is massivelv reduced. - The concentrations of BOD and ammonia are reduced thereby reducing the oxygen demand in rivers and making the rivers --healthier'. - The Suspended Solids content of the wastewater is reduced and therefore the general appearance and amenitv value of the river can be improved. - Ammonia is toxic to fish and therefore the removal of ammonia encourages fishine and fisherv development. - When removal of nutrients is practised. the risk of algae development in downstream lakes or slow flowing water is reduced.

Munmicipcal Solid Waste .fanmigemnent

The introdUction of improved solid waste handling and disposal practices will normally have the followinlg type of benefits:

Effective collection of refuse or the extension of areas served has the following benefits:

- There will be less debris allowed to collect within the house and consequentiv less to attract disease-ridden vermin to the house and a lower incidence of generation of offenisixveodours. - There vxill be a reduction in the random dumping of refuise within the citv again witi the benefit of reducinsz vermin and sensual objections. - The elimination of dumping waste along the bankls of rivers or streams will reduce pollution of these water channels. often makina them an attraction rather than a hazard.

Treatment and/or effective disposal of solid wvaste bv landfilling will have the following benefits:

Disposal of the waste can be achieved without creating health hazards. Effect landfilling can be achieved. without creating undue odours or contamination of SICHtYANI!RB.\ 6NVtRO\\IENTEs' PROJECT ENVIRONNIENTALASSESSMiENT Main Rcpirt

water sources. in such a wav that the land can subsequentlybe re-used. Controlledlandfillina is extremelyeffective in overcoming unhealthy,unsightly disposalover a very large area.

General

Good public health facilities have been found world-wideto increasethe feeling of well being in those served and to create an environmentconducive to effectivedevelopment. and social and environmentalwell-being.

5.1.2 Negative Impacts

There are a range of negative impactswhich arise from the implementationof all public health projects. These are summarisedbelow:

General

The constructionand operation of environmentalworks costs money and this cost must be paid bv the beneficiaries.It is necessarv to ensure that the works can be affordedand that the public considerthe improvedservices to be worth the price to be paid. Such checks have been made in the case of the SUEP components and these have been found to be affordableand receiving public support.

Land has to be acquired for the constructionof the works and thereforethose at present using the land must be cared for. Similarly where people are to lose their homes and/or have to change their jobs. it is necessarv to ensure that satisfactory arrangementsare made for those affected. For the SUEP all of those who will be affected bv the construction of works as described have been identified and compensation has been planned in detail. These plans are covered in a "Resettlement Action Plan" which has been approved in China and forwardedto the World Bank for their consideration.It is worthy of note that in China the means and levels of compensationpaid are laid down under State lawsand directivesand the terms are widelv accepted as generous.So much so that problems are frequentiv experiencedwhere people trv to Illegail move into an area immediatelvprior to the developmentof a scheme in order to take advantageof the generous compensation.Compensation in China is better organised and more generous than in most other countries.

The constructionof civil engineering structures cannot be conducted without creatinga number of negative impacts. These are principallv concerned with: noise. dust. increasingtransport. disposal of spoil from excavations and risks to constructionstaff.. The SLEP components will all create such impacts. Mitigation methods proposed will limit these impactsto levels which are generallyacceptable in China. Such levels might not be acceptable to all countries in the west since in some cases a different approach is adopted. For example in Shanizlai an elevated. 4 lane hiihwvav xwasbuilt in 2 years. A much hihher degree of traffic disturbance occurred than would have been accepted in the vest. This was considered acceptable environmentallv because the period of disturbance vas less than lialf what it would have been in the west. It has been considered to be important that the EA mitigation measures proposed should reflect expectations in Clhina.

Spoil disposal creates little problem in China. In most cases there is a demand for spoil and often spoil from a constructionsite even can be sold.

Hizher risks during constructionare experiencedin China than in the wvest.This is due in part to the greater use of manual labour as opposed to mechanicalassistance in SICHUAN RBHANENVIRON\IENT PRL)IECT N\\'IRONNNIENT\L.\SESSSNMENT Maiin Report

construction. For the SUEP. where a number of international contracts are likel, to be let. risks are likelv to be less than normal.

Risks occur mainlv due to working in deep excavations and at height. Standard mitiaation measures can be applied to minimise such risks.

Standard mitigation measures such as water spraying are effective in controlling dust on constrmction sites.

- In sensitive areas construction noise can be limited by reasonable working hours and the adoption of quiet practices although it appears that. throughout dailv life, the Chinese are less sensitive to excessive noise than those in the west.

WaoterSupply and irastewa'ter Schemiies

Negative impacts particularly related to the construction and operation of water supplv and wastewater works are as follows:

- River intakes involve large structures built into river banks. Care is required in design and construction to ensure that structures are stable and will be unaffected bv hvdraulic or erosion effects of the nearbv rivers. The structures are normaliv deep and construction methods must be selected to ensure that the risks to construction staff are minimal. Care is also required to ensure that intake lines projecting into the river are not damaged by. nor create hazards to. shipping in the rivers.

Water transmission and distribution pipelines. sewerage pipework and channels are installed or constructed below ground. Negative impacts can arise from dust produced during excavation. the removal of spoil from the site. the provision of access for site equipment and machinery and the hazards of working below ground level. These impacts are minimised by good engineering design and the use of of sound construction practices.

TTheconstruction of water and wastewater treatment works have similar negative impacts including: noise. dust. interference of transport bv site equipment, and the hazards referred to above of working in deep excavations or at height.

Adverse operational impacts of water treatment works typically include the following:

Exposure to hihil voltage electric power.

The transport and handling of the chlorine gas. used for disinfection. which can lead to reieases of the toxic material.

Workinmzat height and ciose to deep water.

Excessive noise particularlv from high-speed blowers used for filter back%washin2.

The disposal of the sludge produced in the treatment

The interference with local services created by the transportation of materials and personnel to and from the works.

All of these impacts can be reduced to acceptable levels by good desiganand effective operation. SIC'HUAN tr'tlnAN ENVIRON\IF\' PRO.1JECl- ENVIRON\IMENT.\[.- ASSESSKIENT MainReporn

- Adverse operationalaspects of wastewvatertreatment are commonly:

Excessive noise

Unacceptableodour generation.

Healthand aestheticimpacts associated with the disposal of sludges

The adverse effects on treatment performance which can be created by the disposalof toxic industrialdischargzes to the sewers.

Tlle above generic impacts are all relevant to the SUEP components but as elsewhere the adverse impacts can all be minimisedbyv good design and constructionpractice. and the application of specific mitigationmeasures. as have been detailed case by case in Chapter 7.

Withoutdoubt there is alwavs an overall beneficial impact from the tvpe of components includedin the SUEP.

The environmentalimpacts specific to the individual SUEP components are presented below.

5.2 Positive Impacts of the Specific SUEP Components

5.2.1 Leshan Nr 4 WTW

WVaterSztpply QuCaliv and Availabilitv AlthoughLeshan is located at the junction of three major river svstems. the treated and potable water supplyvsystems are inadequate for current or projected needs of the Citv. The per capita consumption is currently-148 1/dav(although the quantity available to consumers may be much lower). and the urban service area is expanding. The urban supply is supplemented bv industries that also suppiv some domestic *water. This project will supplv critically needed potable water which will allow the per capita availabilit\ to rise. the service area to expand. and the exploitation of economic development opportunities.

San17itationatndci Public Hecilth The suppl ot' raw w-aterfrom the Qin,svi River will allowvdiscontinuation of the use of the Min River as a domestic %%atersource. This eliminates a polluted source of water supplv and the attendant problems associated with treatinu this source water. It wxillallow higher baseflo\s to be maintained in the Mill River through Leshaii. and this will provide higher flows for dilution of domestic and industrial discharues.

Economic Developmlent The supply oftadequate municipal \wateris a minimumneed for allowvingthe city to grow and develop economicall hito the future.

- ~~~~~~~~~nIrr1r'dt2ts1 OCW SIC-1IAI tR.BAN ENVIRONNIENI PROiECT FNVIROtNNIENTAl..-\SSESSMIENT NMainReport

5.2.2 Zigong Min River Diversion and WTW

WauterSupp/v Quallirv andAvailabilitv Ziaonz is situated on the Fuxi River in the southern part of the Tuo River basin. some 200 km south of Chengdiu. The city has developed around the confluence of Xushui and Weivuan rivers that conver.e to the north west of the town to form the Fuxi River.

ZiuonQ suffers from a 2eneral lack of water resources. from both the Xushui River and Chanafu Reservoir. The per capita consumption is currentlv only 75 I/dav. The urban supply is supplemented bv industries that also suppiv some domestic water. This project will supplv critically needed potable water that will allow the per capita availability to rise, the service area to expand, and increase economic development opportunities for the residents.

Sanitation uandPublic Health The transfer of raw water from the Min River will allow use of the Xushui River as a domestic water source to be discontinued. This eliminates a polluted source of water supplv and the attendant problems associated with treating this source water. It also allows additional baseflow water to remain in the Xushui and Fuxi Rivers through Zigong. which is needed for the conveyance and dilution of other domestic and industrial wastewaters.

Economic Development The supplv of adequate municipal water is a minimum requirement to enable the city to grow and develop economicallv in the fuiture.

5.2.3 Luzhou Beijiao WTW

WflaerSzupply Quacilitv anldAvailabilitv Luzihou is an integrated industrial citv with power. chemical. machinerv and foodstuffs as the main industries. The Chiangjiang rivers. with the tributaries of Tuojiany, Cishuihe. Yongning rivers flow throulsh its administration area. Many enterprises in the city have their own water supply svstem. w,%hichcomprise about 81% of the total water supplv consumption in the citv.

The nortiernl area of the citv has recentlv received rail services and development and water consumption are expanding greatly in the area. Water shortage problems had already existed for many years in several areas includinz Xiaosi. Annihn and Gaoba. The area has been identified for rapid industrial and munlicipal developmenlt inder current citv planninLy.

Althouigh Luzhou is located at the junction of two major rivers and'tihe Yangtze provides enormous freshl\ater resources. tile treated and potable water suppiv systems are inadequate for current or projected needs of the Citv. The per capita consumption in the Beijiao service area is currentlv estimated at 148 I/day (althougrh the quantitv avaiiable to consumers may be much lower). and the urbani service area is expanding. This project will suppiv criticallv needed potable water whichi will allow the per capita availability to rise. the service area to expand. and the exploitation of increaseing economic development opportunities. SICHtrANmIIW. .N ENVIRONMENTPROJECT ENVIR(ONNIENTAI. -\SSFSSiAFNT ;\Ian RepTon

Sanitation cmd Public Health The expanded use of raw water from the Yangtze River wvillallow the discontinuation of use of the polluted Tuo River as a domestic water source in Luzhou as well as unsatisfactor,vand non-compliant WTWs in the small towns being served. This eliminates polluted sources of water supplv and the attendant problems associated with treating this source water. It also allows additional basefIov wvater to remain in the Tuo Rivers through Luzhou. *whichis needed for the convevance and dilution of other domestic and industrial wastewaters.

Economic Development The suppiv of adequate municipal water is a minimum requirement to enable the citv (and surrounding towns) to grow and develop economically into the future. This facilitv will service both a largiedevelopment zone in the citv as well as fast growing towns to the north.

5.2.4 LuzhouDaxikou WTW

Water Supply Qualitv and Availubility Luzhou is an integrratedindustrial citv with power. chemical. machinerv and foodstuffs as the main industries. The Changjiang rivers. with the tributaries of Tuojiang, Cishuihe. Yongning rivers flow throuah its administration area. Many enterprises in the city have their own water supply svstems. which cater for about 8 1%of the total water supplv in the citv.

Although Luzhou is located at the junction of several major rivers and the Yangtze provides enormous freshwater resources, the treated and potable water supply svstems are inadequate for current or projected needs of the Citv. The per capita consumption in the Daxikou service area is currentiv estimated at 100 I/day (although the quantitv available to consumers from the water companv is much lower), and the urban service area is expanding. This project will supply criticaliv needed potable water which will allowvthe per capita availabilitv to rise. the service area to expand, and the exploitation of economic developmentopportunities.

SanlliraiOn cuntPublic Heatlth The expanded use of raw water from the Yangtze Nvillallowv use of the Guanshan WTW. which currently violates national standards for potabie water quality. to be discontinued. This facilitv is inadequate in both quantity and quality of water produced for this area. especially in view of the proposed Lirbanexpansion.

EconOmIficDevelopment The supply of adequate municipal wvateris a milimum requirement to enable the city to grow and develop econiomiiicallvin the fuiture.

5.2.5 Chengdu Nr 2 WwTW

Va,'aer Q)tulity ImIn,rovemneisF The collection and treatment of 300 000 m /d of domestic and industrial %sastewaterwitlhin Chengzdu *ill have major water qualit improvement benefits to the Shahe and Fuhe rivers within Chengdu and smaller benefits for the downstream Min River. The proposed project will be a significant step towards the recovery of these surface waters but will not be sufficient to enable them meet the targeted Class 3 surface water standards without other major interventions. The current polluted conditions result from a combination of factors including rural loads (natural and agricultural SICHU.\N CRBA-\NENVIRONMIENI PROJECT ENVIRON\ISNT1.\ -\YSSNIENT Main Rport sources), urban loads (domestic. industrial and non-point sources) and insufficient base flows at certain times of the vear.

The urban pollution impacts assessment (Appendix A) assessed the potential water qualitv impacts of proposed SUEP projects through the use of a water qualitv index. The greatest benefit from the proposed Chengdu No. 2 scheme will be along the Sha He through the citv of Chengdu where there could be as much as a 50% improvement in the water qualitv reach index. In the Fit He downstream of the citv of Chengdu. there would be a 20% improvement in the reach index. AccordinLgto the modellin2 results. the Mviinwould also be improved bv about 10% as far downstream as Leshan.

The first phase SUEP projects. including the Chelnadu Nr 2 WwTW. are designed to start the process of surface water improvement and will also benefit the qualitv of groundwater. Future phases of the SUEP will address control of the other rural and urban pollution sources. as well as potential river- flow and stream channel enhancements.

Sanitation and Public H-ealth One of the most tangible and direct benefits of this wastewater collection and treatment scheme will be the removal of raw domestic and industrial overflows to the local drainage and surface water svstems in the citv (except for emergency bvpass conditions). The pollutants in municipal wastewater are suspended and dissolved solids consisting of inorganic and organic matter. nutrients, oil and grease. toxic substances. and pathogenic micro-organisms. Urban stormwater can contain the same pollutants. occasionallv in surprisingly high concentrations. Human wastes that are not properlv treated and are disposed of at the point of origin or collected and carried awav (nightsoil), pose risks of parasitic infections (throuah direct contact with faecal material) and hepatitis and various gastrointestinal diseases including cholera and tvphoid (through contamination of water supplies and food).

When wastewater is collected but not treated properiv before disposal or reuse. the same public health hazards exist at the point of discharge. For the receivina waters. additional harmful effects will occur such as: habitats for aquatic life are impaired bv accumulated solids: oxygen is depleted by decomposition of organic material: and aquatic organisms mav be further harmed bv toxic substances. which mav spread to higher organisms through bioaccumulation.

Downstreamn Wae L'se Water is used intensivelv in the Sichuan Province and the discharge of wastewater in one location quicklv becomes the raw water supply source for a downstream irrigation. domestic or industrial user. The improvemelit of the quality of this supplyVwill have obvious positive effects on the productivitv of auricultural land and reduction of treatment svstem costs for domestic and industrial users. These benefits accrue to entities that are not directly paying for the improvements. emphasising, the need for a compr-ehelisive SUEP viewpoint relative to costs and benefits of improvement schemes.

.4eslhelics and Hllter' 4mennin The surface waters in Chengdu form a major backdrop and focus in the city and the improvement of water quality and sanitary conditions along these drainage wavs will greatly improve the citv aesthetics. Urban rene%Nalefforts are alreadv underway in the citv to replace dilapidated buildings with river side parks and water amenities. In Mav 1998. dragon boat races were held on the renewed Nan River for the first time in 37 years. Waterwvavs historicaliv form focal points for economic and tourist activities and the citv should reap these benefits with the impiementation of this scheme. SICHUA\Ni:RI1 \N ENVIRONMENTPROJECT ENVIRONXIENTALASSESSMENT Plain Report

Power Production Potential There is a potential to install gas engines and produce electricity from gas produced by the anaerobic diuestion facilities. The proper operation of the digestion facilities will have to be confirmed before this potential can be realised. However. the environmental benefits of a water pollution control facilitv will be enihailcedif it also produces energy.

5.2.6 Leshan Wastewater Collection and Preliminary Treatment Svstem

Water Oualitv Improvements The serious water quality problems experienced in the reaches of the Min River through Leshan have been outlined. The seriousness of this problem is highlighted by the decision of Leshan to abandon extraction of raw-water from the Min except for emergencies. Although the Min water quality improves dramatically downstream of Leshan due to inflow from the Dadu, the reaches within the citv remain highiv polluted in the drv-season. The Chengdu WwvTW.proposed in SUEP Phase I will only improve the water quality within Leshan to a minimal de2ree.

The proposed vvastewvatercollection and preliminarv treatment project for Leshan will have the capacitv to remove over 250 000 mf/d of raw sewa2e which would otherwise be discharged to surface waters within Leshan. either directiv to the Min or indirectlythrough the Zhugong Xi stream. Hence, locaiised water quality within the Zhugong Xi and the Mlin will improve dramatically through implementationof the project. There is insufficient water quality monitoring data in these reaches to rovide quantitative estimates of the degree of water quality improvement that can be expected but the results should be si2nificant.

Sanitation and Pbthlic Health One of the most tangible and direct benefits of this wastewater collection and treatment scheme will be the removal of the continuous raw domestic and industrial overflowvsto the local draina2e and surface water systems in the city (except for emergency bypass conditions). The pollutants in municipal wastewater are suspended and dissolved solids consisting of inorganic and organic matter. nutrients. oil and grease. toxic substances. and pathogenic micro-organisms. Urban stormwater can containithe same pollutants. occasionallv in surprisingly high concentrations. Human wastes that are not properly treated and are disposed of at the point of origin or are collected and carried awav pose risk-sof parasitic inftectionis(through direct contact with faecal material) and hepatitis and various -astrointestinal diseases including cholera and typhoid (through contamination of water supplies and food).

WVhenl\astewater is collected but not treated properlv before disposal or reuse. the same public health hazards exist at the point of discharge. For the receiving waters. additional harmifuleffects will occur SUCihas: habitats for aquatic life are impaired by accumulated solids: oxygen is depieted bv decompositioniof organic material: and aquatic organisms may be further harned by toxic substances. which may spread to higher organisms through bioaccumulation.

Doit-istreclm WilIe,'Use Water is used intensively in the Sichuan Province and the discharge of wastewater in one location quicklv becomes the rawvwater supplv source for a downstream irrication. domestic or industrial user. The improvement of the quality of this supply will have obvious positive effects on the productivity SICHUA\NItRB \N 17N'IRONNIENT PRO.JECT ENVIRONNIENTALASSESSMIENT Main Report of agricultural land and reduction of treatment svstem costs for domestic and industrial users. These benefits accrue to entities that are not directly paying for the improvements, emphasising the need for a comprehensive SUEP viewvpoint relative to costs and benefits of improvement schemes.

AlthouI.h this project onlv provides preliminary treatment. it forms the basis for iono-term wastewater treatment facilities for Leshan. The proposed Zigong Water Suppiv Project will have its newvintake structure located downstream of Leshan on the Min. There are also many other domestic water intakes located along this reach of the Min.

. esthetics Ua7dWater A.4nenitv The surface waters in Leshan form a major backdrop and focus in the citv and the improvement of water quality and sanitarv conditions along these rivers will greatly improve the citv aesthetics. Urban renewal efforts are alreadyvunderway in the citv to replace dilapidated buildings with river-side parks and water amenities.

Tourism is a major industrv in Leshan and economic development plans include a si2nificant increase in tourism into the future. The waterways in Leshan have historicallv formed focal points for economic and tourist activities and the citv should reap these benefits with the implementation of this scheme.

5.2.7 Devang WwTW

Water Oualitv Improvements The urban area of the Mianvuan River conveys an annual average flow of 45 m3/s but this can drop to effectively zero tloxwduring the dry season. As such. the dry-season base flow of the Mianvuan w ill consist mainly of the wastewater effluent from the proposed treatment works.

The collection and treatment of 100 000 m'ld of domestic and industrial wastewater within Devana will have major xwater quaiitv improvement benefits for the Mianvuan river within Devang and sionificant but smaller benefits to the doNvnstream Tuo River. The proposed project will be a significant step towards the recoverv of these surface waters but will not be sufficient to enable them meet the targeted Class 3 surtface water standards without other major interventions. The current polluted conditions result from a combination of factors including rural loads (natural and aaricultural sources). urban loads (domestic. industrial and non-point sources) and insufficient base flows at certaini times of the vear. In addition. no improvement of the water quality of the Shitin_ River xvill be achieved in the urban area because the citv sewverase plan will not divert direct wastewater discharges to the W\VTW ulntil later Phases ofthe SUEP.

The urbani pollution6 impacts assessment (Appendix A) assessed the pbtential water quality impacts of proposed SUEP projects through the use of a water qualitv index. The proposed WwTW will bringz about a si

The tirst phase SUEP projects. including the Deyang WvwTW. are designed to start the process of surface water improvement (as well as the adjacent groundwater svstem). Future phases of the SUEP xwill address control of the other rural and urban pollution sources. as well as potential river-flow (flow augmentation) and stream channel enhancements. 'sICIIUAN LURBANENVIR\\1NTI'R PROJFCT ENVIRONMENTAL.ASSESSMIENT \Iain Repor

Saniiation candPubbic Health Mvanvstatnant water ponds have been formed along the Nlianyuan. The urban wastewater flowin_ into the river and the pollution of the surface water, especially the worsening of the water qualitv in the ponded areas. aggravate the pollution of the water environment. After the WwTW removes the raw waste\sater from the river. it is estimated that the condition of many ponds in the river-bed will gradually improve. The outward appearance of the water will greatly improve.

One of the most tangible and direct benefits of this wastewater collection and treatment scheme will be the removal of the rawvdomestic and industrial overflows to the local drainage and surface water svstems in the citv (except for emergencv bypass conditions). The pollutants in municipal wastewater are suspended and dissolved solids consisting of inorganic and organic matter, nutrients, oil and grease. toxic substances. and pathogenic micro-organisms. Urban stormwater can contain the same pollutants. occasionally in surprisingly high concentrations. Human wastes that are not properiv treated and are disposed of at the point of origin or collected and carried awav (night soil), pose risks of parasitic infections (through direct contact with faecal material), hepatitis and various gastrointestinaldiseases including cholera and tvphoid (through contamination of water suppliesand food).

When wastewater is collected but not treated properiv before disposal or reuse, the same public health hazards exist at the point of discharge. For the receiving waters. additional harmful effects will occur such as: habitats for aquatic life are impaired bv accumulated solids: oxygen is depleted by decomposition of organic material: and aquatic organisms mav be further harmed by toxic substances. which may spread to higher organisms through bioaccumulation.

Downstream Water Use The main surface water source in Devang is the Mianvuan River. which has an average annual catchment run-off of 466 million m;. Since much of the water is removed upstream bv the Gongnong Canal to irrigate farmland. the tlow rate in the citv section in dry season is very low and is sometimes zero. The water is so severely polluted that it cannot be used as a water source for the cit,v.which results in the use of groundwater. Downstreamof Devang. Lianshan Township uses the Mianyuan river for a potable vater suppiv. indicating the seriousness of this water qualitv problem. as do other domestic users fLirtherdownstream in the Tuo basin.

Water is used intensively in the Sichuan Province and the discharge of wastewater in one location quickly becomes the raw water suppIVsource for a downstream irrigation. domestic or industrial user. Dow%nstreamcities that utilise the M'ian\uan River will benefit bv having a higher quality raw water for treatment. The improvement in the quality of this suppiy "ill hiaveobvious positive effects on the productivity of agricultural land and the reduction of treatment system costs for domestic and industrial users. These benefits accrue to entities that are not directly paying for the improvements. emphasising the need for a comprelhenisiveSUEP viewpoint regarding the costs and benefits of improvementschemes.

.4esihetics and Ilatel AnIenulvt The surface waters in Deyang form a major backdrop and focus in the citv and the improvementof *%aterqualitv and sanitary conditions along these rivers will greatly improve the citv aesthetics. Urban renewal efforts are already under-wayin the city to replace dilapidated buildings with river-side SWCHUJANURBA`N I-NVIR0N\NFNT PR0IFC1 ENVIRONNIENTA\L.SSESSiMENT Ma3inRepenst

parks and water amenities. Waterways historicaliv form focal points for economic and tourist activities and the city shouid reap these benefits with the implementation of this scheme.

5.2.8 Zigong WwTW

I-VaterChicility Impro vem'nents The collection and treatment of 80 000 m'/d of domestic and industrial wastewater within Zi2on- will have obvious water qualitv improvement benefits to the Fuxi River within Zigong and the downstream Tuo River. The proposed project will be a significant step towards the recovery of these surface waters but will not be sufficient to enable them meet the targeted Class 3 surface water standards without other major interventions. It is noted that this Fuxi segment is currentlv classed for Class 4. but the overall provincial goal is to achieve Class 3 below all SUEP cities. The current polluted conditions result from a combination of factors including rural loads (natural and agricultural sources), urban loads (domestic. industrial and non-point sources) and insufficient base flows at certain times of the year.

The urban pollution impacts assessment (Appendix A) assessed the potential water qualitv impacts of proposed SUEP projects through the use of a water qualitv index. Zigong is built beside the Fuxi River that has verv lirtle baseflow. In the drv season the upstream flows are tvpicallv less than I m-'/s and sometimes fall to zero. Downstream of Zigong. the bulk of the river's flow is raw sewage and industrial discharge and the concentration of pollutants is verv high. Because the quality of the river water is so much worse than the target quality. the river poilution index indicates the Zigong WwTW will provide the greatest benefits of all proposed wastewater treatment facilities. This confirmed its number one ranklina in the earlier SUEP scoring.

According to the data available industrial discharges are a much smaller source of pollution in Zigong than domestic wastewater - 80% of pollution load is of domestic origin. The major polluting industries in Zigong region are chemical works and sugar refineries and are located on the lower sections of the Fuxi or on the Tuo where their impact is less. There is insufficient baseflow in the river to dilute even treated effluent to an adequate degree. The only way to achieve an acceptable water quality in the Fuxi is to construct storage upstream or divert flows from another river and release this water during the drv season in order to maintain a minimum dilution flow.

The first phase SUEP projects. including the Zigong WwTW. are designed to start the process of surface water improveement (as well as the adjacent groundwater svstem). Future phases of the SUEP will address control of the other rural and urban pollution sources as well as potential river-flow (flow auiimentation) and stream channel enhancements.

SainiItatio uncd Pzuhiic Heailth One of the most tangible and direct benefits of this wastewater collection and treatment scheme will be the removal of the raw domestic and industrial overflows to the local draiiage and surface water sNstems in the city (except for emergency bypass conditions). The pollutants in municipal wastewvater are suspended and dissolked solids consisting of inorganic and organic matter. nutrients. oil and grease. toxic substances. and pathogenic micro-organisms. Urban stormwater can contain the same pollutants. occasionally In surprisinglv high concentrations. Human wastes that are not properlv treated and are disposed of at the point of origin or collected and carried awav (nightsoil). pose risks of parasitic infections (through direct contact with fecal material), hepatitis and various SiCI 1 \N tPBAN I-NVIRON\IENT PROJECT ENVIRONNIENTAIL ASSESSNIFNT MIainReport gastrointestinaldiseases including cholera and tvphoid (through contamination of water supplies and food).

When wastewater is collected but not treated properiv before disposal or reuse. the same public health hazards exist at the point of discharge. For the receiving waters. additional harmful effects will occur such1as: habitats for aquatic life are impaired by accumLIlatedsolids: oxygen is depleted bv decomposition of organic material: and aquatic organisms mav be further harmed bv toxic substances. whichmav spread to higher organisms through bioaccumulation.

DowtnstreanmWater Use Water is used intensively in the Sichuan Province and the discharee of wastewater in one location quickly becomesthe raw water supplv source for a downstream irrigation. domestic or industrialuser. The improvementin the qualitv of this supply will have obvious positive effects on the productivitvof agricultural land and the reduction of treatment system costs for domestic and industrial users. These benefits accrue to entities that are not directlv paying for the improvements,emphasising the need for a comprehensiveSUEP viewpoint regarding the costs and benefits of improvementschemes.

Aesthetics and Water Anenitv The surface waters in Zigong form a major backdrop and focus in the citv and the improvement of water qualitv and sanitarv conditions along these rivers will greatly improve the city aesthetics. Urban renewal efforts are alreadv underwav in the citv to replace dilapidated buildings with river-side parks and water amenities. Waterwavs historicaliv form focal points for economic and tourist activities and the city should reap these benefits with the implementationof this scheme.

5.2.9 Leshan Municipal Solid Waste Project

.Solid JVaste Collection7and Treatnient The current NISW collection rate was estimated bv the Citv of Leshan to be 41%. This project w-ill greatlyassist the citv's efforts to increase this rate to nearer 80% by the vear '000. The collection svstems \'.ill be more mechanised. allowing more efficient collection with less human contact with the solid wastes.

The current MSW disposal systems are wholly inadequate since the existinQ landfill operates more or lessas a wastedumping, ground rather than as a sanitarv landfill. The closed incinerator has also been an en\ ironnental problem in the past. Impiementation of this project as outlined. will improve the adeqtuatedisposal of MSWVin the cit\.

This project will supply critically needed MSW collection and disposal systems which will allow the collection and removal rates to rise. the service area to expand, and the further exploitation of economic development opportunities.

Sanrrtuion?cand Puhlic Health The lack of adequate NIS\V collection systems can contribute to a wide varietv of potential public health concerns and the promotion of disease, vectors. and rodents. These potential problems also SICIIIJAN URBAN ENVIRONMENTPROiECT ENVIRONNMENTALASSESSMENT MlainReport occur when MSW collection involves a high degree of human contact. The proposed SUEP project will alleviate these concerns and also provide a more attractive city appearance.

Leshan is located at the junction of three major river svstems and solid waste that is not collected and disposed of properly will likeiv end up in the surface waters. The rivers in this area are currently highlv degraded by floatinQmateriais. This impact sho1Ildbe improved bv this project.

Economic Developnment The suppiv of adequate MSW collection and disposal svstems is a minimum need for allowing the citv to grow and develop economically into the future. In addition. tourism is a major existing and proposed economic activitv in Leshan and the maintenance of a clean citv will foster its image as a tourist destination.

.4esthetic acnd Enjoy ment The surface waters in Leshan form a major backdrop and focus in the city and the improvementof water quality and sanitaryvconditions along these drainage wavs will greatly improve the city aesthetics. Urban renewal efforts are already underwav in the city to replace dilapidated buildings wvithriver-side parks and water amenities. Improved trash collection and reduced river-side dumping will enhance these efforts.

Tourism is a major industry in Leshan and economic development plans include a significant increase in tourism into the future. The waterways in Leshan have historically formed focal points for economic and tourist activities and the citv should reap these benefits with the implementationof this scheme.

5.2.10 Summarv of Phase I Positive Impacts

The Phase I SUEP positive benefits listed in the previous sections will be great assets to the cities affected and to Sichuan Province in general. In the following sections. potential construction phase and operational phase impacts are identified. There are no sisgnificantenvironmental problems identified in either phase. Compared with the positive benefits. these potential negative impacts are minor and easilv mitizated. Detailed mitigation and monitoring strategies should alleviate these concerns.

5.3 Potential Short Term Construction Impacts

The Phase I projects could cause a varietv of short-term construction impacts that must be monitored and mitigated during,the construction period. These construction impacts have been sorted according to their geographic location withinthe overall project scheme. In Chapter 7. for each identified potential impact. a corresponding mitigation method is proposed along-with the method of monitoring and the responsible monitoring agency. The SUEP PMO will have an ongoing responsibilitv to track and report the monitoring work of all the identified agencies. in addition to their direct monitoring activities. Although all potential impacts must be accounted for, the following sections outline the details and more major potential impacts bv individual component project. SICHUiAN U RBA.\NENVIRONNIENTPROJrCT ENVIRONMIENTALASSFSSNIENT \lain Report

5.3.1 Leshan Nr 4 NVTW

Relocation and Compensation The Leshan water project will require 94 mu of land. 4 mu for the intake and 90 mu for the WTW. Onlv one household will require resettlement. No people will require new employment. The RAP includes cost for the temporarv and permanent land, temporary and permanent agricultural damage. and demolition cost. The compensation and resettlement plan will be implemented bv City municipal g-overnment.

Denmolition/Spoils There is minimum demolition required for this project component and the issue has been covered in the RAP for the project. As the plant site has been levelled before the project construction, no problems of arable land loss. vegetation damage and notable soil erosion. While the construction of intake will cause some land loss and vegetation damage. For the intake station construction. 4 mu (0.26 ha) of land (non-arable land) will be purchased. 25 clumps of bamboo. 180 mulberrv trees. and 212 fruit trees will be cut down.

The construction of the raw water transmission main will occupy 930 m (1.5 mu) of fishpond. The temporal land disturbance for it will involve 3.13 ha (17 mu) of land. damage 52 clumps of bamboo, 31 fruit trees and 46 clumps of grape.

The project sites will be located at the juncture of urban and rural areas. No rare or preserved animal or plant species at national or provincial protection level will be affected. No old or large trees are in the areas affected by the project construction. The sites are far from the nature preserves and scenic spots. Therefore no adverse impact on them is expected during construction.

Duringzthe project construction, spoil or debris will be generated during three stages:

i I ) During the piant construction. some 40 000 mn of spoil will be generated in the excavation of sedimentation tanks. clean water reservoir and other tanks.

(2) During the intake construction. some 10 000 mS of spoil will be generated in ground levellina.

(3) During the transmission main construction. about I 800 m' of spoil will be generated in pipeline laying.

A total of more than SI 800 in' of spoil xvill be generated in the construction of the project. According to the urban plan of Leshan citv. a loNk-lvingland of 3 kin2 at Baivangba in the northern suburb of the central district wvillbe filled and levelled to a thickness of 1.9 m. requiring a total of 5.7 million m' of soil and rock. Spoil and construction wastes vill be transported to this site which is about 4 - 5 kin amay from the project sites. SRIEP has inspected the disposal site and found no special environmental problems or issues related to this proposed site.

.Voise atncdDust Heavy load trucks for transporting pipes are mobile and intermittent sources emitting significant noise during pipe laying. w%ithnoise levels in the range of 85-90 dB(A). The noise impact should not be sienificant since they will oniv operate in the daytime. thev are less frequent than vehicle flows on SICHUItANURR AN F-NVIRONNIENTPROJECT ENVIRONMENTALASSESSMENT Maini Report existinc roadxvavs, and the sites are not near urban areas. The pipeline will be excavated using manual labour so dust and noise will be minimised.

Limiting construction to the davtime hours will mitigate noise problems. The pipeline will be excavated using manual labour in many cases so dust and noise will be minimised. During the constrUction operation of construction equipment and the running of vehicles will generate noise. The noise levels will depend on the types and numbers of machines and vehicles. Generallv their noise levels range from 80 to 90 dB(A). The construction noise will have adverse impact on people living near the construction site or along the highway. In order to meet the requirements specified by Boundary Noise Limits for Construction Sites (GB12523-90). night-time construction activities will be prohibited. with the use of trucks and equipment prohibited by 23:00 hr each day (except for road crossinas which may be allowed to minimise daytime construction impacts).

If it is necessarv to utilise zroundwater pumps, they will be provided with appropriate noise and vibration protection devices. This will be especially important for night-time dewatering. Mitigation measures will be required as well as monitoring.

Management practices are recommended to minimise erosion and runoff from storage piles and for site clean up after construction is completed.

The proposed water treatment works will be located in the development zone of the citv. There are residential areas about 100 m south-west of the WTW site. A 10 m hi-h hill lies between the WTW site and the residences and this provides a good sound barrier. Construction noise should not significantlv affect the residents.

A sanatorium is located south of the intake site. separated bv a wall. The sanatorium area has a long rectangular shape. from north to south. The residential area of the sanatorium lies in the middle and southern parts of the building. The sanatorium has a small self-operated water treatment works at the northern end of its site. more than 100 m from its residential area. West of the intake is the Qingyi River. Besides the sanatorium. no other noise sensitive points are within 100 m of the intake site. In addition the site lies in a low hilly area not beneficial to the propagation of sound. Thus the construction of the intake should not cause significant adverse impact on the acoustic environment.

Dust emitted from house dismantlinz and building construction of the plant will have adverse impact on the environment. In addition. activities such as pipe laving. earthwork and filling also generate tlying dust and cause air pollution. However. the impact of flying dust will be temporarv. localised and limited to the construction period.

Transportution There are minimal road crossings required and operational and scheduline pians have been developed to minimise traffic impacts. Noise concerns normally would limit construction to the daytime but road crossings will be allowxedat niT7htto minimise traffic disruption on this major highway.

&SafevAs sies The pipe trenches v ill be excavated bv hand through existing sand and gyravelstrata that will require wide. battered. trenches to protect against trench collapse. Strict safety measures will be recommended. SICHU.-\NVRI3\ lNViRONNMENTPROiECT ENVIRONMENrIAL ASSESSMIiNT MainlReport

Public Facilities A few rock carvings were noted aiong the walking path section of the pipeline route, however, they are reported to not have anv significance. Although the construction of the intake and WTW has no measurable impact on public facilities. the laying of transmission pipeline will disrupt 144 m2 of asphalt highwav. 108 m2 of concrete roadwav leading to the treatment piant. 300 locations of river slope protection. and 4 telecommunicationfacilitv locations. The relative compensationplan has been drawn up.

Domestic Wastewater During the construction phase. about 200 workers will be working in the construction sites. Except for some technical workers. most of them will be local residents. they will have their existing places to eat and sleep. Therefore no newvdomestic wastewater discharge is expected. Technical workers will probablv stay at small inns in adjacent towns or townships. so no new pollution sources will be created.

5.3.2 Zigong Min River Diversionand WTW

Relocation and Land Acquiisition The pipeline route bvpassesseveral small communities so the land losses and impacts occur in mostly rural agricultural areas. There will be both temporarv and long-term losses of agricultural productivity that have been addressed in the RAP.

For the construction of intake pumping station and the Yuan Ba Chang WTW, 45 households or 180 people will be relocated. 5 993 m of housing will be dismantled and rebuilt. No resettlement is involved for the construction of intermediate pumping station. So the total resettlement involves 45 households or 180 people and S 993 m2 of houses. The total compensation is 33.38 million yuan. Relocatees. whose income sources will be affected by the project. will be provided with jobs sufficient to keep their previous living standard. Although relocated farmers will suffer some temporal negative impacts. their living conditions will be improved both in terms of income and housing qualitv after the project completion. In order to compensate the losses, including income and crop yields. brought by temporary land disturbance. some of the farmers will be offered jobs working on the project construction. earninr sufficient income to maintain their previous living standard. After completion of the project. all the temporarv land occupation will be immediatelv reinstated and returned back to agriculture use.

Land proposed for acquisition consists entirely of farmland. which contains no residential areas. factories. special protection zones or areas of natural scenerv which should be safeguarded. When the \VTW is constrmcted.the place will be re-designatedfrom agricultural area to urban factor- builddins. The land acquisition for the WTW is for the construction of public facilities. As long as the state and local government regulationis are complied with. compensation for land paid and residents well resettled. the land resources can be adequately developed and utilised.

Denmolifion/Sp)oils During the project construction some spoil will be generated including soils and rocks abandoned in the process of laying the transmission main. Calculated bv 2.Sm in depth and 3 - 6 m in width. the total volume of earthwork for transmission main component is about 760 000 m;. The majoritv of the excavated material will be re-used as back-fill around the pipe and trench. It is planned to transport excess soil and rock (with an estimated total volume of 104 000 m;) to farrners who are building SICHIUAN I 'RB \ \NVIRONNIENT PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT main Repotn houses and to nearbv road construction sites. The project unit will subsidise the transportation cost. SRIEP has reviewed the local plans for disposal and found them to be satisfactory. There appear to be a significant number of sites along the 66 km pipeline route where excess spoil could be used for roadway and other construction. As such. there will be no designated storage or disposal locations. SRIEP and the citv EPB will ensure that spoil is not dumped into watercourses or other environmentallysensitive locations.

.Voisecmcl DUtst In an urban noise assessment. SRIEP identified the urban area of Zigyongas the monitoring range. Based on the finctional division. 7 points were selected as ambient noise level monitoring points. A number of points exceed the standard during daytime.night-time or both (see Project Component EA appendix for details)

Duringzconstruction the main noise sources are transportation vehicles. lifts. diggers. mixers. and so on. Heavy load trucks for transportingpipes are strong noise source during pipe laying. Thev belong to mobile and intermittentsources with sound pressure level in the range of 85-90 dB(A). The noise impact can not be significant owing to daytime operation. less vehicle flow on existing roadwavs, and far awav from urban area. If it is necessary to utilise groundwater pumps. they will be provided with appropriate noise and vibration protection devices. This will be especiallv important for night-time dewatering. Miti-ation measures will be required as well as monitoring.

Other anticipated problems are temporary noise and dust but the lack of sensitive receptors or residential areas minimises these impacts. Tailpipe emissions from heavy dutv diesel trucks, which are used to transport pipes. building materials and mechanic equipment. are major air pollutant sources. Those trucks will increase the air pollutant emission along roadwavs. It is estimated that air impact of exhausting gases is not significant because of less transportationquantitv and not too manv vehicles.

Dust will be emitted bv house dismantling and construction of the works. Activities such as pipe laying. earthwvorksand fillina also generate flying dust and cause air pollution. But the impact of flying dust is temporary and localised.

Trunsportation To miniimiserelocations and destruction of agricultural land. much of the pipeline will be installed in or adjacent to the existing road between Nixi and Zigzong.This roadway is verv narrow and confined in many locations. It w ill be necessaryto permanentlvwiden the roadway and/'orconstruct temporarv roads to maintainitraffic tlow during the construction period. Noise concerns normallv would limit conlstlUctioInto the daytime but road crossin-s will be allox%edat niTht to minimise traffic disruptionl oln this hiih\-av.

SqtjeY Issues The pipe trenches will be excavated bv hand except in rock. When the stratum consists of sand and -ravel materials. theV will require wide trenches in order to protect against trench collapse. Strict safety measures will be recommended.

Ptublic FUcLililies There are minimulmimpacts to public facilities but there are a few minor impacts to public resources. Although most of the transmission main goes along highwavs or roadwavs. the construction will ',1(111.\N VRIR.\\ ENVIRONNIENTPROJECT LNVI RON,W\N I ASSESS%IFNTvA 1niuinReporn inevitably damace some scattered trees and other plants along its route and decrease the vegetation coverase in places. According to surveys. no endangered or protected animals are found in the project area.

Within the project area. including the WTW and the transmission main. there are no old. large. rare or precious trees growing. Only one larg7efig tree. which belongs to a protective tree categjorv.stands bv the highwav about 50 m awav from the proposed intake. The constrmctionactivitv will not affect the tree.

Spoil generated bv excavation of the pipeline can affect the environment during rainfall due to soil erosion and possible subsidence impacts. In order to avoid soil erosion some measures should be taken. including suspendingzconstruction during raining days. building trenches and protective bunds around big stockpiling sites of earth and rocks and back-filling immediatelv after construction where possible.

Excavation and back-filling will change the original properties of the topsoil on farmland. and decrease the fertilitv of soil. Once the top soil is damaged. it can take a long time to recover. During this recoverv time crop growth and yields will be affected.

Four river crossinus are required along the 66 km pipeline route. They will involve the construction of both pipe bridges and siphons and special care will be required to restore the watercourses to the natural condition after construction is completed and not dump excess spoil in the watercourses.

Domestic Wastetiater In the construction phase. about 200 workers will be working in the construction sites. Except for some technical workers. most of them will be local residents (including farmers) and thev will have their omn places to eat and sleep. Technical workers will stay at small inns in adjacent towns or tovwnships.so no new pollution sources will be created. All wastewater from anv proposed dormitory accommodationmust be treated in a septic tank prior to discharge as per local regulations.

5.3.3 Luzhou Beijiao WTW

RelOCation7 an,d LaCnd .4cq?uisition 30 muLof lanidw.x ill be acquired and 10 farmer househlolds(39 persons) will be relocated bv the Beijiao WTW Phase 2 works. The project involves Shichangwvanand Yiyuan Cooperatives in Yixin Villa2e or Yutang,Tow%n. 30 persons in Shitangwan Cooperative will transfer their status from agricultLireto non-a.ricultUre .Accordinu!to the RegTulationfor the Land Maiha-ement of Sichuani Province. DocuMentLSFDF NO.30 (1989) and Notice on New Compensation Standard for Land Acquisition in DocumnenitLSFD NO.64 (1989). in terms of the arable iand. the compensation to be paid will be 6 times the basic compensationl. In term of other land compensation. the compensation will be 3 times the basic compensation (see RAP for details).

For crops and land attachments. the compensation is based on Document LSFF No.30 (1989) and LSFD No.64 (1989) wxitha price inflation factor applied. For relocation compensation. 2 or 3 times the yield per mu three years ago is adopted. During the land acquisition for this scheme. '00m of telecommunication cable will be relocated with compensation of 0.15 million vuan based on the SICHIUANURBAN ENVIRON\MENT PROJECT ENVIRONM%1EENT:\LASSI:SiMIENI' Main RMFwrt

Document LSFD No.64 (1989) and consultation with the post and telecommunication department. It is estimated that the total compensation pavable under the scheme is 2.13 million yuan, which includes resettlement expense of 0.43 million vuan.

Demolition/Spoils During the project construction some spoil will be generated including soils and rocks abandoned in the process of laying the transmission main. The majority of the excavated material will be re-used as back-fill around the pipe and trench.

It is initiallv calculated that for the 35 km of transmission pipe from the Beijiao WTW to Fuji Town. the total volume of earthwork will be 13 500 m'. For the 3.6 km of transmission pipe from the Beijiao WTP to the Nan Gao Development Zone, the total volume of earthwork will be 1810 m;.

In 1996, the People's Govenmment of Sichuan Province decided to tum Fuji Town into the county town of Luxian Countv. With the expansion of Fuji Town and the development of Nan Gao Development Zone. spoil from the scheme can be transported to these locations for use in earth works and road construction. Through proper management the impact of spoil disposal can be eliminated. SRIEP has reviewed the local plans for spoil disposal on this project and found them to be environmentally acceptable. Excess spoils will essentiallv be used in roadway or other construction or disposed of to adjacent farmland subject to agreements sizned with local farmers.

Noise and Dutst Heavv load trucks for transporting pipes are mobile and intermittent sources emitting significant noise during pipe laying. with noise levels in the range of 85-90 dB(A). The noise impact should not be significant since they will onlv operate in the daytime. they are less frequent than vehicle flows on existing roadways. and the sites are not near urban areas. The pipeline will be excavated using manual labour so dust and noise will be minimised.

Limiting construction to the daytime hiours will mitigate noise problems. The pipeline will be excavated using manual labour in manv cases so dust and noise will be minimised. During the construction operation of construction equlipment and the running of vehicles will generate noise. The noise levels will depend on the types and numbers of machines and vehicles. Generallv their noise levels range from 80 to 90 dB(A). The construction noise will have adverse impact on people living near the construction site or along the highwav. In order to meet the requirements specified bv Boundary, Noise Limits for Construction Sites (GB12523-90). niaht-time construction activities will be prohibited. with the use of trucks and equipment prohibited bv 23:00 hr each dav (except for road crossinszs which mav be allowvedto minimise daytime construction impacts).

If it is necessary to utilise grouLndw\aterpumps. they will be provi'ded with appropriate noise and \vibration protection dev ices. This will be especially important for night-time dewatering. Mitigation measures will be required as well as monitoring.

Management practices are recommended to minimise erosion and runoff from storage piles and for site clean up after construction is completed.

Dust emitted from house dismantling and building construction of the plant will have adverse impact on the environment. In addition. activities such as pipe laying. earthwork and filling also generate SlCHIU-\N I RItAN E:V!RONMLENT PROIECT 17NVIRONNIENTAL.\SSES-NIENT Main Report flying dust and cause air pollution. However, the impact of flying dust will be temporarv, localised and limited to the construction period.

Beijiao WTP. distribution wvell.per-sedimentation tank. flocculation-sedimentationtank. valveless filter, clean water reservoir. ciean water pump house. wastewater recvcling tank. chemical and chlorine dosing room, administration building. part of dormitory have been built in Phase I project. In Phase 2 project. a new set of flocculation tank. pre-sedimentation tank. sedimentation tank. valveless filter. a 2 000m- of dormitorv. a workshop and a gara2e. etc. will be built. Since Phase 2 involves less construction work. the project will have less impact on the air and acoustic environment.

Transportation To minimise disruption of agricultural land, much of the pipeline will be installed in or adjacent to the existing road between Beijiao and Fuji. It will be necessary to permanentiy widen the roadway and/or construct temporary roads to maintain traffic flow during the construction period. Noise concerns normally Would limit construction to the daytime but road crossings will be allowed at night to minimise traffic disruption on this highway.

Saferv Issues The pipe trenches wvillbe excavated bv hand. except in rock. when stratum consist of sand and gravel materials thev will require wide/battered trenches in order to protect against trench collapse. Strict safety measures will be recommended.

Puiblic Facilities There are minimum impacts to public facilities but there are a few minor impacts to public resources. Although most part of the transmission main goes along highways or roadways. the constructionwill inevitabli damage some scattered trees and other vegetation along its route. According to surveys, no endangered or protected animals are found in the project area.

Spoil generated by excavation of the pipeline can affect the environment during rainfall due to soil erosion and possible subsidence impacts. In order to avoid soil erosion some measures should be taken. including suspending construction during raining days. building trenches and protective buinds around big stockpiling sites of earth and rocks and back-filling immediately after construction where possible.

Excavation and back-filling will change the original properties of the topsoil on farmland. and decrease the fertility of soil. Once the top soil is damaged. it can take a lona time to recover. During this recovery time crop grow-thand yields will be affected.

Domeestic Wl'sterateLr The impact on surface waters associated with the project is mainiv from domestic wastewater. generated by workers or staff on the construction sites. and construction wastewater, from equipment washing. concrete curing. and leakage testing. The quantitv of domestic wastewater is related to the numbers of constructio1 staff. which depends on the dearee of mechanisation and construction programme. The main pollutants in domestic wastewater are BODs. TSS and ammonia. As most of the construction \,orkers are local residents, the additional water impact is minor. SMCIU.N tPRBAN\ENIRONMENT PROJECT ENVIRONNEI-NT.L.ASSESSM IENT Main Rcpon

5.3.4 Luzhou Daxikou WTW

Relocation and Land Acquisition Phase I project of the proposed DaxikoouWTW is located in Baiti Village in Naxi District. 41 mu of land wvillbe required. II householdsxvith 43 people *willbe relocated and 29 persons will be provided with jobs and their statLstransferred from agriculture to non-agriculture. According to the relevant reguiations, the compensationpayable for land acquisition is 2.8 million yuan, resettlement expense is 1.3 million yuan. giving a total of 4.1 million yuan. Expenses for land acquisitionand compensation are included in the project cost estimate.

Demolition/Spoils During the project construction some spoil will be generated including soils and rocks abandoned in the process of laying the transmissionmain. The majority of the excavated material will be re-used as back-fill around the pipe and trench.

For the 2 km of the transmission pipe from the Daxikou WTW to the regulation tank at Guanshan WTW. the total volume of earthworksis I 571m3.

Pipeline construction will be divided into several sections and constructed simultaneouslv. Spoil generated bv the excavation should be stockpiled within the S to 10 m wide working area along the trench. It is estimated that the total surplus spoil volume due to constructionof Beijiao and Daxikou WTWs is 16 800 m'.

From the construction of Daxikou WTW, it is estimated that the total spoil volume from the construction of sedimentation tanks and clear water reservoirs is about 25 000 mi. It is proposedto dispose of this spoil to developmentsin Fuji Town and the Nan (Lao DevelopmentZone along with spoil from the Beijiao WTW scheme.

SRIEP has reviewed the local plans for spoil disposal on this project and found them to be environmentally acceptable. Excess spoils will essentially be used in roadway or other construction or disposed of to adjacent farmland subjectto agreements signed with local farmers.

N;oiseacd Duist Heavy load trucks for transporting pipes are mobile and intermittent sources emittin

Limiting construction to the daytime hours will mitigate noise problems. The pipeline will be excavated usinz manual labour in manv cases so dust and noise will be minimised. During the construction operation of constructionequipment and the running of vehicles will generate noise. The noise levels will depend on the types and numbers of machines and vehicles. Generallv their noise levels rangJefrom 80 to 90 dB(A). The construction noise will have adverse impact on people living near the construction site or along the highway. In order to meet the requirements specified by Boundary Noise Limits for Construction Sites (GB 12523-90). night-time construction activities will be prohibited. with the use of trucks and equipment prohibited by 23:00 hr each day (except for road crossings which mav be allowed to minimise daytime construction impacts). SICHIUANUrfl.%N ENVIRONMENTPROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL.- \SESSI.\ENT NI;n Report

If it is necessarv to utilise groundwater pumps. thev will be provided with appropriate noise and vibration protection devices. This will be especiallv important for night-time dewatering. Mitigation measures will be required as wvellas monitoring.

Management practices are recommendedto minimise erosion and runoff from storage piles and for site clean up after constructionis completed.

Dust emitted from house dismantling and building construction of the plant will have adverse impact on the environment. In addition. activities such as pipe laving, earthwork and filling also generate flving dust and cause air pollution. However, the impact of flying dust will be temporary, localised and limited to the constructionperiod.

Transportation To minimise relocations and destructionof agricultural land. much of the pipeline will be installedin or adjacent to the existing road between the intake and Daxikou WTW and from the WTW to Naxi/Anfu. It will be necessarv to widen the roadway and/or construct temporary roads to maintain traffic flow during the constructionperiod. Noise concerns norrmallywould limit constructionto the davtime but road crossings will be allowed at night to minimise traffic disruption on this highwav.

Safety Issues The pipe trenches will be excavated bv hand. except in rock. when stratum consist of sand and gravel materials thev will require wide/battered trenches in order to protect against trench collapse. Strict safetv measures will be recommended.

Public Facilities There are minimum impacts to public facilities but there are a few minor impactsto public resources. Although most part of the transmission main goes along highwavs or roadways. the constructionwill inevitabh damage some scatteredtrees and other vegetation along its route. Accordins to surveys. no endangered or protected animals are found in the project area.

Spoil generated by excavation of the pipeline can affect the environment during rainfall due to soil erosion and possible subsidence impacts. In order to avoid soil erosion some measures should be taken. including suspending construction during raining davs. building trenches and protective biinds around big stockpiling sites of earth and rocks and back-filling immediately after constructionwhere possible.

Excavation and back-filling will change the original properties of the topsoil on farmland. and decrease the fertility of soil. Once the top soil is damaged. it can take a long time to recover. During this recovery time crop growthand yields will be affected.

The treated water transmission main will be laid along the Longna Highlwav.which is currentlv under construction and no relocation is involved.

Domestic Wustewater The impact on surface waters associated with the project is mainlv from domestic wastewater. generated bv workers or staff on the construction sites, and construction wastewater. from equipment washing, concrete curing, and leakage testing. The quantitv of domestic wastewater is related to the SICIIl; ?' i \N NVIRON'.\IFNI PROJECT FNVIRON\IENT.\L .SSESSMIENT Main Reporn numbers of construction staff. which depends on the degree of mechanisation and construction programme. The main pollutants in domestic wastewater are BOD5, TSS and ammonia. As most of the constructionwvorkers are local residents, the additional water impact is minor.

5.3.5 Chengdu Nr 2 WwTW

Reloctrlion and Compensation The compensation for the opened highway. road and farmland will be in accordance with the Regulationfor tile Land .unageinent of SichuttanProvince and Ifeasiuresfor the Compen7sationof tlhe Land .4cquisitionfor PuiblicFacilities Constr-zuctionacnd the Relocation of the Residents of Chengdu. Resettlementand compensationcosts are estimatedat 131 million Yuan and include 478 mu of land and the resettlementof 340 households(see RAP for further details).

Demolition There is minimum demolition required for this project component and the issue has been covered in the RAP for the project.

.Noiseanid Dutst The interceptor sewer will be excavated using manual labour so dust and noise will be minimised. If it is necessarv to utilise groundwater pumps, thev will be provided with appropriate noise and vibration protection devices. This will be especiallv important for night-time dewatering. The existinsgagricultural area should not be a problem for construction of the WwTW. There were no sensitive areas noted and it was recommendedto prohibit the use of trucks and heavy equipment at least bv 23:00 hr.

Management practices are recommendedto minimise erosion and runoff from storage piles and for site clean up after construction is completed.

Tra7nsportation There are minimal road crossinas required and operational and scheduling plans have been developed to minimise traffic impacts. There is a railwav crossin2 which will require tunnelling as per standard practice for such crossings. so there will be no disruption.

Safetl Issues The pipe trenches vill be excavated byvhand up to 10 m deep in sand and gravel strata. Steel trench supports %,illbe used In order to protect against trench collapse. Strict safetv measures will be recommended.

Public Facilities There are tno identified major impacts to public facilities. The stream crossings can easilv be accomiiplishiedwith milimal ilmpactor tlow disruption. The railway will be tunnelled so there will be no impacts. The crossing of Cheng Ren road should be accomplished at night. if possible. to ininimnise traffic disruption. SlCI LAN I fRI3\N r.V%IRON\IFNT PROJECT ENVIRONMIENTAL ASSFSS:\IENT Nlain Rep n

5.3.6 Leshan Wastewater Collection and PreliminarvTreatment Svstem

Relocation and Compensation The Leshan wastewater project will require 16 mu of land for the pumping stations. There will be 53 households with 160 people requiring resettlement. The people are existing urban dwellers and will not require nemvemployment. The RAP includes cost for the temporarv and permanent land. temporarx and permanent agricultural damage. and demolition cost. Total RAP costs are 7.7 million Yuan. The RAP will be implementedby the City municipal government.

Demolitioni/Spoils There is minimum demolition required for this project component and the issue has been covered in the RAP for the project. No obvious impact will arise since no farmiand. green belt. public facilities or residential houses in the project site. The waste soil of 19 000m3,resulted from the construction, will be used for back fill or disposed of after completionin an approved location.

Voiseand Dzust Other impacts will be caused by the construction such as noise. dust and partial soil erosion. The noise. intensitv in the range of 80-95dB(A). comes from the operation of excavators. pile hammers. mixers. various vehicles and other engineering machines. In the central urban area of the citv, the construction is to be undertaken on both sides of the Zhugong Xi River, along the No. 12 Road on the west side of the Min River and the Binjian- Road on the north side of the Dadu River.

Accordingto the Report on the EnvironmentalQuality of Leshan. in most of the area along both sides of the Zhugong Xi River. the current noise is in the range of 55-65dB(A). In areas along the No. 12 Binjiang Road. the noise mainlv comes from traffic with intensitv ranging from 65-70dB(A) except for that of 70-75dB(A) in the area between Zhanegonaqiao to the Min Bridge. The additional noise will be a problem to the governmental oroanisations. various enterprises and residents situated along the construction site, and it will be even worse during,night-time.

Limiting construction to the dayvtimehours will mitigate noise problems. The pipeline will be excavated using manual iabour in manv cases so dust and noise will be minimised. During the construction operation of construction equipmentand the running of vehicles will generate noise. The noise levels will depend on the types and numbers of machines and vehicles. Generally their noise ievels ranmefrom 80 to 90 dB(A). The constructionnoise will have adverse impact on people living near the construction site or along the highwav. In order to meet the requirements specified bv Boundary Noise Limits for Construction Sites (GB12523-90). night-time construction activities will be prohibited. with the use of truIcks and equipment prohibited bx '31:00hr each dav (except for road crossings '%. hich mav be allowed to minimise davtime construction impacts).

If it is necessar' to utilise aroundwater pumps. thev will be provided with appropriate noise and X ibration protection devices. This will be especially important for night-time dewatering. Mitigation measLiresx ill be required as well as monitoring.

Management practices are recommended to minimise erosion and runoff from storage piles and for site clean up after construction is completed. SICHUANURBA.N t-NVIRONNIENT PROJFCT FNVIRONNIENTA-\IAssFSS\MFNT .\Iin ReMni

Transportation There are minimal road crossings required and operational and scheduling plans have been developed to minimise traffic impacts. In the downtown area, the recommendation is to construct road crossings at night to minimise traffic problems. However. the previouslv mentioned noise problems mav cause concerns Nkithniaht construction.

Su]erv'Isszues The pipe trenches will be excavated bv hand in sand and gravel strata. Wide battered trenches or steel trench supports will be used in order to protect against trench collapse. Strict safetv measures will be recommended.

Public Fctcilities Access to the major urban corridor and public buildings will be temporarilv disrupted by this construction. In addition. there will be major construction impacts along the waterways and parks and boat docks in the centre of the citv. It will be important to minimise these impacts through careful construction mana2ement including minimising the areas of disturbance and quick reinstatement after completion of construction.

5.3.7 Devang WwTW

Relocation ancdCompeniscation The Devang WwTW project will require 159 mu of land. 24 households with 108 people require resettlement. For the pipeline. temporarv land acquisition of 2 mu is required. The RAP includes cost for the temporarv and permanent land. temporarv and permanent agricultural damage, and demolition cost. The total RAP cost is 20.8 million Yuan. The RAP will be implemented bv the Citv municipal government (see RAP for further details).

DeinolitioniSpo ils Tihere is minimum demolition required for this project component and the issue has been covered in the RAP for the project. Surplus spoil arising from interceptor construction will be used to construct the proposed I km long flood wall. adjacent to the WwTW. or for raising the WwTW site to provide flood protection.

XOise aJnd7Dtist Heavy load trucks for transporting pipes are mobile and intermittent sources emitting significant noise during pipe laying. xwithnoise levels in the range of 85-90 dB(A). The noise impact should not be siginificanit since the- will only operate in the daytime. thex are less frequent than vehicle flows on existinu roadwavs. and the sites are not near urban areas. The pipeline will be excavated using manlual labour so dust and noise wkillbe minimised.

Limiting constructioll to the daytime hours will mitigate noise problems. The pipeline will be excavated using manual labour in manyv cases so dust and noise will be minimised. During tile construction operation of construction equipment and thie running of vehicies will generate noise. The noise levels %,ill depend on the types and numbers of machines and vehicles. Generally their noise levels range from 80 to 90 dB(A). The construction noise will have adverse impact on people living near the construction site or along the highway. In order to meet the requirements specified bv Boundary Noise Limits for Construction Sites (GB12523-90). night-time construction activities will

FA- CFIAPTT-R 1)W(Fk1RER 194S SICHIUANUlR13-\N EN\VIRON\IENT PROJFCT ENVIRONMENTALASSESSIMENT MlairiReport be prohibited, with the use of trucks and equipment prohibited by 23:00 hr each dav (except for road crossings which may be allowed to minimise daytime construction impacts).

If it is necessarv to utilise groundwater pumps. they will be provided with appropriate noise and vibration protection devices. This will be especially important for night-time dewatering. Mitigation measures will be required as well as monitoring.

Management practices are recommended to minimise erosion and runoff from storage piles and for site clean up after construction is completed.

Dust emitted from house dismantling and building construction of the plant will have adverse impact on the environment. In addition. activities such as pipe lavino, earthwork and filling also generate flving dust and cause air pollution. However.the impact of flving dust will be temporary. localised and limited to the constrUctionperiod.

Transportation There are minimal road crossings required and operational and scheduling plans have been developed to minimise traffic impacts.

Safer} Issues The pipe trenches will be excavated by hand, except in rock, when stratum consist of sand and gravel materials thev will require wide/battered trenches in order to protect against trench collapse. Strict safety measures will be recommended.

Public Facilities The proposed project neariy has minimal impact on public facilities. houses and traffic.

Waste\ater quantities rising from construction activities will be small and mainly domestic sewage produced by workers and equipment washingvwater (containing SS. CODc, BOD.. NH;-N and petroleum derivatives. etc). Silt traps and septic tank should be built in the constructionsite to treat \wastewaterprior to discharge to the river course.

5.3.8 Zigonu W -wTW

Relocaion and Compensution The proposed Wx\TW and pumping stations will occupy 224 mu of land. most of which is farmland. The resettlement involvesrelocation of 33 farminz households. containing 130 people. Thev will lose their livelihood due to land acquisition. so new emplovment will be found. Land acquisition and resettlemenitxx ill be carried out in accordance with the relevant laws and regulations. The total RAP cost %%ill be 10 million Yuan.

Denmolition,iSpoi/s The projecl does not require a significant amount of demolition and the issue has been covered in the RAP. Tlhereare no significant spoil issues with this project component. The proposed sewer svstem has been located along the Fuxi river and thus. disruption. demolition and relocation are minimised.

;7 rI-FrFMRFR 19NW SICHUAN URBANNVIRONNIENT PROJECT EN\VIRONNIENTALASSESSN[ENT \!ain Reqrn

Voise and Dust The pipeline will be excavated using manual labour so dust and noise will be minimised. The WwTW is located in an agricultural area. away from more crowded urban areas. Excavation will produce dust that will have some localised impacts on the air environment. Noise generated bv construction machinery and transportation vehicies will have impacts on the acoustic environment during the project construction. The estimated noise level is about 85 dB(A) although if percussion type pililg is used this xvill result in greater noise. Since the construction period lasts a long time. noise and dust mitigation measures should be implemented.

Noise generated bv the construction of the interceptor will have some impact on the acoustic environment in the urban area. The area where the WwTW and pumping station are situated is in a low densitv popuIlationiarea and so noise will not have a major impact. If it is necessarv to use aroundwater/dewateringpumps. thev will be provided with appropriate noise and vibration protection devices. This will be especially important for night-time dewatering.

Transporrtation There are onlx a few road crossings required and operational and scheduling plans have been developedto minimise traffic impacts. As mentioned,most of the constructionwill be along the Fuxi river and this xvilinot affect transportationexcept during the delivery of materials and equipment.

Safety Issuies Anv pipe trenches xvill be excavated by hand. The ground conditions comprise sand and gravel and trenches with battered sides will be used to protect againsttrench collapse. Strict safety measures xvill be implemented.

Public Facilities l0kmof pipelines will be constructed in the project. which consist of 7km of interceptor and 3 km of pipelines across the river. The interceptor wvillbe laid along the river and materials wvillbe stockpiled centrallv off-site. so reducing land occupation at the site. The pipeline river crossing and treatment works will be located in non-urban areas with relatively few impacts on public facilities. houses and traffic.

Wastex\ater quantities rising from construction activities wvillbe small and mainly domestic sewage produced by workers and equipment washing wvater(containing SS. CODcrc BOD5. NH-.-N and petroleum derivatives. etc). Silt traps and septic tank should be built in the construction site to treat wastewaterprior to discharge to the river course.

5.3.9 Leshan MunicipalSolid Waste Project

RelXCXtionllind c(Ml'17pe.SLi0v7 The landfiiill iii reqLlire 284 muLI.a significant land acquisition wvhichwill be carried out in phases as the landfill expands. The RAP addresses land acquisition. the decreased output of agricultUreand forest products. and the relocation and re-employmentof 37 households. The proposed site currentiv comprises 72mu of cultivated land and 172mu of mountain forest.

The total land area to be occupied bv the proposed landfill 284mu of which 40mu has alreadv been occupied bv the existing waste dump. Of the remaining 244 mu. the first phase of this project xvill

41367.EACI-IAPTIR S-28 DECEMBER 199S SICHUJAN URBA'N ENVIRONNMENTPROJECT ENVIRONNIENT.XL ASSESSMIENT Nlam Repirt occupy 60mu. The second phase will occupy 157mu. 27 mu will be used for other uses such as administrationand leachate treatment.

The total cost of the RAP is estimated as 25.87 million Yuan (see the RAP for a detailed breakdown of the costs).

Demolition/Site Cleurtince The existing MSW incinerator should be demolished as part of this project to prevent it being used again for burning NMSW.It constitutes a major potential air pollution source and shouid be eliminated. Clearance of 172 mu of forest in several stages during the construction of the landfill could have some influence on the ecological environment of this area. The wood is classified as secondary forest without anv' rare or protected plants: major tree species are pine, cypress, Ligustrw0n, palm. orange tree and bamboo etc.

The animals in the area include Woodland frog. Swamp frog, Black-spot frog, Sparrow, Black- evebrow snake. Crow. Grass thrush. Black-tail snake. etc. No rare or protected animal or fish spawning ponds are found in the area. Followingforest ciearance and disruption of natural drainage patterns there will be short termnpotential for increasedstorm water runoff and soil erosion. This will occur until the construction of the landfill draina2e svstems in the area. Interim drainage and erosion prevention measures will be implemented during this time. With completion of the project, landscaping of the completed landfill will control water and soil erosion.

NVoiseand Dust There could be temporarv noise impacts from constructionequipment and transport. The noise levels could potentially be high but there are few residents in the area and no sensitive receptors were identified. The site mainlv comprises fields and woodland and the dam will be constructed in a valley. Hence. construction noise will be muffled bv the hills.

It is recommended that operations are halted at night to mitigate anv temporarv noise problem. The predicted noise intensitv is about 80-85dB(A). The noise source is mobile and intermittent.

Transportation Since the major construction associated with this project involves enlargement and improvementsto the existinu landfill site and this site does not affect Leshan's urban transportationinetwork. this project will not have any significant additional impacts on transportation in the area.

&Sfetv Issues The onl- serious constrLictionirelated issue relative to safetv will be the careful mananement of leachate and gas produced from the existing landfill while the enlarged and improved landfill operation is put into place. Special care "ill need to be made to ensure the safetv of construction workers and nearbv farmers.

Puihlic Fucilities LeshaniCity is an historic citv w,ith manv cultiral relics. No cultural relics or pubiic facilities lie within the landfill site area and hence. they should not be affected by the project

41367.EA.\C1APTUR i5.29 DECEMBER 1998 S,ICHUAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROIECT ENVIRONNIENTALASSESSMENT Main Report

5.3.10 Summarv of Potential Construction Phase Impacts

These potential construction phase impacts are relativelv minor and easily mitigated. Details of mitigation measures. and a programme for monitoring the effective implementation of the measures. and the responsibility for the measures are summarised in Chapter 7 and presented in more detail for each project component in Appendix E.

5.4 Potential Operational Phase Impacts

5.4.1 Leshan Nr. 4 WTW

.Voise Noise will mainly come from the pumps and air blowers during operation. Thus, large noise sources are likely to be in concentrated in the water intake pump house. the water treated water pump house. wastewater discharge pump house. and backwash water recvcle tank.

The equipment noise levels are generally in the range of 80 - 90 dB(A). Since most of the equipment is installed inside buildings that are usually partly sunk into the ground. the impact of noise on the external environment is likely to be reduced. Only a few noise levels at the intake station boundary are predicted to exceed the standard value. but no sensitive receptors are located near the station. Noise levels 20 m from the intake station boundary are predicted to be much lower, so no noise nuisance is likelv to occur. Boundary noise levels around the treatment plant are not predicted to exceed the standard values and. furthermore. noise may also not be a serious concem since the site is located in an industrial area.

However. appropriate low-noise equipment and noise control measures. such as sound insulation. will be specified where necessary. in order to reduce the noise level at source down to below 70 - 90 dB(A) at a specified distance. Class B of the Boundary Noise Standard for Industrial enterprises. GBI2348-90 and Class B of the Urban Regional Environmental Standard. GB3096-93 will be met (this specifies a limit of 60 dB(A) in the day and 50 dB(A) at night).

Ocloulrs The only potential odour concern would follow break-downs in normal operations and chlorine -as leaks. This issue is cov-ered under section 5.3.5.

SIiK(vdeTrecameint anc Disposal Silt and other inoruganic matters will be settled out through pre-sedimentation. sedimentation. clarification. and filtration. resultiny in sedimentation sludge. Generally water flushilgL is used to %xash the sludue away for discharue to the nearby river. The main content of the wastewater is silt and inoruanic suspended matters and their contents vary with the turbidity of raw water. which is higher durinu! hiah. wet season. flows.

As the silt content of Qingv,i River averages about 0.3 kg/im'. the daily sludge content of wvastewater from the plant will be 33.5 t/d at design tlows and average conditions. During wet season. flushing frequeLIcy is much higher tilan that in dry season owing to the higher silt load and increased sludge accumulation rates. During the peak of the wet season. the maximum sludge content of the wastewater from the water treatment works reaches about 6000 m3/d. It decreases with the reduction

4*1367.EA.CHAPIFR 5 .30 DECEMBER 1998 SICHUVANURBA` FNVIRONNIENTPROJECT ENVIRONMENTALASSESSNIENT Main Report of raw water silt content during the other seasons. For the proposed project, it is estimated that the wastewater flow is 750 m2/d and 100 m'/d for normal and low flow seasons respectivelv. The average annual wastewater discharge is 2 300 m;/d.

This wastewater produced by the WTW will be discharged via a pipe to the QingzyiRiver without any treatment. The sludge will not accumulate and obstruct the river owing2to the river's hioh flow rate. Even in the dry season. the flow rate is 78 m;/s.

According to the annual monitoring data collected by the Jiajiang Hydrological Station upstream of the proposed intake, the average suspended load is 0.294 kJ mr'. Bv calculationthe sludge discharges in different water seasons (based on design flows) are as follows:

Water season Averave Low water Normal water High water Sludge discharge. t/d 6.58 0.77 20.53 54.25

Normal water treatment works operation usualiv involves the discharge of sludge-containing wastewater during a defined time duration. The following calculation reveals the impact of sludge- containing wastewateron the Qingyi River:

High water season: Sludge discharge rate: 54.25 t/d: average flow rate of Qingyi River: 610 m;/s; discharge duration: I hour a day.

The silt content of QinQvi River will increase bv 0.024 kg/mr. following discharge of the WTW wastewater to the river. giving a combined silt content of 0.799 kiz/in'. which is lower than the maximum silt content of the river. The WTW wastewater from the proposed plant is not considered to have an adverse impact on the Qinayi during the high flow season.

Low water flow season: Sludge discharge rate: 0.77 t/d: average flow rate of Qiniyi River: 78 m'/s; discharge duration: 3 hours/day.

Based on the calculation. the silt content of Qingyi River will increase by 0.001 kg/m'. folloming dischare of the wastewater to the river. giving a combined silt content of 0.016 kaglmr.which is a little higihlerthan the current maximum silt content of the river. The sludge from the proposed plant 'ii l have no ad erse impact on the water bodv in low water flow season.

O&M Problemis Operation and maintenance presents problems in many Chinese public facilities due to a variety of buduetary. rraining. and equipment problems. The Leshan Nr. 3 WTW has been inspected bv the design and EA team and found to be in gyoodworking order, In addition. this project will include a large technical assistance program to improve the equipment and training of the water company. The desian %%ill be state-of-the-art and O&M should not be a problem as the project is currently forrnulated. Detailed monitoring is specified to verify performance objectives.

#q~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Z,EA tV IO.Ž;-arccxro SICHrUAN tURBAN ENVIRON`IlNT PROJECT ENVIRON\IENTAL .ASSESSMsIEN\T :91ainReport

Chlorination - Safen' The chlorination room consists of liquid chlorine dosing, chlorine leakage detection and treatment. and liquid chlorine storage. Three vacuum chlorinators (Q=10 kg/h), 2 dutv and I standbv. Chlorine gas goes throu-h an automatic switch device and then into chlorinators. The dosage is generaliv 2 ma/l. whichl is controlled by a complex ring,controller. One month's supplyvof chlorine is stored in drums at the works.

The chlorine leakage treatment facilitv is a safetv installation that is used to control accidents occurring in the chlorine dosing room. It includes chilorineleakage alarm system. ventilation system and neutralization svstem. It can treat anv accident due to chlorine leakage in time so as to protect workers on dutv and the adjacent environment from chlorine poisoning.

In order to prevent the occurrence of chlorine leakage, some detailed suggestions are put forward in the following categories (details in component appendix):

(I) Transportation.storage and application of liquid chlorine drums (2) Emergencv proceduresfor chlorine leakage

Dom7testicWastewater 35 new staff will be emploved in the plant during operation - producing domestic wastewater. The main pollutants in domestic wastewater are BOD5. TSS and ammonia. Domestic wastewater zenerated from the plant will be discharged to a septic tank with biogas generator.

After commissioning of phase one of the project (in the vear 2000). 100 000 m'/d of treated water will supplv the urban area of Leshan. Consumption of this water will generate an estimated 80 000 m'ld of municipal wastewvaterwhich will be discharged to the sewer svstem. Without a sewage treatment svstem operating. the daily BOD5 and COD discharges will be 12.8 t/d and 24 t/d. respectivelv. Those pollutants will ultimately enter the Min and have a significant adverse impact on the water environment.

At present in Leshan most of domestic wastewater has a simple treatment bv septic tanks. and industrial wastewater is treated bv treatment facilities inside the factories. Another SUEP Phase I component project will improve the sewerage svstems in the urban area of Leshan and remove the wastewater to a location downstream of the citv and the Great Buddha. This phased project will be designed to allow construction of a complete WwTW in the future under a subsequent phase of the SUEP. Therefore. the city is making plans for handling the additional sewage that will be generated as a result of this potable water suppiv project.

5.4.2 Zigong Min River Diversion and WTW

.NVoi.se During operation. noise will mainlv come from pumps. air blowers. motors. etc., with sound levels generallv ranizinufrom 75 - 90 dB(A). This mav have an adverse impact on the surroundinggacoustic environmenitif no mitigation measures are taken. In order to mitigate the impact of noise, low-noise equipment will be specified and some noise control measures. such as silencers. sound insulation and vibration reduction. will be taken to decrease the sound level down to 85 dB(A).

-_L - .s I A D)TV:Q flr F\A121 0042 SICHUALN URB,N -NVIRONiIENT PROJECT ENVIRONMFNTAL ASS>ESSMENT Main Report

SRIEP monitored the background sound level at a point located on the eastern boundarv of the proposed WTW near the intake station for the Changtu Works. The monitoring was conducted dav and nigyht.and the results used as backlgroundvalues of ambient noise. The monitoring results are expressed bv equivalent continuous sound levels, in the daytime 49.2 dB(A), while in the night. 42.5 dB(A).

Since the proposed Works site is located in the suburb of Zigong, Class B of the national standard. Urban Regional EnvironmentalNoise Standard. GB3096-93, is applied. This specifies a limit of 60 dB(A) in the day and 50 dB(A) at night. All the current monitoring values are lower than the standard values. The measured background values are also lower than the Class A limits of 55 dB(A) for dav time and 45 dB(A) for night. by 5.8 dB(A) and 2.8 dB(A) respectively. So the site currently has a relativelv good acoustic environment.

Structures. which are used to house the equipment. will have sound insulating measures incorporated in their design and thev are generally located partially under ground (for example. the clean water pumping house will be embedded 3.5m). However, these measures can only reduce noise level to some extent. Therefore other noise control measures have been adopted in the design of the plant lavout. According to the design, the air blower house and backwash tower are located in the east side, 13m from the WTW boundary. The clean water pumping house is located in the northern side. 24m from the boundarv. The distance between the two houses is estimatedat 70m.

The distances between the southern boundarv or western boundary and above-mentioned two main noise sources are over 95m, the forecast shows no violation of standard will occur. As the standard values both for the boundarv and the external environment are the same. the noise levels in the external environment are not predicted to exceed the standard by inference after putting into operation.

The noise levels for pumps in the intake station or pumps in the intermediate pumpingstation are less than SS dB(A) at source. Walls will be built around those stations, providing sound insulation. In addition. the intake station is by the riverside and the intermediate pumping station is in a woodland between hills. and no farmer households and other acoustic sensitive points are located nearbv

Odours The only potential odour concerns relate to breakdowns in normal operations and chlorine gas leaks. This issue is covered under Section 5.3.5.

S5izI4,,,eire/'mere w7ndzdisposel Both the existing Changtu WTW and the new Yuan Ba Chang WTW will be designed to dispose the WTW sludues arisina from filter backwash waters directly to the adjacent surface waters (Xushui River). This follows existing Chinese practice for all potable WTW in the province. In most situations. these sludges are returned to the same surface water as the source water and the discharges cause little problem. The high sludge loadings of the discharges correspond to the raw water sediment loadinmand the discharues are usually not noticeable. However, in Zigzon2the raw water is being conveyed from the Min River and discharged to the much smaller Xushui River. with dry season tlows as small as 0.5 m-/s.

The Xushui River has a total length of I18 km. and has several functional divisions. The proposed outfall of the WTW is located over 100 m downstream of the Chongtanyan Reservoir. The river

,.- V CU X L* nFl'FArRFR IQQR SICIIlUAN URBA\NENVIRONNIENT PROJECT ENVIRONNIFNTALASSESSNIENT Nlain Repon section has been designatedas Class III under the surface water standard (but this may be unrealistic given the low dry-season tlows).

The WTW wastewvatercontains mainlv sand, silt and other inorganic matters. Based on the annual monitoring data. heavv metal contents are verv low, and none exceed 0.1 mg/l except Fe. In addition to some residues of flocculent and disinfection azent. no other toxic substances enter the treatment process. There is no direct harm to aquatic organisms and only minor impact on the water qualitv near the outfall.

The source and quantitv of sedimentation sludge was predicted bv SRIEP bv analysing yeariv sediment loads at Gaoyang. The quantity and frequency of backwash water, and hence, the quantity of wastewater containing sedimentation sludge. is directlv related to the silt content of the raw water. Based on the experience of similar WTW along the Min River. it is estimated that the proposed WTW will generate 6 000 m'/d of sludge wastewater during the flood season, containing up to 94.44 t/d of sludge.

The sludge wastewater quantity will decrease during dry and normal flow seasons. The yearly average concentration of sludge is 15.74 kIg/m3.

Sludge wastewater will be discharged for set periods each dav, the duration of discharge depending on the content of sludge. The impacts of sedimentation sludge on the river water are analysed in the following calculation:

Hish water season: Discharge rate 157.40 t/d. Average river flow rate 160 m-'s. Maximum sludge content 0.95 klo/ min. Based on discharge time of 3 hours per day.

During high water tlow season. the maximum silt content of the river water will increase to 1.04 kIim wlich is the sum of the backlground value plus the sludge content (0.09 kirn3 ) of wastewater. This represents an increase of about 9% compared to backlground value. Thus the river channel is not affected.

Normal water tlow season: Discharse rate 20.80 tld. Averaize river flow rate 9.9 m 'ls. Maximum sludge content 0.35 kg!mr. Based on discharne tine of 3 hours a day.

Durinu,gnormal water flow season. the maximum silt content of the river water will increase to 0.54 kairn'. which is the sum of the background value plus the sludge content (0.54 kim-) of wastewater. This represents an increase of about 5.6% compared to background value. Hence it is considered that there is no adverse impact on the river.

1177 .F\ FITl.\PFR R-'4F nFcFC%iRFR 144R ICc IAil.- N l 'R .t-\N ENVlRON N IEN I PROl ECT1CNVIRONMENTAL ASSFSSMIENT \lain Report

Low water flow season: Discharge rate 1.90t/d. Averageriver flowvrate 0.50 m'/s. Maximum sludge content 0.02 kg/ m'. Based on dischargetime of 3 hours a dav.

During- lo0wwater flow season. the maximum silt content of the river water will increase to 0.37 k2/m'. whicil is the SLimof the background value plus the sludge content (0.35 kIm 3) of wastewater. The maximum content is only a little higher than that of normal water flow season. Thus it is also considered that there will be no adverse impact on the river.

Monitoring of the sludge discharges to the Xushui will be proposed in the monitoring plan for the project. If the EPB monitoring finds problems with the Xushui caused by these discharges. the Water Company will construct sludge thickeners and sludge storage lagoons to enable storage of the sludge during low flow periods and discharging at rates which can be assimilated by the Xushui background flows.

O&M Proble,nis Operation and maintenance presents problems in many Chinese public facilities due to a variety of budgetary, training. and equipment problems. The existing Changtu WTW in Zigong has been inspected bv the design and EA team and found to be in relativelv good working order. In addition. this project will include a large technical assistance program to improve the equipment and training of the Water Company. The design will be state-of-the-art and O&M should not be a problem as the project is currentlv formulated. Detailed monitoring is specified to verifv performance objectives.

Chlorination - Safety The chlorination room contains facilities for liquid chlorine dosing, chlorine leakage detection and treatment. and liquid chlorinestorage. Three vacuum chlorinators (Q=10 kg/h). 2 duty and I standbx. Chlorine gas goes through an automatic switch device and then into chlorinators. The dosage is grenerallycontrolled to 2 mg/l. The drums are use to store I month's suppiv of chlorine.

A chlorine leakage treatment facility is a safetv installation that is used to control accidents which occur in the chloriniedosing room. It includes chlorine leakage alarm svstem. ventilation svstem and neutralizationi s\stem. It can treat anv accident due to chlorine leakage in time so as to protect wvorkerson dutx and the adjacentenvironment from chlorine poisoning.

In order to prevent the occurrenceof chlorine leakage. some detailed suggUestionsare put forward in the follos\in! cate-ories (details in component appendix):

( I ) Transportation.storage and application of liquid chlorine drums (2) Emergencyprocedures for chlorine leakaue

Dol,estici 1Wislewater Eighltyne\\ staff will be emploved in the WTW during operation. The maii pollutants in domestic wastewater are BOD5. TSS and ammonia. The proposed staff dormitorv for staff will be built in the munllicipaiplanned residential area: therefore. most of sewage will go into septic tanks and then flow to the municipal sewer system. Domestic wastewater or sewaae generated from the WTW site proper SICHFLAN URBl3AN J:NVIRONM1IENT PROIECT ENVIRON8IENITAL .\SSESSIENT MIainReport will be treated bv septic tank with biogas generator. and discharged after complying with the relevant standard.

After the proposed project is put into operation, 80 000 m3/d of treated water will supply the urban area of Zizona to meet the requirementsof domestic use and industrial production. SRIEP estimates that this will produce 77 200 m-''d of wastewater. including 46 000 m'/d of domestic sewage and 3I 200 m'/d of industrial effluents.

Another Phase I SUEP component project will construct wastewater collection and treatment svstems for Zi2ong to somewliat mitigate this concern. However. the city needs the additional potable water supply and it will be a long time before all of wastewater from the urban area is collected and treated in WwTWs.

5.4.3 Luzhou Beijiao WTW

.Voise During operation. noise wvillmainly come from pumps, air blowers. motors. etc., their sound levels 2enerallv range from 75 - 90 dB(A). It could impact the sounding acoustic environment if no mitigation measure is taken. In order to mitigate the impact of noise on surrounding area. low-noise equlipment will be selected in design. some noise control measures. such as deafening, sound insulation and vibration reduction. xvill be taken to decrease the sound level to 85 dB(A).

For the Beijiao WTW. phase 2. noise levels at the WTW boundarv can meet the Class C limit of GBI2348-90. Boundarv Noise Standard for Industrial Enterprises. except at the southern boundarv where the noise level will be a little higher than the standard value. Noise levels about lOm awav from the W'TW boundarv of the WTW are 12.9 - 44dB(A). There are no sensitive receptors around the WTW. Almost no noise impact occurs 20 meters awvayfrom the boundarv and the external noise outside of the boundarv is considered to basically meet the Class C of GB3096-93. Urban Regional Environmental Standard.

Aquatic Fish ancl Vegetation The existing intake pump station will also be used for Beijiao WTW. phase 2. The intake inlet is deep under the water surface and no aquatic plants are growinvharound the pump station. The raw wvater abstraction will have no impact on the surrounding aquatic plants. Since the intake inlet is deep under the water surface. around the inlet light is poor and there are fewv algae. Raw water abstraction will have no obvious impact on species diversitv and mass of algae.

The Yanutze River Basin is a major production area for freshxater fish in China. Everv vear the LLuaatitVot' lisil cauilit in the river accouLits for tN%othirds of the catch for the whole county. Chinese sturgeon are river-sea migratory fish. Another protected species in the Yangtze is the giant salamander. However. here are no existing sturueon or giant salamander habitats in the Yangtze at Luzhou. In view of the available high flows this project will have no impact on the fisheries of the Yanutze.

Shuclge frecanment cancdcisposal In the WTW. siit and other inorzanic matters will be settled out through pre-sedimentation. sedimentation. clarification. and filtration. resultina sedimentation sludge. The main content of the wastewater is siit and inorganic suspended matters. and the concentrations vary with the turbidity of

41A,FACHIAPTI'.R 5-63 DECEMBER 1998 SICHIU.ANU:RAxN FNV\IRONNIENTPROJECT ENVIRON\I1'NT.\I. .\vS.SNS\tl'NT Iain Report raw water which is higher during the high flow during the wet season. Both Beijiao and Daxikou WTWs draw water from the Yangtze River. The combined daily water capacitv for the two WTWs is 100 000 m;/d. The annual average silt content is 0.71 kr/m-', the annual sludge content of wastewater from the WTW will be 26 000t.

Silt and sand are the main content of the sludge generated from treatment process in the WTW. According to investigations. most WTWs in China flush sedimentation sludges back into the rivers from which the raw water was abstracted. This project will do the same. Slud2e will drain directly via a channel to a dischar-e point on the Yangtze 120 m downstream of the intake.

Since the Yangtze has a hiah flow rate. and can reach 2 050 m3/s even in the low water season, sludge generated from the project will not cause any obstruction of the river course. However, localised TSS concentration mav be increased. Based on the calculation. the silt content of the Yangtze River will increase by oniv 0.0009 kg/ni3 after the sludge-containing wastewater is discharged to the river. Adding its background value, the accumulatedsilt content will be 0.0721 kg/m.3 beina lower than the maximum silt content of the river in low water season. It is concluded that the discharge of WTW sludge to the Yangtze will cause negligible water quality impactsto the river.

O&M Probleins Operation and maintenance presents problems in manv Chinese public facilities due to a varietv of budgetary, training, and equipment problems. The existing Beijiao WTW in Luzhou has been inspected bv the design and EA team and found to be in relatively good working order. This is verified bv the water quality records of the treated water.

In addition, this project will include a largietechnical assistance program to improve the equipment and training of the Water Company. O&M should not be a problem as the project is currentiv formulated. Detailed monitoring is specifiedto verify performance objectives.

Chlorincation - Sufety The chlorination room contains facilities for liquid chlorine dosing, chlorine leakage detection and treatment. and liquid chlorine storage. Three vacuum chlorinators (Q=10 kg/h). 2 dutv and I standby. Chliorinegas goes through an automatic switch device and then into chlorinators. The dosage is -enerallv controlled to ' mu/l. The drums are use to store I month's supplv of chlorine.

A chlorine leakage treatment facility is a safetv installation that is used to control accidents which occur in the chlorine dosing room. It includes chlorine leakage alarm svstem. ventilation svstem and neutralization svstem. It can treat any accident due to chlorine leakage in time so as to protect workers on dut\ and the adjacent environment from chlorine poisoning.

In order to prevent the occurreniceof chlorine leakaae. some detailed suggestions are put forward in the followinMcategories (details in component appendix):

(I) Transportation, storage and application of liquid chlorine drums (2) Emergency procedures for chlorine leakage

Domestic Wacuste'warcer Eiightythree newvstaff will be emploved in the Beijiao and Daxikou WTW when thev are put into operation. If the wastewater discharge per person is 0.2 m'Jd. this will result in 16.6 m-'/dof on-site SICHIUA\N URB3\N I\VIRONNIENT l'ROJECT ENVIRONNIFNTAL ASSESSMENT MlainReport

domestic wastewater. The main pollutants in domestic wastewater are TSS, BOD5 and ammonia. Domestic wastewater generated from the WTWs will be treated by septic tanks with biogas cenerators. such that the discharges compiy with the relevant standard.

The design capacity of phase I of the Beijiao WTW is 50 000 m'. But the practical capacity is onlv 40 000 m3/d. The proposed project will increase capacity bv an additional 60 000 m Id.

Fuji Town has an existing small WTW with a capacity of 10 000 m'/d usins raw water from the Laixi River. This river orihinates in Gaopina Township of Dazu Countv, flows into Luxian Countv through Rongxian Town and Finallvflows into the Tuo River at Hushi Town. The average flow of the river is 47.43 mJ/s. Fuji also discharges wastewaterto the Laixi River. After the completion of this project. Fuji Town will take raw water from the Yangtze River. The wastewater discharge to the Laixi River will increase by 22 000 m-'/dbased on the 30 000 m; supplied to Fuji Town. If no sewage treatment svstem is provided. the current dailv 4.4 t/d of BOD and 6.6 t/d of COD will increase, assuming a wastewater loading of BODi of 200 me/I and COD of 300 mg/I in the sewa2e.

Concentrations of BOD and COD in Laixi River alreadv exceed the standards. mainly because domestic wastewater from Fuji Town is discharged without treatment. The pollutant discharges from the project will oniy make a small contribution to the deterioration of water qualitv in the Laixi River. However. to further reduce pollutant concentrationsin the river in order to complv with the Class 111 of the EnvironmentalQualitv Standard for Surface Water (GB3838-88),the local governmentshould encourage septic tank usage to treat domestic sewage in the towns. In addition. industries should set up xvastewater treatment facilities to complv with discharge standards. Luzhou CC has inspected the sewerage and drainage svstems in the town and verified that thev are adequate to convev the additional \vastewater to the surface streams and not cause localised health problems.

The Nan Gao Development Zone belongs to the Central District of Luzhou City and only 3 km away from the city centre. The proposed project will supplv 30 000 m' of drinkin nwater to the zone per day. thus the xvastewater discharge quantity of Luzhou City will increase.

The estimated 24 000 m-'/d of wastewvater discharged wvillincrease the current pollutant load from around 4.8 t/d of BOD and 7.2 t/d of COD. Since the Yangtze has a large water flow and high dilution abilitv. the increased wvastewaterwill have a significant water qualitv impact. As noted previously. the collection and treatment of wastewater in Luzhou did not receive a high funding priority for Phase I of the SUEP due to the minimal water qualitv improvement that such a scheme wouild foster. It will be important for all Sichuan cities to build wastewater collection and treatment schemes in the ftuture as funding allows.

5.4.4 Luzhou Daxikou WTW

.N'Oise Duringz operation. noise wvillmainlv come from pumps. air blowers. motors. etc.. with sound levels uenerallv ranging from 75 - 90 dB(A). This could have an impact the sounding acoustic environment if no mitiuation measures are taken. In order to miti_ate the impact of noise on surrounding area. low-noise equipmenlt * ill be specified and some noise control measures. sound insulation and vibration reduction. will decrease the sound pressure level to 85 dB(A).

Noise levels at the Daxilkou WTW boundar, will meet the required standard and be lowverthan the background value (54.8 dB(A)) except at the northern boundarv where noise emissions will a little hihller than the night time standard. Noise levels at I Om awvavfrom the boundary of Daxikou WTW SICHUt!AN URBA3-NFNVIRONNIENT PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSNIENT \iaiii Rerwt, will be a little higher than the standard value but there are no sensitive receptors around the station. There will be almost no noise impact at 20 meters away from the boundarv. The noise emissions levels outside of the boundarv basicallv meet Class C limits in GB3096-93. Urban Regional Environmental Standard. Daxikou WTW is surrounded mainly by farmland with no housing, therefore the noise produced bv the WTW will not have negative impact on the external environment.

.4AtCaticFish and Vegetation The intake pump station of the proposed Daxikou WTW will be located 475m downstream of the Yangtze Bridge No.2 and near the existing highways. The main current of the river is close to the bank with a waterdepth of about 10 meters. the minimum water depth in low water season >8 m. and no aquatic plants are located there. Therefore. raw water abstraction will have no impact on the surrounding aquatic plants. Since the intake inlet is deep under the water surface. around the inlet light is poor and there are few alaae. Raw water abstractionwill have no obvious impacts on species diversitv and biomass of the algae.

The Yangtze River Basin is a major production area for freshwater fish in China. Every year the quantitwof fish caught in the river accounts for two thirds of the catch for the whole countv. Chinese sturgeon are river-sea migratorv fish. Another protected species in the Yangtze is the giant salamander. However. here are no existing sturgeon or giant salamander habitats in the Yangtze at Luzhou. In view of the available high flows this project will have no impact on the fisheries of the Yanatze.

Sluadgetreaitnment and disposal In the NVTW,silt and other inoreanic matters will be settled out through pre-sedimentation. sedimentation, clarification, and filtration, resulting sedimentation sludge. The main content of the wastewvater is silt and inorganic suspended matters, and the concentrations varv with the turbiditv of raw water which is higher during the high flow during the wet season. Both Beijiao and Daxikou WTWs draw water from the Yangtze River. The combined daily water capacitv for the two WTWs is 100 000 m-'/d. The annual average silt content is 0.71 kg/md. the annual sludge content of wastewater from the WTW will be 26 000t.

Silt and sand are the main content of the sludge aenerated from treatment process in the WTW. According to investigations. most WTWs in China flush sedimentation sludges back into the rivers from which the raw water wasabstracted. This project will do the same. Sludgrewill be discharged directlv to the Yanatze downstream of the WTW and intake.

Since the Yangtze has a high flow rate. it can reach 2 050 m'/s even in the low waterseason. sludge generatedfrom the project will not cause anv obstruction of the river course. However. localised TSS concentrationi mayvbe increased. Based on the calculation. the silt content of the Yangtze River . ill increase bv oniy 0.0009 k2/m' after the sludge-containing wastewateris discharged to the river. Addins its backliround value. the accumulated silt content will be 0.0721 kg/m'. bein2 lower than the maximum silt content of the river in lowvwater season. It is concluded that the discharge of WTW sludceto the Yanutze Nwillcauise negli2ible wvaterquality impacts to the river.

() .l/ Problems Operation and maintenance presents problems in manv Chinese public facilities due to a variety of budiuetarv. training, and equipment problems. The existing Beijiao WTW in Luzhou has been inspected bv the design and EA team and found to be in relatively aood working order. This is veritied by the s~aterquality records of the treated wvater. in addition. this project will include a large technicalassistance proeram to improve the equipment and training of the Water Company. O&M should not be a problem as the project is currently formulated.Detailed monitoring is specified to verifv performance objectives. SICHUAN URI \N ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMN17T Miain,Report

Chlorination - Safety The chlorination room consists of liquid chlorine dosing. chlorine leakage detection and treatment, and liquid chlorine storage. Three vacuum chlorinators(Q=10 kg/h). 2 dutv and I standbv. Chlorine gas goes through an automatic switch device and then into chlorinators. The dosage is 2 mI/L gEeneraliy.which is controlled bv complex ring controller. The storage by drums can suppiv chlorine for one month.

Chlorine leakage treatment facilitv is a safetv installationthat is used to control accidents occur in the chilorinedosing room. It includes chlorine ieakage alarm svstem. ventilation svstem and neutralization sYstem. It can treat anv accident due to chlorine leakage in time so as to protect workers on dutv and the adjacent environment from chlorine poisoning. Among the subsvstems. chlorine dosing subsvstem is easilv out of the control. In particular. the leakage of liquid chlorine will bring a risk to the neighbouring area wvhenit disperses in a short time.

In order to prevent the occurrence of chlorine leakage. some detailed suggestions are put for-ward in the followvingcategories (details in component appendix):

(I) Transportation. storage and application of liquid chlorine

(2) Ernergencyscheme for chlorine leakage

Domestic Wastewater See discussion of this issue for Beijiao WTW above.

5.4.5 Chengdu Nr 2 WwTW

Sewage Overflows (collection, puimp stations. plant) Raw sewage will be allowed to bypass the WwTW during electrical outagzes or plant operational problems. The WwTW wet well at the inlet to the plant will provide only a short-term buffer for such situations and raw sewvage will be soon bypassed under these circumstances. However. it is not considered cost-effective to provide either larger storage for these situations or alternative power supplies. Raw sewage currentlv dischargzes to surface waters untreated. It is noted that the Fu River will not meet the recommended Class Ill for surface water standards whether the treatment plant operates or not. As such. the large cost to mitigate this situation is not deemed appropriate during Phase I of SUEP.

Jnclustrial Waste LCsets There is a large industrial contribution to the Chengdu Nr 2 WwTW (over 50%) and there is an unknowvn level of pre-treatment in this area. There is a possibility of industrial waste upsets to the plant but rigorous influent monitoringz will be specified as well as operational plans to mitigate such problems. The limited sampling conducted by the SRIEP indicates that industrial upsets will not be a problemn.

.Voise The acoustic environment In the plant site is relativelv good as it is set In farmland and no industr% is located nearbv. For monitoring background sound levels. four points were selected bv SRIEP at residential sites south. north. wvestand east of the WTW respectivei. The measured background values of the proposed site are 10 - II dB(A) and 3 - 10 dB(A) lower than the specified limits for Class A. wvhichare 55dB(A) in the davtime and 45 dB(A) at night-time respectivelv (Urban Regional Environmental Noise Standard. GB3096-93). The existing situation of backlground noise in the plant SCItCHANNltRt3AN FNVIRONMENT PROjECT FNVIRONN0FN-T.A\lASSESSMENT Main Repfrt site is relativeiv good. Class A of GB3096-93 is suitable mainlv for residential quarters and cultural and educational areas. It is also suitable for residential areas in the countrvside.

There are three proposed return-sludgepump houses at about 170 m awav from one to another. Since most of the facilities of the proposed plant are similar to tihose of Sanwavao. SRIEP used the Sanwavao sound level for the return-sludge pump lhouses.i.e. 78 dB(A). The combined sound level from 3 return-siLudepump houses is predicted to be 85.8 dB(A) bv calculation. Attenuation of sound is affected by a number of factors. such as buildings. vegetation cover. meteorological conditions. and so on. Because the engineerina stictuires of the plant are low in height and spaced out from each other and the investigation range is long. a semi-free attenuation model of noise source was used to estimate the sound level.

The shortest distance from one of the return-sludgepump houses to the plant boundary is 80 m (to the southern boundary). In order to guaranteethe degree of confidence in the noise level forecasted. SRIEP assumed a combined source was locatedthere. The sound level at the southern boundarv is 47.8dB(A). Based on the ambient backaround noise monitoring results. the maximum value 45dB(A) is selected as the backaround value of noise. The sound level at the northern boundarv is 49.6dB(A) bv calculation. As class B of GB12348-90 is used to evaluate the noise level at the northern boundary. 6OdB(A) for daytime and 50dB(A) for night-time, the proposed project can meet the standard.

After the completion of the project. Class B of GB3096-93 will be used for the outer area of the plant. that is 6OdB(A)for daytime and 5OdB(A)for night-time. The same standards are used for the area at the boundary and outside of the boundarv. Therefore noise in the outer area of the plant will also meet the standard. The project will not affect the external environment in term of noise disturbance. However. the project includes normal noise control measures such as noise barrier rooms. and the provision of a greenbelt area surroundingthe facility.

ciodurs Offensive odours generatedin the operational phase of the plant emit in the form of plane source. According to the data acquired from an investigation of the Sanwavao WwTW (considered a wvorst- case scenario due to the variety of operational problems evident at this WwTW). SRIEP modelled potential odours at the proposed WwsTW.

Since offensive odours are emitted from around sources. an inversion laver close to the groundcan affect diffusion in the air. .Accordingto the statistical data available. inversion lavers close to the aYroLndoccuir all the Near round. Their frequenc' of occurrence is 5% in the mornin, or 22% in the eveninm. The annual mean thickness is 278.1m at 7:00 am. or 153.5m at 7:00 pm. so it is thicker in the morilina than in the e%eninu.

Under w%orstcase scenarios USilngdata from the problematic Sanwavao W\TW, the following predicted odours w\ereobtained:

(I) Conicentrationsof ammonia. trimethviamine and hydrogen sulphide are lower than their standard values at the plant boundarv. onlv the concentrations oft methyl mercaptan and methvl sulphide exceed the standard values at 500 meters and 300 meters a%%ayvfrom the plant boundary, respectivelv. SICHULA.\NURB \N LNVIRONNIENT PROJECT FlN\IRONNIFNTA[. -ASSESS,IFNT Main Repon

(2) Concentrations of offensive chemicals decrease quicklv as the distance increases. especially within 300 meters from their sources.

Much of the concern over the potential for local odour problems is based on investigations of the Sanwavao WvwTW. This facilitv has historically had problems operating the sludge digestion facilities and this may cause a larse source of the odour problems there. In addition. this facility bvpasses significant raWLuntreated sewage everv dav that is also a source of odours. Finally. the operation and maintenance of the facilitv has had problems and periodically. insufficient aeration seems to occur. All of these problems would indicate that the problems should not be as severe at the Chengdu Nr ' WwTW. The site is in an agricultural area and the use of a greenbelt and tree plantings should also mitigate anv potential problems to a significant degree.

Effluent water quality impact Treated effluent will constitute a pollution source and impact on the Fu locallv and for several km downstream. This condition is also aggravated bv the fact that raw and treated wastewater from Sanwavao also enters this reach of the Fu river. The treated effluent from Chengdu Nr 2 WwTW will cause an impact but the overall river condition will improve due to a reduction in total organic loading.

Sludge trecatmenit and disposal Sludge at the Chengdu Nr 2 WwTW will be anaerobicallv digested and dewatered. As mentioned. all digested and dewatered sludge will be hauled to the existing Chengdu landfill for final disposal. The use of this sludge for agricultural fertiliser has not been approved bv the Provincial EPB. The only operational concerns over the sludge management svstem is that sludge storage facilities should be covered (main concern is the wet season rains) and a truck depot should be constructed for loading sludge for transport to the landfill. At design conditions. the Chengdu Nr 2 WwTW is predicted to produce 230 t/day of sludge. requiring 39 truck loads per dav hauling to the Chengdu landfill. The landfill is 35 km from the citv hauling will be a significant impact.

SRIEP have evaluated the proposed sludge hauling route. It includes Cheng Ren Road. the Second Ring Road to Qu Luo Dai County in ChengcduNr 2 Yi. No particular problems were noted with this hauling plan. At the landfill. a special discharge point will be built to allow for sanitary dumping of the sludge to the landfill. SRIEP also notes that the landfill is equipped with a leachate treatment station. in case the sludge dumping increases leachate production. This sludge production amounts to about 10% of the current MSW loading to the landfill and will not affect the short-term life of the landfill. Plans for fturther expansion of this landfill are alread' undervav.

Anaerobic sLiudgedigestion facilities will be constructed at the Chenudu Nr 2 WwTW. Problems hiave been experienced at Sans%avaoWN%TW sludge digestion facilities due to inadequate mixing. Chengdu wish to conitinue \\ith anaerobic digestion and. withi the opportunity to purchase well proven equipmlenit from the western counties. they are confidant that the benetfits of the process will be realised.

Follow,ing a period of operation. whien the gas production rates are confirmed and the calorific value of the gas is established. the Chengdu WW Co. mav plan to install gas engines coupled to power aeneration plant. This approach has been evaluated and presented in the Chengdu feasibilitv report. It is shiowvnthat the poxxer that can be generated will be about 2 200 kw. If realised. this would be an SICHII.\N RIRnANENVIRONNIENr PRo.JECT ENVIRONMFNTAL ASSESSMIENT M,1ainReport additional positive benefit to the WwTW.

O&M Problems Sanwavao WwTW problems indicate that O&M could be a problem. The design of the ChengduNr 2 WwTW has mitig7atedthe design features but mitigation monitoring7will need to insure that the wastewater companv does not trv to cut back on power consumption for aeration. sludge digestion, etc.

Organic Loading acd Stan7dards The first concern related to the potential for the WwTW influent concentrations of organic pollutants to either be much greater than or much less than the design parameters for the WwTW. This concern is coupled with the concern over the fact that the SanwavaoWwTW does not meet national discharge standards. either for concentration or the percent removalof organic pollutants. The influent domestic sewage at the Sanwavao WwTW is still combined with stormnwaterthat causes lower concentrations of organic pollutants. The widespreaduse of septic tanks upstream of sewers also contributes to these low loadinzs. The design values used for Chengdu Nr 2 appear reasonable when compared to the limited sewer sampling results. taking into account that the sewers have been separated. and septic tanks will eventually be eliminated.

The concern over the potential for org7anicloading to be too high relative to design standards is coupled with the second concern over the lack of COD design standards and the fact that the Sanwavao WwTW does not meet the discharge standards for COD. The Chengdu Nr 2 WwTW is a secondary biological wastewater treatment works that can easilv handle normal loadings of domestic sewage and industrial wastewater that has been adequately pre-treated at the industries. Organic loadings that are higher than the design standards. including high COD loads, are indicative of problems with pre-treatmentof industrial wastewater in the sewerage catchment. The reported COD loadings in the ChenmduNr 2 WwTW sewerage catchment mav indicate such problems. If such a problem occurs. the solution is for the EPB and the WastewvaterCompany to applv and enforce adequate industrial pre-treatment standards. not to appil unrealistic design standards on the Chengdu Nr ' WwTW.

The third potential concern related to the abilitv of the WwTW to adequatelv remove ammonia. and meet the discharge standards. The WMTW has been deshinedand sized for full ammonia removal. If the facility is operated as proposed. including maintaining adequate dissoived oxygen in the aeration basin. full ammonia removal should be achieved. The effluent ammonia concentrations should easilv meet relevant discharge standards.

5.4.6 Leshan Wastewater Collection and Preliminarv Treatment Svstem

.Serug(TeOvelfloll.s (colleclion. plmnip stations) Raw sex'age %,illbe allowvedto bvpass the pumping stations during electrical outages or plant operational problems. The pumping station wet wvellswill provide oniv a short-term buffer for such situations and raw sewage will be soon bypassed under these circumstances. However. it is not considered cost-effective to provide either larger storage for these situations or alternative power supplies. Raw sewage currentlv discharges to surface waters untreated. As such. the largzecost to mitigate this situation is not deemed appropriate during Phase I of SUEP. SICHtJAN U!RBlN ENVIRO(NMENTPROJ.ECT EN\'IRONNIFNTAL ASSESSMNIENT NlainReport

Industrial WVasteUpsets There is an industrial contribution to the Leshan wastewater facilities and there is an unknown level of pre-treatment in this area. However. the major industries in the urban area have their wastewater collected bv an industrial interceptor that discharges at the Min and Dadu confluence. There is a possibility of industrial waste problems for the sewer svstems and pump stations but the limited sampling conducted bv the SRIEP indicates that the risk of this is small.

Noise Monitoring of the acoustic environment in the area was conducted by SRIEP. The monitorin2 was conducted in accordance with methods detailed in the Urban Regional Noises Methods (GB/T14623- 93). Monitoring was conducted at the future WwTW site and the major pumnp station site (Nr 3 PS). The Class B limits of the Urban Regional Noise Standards (GB3069-93) were adopted and the standards are as follows: Dav time: LAeq Night time: LAeq 50dB

The monitored values showed that the acoustic environment in the future WwTW site and the pumping stations was quite good and is able to meet the requirements of Class B of the Urban Regional Noises Standards(GB3096-93). Miti2ation measures will be included in the pumnpstations to prevent noise pollution in the vicinitv. Pump station Nr 3 will be especially important because of its location in the urban tourist area and the Grand Buddha protection zone.

Odouirs There is a possibilitv of slight odours being produced at the three pump stations but it should not be severe under normal operations. The pump station design will include modern ventilation systems to dissipate any localised odours. In the large Nr 3 pump station downtown. it will be important to direct the ventilated air toward the Dadu river and awav from the adjacent park and public walkways.

Efftitent w'ater quaijr. impcact Currently. about 76 000 m' domestic sewaage is discharged per day in the urban area of Leshan. and 87% of it is disposed into the Leshan section of the Min River directlv or indirectlv without any treatment. The water qualitv in the Leshan section of the Min River is affected bv the municipal domestic sewage. and the concentration of the main pollutants is obviouslv higher after passing through the urban area than upstream. The number of coliform bacillus exceeds the standard bv three times and the index of CODMn and NH--H are at the critical level of exceeding the standard. The construction of the interceptor sewer svstem is proposed to be completed in '010 with an intercepting capacity 254 000 min.accounltingz for 70% of the total discharge. This will reduce the pollutant load bv more than 60% in the Leshan section of the Miii River. whiich will improve the \kater qualit- of this section and in the vicinitv of the Grand Buddha.

As mentioned. the wastewater facilities proposed for Leshan under phase I of SUEP consist oniv of preliminary treatment. As such. the overall pollutant loading to the downstream Min River is not measurably reduced. Of ureater impact will be the removal of the wastewater from the urban centre. Ra% sewage bypasses caused by power or mechanical failure will cause a localised impacts in the urban centre but these shoLild be infrequenlt and the risk can be minimised by proper maintenance.

.creenings treuament canddisposal The Leshan wastewater facilities includes three pump stations. Pump stations I and 2 contain coarse SICHUA\NURBAN ENVIRO\\IENT PROJECT FNVIRON\IFNT.\L ASSESSMENT Nlain Rpont screening only with a 500 mm mesh screen for pump protection. Screenings will be collected, dewatered and hauled to the landfill. Liquids from dewatering will be returned to the pump station.

Pump station Nr 3 is located in the downtown area at the junction of the Min and Dadu rivers and it will convey all the wastewater flow across the Dadu to the temporary outfall location. A WwTW will be constructed south of this outfall location in a future phase of the SUEP.

The Nr. 3 pump station will have both coarse screening at 500 mm and fine screening to 5 mm. as well as some provision for grit removal. There will be a significant production of screenings and grit in this location. The original citv proposal was to remove this material via a river barce for disposal elsewhere. However, no suitable disposal site was identified for this material. Hence. the design has been modified to include screenings dewatering. storage and transport of compacted screenings and grit to the improved sanitarv landfill for disposal. All three pump stations will require hauling of material to the landfill. but the Nr 3 pump station will produce significantly more material.

It will be important to prevent disease vectors. insects and odour problems in the storage area since this is a verv visible site in the tourist area. Manv boats leave this area for tours of the river near the Grand Buddha. SRIEP also indicate that this area is located in the protection zone for the Grand Buddha. which will also require extra care. The control of these screenings will be an operational problem and the mitigation plan will call for inspections and monitoring of these procedures.

O&M Problems The risk during operation of the wastewater facilities refers to sewage discharges to rivers at the pump stations in the urban area rather than being transferred downstream of the city and the Grand Buddha. In order to avoid this situation. the following measures are recommended:

Various items of equipment at the pump stations must be good quality with proper and reasonable control and test apparatus and effectively monitored.

A secure power supply is a prerequisite for ensuring proper operation. so a secondarv. back-up power supply source should be considered so that power failure can be avoided.

OrgIanic Loadinigvancd.Standcards This concern related to the potential for the wastewater facilities influent concentrations of organic pollutants to be either much (treater than or much less than the design parameters. As mentioned previously. the lack of significant industrial loading to the sewers and pump stations due to the existence of the itidustrialinterceptor greatlv reduces this risk. In addition. the SRIEP monitoring of existing sewers In Leshani does not provide evidence of potential problems. Since the WwTW construction is beinu delayed to a futuire phase of SUEP. the concern for this project is mainly the satety oft'he se"eraile collection and pumping system. as well as for workers maintaining the system.

5.4. DevuangWw,;TJT'

.Selly,vge (Oierjlowvs icollecrioni. pump stationys. piaItI) Raw sewage will be allowed to bvpass the WwvTWduring electrical outages or piant operational problems. The WwTW wet well at the inlet to the plant will provide onlv a short-term buffer for such situations and raw ses, age will be soon bypassed under these circumstances. However, it is not considered cost-effective to provide either larger storage for these situations or altemative power SICHLUANURBAN ENVIRONMENTPROJECT FNVIRON,MIFNT.\L.ASSESSMIENT Main Repmn

supplies. Raw sewvage currently discharges to surface waters untreated. As such, the large cost to mitigate this situation is not deemed appropriate during Phase I of SUEP.

Industrial Waste Upsets There is a large industrial contribution to the Deyang WwTW (over 50%) and the level of pre- treatment is unknown. There is a possibility of industrial waste upsets to the plant but rigorous influent monitoring will be specified as well as operational plans to mitigate such problems. The limited sampling conducted bv the SRIEP indicates that industrial upsets should not be a problem.

.Voise Tanjiayoufang (Tanjia oil mill) is located in the southeast corner of Bajiaojing Township. about 1km awav from the town centre. To the east of the mill is the Mianvuan River. and to its west agricultural land. It has a workshop of Changcheng Steel Factorv to its north and an alluvial mining mill to its south. It is open countrv with few farmhouses around. Except for the noise from the production of the steel plant and the alluvial mining mill. there are few other noise sources in the vicinitv. Ten acoustic monitoring points were selected by the SRIEP to measure current noise levels in the proposed WwTW area. mostlv at the proposed plant boundary. The sound level at each monitoring point meet the requirement of the standard limit for day time while six of the points exceed the standard for night time. The 6 deficient points are situated near the alluvial mining mill. The high sound level is the result of sieving and loading of gravel. It is reported that the mill is only a temporary facilitv.

If there were no noise from the alluvial mining mill. the acoustic qualitv in the area could reach the Class B standard specified in GB3096. Judging from the overall environment of the location. the sound level should not have been verv high. Monitoring points 5# and 6# are tvpical. where the sound level in davtime is 47.8 dB(A), and in night time lower than 46 dB(A).

The noise from the proposed WwTW comes mainly from the sewage-lifting pump, sludge-lifting pump. and dewatering machine. Though most of these are installed underground. a certain amount of the noise coulid spread to the outer environment because the noise proof equipment can not totallv diminish the noise. Among the noise sources. the sludge pump house and sludge dewatering machine produce the highest noise. According to the site plan. the sludge pump house and the sludge dewaterin_ house are situated in the south-west end of the site and there is a distance of 50 meters betwveenthe two noise sources. The dewatering house is 15 meters awav from the west boundarv of the plant.

The estimated future noise level values wverepredicted by a comparison with the measured results of the outdoor sound level in the Ist phase (100 000 m3/d) of Sanxvavao WwTW in Chengdu. When the live pumps are simultaneousil working, the sound level at the nearest wvestboundarv of the plant is predicted to be 51- dB(A) and 49 dB(A) in daytime and night time respectively. According to the standard specified in the Noise Standard for Plant Area of Industrial Enterprises. GB 12348-90. Class B (the value is equivalent to GB3096-93. Class B). the sound level within the plant boundarv can be controlled to the standard.

The noise at a point 120 meters from the plant boundarv is comparable with the existing background noise at this point. 49.6 dB(A) and 48.5 dB(A) respectiveiv. which is up to the standard specified in the Urban Re-ional Environmental Noise Standard. GB3096-93. Class B. SICIIt IN1!i,1\N ENVIRONMIENTPROJECTI ENVIRONIMEN-AL. SSESSMENT MainReport

The oxidation ditch will not utilise blowers so it should cause the least amount of potential noise problems of the WwTWs constructed in the SUEP. If necessarv, noise can be controlled by the selection of imported low-noise equipment. construction of noise barrier rooms, and providing greenbeltsand trees to help absorb and diffuse the noise.

Ocdtolus Oxidation ditches are adopted for the treatment of sewage in the proposed project. the treating abilitv being 100 000 m3/d. In principle the technology has a lower risk of producing offensive odours than conventional activated sludge plants.

Sanwavao WwTW was used by SRIEP for modelling predicted odour problems. It is considered a worst-case scenario because of the operational problems at Sanwavao coupled with the large raw sewage bypass occurring at the WwTW. With this predictive worst-case modelling, a comparison was made between the estimatedvalues and the standard values specified in GB 14554-93 II.

According to preliminary estimates. the odorous chemicals from the project such as methyl mercaptan can spread from the discharge source up to 500 meters from the works. With the distance in the plant area deducted. the offensive odours affect an area up to about 250 meters outside the plant area. As NE wind is dominant locall,v.the direction affected is the south-west of the plant. Therefore, when determinin

As there are many potential odour sources. odour could affect quite a large area. The location of the outfall and the use of open tanks allows offensive odours to permeate the open air. The following mitigation measures will be taken during the construction of the proposed project and after commissionin2:

Landscapingof the WwTW site and its boundary Greenerv should take up 30% of the total area of the project. Emphasis should be put on pollution resistance and air-purification when considering the plants types. Flowers and fruit trees shoLuldbe planted in the plant are to make it more like a garden.

Personal Labour Hyviene Protection Irritants and bacteria carried with offensive odours access the human bodv through contact or respiratory system and can cause itnfection. Hence. it is important that staff are given adequate tralilint in h\iene practice and the correct operation of the Works.

Pest-preventioln WwTWs are favourable places for the breedingEof flie, and mosquitoes. especialiv in summer and autumil. Inmestigationof existing WwTWs and neighbouring farmers. indicates that they believe that tlies and mosquitoes tend to increase when the wvorksare commissioned. As tlies and mosquitoes are carriers of various diseases. attention should be paid to pest-prevention in the environinent providedthat the normal function of the WwTW is not affected.

To summarise. the potential for local odour problems was a concern. particularlv in view of the existina odour problems at the Sanwavao WwTW in Chengdu. Problems at this facility which may be SICHl! AN t'RB3.\N FNVIRONNIENT PROJECT ENVIRONNIENTAL ASSESSNIENT \Iain Re,rt causing the odour problem include inefficient operation the sludge digestion facilities. bvpasses of significant quantities of raw untreated sewage everv day, and insufficient aeration due to poor operation and maintenance. Most of these problems are not applicable to Deyang WwTW or should not be so severe. The site is in an agricultural area and the use of recommended measures, such as a {reenbelt and tree plantings. should also mitigate any potential problems to a significant degree.

Efflzuenti wtyuterqztalit impact After the project is put into operation. the overall water qualitv of MianyVuanRiver will improve due to the reduced pollutant load received by the river. However, the effluent from the proposed plant will pollute a short section of Mianvuan River. In normal operation. the WwTW has a capacitv to treat 100 000 m3/d. According to the data provided by the design unit, when the designed target for the reduction of the pollutants is attained. the control indexes of BOD;, SS, NH;-N for the effluent will comply with the respective discharge standard.

The calculation was based on the flow rate of Mianvuan River. The lowest flow rates occur at Bajiao in the drv season. Flow rates (30 days average values) of 5.2 1m3/s (P = 50%) and 3.69m3/s (P = 90%) were chosen for the analysis. The annual average flow rate of 15.36m3/s was include in the forecast.

If the final discharge from the project meets the normal standard. the necessarv river length for an even mixture of pollutants and surface water in drv season (flow 5 - 6m3/s) is about 5km. When the river flow rate is 3.69m3/s (P = 90%). the concentration of BOD5 in the river section does not meet the requirements for Class III water qualitv specified in GB3838-88. However, the CODcr concentration meets the standard. When the surface water flow rate equals the annual average flow 3 rate (15.36m /s). the densitv of both BOD5 and CODcr in the discharge from the project meets the standard for Class IlI surface water.

When the flow rate of the Mianvuan River more than 3.69m'/s. the water qualitv following discharge of WwTW effluent from the project attains the standard for Class Ill after about 5 OOOm. After about lOkm. the densitv of most of the organic pollutants returns to the water qualitv level upstream. The influence of the effluent discharge fades awav graduallv in downstream. In drv season. the water quality oftthe Mianyuan at Lianshan can meet the standard for Class IIl specified in GB3838-88. The river water at Lianshan can be used of with no threat from pollution.

If the treatment should fail. resulting in the sewage being discharged without being treated. there will be surface water pollution for about 15-20km downstream of the outfall river section owing to the heavv load of water pollutants in the collected sewage. The degree of the pollution and the length of the section are related to the surface water flow rate. Bv calculation. a flow rate of about 35 m'/s Would be necessarx to provide sufficient dilution for the COD,, to reach the standard of 15mg/I. Similarly. a flow rate of more than 60 m /s would be necessarv for the dilution of the BOD; to reach the standard of 4 mnl.. Hence. abnormal discharges from the project will have a severe impact on the utilisation of water at Liansihan Township. However. such discharges should occur infrequently and it should be noted that all wastevwater is alreadv currentlv discharged without treatment in the citv.

Slucge treatment r1n7ildisposa'l

Based on the densitv of SS and such metals as CODC,,.BOD 5 in the sewage. about 77 t/d of sludge will be produced if the sewage treatment capacitv is 100 000 m3/d. This will contain certain amounts of plant nutrient (such as N. P. and K) and could thus be used as fertiliser. Howvever. the sludge also StCil WN IRl1 \\ I \VIRON\IENT PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL -\SSFSSNIENT Main Relpor contains some heavv metals from the sewage which could be harmful to crops and human health. In addition. the sludge will not be fullv digested for bacterial protection.

According7to the current water quality monitoring of the discharce water in the urban area. the sewage contains Class I polilutantssuchi as Hg. Cd. Pb. As. Cr6. Compared with China standards for metal content in agricultural farm sludge and based on limited sewer sampling. the content of all the metal elements in the proposed WwTW sludge from the proposed project could potentially meet the standard except that of Cd.

Sludge at the Devang WwTW will be partially aerobicaliv digested (extended aeration facility) and dewatered. As mentionedpreviousiv. all digested and dewatered sludge will be hauled to the existing Devang landfill for final disposal. The use of this sludge for agricultuiral fertiliser has not been approved by the ProvincialEPB.

The only operational concerns over the sludge management system is that sludge storage facilities should be covered (main concern is the wet season rains) and a truck depot should be constructed for loading sludge for transport to the landfill. At design conditions, the Devang WwTW is predicted to produce 77 t/day of sludge. requiring 16 truck loads per day hauling to the Deyang landfill.

The landfill is 15 km awav along Class I and Class 2 roads for 80% and 20% of the way respectively. SRIEP has reviewed the proposed hauiing route and found there to be no environmental problems associated vwiththis proposal. Suitable provisions have been made for dumping this sludge in the landfill. The sludge quantitv is estimated to be about 30% of the MSW load from the citv that is landfilled (an equal amount is composted) under design conditions and is not thought to have a large impact on landfill capacity.

O&M Problems There is a risk that during the operation of the WwTW, sewage flowvinginto the plant could be discharged directlv to the Mianyuan River due to power failure or mechanical problems in the WwTW. The sewage average tlow rate into the plant is 1.157 m'/s at design rates. To avoid such adverse X ater quality impacts (described in detail above) occurring, the following measures should be taken: Various items of equipment used in the sewage treatment process. especialiv aeration devices. must be maintained in good order with effective control. test and monitoring apparatus.

Secure power supplies are a prerequisite for ensuring continuous sewage treatment operation. hence duplicate povzersupplies are recommended so that power failure can be avoided.

The water quaiity of inifluenltto the sewage water treatment plant (ie. the concentration of water pollutants) must be relativelv stable and the industrial wastewater sources must be required to meet the relative pre-treatment discharge standard. If industrial sewvageis discharged without adequate pre- treatment (especially strong wastewaters). the WwTW will not meet the designed performance and expected standards.

The effectiveness of the sewage treatment will depend on the professional abilitv and sense of responsibility of the staff or workers. On-the-job training and professional education for the staff or workers is especiallv important. SI ItCH\NURBAN F\VIRONMENT PROJECT ENVIRONMIENT\AL ASSESSMENT Mlain Repnrt

The Sanwayao WwTW problems indicate that O&M could be a problem. The design of the Devang WwTW has mitigated the design features but mitigation monitoring will need to insure that the wastewater company does not trn to cut back on power consumption with aeration. sludge digestion. etc.

O(rogaic LOUding andl Standards The first concern related to the potential for the WwTW influent concentrations of organic pollutants to either be much greater than or much less than the design parameters for the WwTW.

The influent domestic sewage at the Devang WwTW is still combined with stormwater that causes lower concentrations of organic pollutants. The widespread use of septic tanks upstream of sewers also contributes to these low loadings. The design values used for Devang WwTW appear reasonable when compared to the limited sewer sampling results. taking into account that the sewers have been separated. and septic tanks will eventually be eliminated.

The concern over the potential for organic loading to be too high relative to design standards is coupled with the second concern over the lack of COD design standards. The Devang WwTW is a secondarv biological wastewater treatment works that can easilv handle normal loadingzsof domestic sewage and industrial wastewater that has been adequatelv pre-treated at the industries. Organic loadingzs that are higher than the design standards. including high COD loads. are indicative of problems with pre-treatment of industrial wastewater in the sewerage catchment. The reported COD loadings in the Deyang WwTW sewerage catchment mav indicate such problems. If such a problem occurs. the solution is for the EPB and the Wastewater Company to apply and enforce adequate industrial pre-treatment standards. not to applv unrealistic design standards on the Devang WwTW.

The third potential concern related to the abilitv of the WwTW to adequatelv remove ammonia. and meet the discharge standards. The WwTW has been designed and sized for full ammonia removal. If the facilitv is operated as proposed. including maintaining adequate dissolved oxygen in the aeration basin. full ammonia removal should be achieved. The effluent ammonia concentrations should easily meet relevant discharge standards.

5.4.8 Zigong WwTW

Sewage Ov elflows (colleCtion, pwtnp stations, plant) Rawvsewage "Hill be allowed to bypass the Wv.TW durinz electrical outagzes or plant operational problems. The WNvTWVwet well at the inlet to the plant will provide only a short-term buffer for such situationis and raw sewvae will be soon bypassed under these circumstances. However. it is not considered cost-effective to provide either larger storage for these situations or alternative power supplies. Raw sewage currentlv discharges to surface waters untreated. As such. the large cost to mitiluate this situation is not deemed appropriate during Phase I of SUEP. It should be noted that the Fuxi River receiving wvaters will not meet the recommended Class 3 surface water standards whether the treatment plant operates or not. As such, the large cost to miti-ate this situation is not deemed appropriate to the Phase I of the SUEP. hpidutstrialWaste L;psets

411 67.E \.CUIAPTER 5 S-50 DECEMBER 1998 SICHIJAN URB-\N EN\'IRONMENT PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT Main Report

There is a large industrial contribution to the Zigong WwTW (over 50%) and there is an unknown level of pre-treatment in this area. There is a possibilitv of industrial waste upsets to the plant but rigorous influent monitoring will be specified as well as operational plans to mitigate such problems. The limited sampling conducted by the SRIEP indicated that industrial wastes could cause problems in Zi!on2. Zi2ong has prepared and is implementingan industrial wastewater control action plan for the citv, with special emphasis on the acid wastes found in the SRIEP sampling. The industrial source has signed a contract to remove this waste from the facilitv rather than discharging to the sewer. This will have to be verified in the mitigation monitoring during and following construction.

.Voise For an assessment of ambient noise levels, SRIEP identified a monitoring range in the urban area of Zigong. Seven points were selected as ambient level monitoring points. Sound levels at points 3, 6 and 7 exceed the standard during davtime and night time. The sound level of point 5 exceeds the standard in the night time, whilst the sound level at the others points do not exceed the standards.

Durinc operation. air blowers for the aeration tank. sewage pumps and return sludge pumps are the major potential noise sources with a sound level of 70-8OdB(A). Measurements conducted in the Sanwayao Wastewater Treatment Works show that the operation of the plant could have an impact the acoustic environment outside the plant boundarv. There is also an issue of pump station noise in the sewerage collection svstem.

The WwTW site is relatively good because it is set in farmland. For monitoring of background sound levels, one point was selected in the plant proper. The values specified for the Class A of national standard, Urban Regional EnvironmentalNoise Standard. GB3096-93 were used in the project area. ie. 55 dB(A) in the daytime and 45 dB(A) in the night-time. The background values of the proposed plant site are 13.1 dB(A) and 4.2 dB(A) lower than those of the standard in the daytime and night time respectivelv. Hence. the existing backgroundnoise situation in the plant site is relativelygood.

From the layout plan of the treatment plant that there are two retum-sludge pump houses, each pump house has two sets of return-sludge pumps. one duty and one standby. SRIEP considered that the pumps houses at the proposed WwTW are similar to Sanwayao WwTW and hence the sound level out of the return-sludge pump houses at Sanwavaowas used in the analvsis. ie. 73 dB(A). By calculation the combined sound level from 2 return-sludge pump houses is 76dB(A). The plant has an air blower house whiich has 5 high speed centrifugal air blowers. 4 duty and I standby. The sound level was predicted from that of the air blower house of Sanwavao WwTW. ie. 68dB(A).

The distance from the return-sludge pump houses to the eastern plant boundarv is IIm. at this point the sound level is 50 dB(A): the air blower house is 62m awav from the point. the sound level is 32dB(A). L,q= 4.1 dB(A) in the daytime and Leq= 40.8 dB(A) in the night time were selected as the background values. The forecasted sound level at the eastern boundary is 5 I dB(A) in the davtime and 50.5 dB(A) at ni(ht.

In accordance with Class B of the BoundarvNoise Standard for Industrial Enterprises.GB112348-90. the standard is 6OdB(A) for daytime and 5OdB(A) for niiht time. Hence. the sound level at the boundarv in the daytime meet the standard. but does not exceed the standard at night. Since the area of the eastern boundarv is verv small and there are no residents nearbv. noise will not have an impact. The forecasted sound ievel at the northern boundarv is 44 dB(A) and the sound level at the western boundarv is 43 dB(A). both within the standard.

4! 3A7EA.CHAI'TFR 5 5-51. DECEMBER 1998 SICHUA.\N-RA \N fNVIRONAIENT PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL.A\SSESSNIENT Main Report

Zhangjiatuo Pump Station is located in the urban area of Zigong Citv. the background sound level is 75 dB(A) in the daytime and 53.3 dB(A) at night. The station is equipped with 4 seNva-e pumps, 3 dutv and I standby. Since the pump station lies in the areas beside the main traffic lanes. Class IV of national standard. Urban Regional Environmental Noise Standard. GB3096-93 is applicable. i.e. 70 dB(A) in the damtime and 55 dB(A) at niaht. The background sound level of the pump station is 5 dB(A) higher than that of the standard in the daytime and 1.8 dB(A) lower than that of the standard at night.

The sound level in the davtime within 3m of the Zhangjiatuo Pump Station is predicted to exceed the standard, and the sound level at ni-ht within 16m around the station will exceed the standard. The area which is affected by the noise is small. No additional mitigation has been proposed by SRIEP but the sound levels should be monitored to determine if actual sound levels meet predictions and whether additional soundproofing is required.

The environmental condition of Daijiaba Pump Station is similar to that of the plant site, so the background sound level of the plant site is adopted. The pump station is equipped with 4 sewage pumps, 3 dutv and I standbv. The Class A of Urban Regional Environmental Noise Standard should be achieved. ie. 55 dB(A) in the daytime and 45 dB(A) at night. The background sound level of the pump station is 13.1dB(A) lower than that of the standard in the daytime and 4.2dB(A) lower than that of the standard at night. The existing situation of the background noise at the pump station is relatively 2ood.

The sound level in the day time within 7m of the Daijiaba Pump Station exceeds the standard, as does the sound level at night within SOm of the station. Since the surrounding area is farmland which is far awvavfrom the farmers' homes. the effect is minimal. No additional miti-ation has been proposed bv SRIEP but the sound levels should be monitored to determine if actual sound levels meet predictions and whether additional soundproofing is required.

Odovrs A worst-case odour investigation and modeline exercise was carried out bv the SRIEP. based in larae part on measured problems at the Sanwavao WwTW in Chengdiu. This facility has a variety of operational problems that will not occur at the proposed WwTW in Zigong aiven proper operation. As such. it is considered a %vorst-case scenario of potential odour problems. The proposed Zigonz WwTW is located in a maini ' farmin2 area. Some of the farmers living less than 200 meters away from the boundarv of the WvTW plant will perceive offensive odours from the plant. SRIEP proposes that residences x\ithin 'OOm of the WwTW are relocated and also the WwTW is landscaped to mitigate potential odour.

The San\vavao W\%TW has historically had operating problems which have led to odour problems including operation of sludge digestion facilities. large sewage bypasses of rawv untreated sewaae ererv day and insufficient aeration. These problems are either not present or should not be as severe at the Zieong W\\TW. The site is in an aericultural area and the use of a greenbelt and tree plantings should also mitigate any potentiai problems to a significant dearee.

Effluent water qC/21litVimpaict The proposed project has a design treatment capacity of 80 000 m3 /d. and 80 000 m3 of treated effluent will be discharged to the Fuxi River every day. Based on data available concerning existing ICHt§Il.lNURBAN l.NVIRONNIENT PR0JFCT FENVIRONMIENTAI. ASSIESS!,IFNT Main Report

WwTW or those being designed in China. organic matter in the effluent from those plants should mostiv meet the requirement specified bv the discharge standard. However, the river section immediately downstream of the discharges will still be polluted to some extent. As a whole, the project will significantiv improve the water qualitv of tie Fuxi River. and thus improve the qualitv of the physical environment of the citV.

According to the forecasted results. in normal condition, treated sewage can meet the discharge standard for concentration of COD'.n in the 20 km of river section downstream. However, BOD and non-ionic ammonia concentration exceed the standard. The concentration of BOD in the I to 20 km of river section downstream exceeds the background value by 7%. the concentration of non-ionic ammonia downstream of the outlet is lowerthan the background value.

Following anv bypass of the works the concentrations of BOD, COD and non-ionic ammonia all exceed the standard within the 20 km of river section downstream of the outfall. Generallv, the treated sewage onlv has a small impact on the water qualitv of the Fuxi River downstream of the outlet.

In the low water season. the low flows and inflatable flow control dams make the Fuxi River operate as a reservoir. so SRIEP used a -'narrow lake mobile model" in forecasting pollutant impacts. The forecasted values are the same as the background values. which indicates that the discharge only has little impact on the water quality of the river section downstream. According to the above analvsis. in normal condition, the treated sewage can meet the discharge standard, which will not cause obvious impact on the water quality of river section downstream of the outlet.

Sliudge treatment and clisposal Sludge at the Zigong WwTW will be partially aerobicallv digested and dewatered. As mentioned.all dewatered sludge will be hauled to the existing Zigong landfill for final disposal. The use of this sludge for agricultural fertiliser has not been approved bv the Provincial EPB. The only operational concerns over the sludge management svstem is that sludge storage facilities should be covered (main concern is the wet season rains) and a truck depot should be constructed for loading sludge for transport to the landfill.

At desi-n conditions. the Zigong WwTW is predicted to produce 92 t/day of sludge. requiring 18 truciikloads per day (using St trucks) hauling to the existing Zigong landfill. The landfill is 20 km from the city which requires significant hauling. SRIEP have evaluated the proposed sludge hauling route which uses the higlhwayadjacent to the WwvTW.No particular problems were noted with this hauling, plan. At the landfill. a discharge station will be built to allow for sanitary dumping of the sludUeto the landftill. This sludge production amounts to about 30% of the current MSW loading to the landfill and v ill not affect the short-term life of the landfill. Plans'for expansion to Phase 2 of this landfill are already underwav.

Oc&M1Problems Sanwavao Wx%TWproblems indicate that O&M could be a problem. The design of the Zigong WNNTWlhas tried to mitigate these problems but monitoring will be need to insure that the wastewater company does not try to cut back on power consumption with aeration. sludge processing. etc. Sewer ssstem monitoring will also be required to ensure that industrial wastewater does not damage pumpingequipment or the WwTW. SICHUN\ RBAN ENVIRONMNENTPROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMIENT Main Report

Organic Loading and Standards The first concern related to the potential for the WwTW influent concentrations of organic pollutants to either be much greater than or much less than the design parameters for the WwTW. This concern is coupled with the concern over the fact that the Sanwayao WwTW does not meet national discharge standards. either for concentration or the percent removal of organic pollutants. The intluent domestic sewvaueat the Sanwavao WwTW is still combined with stormwnater that causes the low concentrations of organic pollutants. The widespread use of septic tanks upstream of sewers also contributes to these low loadings. The design values used for Zigong appear reasonable when compared to the limited sewer sampling results, taking into account that the sewers have been separated. and septic tanks will eventually be eliminated.

The concern over the potential for organic loading to be too high relative to design standards is coupled with the second concern over the lack of COD design standards and the fact that the Sanwavao WwTW does not meet the discharge standards for COD. The Zigong WwTW is a secondar,v. biological wvastewvatertreatment works that can easily handle normal loadings of domestic sewvage and industrial wastewater that has been adequately pre-treated at the industries. Organic loadings that are higher than the design standards. includina hieh COD loads, are indicative of problems with pre-treatment of industrial wastewater in the sewerage network. If such a problem occurs. the solution is for the EPB and the Wastewater Companv to appiv and enforce adequate industrial pre-treatment standards. not to apply unrealistic design standards on the Zigong WwTW.

The third potential concern related to the abilitv of the WwTW to adequately remove ammonia. and meet the discharge standards. The WwTW has been designed and sized for full ammonia removal. If the facilitv is operated as proposed. including maintaining adequate dissolved oxvgen in the aeration basin. full ammonia removal should be achieved. The effluent ammonia concentrations should easily meet relevant discharge standards.

5.4.9 Leshan Municipal Solid Waste Project

Inudequute Collection and Transfer Svstenis The 1'ISW landfill improvements have been coupled with improved collection and transfer svstems in an attempt to improve overall MSW svstems in Leshan. As such. the potential problem of inadequate systems to collect and transfer solid waste to the landfill should be minimised. However. there is a small possibility that the city's plans for collection and transfer svstems are not adequate to meet the changing, needs of the urban area. The landfill option is able to cope with variations in the quantities of MSW delivered. hulustrical TW'aste- Potential for Toxic/Ha.:ardous Conatanination There are reuLllationisagailist the dumping of indLustrialtoxic and hazardous wastes in the municipal landfill. Ho%vever.the level of enforcement of this regulation is unknown. In addition. the disposal of lhazardous materials from household use wvillalso be increasing with increasing affluence. It will be important to tiy and keep such wastes out of the improved landfill so that the site does not require fLuture clean-Lip as a hazardous wvastesite.

.Voise In the urban area. the noise sources will be the collection trucks, transfer stations. and street sweeping equipment. The vehicular use of trucks and cleaning equipment will have to be handled by

4ih67.EA.CHIAI'TiiR 5 S-54 DECENMBER 1998 SICI- ! \\ t' RI \N ENVIRONMIENTPRO!ECT ENVIRONMENTAL AS.ESESSNIENT Main Report management practices (such as hours of operation and equipment maintenance). SRIEP has reviewed the transfer station site and found it to be suitable relative to noise and other issues.

In the landfill, the main sources of the noise are the working bulldozer. roller. pump and other transport vehicles The intensitv of noise is 80-90 dB(A). It has some influence on the acoustic environment around the site. Imported compaction equipment is specified and this equipment should be less noisv. During the landfilling operations. activities should be timed to reduce the influence of the noise on the surroundings.

On the basis of the project analvsis. the landfill sound levels are all < 90dB. hence they can reach the Factory Boundarv Noise Standard for Enterprises.Class B of GB 12348-90. ie it is less than 60dB dav and less than 5OdBnight at a distance of 100m. From the distribution of the sound source. it can meet environmentalrequirement.

.Air Pollution antd Odour^s During the operation period (especiallv in summer), each landfill unit or area will generate some offensive odour before cover material is added. The intensitv of those pollutants will be up to Class C. and the concentration of source intensitv will be 2 mg/mi', including H,S at 0.06 mg/m' and mercaptan at 0.04 mg/m'.

The local environmental conditions were assessed according to "Pollution Control Standard for Domestic Solid Waste Landfill (GB16889-1997)". On the basis of the proposed operation, after clav seaiing the bottom and covering the refuse. the offensive odour will be minimised. Each landfill cell is covered with soil, so the extent of refuse exposed to the open-air at any one time is small. The landfill will thus meet the standard. based on the identified site boundarv. However. in the summer season. there are both hiTher temperatures and bacterial growth. In order to protect the emplovees' health. disinfection and steridisin2wvork will be carried out.

Leuchate Disposcal ancM.ixing After the landfill site goes into operation. it is predicted to produce 100 t/day of leachate on average during the wet season. The concentration of BOD and COD in the leachate is 1 000 to 3 000mg/l and 2 000 to '7 000mg/I. respectively. It could effect the water quality of the Dashi River and the Min River. Recirculation of the leachate back to the operating MSW disposal cells can minimize the overall quantit\ of leachate and hence the quantitv requiring treatment. A collecting ditch in the site will direct the leachate into a balancing tank w*hereit will be pumped back to the working cell. Such methodsare used widely in developed countries but experience in China is limited.

.-Accordinc to the theoretical calculation made bv the desigznconsultants. using meteorological data of rainfall and evaporation in Leshan. the treated quantitv of the leachate can be reduced bv 60-70% after the recirculationi. The pollution concentration of the leachate will be reduced by 40-50% according to the experience of the operation in foreign countries. Recirculation can reduce the scale and capital investmenitrequired for the leachatetreatment station.

A treatment station for the refuse leachate will be built in the sanitarv landfill site in Leshan. The designed scale is 100 m'/d. The performance specification for the leachate treatment plant has been based on meeting the requirements of the new standard for landfill wastewater discharges. GB 16899- 1997 for flows of up to 100 mrldav. which requires reducing: SICHUAN lURB3ANENNViRONIIN'T PROIECT ENVIRONMIENTAL ASSESSNIENT &IalinReport

COD from 5000 mg/l to 300 mJ/I BOD5 from 1500 mg/l to 150 mg/I NH3 from 300 mz/l to 25 mgl

The leachate treatment plant will consist of pretreatment and an oxidation pond. Space for a disinfectionlfacilitv using UV or chlorine has been allowed in order to control bacteria levels if this is required at a later date. Similar designs are workilcgin Hangzhouand Guangzhou. Recent operating data provided on a landfill in Shao Xins in Ze Jiang Province indicates a similar leachate treatment plant has been successfullv meeting discharge standards since 1993.

The leachate dischargTedinto the Dashi River flows into the Min River after 5.5 km. The Dashi River is mainlv a flood-relief channel. The SRIEP forecasted the impact of discharged leachate on the Dashi River and the Mlin River. The Dashi River has minimal flows in the drv season and from observation.appears to be very polluted.

The normal flow in the Dashi River is I to 2 m;/s. the averaze flow in the dry season is 0.5 m3/s. So, dilution mixing model was adopted for forecast. The conditions for two scenarios were considered: (a) The treatment station operates normally. the leachate discharge can meet the discharge standard after being treated. (b) The treatment station breaks down. the leachate is discharged directly without any treatment.

In view of the above-mentionedconditions. the standard discharge of the leachate after treatment will neither adversely impact on the Dashi River. which meet Class III of the Standard beforejoining into the Min. nor the Min River. If the treatment station breaks down and the leachate discharges directly to the river without any treatment. CODMnand BOD5 in the Dashi River will exceed the requirement specified by Class Ill of the water body standard. GB3838-88. Although data was not supplied. it is hiehlv likely that the Dashi River alreadv exceeds Class 111standards. The forecast produced bv twvo- dimensional model shows water in the Min River will still meet the Class III of the standard when it receivesthe water from the Dashi River. However.there will be localised impacts on the farmers and other users of the water downstream of the landfill.

The engineerin- geological survey report of Leshan Refuse Sanitary Landfill Site shows that there are no hanmfuiueolouical features in the landfill site region including landslide. slide and mud-rock tlow etc. The natural slope is stable in the region: the leakage in the land layer of the site region is caused bv heavy and medium weathering of rock layers. crevices and poor drainage. so water in the site is hard to leach from the sides. Leachate will be drained beneath the dam bottom of the refuse site along the ditches (check).

The bottom of the reftusesite will be clay and any crevices and large cracks that occur will be sealed witil cement grout. While digging the dam basement to the designed depth. cement grout will be used to seal the rock fouLidation.thus reducing the leaka(e rate at the dam bottom and prevent leakinglof leachiate. In view of the above. the leachateof Leshan Refuse Sanitarv Landfill Site is not predicted to have an impact on the water quaiitv of groundwater if the measures above are carried out under strict site management.

Gas Prochicion There will be 44 collectinit sas wells in the landfill area according to the design. A gas collection station (LxBxH=30mx IOmx7.2m) contains a control room. distribution room. room for gas treatment SICHUAN URB \. INVIRO\NIENT PROIJFCT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT NlaialReport and some space for utilising the gas in future. The condensationdrainer removes the saturated vapour in the gas. The collected gas is burned in from a flare stack. The flare stack is placed on an concrete foundation in the south-west corner of the gas treatment station. The flare stack (Type CS, N=lIkw) is imported and has a burning capacity of 600 m'/h. The decomposition rate of organic matter in the site depends on the factors of refuse/solid waste composition and water content etc. and the latter can be controlled.

The speed rate of biogas production by organic waste decomposition is difficult to predict and control. However. the total amount of the gas production,can be controlled bv adjusting the water content and particulate size of the solid waste in the site. The total amount of the gas production will reach its peak within two years. Then it will reduce gradually according to the predicted data for gas production in Leshan Refuse Sanitarv Landfill Site supplied by the design engineers. Gas recovery and reuse is not initially contemplated because of the lackof large industrial enterprises in the area.

Sludge/Screenings Loading and Problems The landfill reportedly receives septic tank sludge currently, although this is apparently used mostly for agricuitural fertiliser in a similar fashion as night soil. In addition, the landfill will be receiving a rather large quantity of wastewater screenings from the three pumping and screening stations that will be built for wastewater treatment under a separate SUEP project. The final design of the landfill should provide a convenient method of dumping both sludges and screenings so that the nornal operations and compaction are not affected. Both substances should be mixed with dry MSW and spread rather than put into separate ponded areas that would be subject to overflow and would make compaction difficult.

O&M Problems anzdExpense During the period of landfilling, refuse will produce a great amount of biogas. According to the refuse treated volume in '005. the volume of biogas production will be about 2.413 x 10 m'/a and in 2010. it will be 3.'42 x 10 m-'/'a. The composition of biogas is mainlv methane and carbon dioxide. They can cause fire and explosion without proper handling. The landfill design addresses such concerns but proper operation and maintenance will be essential.

The supervision and management of landfill sites is verv important. Mismanagementmay cause the followinigproblems:

Urban refiuse cannot be collected and transported to landfill sites in a timely and complete wav. so landfill sites cannot function normally.

The spillage and leaklageof the reftusealong the roads will have a bad influence onithe urban landscape and sanitary ens ironment.

The mismana(ement will result in the increase of flies and mosquitoes in summer and the spreading of diseases.

The mismanagement of leachate will pollute surface water and groundwater.

Inadequate covering with clay, can cause foul smells to spread and the refuse to mix with the surface or groundwater. SICHIUA'N U'RBAN jFNVlRflN\IFNT PROJI.CT EN\ IRONNIENTAL ASSESSMIENT Main RepOrt

Whether the landfill site runs normallv depends on the supervision and management to a great degree. ensuring that operational procedures are strictlv adhered to. A strict operating system must be laid down in the construction design. Everv workman must work according to the stipulated rules to guarantee the effectiveness of the landfill Site. The domestic refuse in Leshan is usually held in dustbins and tanks. then transported to the transfer station of refuse. The managementof the refuse tanklsand dustbins should be improved. The following must be done:

Dump refuse at specific times and locations.

Prevent scavengers spilling refuse in dustbins and tanks on the street resulting in contamination of the urban environment.

Disinfect dustbins and tanks at regular intervals to prevent the spreading of diseases.

Guarantee that all of the refuse in dustbins. tanks and transfer stations can be transported to the landfill site. Don't leave anv future trouble behind in the citv.

Vectors and Disecase Procedures specified for managing the landfill should minimise the breeding habitat for flies, mosquitoesand rats. This will hopefully protect the health of the people in the area

5.4.10 Summary of Potential Operational Phase Impacts

These potential operation phase impacts are relativelv minor and easilv mitigated. Manv of the concerns have been addressed bv detailed desizn considerationsas summarised in Appendix B of this report for water treatment and wastewatertreatment. Details of mitigation measures. monitoring program and responsibilities are given in Chapter 7.

5.5 Cumulative SUEP Phase I Impacts

5.5.1 Related SUEP Components

The economic anal%sisfor cities with both sinmleand multiple SUEP components indicatesthat they are needed and affordable bv the population of the cities. This project is meeting a large -backloLg- need for environmental infrastructure (including watersupplies. wastewatercollection and treatment. and solid waste management) and should not induce siginificant secondarv impacts. The en ironimientalproblems are serious and the provision of this environmental infrastructureis necessarv for current needs and to mitigate current problems. Future problems without the project would become even more critical. SiCIIU.\N URBAN ENVIR()NIENr I'R\OJFC'T ENVIRONMENTALASSESSMENT lMainReport

5.5.2 Other Environmental Improvement Programs

The province and the cities are engaged in other environmental and city improvement projects that both affect and beneFit from the SUEP Phase I projects. There is signiFicant effort underway to increase tourism in Sichuaniand current environmental conditions are detrimental to these efforts. In addition. Sichuan wants to industrialise and close the income gap with coastal provinces and these efforts are frustrated by a lack of environmentalinfrastructure.

Within the cities. there are widespread efforts to improve the citv centres and the river corridors as focal points for new city images. This includes the interception of raw sewage outfalls in manv locations and transfer of the wastewater in interceptors along river-side walkways. The river restoration and cleanup projects in Chengdu involvea variety of parks. walkways, and recently a test facility for microbial cleanup of a watercourse. A pilot "living water garden" park is now beinQ completed as an environmental education area for the city along the Fu He. Chengdu has spent over 280 million Yuan on this work. At the end of May 1998. Chengdu celebrated these efforts by holding the first dragon boat races in the city in over 37 years.

Chengdu is proceeding wvithenlargement of its largest WTW through the first BOT project implemented in the province. As mentioned. the second phase of the Sanwavao WwTW is under construction through a grant from the government of Netherlands. JICA has been working on environmental improvement projects for the city of Chengdu. Finally, there is a proposal being discussed for a proposed water storage facilitv on the Min River above Dujiangyan. Such a facility could provide storage to assist with the dry-season water qualitv problems in the study area. SICHIUN l I\BAN ENVIRON'MENT PROJECT ENVIRONNIENT..\L A.-SSFSSN1ENT Main Report

6.0 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROPOSED PROJECT

6.1 Introduction

In the preparation of Feasibilitv Studies and Preliminary Designs for Appraisal a number of options hiave been considered before finalisation of the details of each component. Some of the alternatives evaluated have environmental implications. for example the selection of the raw water source for a water supplv scheme. Other alternatives cover alternative engineering solutions. Many of these latter evaluations have raise no environmental issues but some do, for example the selection of the type of water treatment process to be adopted. In this Chapter the main alternatives investigated are summarised and where significant environmental issues are raised they are discussed.

A general approach to water and wastewater treatment has been prepared and this is summarised in Appendix B. Naturall,v. the standardised approach is not appropriate in all cases and therefore some departures have been adopted.

6.2 Alternatives Reviewed in Project Development

6.2.1 Leshan Number 4 WTW

Alternative PWater Sozurces All three rivers in Leshan have relativelv large dry season flows and water quantitv is not an issue in relation to source water alternatives. In addition. the wet season turbiditv of all three rivers can be extremelv high and hence this is also not a criterion wlhen comparing water source alternatives. The existing treatment plants currentlv handle these high turbidities and produce potable water meeting Chinese drinkincr water standards. However. the water qualitv in the Min and Dadu rivers is sometimes a problem. especiallv during the drv season when they contain a relativelv high proportion of domestic and industrial effluent. Hence. the Qingvi River became the obvious choice for the new water supplV on water quality grounds.

To meet the current and projected demands. the Leshan Water Companv selected a site for the w%ater treatment works in the wvesternpart of the citv. The site for the proposed intake structure on the Qini-vi was then selected immediatelv upstream of the Citv and any major urban pollution sources. This location is a short distance do,x nstream of the existing intake and pre-treatment wvorksfor Nr 3 WTW. The intake location. on a small curve in the river. provides an excellent site as the bedrock is exposed. the river bed conditions are stable and the river remains deep even at drv season flow levels.

De.si,gr1znand7C Tectnolog71USeleclioln The proposed intake pumping station will be located on bedrock on the riverbank with collection pipes extendinig 30-m into the Qingy i River. It will be approximatelv 23-m bv 26-m within an overall compound of 50-rn by 42--m. Other ancillarv facilities on the site include an 18-m bv 6-m dutv room and toilet facilities.

The only optioin for the intake structure was an intake structire constructed directlv in the river at the same location. The bank-side option selected was preferred option since construction on the bank is simpler and less expensive. and the nature of the river ensures that blockages of the intake pipes will not be a problem. SICHtUANURBA.N ENVIRONM!ENT PROJECT ENVIRONNIENT.\L-SSESSNIENT Main Repnrt

A number of alternatives were considered in the selection of the treatment process. Hydraulic as opposed to mechanical flocculators were selected due to their simplicity, reliability and costs. Four alternative types of sedimentation system could be used:

1. Standard horizontal flow clarifiers 2. Tube settler clarifiers 3. Circular mechanically scraped radial flow clarifiers 4. Upflow floc blanket units clarifiers

Horizontal flow clarifiers would need to be 2.5 the size of the tube-settler units selected and were eliminated on grounds of cost and greater difficulties in desludging. Circular radial flow tanks are approximatelv three times the cost of tube settlers and were not considered. Upflow floc blanket clarifiers provide the oniv serious competition to tube settlers: they are only a little more expensive and sludge removal is simpler. The tube-settlers were selected in preference to upflow units since costs are lowerand there is local experience in both their construction and operation.

Rapid gravity filters of a modern design have been selected due to their greater efficiency despite being slightly more expensive than traditional Chinese filters. The relative merits of chlorination and chloramination were discussed with the Water Company. The periodic levels of phenol in the Qingvi would indicate that taste problems might occur if chlorine is used alone. However, the Water Companv indicated that they have not experienced taste problems at the Nr 3 WTW which also extracts water from the Qingyi River. As such. the design calls for chlorination onlv, in line with the other Leshan water plants. to provide a free chlorine residual of 0.5 mg-/I. Pre-chlorination at the water works inlet will be provided in the design but onlv utilised during periods of health concerns.

Col7strttction Techniqutes and vlaterials The raw water transmission pipeline will be constructed in pre-stressed, precast concrete (PPC). The pipe will be of the spigot and socket tvpe and laid in trenches with sand bedding. There were no other suitable pipeline materials available for this transmission main. An optimisation exercise on the sizing of the pipeline indicated the most economic diameter would be DN 1400. However. the pipeline route along the narrowvriver side walkway dictated minimising pipeline sizing to allow ease of construction. The smallest suitable size was then selected. i.e.. a DN 1100 pipeline.

An alternative raw water pipeline route was investigatedtaking a more direct line over the intervening hillside to the treatment plant site. Although the overall length of this route was shorter. the pumping hiead %vasincreased by 25-m and was not considered a viable option. This route will have to be desi,zmedin the next phase of the water works expansion since the phase I pipeline route is too tight to allow a second pipeline to be installed.

6.2.2 Zigong MlinRiver Diversion and WTW

.4 leirciatiLe Vulter Sources The engineering design report produced bv this component project addressed the following alternatives for increasinruthe water supplies for Zigong: SICHUA.NI B\N ENVIRONNIENTl'ROJFCT ENVIRONMENTALASSESSIENT Main Repurt

I. exploitation of runoff within the city 2. diverting water from outside of the citv - Tuo River 3. diverting water from outside of the citv - Dadu River 4. diverting water from outside of the citY- Yangtze River . diverting water from outside of the citv - Min River

The analysis of local water resource opportunitiesconcluded that water sources within or close to the city are over-exploited. New water supplies cannot reliablv be maintained for urban use. There were also insignificant groundwater resources available. Water sources outside the citv were therefore deemed necessary for long-term reliability of supply.

The Tuo River is onlv 30 km from the city but the supply water is highly polluted along this river section and xvaterquantity is also a problem in the dry season. The Dadu river option involved a complex system involving canals. intermediate storage systems. and pipelines. Zigong would not have primary control of the water under this option. which is one of the goals of this project. The Yangtze source water is of good quantity and quality and the distance is only slightly further for the supply pipeline at 75 km. Due to the additional distance. additional pumping head involved. and the lack of easv maintenance access. this option was not favoured.

The advantages cited for selecting the Min Riversource were as follows:

The river is abundant in quantity-withthe 100-vear drv discharge of 364 m'/s and the 95% _uarantied rate of more than 500 m'/s. The water quality of the water meets the standard for surface drinking water.

The source is relatively close to Zigong with a total length of 66-km pipeline required to the proposed Yuan Ba Chang WTW and existing Changtu WTW. with half of the pipeline length situated within the boundariesof Zigong (hence more convenient for management).

The pipeline can be laid adjacent to an existing roadwvaythus making constructioneasier.

It is the least cost option in the financial analvsis.

A single pipeline is specified for Phase I since the Xushui River and existing reservoirs can be used as a backup water source during repairs or outages. The proposed pipeline will have a diameter of DN 1600 and will be constructed mainlv from pre-stressed RCP. The w%orkingpressures of the line will vary Lreatly and the proposal is to selectpipeline materials to match the sections.

Desig'n ancr TecLhnlmol S/SeCciieMl7 The intake desien is for a standard round concrete structure situated on the Min River bank according to typical Chinlese design standards and architectural appearance. There were no options evaluated relative to the intake structire.

A number of alternatives were considered in the selection of the treatment process. Hvdraulic as opposed to mechanical flocculators were selected due to their simplicity, reliabilitv and costs. Four alternative types of sedimentation svstem could be used: SICHUAXNURBA.N FNVIRON\IENT PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT Main RqFirt

1. Standard horizontal flow clarifiers 2. Tube settler clarifiers i. Circular mechanicallv scraped radial flow clarifiers 4. Uptlow floc blanket units clarifiers

Horizontal flow clarifiers would need to be 2.5 the size of the tube-settler units selected and were eliminated on Lrounds of cost and greaterdifficulties in desludging. Circular radial flow tanks are approximatelv three times the cost of tube settlers and were not considered. Upflow floc blanket clarifiers provide the onlv serious competition to tube settlers: thev are only a little more expensive and sludge removal is simpler. The tube-settlers were selected in preference to upflow units since costs are lower and there is local experience in both their construction and operation.

Rapid gravitv filters of a modern design have been selected due to their greaterefficiency despite being slightly more expensive than traditionalChinese filters.

Chloraininationrather than chlorination has been selected by the Water Company as this is considered more appropriate for protection of the long distribution svstem. This decision is endorsed bv the design consultants despite the higher operating cost. Sludge thickening and lagoons are proposed for construction later if disposal of sludges to the river is found to create problems. SRIEP does not predict problems with sludge disposal without treatment during the wet. normal or dry seasons.

Construiction Techniqzes and Mlaterials The 66-km raw water transmission main options were limited to either steel or prestressed concrete pipes. as thev are the only acceptable pipe materials available in the area. Thin-walled Glass Reinforced Pipe (GRP) is manufactured in Zigong but only in sizes up to DN 1000. Both the sizing problem and technical concerns eliminated GRP from consideration. Options considered included a single pump station at the river intake and a second option of a smaller pump station at the intake with an intermediate pump station. The second option was selected as the least-cost option. but additional technical concerns have indicated that the options have almost identical costs. As such. the project desiglncurrently calls for the second option using two pump stations.

6.2.3 Luzhou Beijiao WTW

.Alternw ive J`uter .Sou1rces The Yangtze can easily supply rawvxvater both in terms of quantitv and qualitv. This project extends an existina initakeand treatment svstem so no other source waters were considered.

In relation to the major extension of the service area to Fuji. other potential sources of raw water were evaluated.There are t,wosmall rivers close to Fuji. the Jiu Qu He and the Lai Xi He but the river flow drops to zero in both during the drv season. Moreover the Lai Xi He passes through two upstream counties and is already heavily polluted by the time it reaches Fuji. There is verv limited ground wvaterin the area and this is already being exploited.

There is an existing dam. the Gung Shi Quao but this is used mainlv for irrigation and there is no spare capacitv. The only other possible source is the Long Xi River situated some 30-35 km to the wsestof Fuji which is a similar distance to the Yangtze. This river has minimal flow in the drv season and is heavily polluted. Moreover anv supply from here would not benefit anv other communities. SICHUAN URBAN F NVIRO\\I FNT PROIECT ENViRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT Main Rcport

It has therefore been proposed that the onlv feasible scheme to supply this area is to construct a transmission main along the highwav to Fuji, a distance of some 35-km. Off-takes to the smaller villages along the route will be provided. With the upgrading of the Highway 3121.these villages are expected to experience significant growth.

Treatiment MVorksDesign cnd Technology,Selection

The intake deshiynis a standard roulid concrete structure situated in the Yan2tze bank accordin2 to typical Chinese design standards and architectiral appearance. There were no options evaluated relative to the intake structire. since only expansion of existing pumping capacitv is proposed.

A number of alternatives Xwere considered in the selection of the treatment process. Hvdraulic as opposed to mechanical flocculators were selected due to their simplicitv, reliability and costs. Four alternative types of sedimentation svstem were evaluated: 1. Standard horizonital flow clarifiers 2. Tube settler clarifiers 3. Circular mechanically scraped radial flow clarifiers 4. Upflow floc blanket units clarifiers Horizontal flow clarifiers would need to be 2.5 times the size of the tube-settler units selected and were eliminated on grounds of cost and greater difficulties in deslud2ini. Circular radial flow tanks are approximatelv three times the cost of tube settlers and were not considered. Upflow floc blanket clarifiers provided the only serious competition to tube settlers: thev are onlv a little more expensive and sludge removal is simpler. The tube-settlers were selected in preference to upflow units since costs are lower and there is local experience in both their construction and operation.

The filters used at the Beijiao and the southern Luzhou WTWs are of a different tvpe from -hc.se shown in the generalised SUEP project flowsheet. The filters used are one of the traditional types of Chinese filters, known as valveless filters. The filter is constructed as a sealed filter with a hood and is located within a backwash water tank. Raw water from an elevated inlet channel flows at a constant rate through the raw water feed pipe into the filter, through the sand media. out through the floor and into the washi water tank. During operation the washwater tank is full and overflows. at a constant level to the filtered water outlet channel.

SucIh filters ha%e the advantage of being mechanicallv simple with no valves to be operated. Backwashing occurs automaticallv when a particular headloss across the filter is reached. These filters have a nuLilber of disadvanta2es however:

Thev can onlv be built in small Ulnitsizes.

It is sometimes difficult to keep the filter shell watertight which is essential for the siphons to operate satisfactorily.

Washwater use rates are high since the feed settled water continues to flow during backwashiing.

Water washina is not alwavs very effective and the backwvash flow rate gyraduallv decreases as the wash proceeds and the driving head reduces.

41367 E.A.CHAPTFIR6 6- DECEMBER 19(8 SICHUAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMIENT NMainRerkv

There is no facilitv to slowly restart the filtration operation and hence washout into the filtered water of remaining debris in the bed tends to occur.

In extending the works one would normally not choose to use filters of this size or type. However, an examination of the layout of the existing works shows it to be impossible to incorporate filters of a modern type within the hydraulic profile of the works. The head available between the inlet water level and the outlet water level of the filters is onlv 2.25 m. It is not possible to construct modem filters within such a fine limit.

Since it was concluded that similar valveless filters must be used for the SUEP extension, attention was paid to the existing operational effectiveness of this works as a whole, as well as the other Luzhou WTWs using these filters on Yangtze river water. On the basis of these analyses. it appears that the valveless filters are working quite well on Yangtze water and it was concluded therefore that thev would be satisfactory, if not ideal. for use in the SUEP extension.

Disinfectionat the existing works is by chlorinationalone, a satisfactory method given the relativelv short distribution svstem. After completion of the Stage 2 works. water is to be transmitted 35 km to Fuji. With such a long transmission main one would not expect an adequate residual chlorine level to reach Fuji. Under such circumstances.chloramination might be better since the disinfecting effects of chloramines last longer than those of chlorine. The chosen solution is to disinfect using chlorine and then to re-chlorinate the water delivered to Fuji immediatelybefore distribution.

The current water works sludge is returned to the Yangtze without treatment. Unless future problems are found with this practice. by EPB monitoring. this practice will continue for Stage 2. Sludge thickening and lagoons may be proposed for construction later if disposal of sludges to the river is found to create problems.

Pipelinze Desizn and Technology Selection Several options were examined to determine the most economic solution for the design of the major transmission main. All options include the pumping of treated water a distance of 2000 m through a DN 700 mm pipe to the existing Wan Shan Ping storage tanks and the alternatives evaluated cover the means of onward delivery from Wan Shan Ping:

Option 1) This involves the construction of a DN 700 mm sravitv main from the tank at Wan Shan Ping to a booster station near the village of Shuang Gia. at chaina2e 11.45 km. and then pumping to the Er Dao tank at Fuji through a DN 700 mm main.

Option 2) This co\ ers the constructiolnof a DN 800 mm gravity main from the tanklat Wan Shan Ping to a booster station at chainaue 20.5 km and then pumpingzto the Er Dao tank through a DN 700 mm main.

Option 3) This option avoids the use of pumping by the construction of DN 1100 mm and DN 1000 mm gzravitvmains to the Er Dao tank.

These three options were evaluated bv discounted cash flow analvsis. The differences in the present values of the three options was found to be small. Option I is preferred bv the Water Companv due to the slightly lower initial capital cost and therefore this option has been adopted. Future water demands indicate that an additional pipeline will be required in 2003. The merits of installing SICHIUA.NUtRBA\N ENVIRONMENTP ROIECT ENVI RONMIIENTALASSESSNIENT MlainReport additional pipeline capacitv under the SUEP have been considered. Two options have been considered:

To install a single DN 1000 mm main rated for a pressure of 8 bar would be sufficient to match the carrying capacity of twin DN 700 mm pipes.

To install twin DN 700 mm pipes under SUEP.

To install one DN 700 mm pipe under the SUEP and a second pipe 5 vears later.

The penaltv of constructing twin lines with the second line constructed 5 vears later compared with a larger pipeline constructed under SUEP is less than 2%. The additional reliability which will be ultimatelv afforded bv the twin line is judged to be adequate reason to adopt the approach of constructing a single DN 700 mm line under SUEP and a duplicate line 5 years later. There is certainly no phvsical problem in adopting this approach since space and access along the route is good.

6.2.4 Luzhou Daxikou WTW

Alternative Water Soz2rces The proposed treatment works has been planned to extract water from the Yangtze. The Yangtze has more than adequate resources in terms of water quantity and quality for use as a potable water supplv. The onilv other potential source would be the nearbv Yongning River but it is seriouslv polluted and does not present a viable alternative. There is limited groundwater available in this area. According to the water qualitv report of the Yangtze. the water quality is good except for the sediment quantity during the flooding season. All other indices are within the limits of a Class 1I water supply source defined in the national standards (GB3838-88).

The Yangtze River has a 100 year maximum flow of 59 300 m-'/s. minimum flow of 2 050 m-'/s and an average tlow of 8 870 mr/s. At the Erdaoxi gauging station. the highest water level is 234.89 m AD. and the lowest is 222.54m AD. Since the gradient of the river at this location is about 0.3%. they derived the following elevations at the point of withdrawal: 250.19 m at flood season and 228.84 m during low floc s. The intake structure is designed based on this analvsis.

In examinin2 alternative sites for the new WTW. the designers evaluated the replacement of the existing GuanisilanlWorks versus the construction of a new WTW about 2 km from the town and selected the second alternative on technical and cost-effectiveness grounds. The location of the proposed intake structure xNasalso relocated to a site further upstreamnto allow for better clearance for naviuation as well as to protect the intake from potential pollution impacts from a port under construction.

Trecatmenti Work.s Design ancl Technology Selection A number of alternatives were considered in the selection of the treatment process. Hydraulic as opposed to mechanical flocculators were selected due to their simplicity, reliability and costs. Four alternative types of sedimentation system were evaluated: SICICIlANUIRBAN ENVIRONMEN1 iro.jEc-r ENVIRONMENTA LASSESSMIENT Main Rcptir

1. Standard horizontal flow ciarifiers 2. Tube settler clarifiers 3. Circular mechanicallyscraped radial flow clarifiers 4. Upflow floc blanket units clarifiers

Horizontal flow clarifiers would need to be 2.5 times the size of the tube-settler units selected and were eliminated on grounds of cost and greater difficulties in desludging. Circular radial flow tanks are approximatelixthree times the cost of tube settlers and were not considered. Upflow floc blanket clarifiers provided the onlv serious competition to tube settlers: thev are onlv a little more expensive and sludge removal is simpler. The tube-settlers were selected in preference to upflow units since costs are lower and there is local experience in both their constructionand operation.

The filter design is based on a Chinese traditional water wash with air/water wash facilities added. A siphon from the inlet channel controls the flow to each filter and outlet flow i3 controlled by level. Filter valves are operated bv pneumatic actuators. This design was evaluated and it was concluded that it would be satisfactory for use in the SUEP.

Disinfection is by chlorination alone. a satisfactorv method with a relatively short distribution svstem. The water works sludge will be returned to the Yangtze without treatment. Unless future problems are found with this practice in EPB monitoring. this practice will continue into the future. Sludge thickening and lagoons mav be proposed for construction later if disposal of sludges to the river is found to create problems.

Pipeline Design and TechnologySelection A raw water pipeline optimisation exercise was conducted. A sin-le raw water pipeline of DN 800 was found to be most cost-effective at various discount rates and was selected. Likewise. an optimisation exercise on the treated water pipelines and the single pipeline option as designed was fioundto be cost-effective. taking into account future expansion pianning.

6.2.5 ChenguduNr 2 WwTW

Sewier Interceptor SVisten In order to intercept the wastewater from the 3r Drainage Area. an interceptor of 4.8 km is required to convey this )Nastewaterto the site of the Chengdu Nr 2 WwTW. This interceptor sewer could follow existing roadways for the most part. in semi-urban and rural areas of the city of Chengdu. Three alternative schemes were investigatedfor the constructionof this sewer:

I. Reinforced Concrete Box CuLivert Grav-itySew-er Pipe 3. Lift Station and Gravity Sewer (at shallower depths)

The conicrete box culxert option is usuallv more expensive. all other things being equal. unless duplicate se%%ersare required. This option was not seriously considered as the local design institute considered and rejected it on technical and cost-effectivenessgrounds.

The existinazsewer that requires extension to the treatment plant site is about 7-m deep. As such. a _ravitv sewer connecting to this sewer would need to be between 6-m and 10-m deep to flow to the treatment plant. In an attempt to investigate potential cost savings associated with shallower sewer SICIItI.\Ns 11R.\ ENVIRONNIFN PROJECT ENVIRONMIENTA\L ASSESSMENT Main Reprn construction. an option incorporating a lift station was assessed. Since the sewage requires lifting into the treatment plant. the total pumping head would remain the same, but two lift stations instead of one wouid be required. The benefits would include shallower sewer construction and a shallower inlet chamber at the treatment plant. Present value cost comparisons concluded that the gravitv sewer pipe option. without an intermediate lift station. was the most cost-effective alternative.

There were no viable alternative routes for the interceptor. The proposed route runs adjacent to existing roadwvays with minimal disturbance to surrounding land uses and minimal relocations. There is one crossing of the Sha River (in trench) and one pipe-jacked section under a railway line. Since the water table in some areas of the citv is verv shallow (about 3-m), there will be considerable dewatering of the sewer trenches. since they will be 6-m to 10-m deep.

WVasteivaterTreatmwenit WVorks Whilst the Chinese standards impiv that secondary biological treatment of v.astewater should be used there is. in principle. the alternative of using primarv treatment alone. Cleariv for a given sum of money one could choose to treat a high flow of wastewater by primary treatment or a lower flow bv secondarv treatment. In Appendix B of this SUEP EA, the economic merits of the two approaches were examined.

The Benefit / Cost ratio in Appendix B shiows that secondary treatment has a clear economic benefit over primarv treatment. This -reater benefit has led to the selection of secondarv treatment of wastewater for all SUEP wastewater schemes with the exception of Leshan where there are special reasons why the construction of full treatment works has been delaved to a future phase of the SUEP.

Appendix B also shows that tile provision of tertiarv treatment facilities. in order to remove suspended solids to a level below 10 m2/l. is not cost-effective. It was concluded that the design standard of 20 mg/1 of BOD and 30 mg/l of suspended solids was a logical choice. There are a number of treatment processes that can be used to achieve the treated effluent standards. In preparing the "Approach to Wastewater Treatment' the followingzwere the main factors which have been considered: The experience and wishes of the user - USER Efficiency in po%ser consumption - POWER Reliabilitv and ease of maintenance - EASE Sludge disposal aspects - SLUDGE The Environmental Impact ofthe works - EIA

Three basic processes have been adopted following full discussions betw.Neentile users. their consultants and the DRA consultants:

I. Conventional Activated Sludge: with Fine Bubble Diffused Aeration (FBDA). and sludge digestion and dewatering prior to disposal for agricultural use and/or to landfill With the possible installation. at a later date. of diesel engines Using digester gas to produce poNver.

2. Extended Aerationi: using FBDA. without primarv settlement or anaerobic sludge diiestion but Withsludge dewaterinEprior to disposalto landfill. SICI IUAN RtRAN ENVIRONMEINT PROJFCr ENVIRONiMIENTAl. ASSESSMENT Main Report

3. Extended Aeration: using brush aerators in a "race-track" tank. without primary treatment or anaerobic sludge digestion but with sludge dewatering prior to disposal to landfill.

The Chengdu Nr 2 WwTW is a very large plant in a citv that has previously built and operated a conventional activated sludge WwTW at Sanwayao. Conventional activated sludge was the clear choice for the Nr 2 WwTW. In Chengdu there is experience of operating anaerobic digesters. Problems have been experienced at Sanwayao due partly to inadequate mixing. Chengdu wishes to continue with anaerobic di2estion and. with the opportunitv to purchase well proven equipment from the wvest(with strong performanceguarantees). thev are confident that the benefits of the process will be realised.

Following a period of operation. when the gas production rates are confirmed and the calorific value of the gas is established. the ChenOduWastewater Company may install gas engines coupled to power generation plant. This approach has been evaluated and presented in the Chengdu feasibility report. It is shown that the power that can be generated will be about 2 200 kw.

The decision to use conventional activated sludge secondary treatment. sludge digestion and power recoverv is supported by four factors:

I. Chengdu will be able to safely employ sludge for agricultural use. (Landfill is recommended as the initial disposal option. Agricultural use could be approved by EPB in the future if the digestion is adequate and heavy metal concentrations are not a problem.)

2. After a period of operation to establish the gas production rate that can be consistently achieved. the Chen2du Wastewater Co could install CHP plant in order to further increase the energv efficiencv of the works. A major power saving estimated to be 2200 kw will be achieved.

H.Having achieved successful operation of the new works Chengdu will be in a position to use the w%orksas a training centre for anaerobic dizestion so that others in the Province and elsexNhere in China will be able to realise the benefits of the process.

4. This process is probably the one with greatest environmental benefit: it will be reliable and efficient as a means of effluent treatment: it will create negligible odour problems: it x%ill produce a sludge that is safe to use on agricultural land.

S/lz,tre Disp.osul .Sisteni There were only t\o options for disposal of the sludge produced by the Chengdu Nr 2 WwTW. aitricultural fertiliser or trucking to the landfill. Although sludge is apparently utilised for agricultural fertiliser at the Sanwavao WwTW. there are sienificant concerns with this practice because of the lack of adequate stabilisation in the di-esters and the potential for heavy metal accumulation. The sewer and sediment sampling conducted in the Nr 2 WwTW catchment sewers by SRIEP indicate somewhat contlictin_ results. The water sampling would indicate that heavy metals are no problem while the sediments do contain some metals of concern. It is not concluded likely that heav, metal accumulation in the sludge will occur but there is a large industrial contribution to the facility with unknown levels of pre-treatment.

J41'67 E.A.CH-I'TFIR 6 6- 0 DECEMBER 1998 SICHUAN URBAN ENVIRONMENTPROJEICT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT MlainReporn

Discussions between the SRIEP. DRA consultants and the World Bank have concluded that the preferred option at this time for sludee disposal is trucking to the landfill. Facilities for loading and trucking the sludge will be included in the Phase I SUEP project.

The Citv of Chengdu is committed to properly operating the sludge digestion facilities as outlined in the "Approach to Wastewater Treatment''. The EPB will be closeiv monitoring operations and these developments as well as regularly sampling the wastewater and sludge. If the sludge digestion facilities are operated properly to provide proper stabilisation of the sludge and. if the sludge qualitv can meet the EPB standards relative to heavy metals, agricultural use of the sludge may be approved.

6.2.6 Leshan Wastewater Collection and Preliminarv Treatment System

Sewi.er Interceptor System There were few alternatives options available for the interceptor sewer with respect to either materials or routes. The reinforced concrete interceptor sewers will be laid on concrete bedding in manually excavated trenches as per standard local installation procedures. Some of the sewers will be laid immediately adjacent to surface streams and provision will be made to protect them from infiltration and inflow during high water periods. The sewer interceptor routes are somewhat fixed bv the outfalls from the existina combined sewer network within the city. Construction along the waterways does minimise demolition and relocation. In some cases the sewers will require crossing of major streets and some transportation impacts are inevitable.

The locations of the pump stations are also fixed bv the existing combined sewer network. The two smaller pump stations are especially limited in that they will intercept existing outfalls. For the large Xiao Gona Zui Nr 3 pump station and preliminary treatment facility, the location near the junction of the Dadu and the Mvinrivers is again fixed bv the sewer system and topography. This location can receive gravitv flow in the interceptors along both the Min and Dadu rivers. Unfortunately, this area is also a focal point of tourist activity with a small park used for viewing the rivers. boats and Grand Buddha site further downistream. The pump station will be constructed adjacent to the retaining wall of the Dadu River and all efforts will be made to minimise local impacts from noise and the removal of screenings at this location. Since the total sewage load from the city will flow to this location. special consideration will also be made for raw sewage bvpasses during power or mechanical failure. In the detailed design stage of the project. provision will be made to pipe emergency overflows from the pump station into the Dadu river rather than allowing raw sewage to flow overland to the river.

The choice of method of laying, the pipe across the river has not been finalised. The two choices. ulicier consideration are -tloat and sinl

uaSteiraCterC'ollectiiOn anI Pre-Treautnent kVorks The location of the fiuture W\%TW downstream of the city of Leshan is a louical choice from techinical. water quality and environmental grounds. The removal of the wastewater from the urban centre to a lower section of the Min improves the local health and water quality conditions as well as providing additional dilution capability for the proposed discharge of preliminary treated wastewater. and the future effluent from a secondarv WwTW.

41367.tA.CHAl'TER6 & 11 DECENMBER1998 SICHIUA.Nt Rx- N [:N\'IRO\'M%IFNT PRO.WC'r ENVIRONMENTAL -\sSF.9SMENT MIainRepon

Early planninigof the Leshan scheme suggested that only the wastewater generated south of the Zhugong Xi would be collected bv the new interceptors and treatment scheme. Leshan had planned to construct another treatment plant north of the Zhugong Xi in the future. However. it is looical to size the proposed interceptors to convev all city wastewater south of the Dadu rather than building a second treatment worklsupstream of the citv.

The Phase I SUEP project consists only of preliminarytreatment of the wastewater in Leshan. Future SUEP phases can easily add further treatment processes in a logical and phased process. The next Leshan project could add primary sedimentation and sludge treatment at the WwTW site and secondary treatment processes could be added in a third phase. Such a phased approach will allow investments in early phases that create more significant water quality improvement.but still allow the City of Leshan to move toward the Provincialgoal of secondary WwTW.

Screenings Disposal System The disposal of screenings at Pump Station Nr 3 downtown in Leshan was originally conceived with removal by boat to an unknown disposal location. In consultation with the EPB, this proposed option was rejected because of health and nuisance concerns with the operation, as well as concerns that a suitable disposal site was not available along the rivers. In the detailed design stage. the handling of screenin-s will be modified to include dewatering and facilities to haul the screenings to the sanitarv landfill. Improvements to the existing landfill in Leshan are covered bv another Phase I SUEP project.

6.2.7 Deyang WwTW

SeiiwerIniterceptor Svstem The routing of the proposed box culvert sewer interceptorto the WwTW follows the west-bank of the Mianvuan River. It mav be constructed within a river-side retraining wall as was the apparent practice in the sections of interceptor alreadv constructed. Details of the proposed construction method are not yet known but it should present no major environmentalconcerns.

The City of Devang prefers to utilise the 1.5-m square box culvert for this installation rather than a pipeline. Their preference is based on past experience with this type of work combined with their desire to combine the xworkinto a river side amenity. A cost comparisonhas indicatedthat a DN 1500 concrete pipeline would be somewhat cheaper than the box culvert but the project has accepted the citvsS desire to use the box culvert.

WCa.stlvateL'rTreutiiett lfo;ks Whilst the Chinese standards imply that secondary biological treatment of wastewater should be used there is. in principle. the alternative of using primarv treatment alone. Cleariv for a aiven sum of money one could choose to treat a high flow of wastewater by primary treatment or a lower flow bv secondarv treatment. In AppendixB. the economic merits of the two approaches are examined.

It can be seen from the Benefit / Cost ratio presented in the appendix that secondarv treatment has a clear economic benefit over primary treatment. This greater benefit has led to the selection of secondary treatment of wastewater for all cases in the SUEP with the exception of Leshan where there are special reasons why the construction of full secondary treatment works has been delaved to the second stagYeof the SUEP. The appendix also shows that the provision of tertiarv treatment facilities

VIA' FACH APTI R h f- 12 DFCEN1BF:R 1)9X SICHlUl NMURIt \N ENVIRONMIENTPROJECT ENVIRONMIENTAL.-\SSFSS,\IENT MIainRepon in order to remove suspended solids to a level below 20 mg/l is not cost-effective. It was concluded that the design standard of 20 mg/l of BOD and 30 mg/I of suspended solids was a logical choice.

There are a number of treatment processesthat can be used to achieve the treated effluent standards. In preparing the -Approach to Wastewater Treatment" the following were the main factors which have been considered:

The experience and wishes of the user - USER Efficiency in power consumption - POWER Reliabilityand ease of maintenance - EASE Sludge disposal aspects - SLUDGE The Environmental Impact of the works - EIA

Three basic processes have been adopted following full discussiops between the users, their consultants and the DRA consultants:

1. Conventional Activated Sludge: with Fine Bubble Diffused Aeration (FBDA), and sludge digestion and dewatering prior to disposal for agricultural use and/or to landfill with the installation at a later date of diesel engines using digester gas to produce power.

2. Extended Aeration: using FBDA, without primarv settlement or anaerobic sludge digestion but with sludge dewatering prior to disposal to landfill.

3. Extended Aeration: using brush aerators in a "race-track" tvpe oxidation ditch. without primary treatment or anaerobic sludge digestion but with sludge dewatering prior to disposal to landfill.

Devang prefers to use brush aerators in a "race-track" type oxidation ditch and to accept a less efficient aeration svstem in order to simplifv operation and maintenance. The Citv has not operated a WwTW in the past and the operational ease is a major preference of the wastewatercompany. The DRA consultants have concurred with this request and have contacted one of the major western contractors experienced withi these tvpes of oxidation ditches. Kruger (OTV). to confirm the design arranuements and suggest some minimum modifications to standard designs. The major suggested improvement is the inclusion of an anoxic zone. at the inlet to the oxidation ditch. due to the large industrial contribution within the citv. It is considered that the anoxic zone will reduce the potential for sludge bulkini in the WwTW which would otherwise causing major operational problems.

As discussed earlier. the use of advanced tertiary treatment processes cannot be justified eithier on cost-effectiv-eness arounds or on the basis of nutrient removal and the downstream Three Gorges Scheme. The problem of low background flows during the dry season can be mitigated either through advanced treatment. river-flowvauumentation. or a combination of the two approaches.

The Urban Pollution Impacts Assessment (Appendix A) estimated that a release of up to 5 m-'/s from the headwaters of the Mianvuan (in order to maintain a minimum flow in the river of about 10 mJ/s) would result in a similar improvement in dry season water qualitv as the provision domestic and industrial wastewater treatment. These findings will need to be addressed in later phases of the SUEP.

J1T67 FA.C11APTFR 6 6- 13 DECEMBER 1998 SICI IUAN URBAN FNVIRONNIENTPROJECT ENVIRONMENTALASSESSMENT *ilin Report

SluidgeDisposal Svstem There were oniv two options for disposal of the sludge produced by the Deyang WwTW, agricultural fertiliser or transport to landfill. Although septic tank and night soil sludge is apparentiv utilised for agricultural fertiliser in Devang, there are significant concerns with allowing this practice for WwTW sludge because of the potential for heavv metal accumulation. The sewer and sediment sampling conducted in the Devang catchment sewers bv SRIEP indicates somewhat conflicting results. The water sampling would indicate that heavv metals are no problem while the sediments do contain some metals of concern. It is not concluded likelv that heavv metal accumulation in the sludge will occur but there is a large industrialcontribution to the facility with unknown levels of pre-treatment.

Discussions between the SRIEP, DRA consultants and the World Bank have concluded that the preferred option at this time for sludge disposal is transporting to landfill. Facilities for loadine and trucking the sludge will be included in the Phase I SUEP project. SRIEP have evaluatedthis sludge hauling and landfilling and found it to be environmentallyacceptable.

6.2.8 Zigong WwTW

Sever Interceptor System Zigonr is located in a hilly section of the Fuxi river vallev. There were few design and alignment alternatives available for the interceptor sewer. The proposedalignment of the interceptor,requiring a combination of piers adjacent to riverside walls and tunnels, forms the only logical option for intercepting flows from the many existing outfalls to the Fuxi River. Furthermore,there are too manv existing services under the embankment roads to allow construction under the pavement and construction would also be extremely disruptive to downtown traffic and commerce. Another benefit of the chosen alternative is that it minimises potential resettlement problems for the construction.

WVastewsarerTreatm>ent WVorks The site of the treatment works has logically been located downstream of the city centre and on a relativelv flat site above the 100-vearflood level of the Fuxi. There were no alternative sites reviewed but there are limited areas meeting these criteria and the site seems appropriate.

Whilst the Chinese standards impiv that secondarv biological treatment of wastewatershould be used there is. in principle. the alternative of using primary treatment alone. Cleariv for a civen sum of monev one could choose to treat a high flow of wastewater bv primarv treatment or a lower flow bv secondarv treatment. In Appendix B of this EA. the economic merits of the txvo approaches are examined.

It can be seen from the Benefit / Cost ratio presented in the appendix that secondary treatment has a clear economlilcbenefit over primarv treatment. This greater benefit has led to the selection of secondarv treatment of wastewater for all cases in the SUEP with the exception of Leshan where there are special reasons why the construction of full secondarv treatment works has been delaved to the second stage of the SUEP. There are a number of treatment processes that can be used to achieve the treated effluent standards. In preparing the "'Approachto Wastewater Treatment" the following were the main factors vwhichhave been considered:

The experience and wishes of the user - USER Efficiency in power consumption - POWER Reliabilitv and ease of maintenance - EASE

*,r: TAva1lt ,,, - (1R t ncwN4L lo SICHl \N t RB-N ENVIRONMENTPROJECT ENVIRONMIENTAL.\SSFSSMFINT NlaiiiRerort

Sludge disposal aspects - SLUDGE The EnvironmentalImpact of the works - EIA

Three basic processes have been adopted following full discussions between the users. their consultants and the DRA consultants:

1. Conventional Activated Sludce: with Fine Bubble Diffused Aeration (FBDA), and slud2e di.estion and dewatering prior to disposal for agricultural use and/or to landfill with the recovery of power by use of digester gasas a fuel in diesel engines.

2. Extended Aeration: using FBDA. without primary settlement or anaerobic sludge digestion but with sludge dewatering prior to disposal to landfill.

3. Extended Aeration; using brush aerators in a "race-track"tank, without primary treatment or anaerobic sludge digestion but with sludge dewatering prior to disposal to landfill.

Zigong has selected the second option of extended aeration using fine bubble diffused aeration. This system has the advantagzethat the more complex anaerobic sludge digestion facilities are avoided but still enjoys the high power efficiencv of using the FBDA.

As discussed earlier, the use of advanced tertiarv treatment processes cannot be justified either on cost-effectiveness groundsor on the basis of nutrient removal and the downstream Three Gorges Scheme.The problem of low background flows during the dry season can be mitigated eitherthrough advanced treatment. river-flow augmentation. or a combination of the two approaches. These decisions will be addressed in later phases of the SUEP.

Slztdge Disposal Svster77 There were onil two options for disposalof the sludge produced by the Zigong WwTW.agricultural fertiliser or transporting to landfill. Although septic tank and night soil sludge is apparently utilised for a!zricultural fertiliser in Ziaong, there are significant concerns with allowing this practice for WwTW sludge because of the potential for heavy metal accumulation. The sewer and sediment sampling conducted in the Zigong catchmentsewers by SRIEP indicatessomewhat conflictingresults. The water sampling would indicate that heavv metals are no problem while the sediments contain some metals of concern. It is not concluded likely that heavv metal accumulation in the sludue will occur but there is a larae industrial contribution to the facility with unknown levels of pre-treatment.

Discussions betwxeen the SRIEP. DRA consultants and the World Bank have concluded that the preferred option at this time for sludge disposal is transporting to landfill. Facilities for loading and truckinig the sludge wvill be inclided in the Phase I SUEP project.

6.2.9 Leshan Municipal Solid Waste Project

Design and Technol(oQ -Selection Initially, thle Leshan city MSW project consisted of a proposal to build a 450 T/day MSW composting plant. The basis of the proposed design was that MSW would be mechanically sorted. ferrous metal recovered for resale. plastic sent for combustion and/or recvcling. The remainder would be composted in Dano drums with secondarv fermentation taking place in windrows. The product was ,then to be screened and 20% urea added to the fine proportion so that it could be sold as fertiliser.

! I F7 p \ C I "11III A A_. Ii nFr\1RFR Il SICIIU.\,Nl UR13ANENVIRONMENT PROJECT ENVIRONMENTALASSESSNIENT Main Repnrt

During the May 1997 workshop, the World Bank expressed technical concerns about funding such a scheme unless it could be proven to be the least-cost option. As such, the proposed MISWcomposting project was further investigatedand found to have several disadvantages: I . dependent on a high degree of mechanisation. 2. dependent upon a high selling price for the main product, 3. dependent on unacceptable incineration standards, -4. lack of improvement and investment in the landfill that would receive the waste if anything went wrong with the composting plant. 5. dependent upon an assumption that the present 50 - 60% inorgranic content of the MSW will decrease as the use of gas replaced coal as cooking and heating fuel.

Further discussionswith Leshan Citv followedand the other MSW options considered were:

Incineration: rejected on the grounds of the calorific value of the waste almost certainly being too low, probablv of the order of 4 000 to 4 500 KJ/k-g. The Leshan EPB aiso legitimate concerns about potential air pollution impacts.

Mechanical sorting for separation of material and recycling: was rejected by the city on the g,roundsthat materials with any value have mostly been removed at by 'pickers' at street level before the waste is collected. This unofficial recycling removes the paper, plastic and bottles such that the pickers on the landfill site collect small pieces of plastic for sale and vegetable waste for pig food. This was confirmed by visual observation at the existing landfill where up to thirty hand pickers glean a verv small harvest (possibly 1% maximum) from the incoming collection trucks. The high capital cost of such a sorting plant could not be justified by the income from sales of the separated materials.

Composting with no additives: rejected on the grounds that the product would produce insufficient income to justifv spending a large sum on the capital cost of the plant. Composting with the addition of urea or NPK is viewed as a high-risk option. An early feasibilitv studv put the sale price of the end product at 660 #/tonne after buying the NPK chemical additive at 2200 X/tonne. It is not known whether local farmers would be prepared to pay this rate. it is not known hoxvquickly the inorganic content of Leshan MSW (68%) may reduce. It is known that there is one apparently successful privately operated plant at Guanghan. However.three plants elsewhere in China have recentiv closed owing to their inability to sell the compost. Since the perceived economic risks are high. such a project is more appropriately undertaken bv the private sector and not bv a municipal authority. For more or less the same reasons. a compost plant sXithoutthe addition of a chemical fertiliser could not be justified particulariv if the product could not be sold.

Landfill: after initially being the Citv's least preferred option. it was agreed that an improved landfill woUld serve an important function in the citv's MSW strategy. particularly if the site could be lar_e enough to generate sufficient gas for collection and resale in the future.

The process of selection w%asmore bv elimination of non-practical alternatives than by rigorous cost benefit techniques.

wlSr-t r lT*nTl rC LA t tL rrCet:nCD lon. SICIItiAN l:R13\N FlNVIROW\IENTl'ROJECT ENVIRONMMENTAL.\SSESSM ENT Main Report

Various options for leachate treatment at the selected landfill site (improved existing site) were examined. Option I using anaerobic treatment and flocculation with an oxidation pond has been selected on the basis that it is the onlv one that will be likelv to improve the colour of the discharge water. This is not a legal requirementbut the expressed opinion of the local farmers. It is also not the most expensive in terms of capital cost and is easily fitted into the contours of the site. This option is also flexible in the sense that dosing and flocculation can be omitted (to produce'sludge) if it proves not to be necessarv. Recent operating data provided for a landfill in Shao Xing in Ze Jian_ Province indicates a similar leachate treatment plant has been successfully meeting discharge standards since 1993.

The topography of the site also allows the additional option of aeration by gravity prior to the oxidation pond. Any requirement for disinfection with UV or chlorine to reduce the effluent bacteria levels can be accomplishedwith the space allowed in the leachatetreatment plant.

Any sludge that is produced by the leachate treatment plant should be in small volumes and it is assumed that it can be added to the leachate recirculationsvstem and return it to the landfill. Based on the lack of satisfactorv performance of other leachate treatment plants observed in Sichuan Province.the operation and performanceof this plant will require careful monitoring bv the EPB.

Siting and Sizing Another factor. which makes the construction of any sophisticated MSW treatment plant a potentially high risk activitv. is the uncertaintv concerning future MSW generationforecasts. Discussion with Leshan regarding future population trends has resulted in agreed design figures. However. there is some doubt over whetherthe steep rise in collection tonnage will actually occur. A landfill MSW option is much more flexible in adjusting to varying collection rates and actual growth in MSW collection. The landfill will operate either more or less years than the planned design year, within the given site capacity.

Three sites were examined for the MSW landfill option. A site was originallv proposed that was within 200 m of the Min River and a small tributarv stream and apparently underlain bv river gravel. It was immediatelv ruled out on the groundsof potential pollution risk

The second site wnasselected bv the National Plannine Desion Institite and was inland from the river area. It consisted of sloping farmland serviced at present bv an unsurfaced track leading to a reasonable road to the citv that was some 5 km awav. This site may well be suitable as a landfill site. once infrastructLiresuch as road access. electrical and water supply has been provided.

Leshianifelt that if investment money is to become available it would,beused to better environmental advantage in improving and enlarging the existing site rather than abandoning it and moving to a new site at igreatercapital expense. As such. Leshan elected to enlarge and improve the existing landfill site.

6.3 No Project Alternatives

The -'No Project" alternatives merelv continue the status quo of inadequate water supply facilities in four Sichual communities. significant wastewater pollution in four Sichuan communities. and inadequate N'ISWcollection and disposal in Leshan. The per capita consumptions. poor existing SICHUANURBA\N ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ENVIRONMENTALASSESSMIENT Maii Repvrc treatment plant capacities and performance(for WTWs identified for decommissioning),and quicklv expanding urban areas provide ample evidence of the need for the water supply projects. The Urban Pollution Impacts Assessment provided significant evidence of the serious nature of river pollution in the project area and the small urban corridors and streams conveying raw sewage may be an even greater concern. Leshan has obvious needs for improved collection and landfill facilities and the entire Sichuan province could greatly benefit from the demonstration effects of a properly designed and operated landfill.

6.4 Phase I SUEP Projects Connection to OngoingActivities and Future SUEP Projects

The development of the Phase I SUEP projects occurred simultaneouslv with the production of the COWI/DHI water resources and water qualitv strategies. These projects form an important part of the overall Sichuan development strategies. The completion of any other additional work in Sichuan on integratedplanning of water resources and water qualitv or industrial pollution control will not change or lessen the positive impacts of these proposed projects. The COWI/DHI strategies include an extremely comprehensive package of environmental infrastructure investment in Sichuan province. At this time. the Phase I SUEP projects are a proper first step along the path of the overall provincial strategies.

Various pieces of work arising from earlier recommendationsare now in progress:

e An Industrial Pollution Control Action Plan (IPCAP) is being prepared with support from DFID.

* A feasibilitv Studv for the control of one of the most serious discharges in the province. from a fertiliser factorv, is under way. again with support from DFD.

* A social benefits studv supported bv DFID is in progress.

Important recommendationswhich have not yet been implemented include the following:

* Water Resource studies to evaluate the potential and benefits of regulatingriver flows to provide minimum flows to achieve a minimum level of dilution of treated wastewater.

* The evaluation of the significance and control of non-point source pollution loads.

I,.,,_, rt,.rvrD to rOt,,; rr DD11d SIC IUAXNURB .\N ENVIRONMfENTPROJECT FNVIRONNIENTALA.SSESSNIENT Main Rcport

7. MITIGATION AND MONITORING MANAGEMENT PLANS

7.1 Mitigation and Monitoring of the Implementation of Mitigation

The project components of SUEP wvillpotentiallv cause a varietv of shiort-term construction and operation impacts. A series of mitigation measures hiave been planned to reduce the impacts to acceptable levels. The implementation of these mitigation measures will occur during construction and operation. In order to ensure that the mitigation measures are effectivelv carried out "mitiigation monitoring. procedures have been established and the oreanisations to be reponsible for this monitoring have been designated.

The SUEP PMO will have an ongoing responsibility to track and report the monitoring of mitigation measures of all the identified agencies. in addition to their direct responsibilities.

In this chapter the generic approach to the selection of appropriate mitigation methods and the designation of tvpical monitoring measures and responsibilities are presented. In Appendix E the individual impacts. mitigation measures and means and responsibilities for monitoring of the implementation of the mitiaation are presented for each project component.

Both in this Chapter and in Appendix E. the following coding was used to identify the agencies responsible for monitorin- of mitigation measures:

Agencies responsiblefor Monitoring of Mitigation

Code Agency

a. Provincial Construction Commission (implemented by P.M.O.) b. Provincial EPB c. C itr Construction Commission d. City EPB e. City Wastewater Companv f. Citv Urban Drainage Corporation

7.1.1 Construction Phase- WTW

There are four proposed water suppIV projects in the first phase of SUEP. All four of these projects include a similar package of intake. transmission. treatment. and treated water facilities. There are obviously differences of scope and impact but there are generic similarities in the tvpes of impacts and mitiQations that x ill be undertaken. In Tables 7.1 to 7.6 sumibaries of the construction-pliase impacts are identified. the type of mitigation measures required are described. and the tvpe of nionitorimn,and responsible agencies are showni.

In Appendix E a similar format has been used to present the specific impacts. mitigations. monitorina of mitiations and responsibilities.

1 A1 ( I AP 'rMR . 7-I I)F(FT11FPR 1Q()R SICHITAN IRtlB\N ENVIRONNIENT PROJECT ENVIRONMIENTAI ASSESSMENT Mlain Report

Table 7.1 Raw water supply sources, intake structures

Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures Type _Monitonn Responsible I Agencies Dam and di4crsion Construction best management practices Visual. daily logs c.d consinicticon.protect (BMPs). notification of downstream users downstream water supply intakes

Disruption of aquatic species. Identif- Avoidance - Repicmn it isual. %xeekly.inspections c.d terrestrial species. sensitive necessary areas and wetlands

Table 7.2 Raw Water Pumping and Transmission

Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures Mlonitoring Type Responsible Relocationsand land Detaildies conversions and land Detailed and sufficient RAPs and repiacement Surveys. visual n conversion

Sensitive areas and wetlands Reaiignment or protection Survevs. complaints. visual d

ffi .Streamand drainagec crossings | BMPs and protecton Weekly inspections. complaints d

Debris disposal I Contract provisions Visual and truck logs c

Table 7.3 Water Treatment Works Site

Potential Impacts Mlitigation ~leasuresMonitorin TiPC ResponsibleRleasuresAgencies Relocations and laLid Detailed and sut'ficient RAPs and replacement Surveys. visual c conmersion

! - \C,lhtlicticu,neucni' cron \rchitccturaldesign. landscaping pros rsioiis tonmpiaplits

S Nurse l.imited 'uork hours. equipment specitications Ambient level monitoring. complaints d

I[rosion and site \'ork B\13Ps Visual. dail\ logs

| uitet' [ raining and Contract Prosisions Accident. training records c

Dust and Air Qtualit% ContracL operational manual Records c

41 .67.EA.CHIAPT:R 7 7-2 DECEMBER 1998 SCIlCMANURBAN ENVIRONMIENTPROJECT ENVIRON,MIENTAL,\SSESSM ENT Main Rep rt

Table 7.4 Treated Water Pumping and Water Storage

Potential Impacts M1itigationMeasures MonitoringType Responsible Agencies Relocationsand land Detailedand sutticient RAPs and replacement Survevs.visual c conversion

SensitiveAreas and Wetlands Realignmentor protection Surveys. complaints.visual d

Flushinglocations Protection Complaints d

Noiseand misc.(backup As appropriate.generator As Appropriate As appropriate. powerl

Table 7.5 Distribution Svstem and Water Consumers

MponitoringTvpeTMeasures Responsible PotentialImpacts |ifigation MiiIio esue ontrn I Agencies Quantirt reliabilir- during Plantrecords. recorders. water meters Review of reports and weekly I c.e construction andstart-up of summaries new system

Qualit reliabilit\ during Daily treated water quaiity testine and Review of reports and weekly e.d constructionand start-up of reporting summaries new system

Table 7.6 Construction Debris

Potential Impacts MitigationMeasures NlonitoringType ResponsibleAozencies Uncontrolleddisposal sites Monitordisposal Visual.truck logs c.d

Hazardous material use and .Monitoruse and disposal Visual.truck logs c.d disposal

Direct or indirect dumping in Monitordisposal. contract provisions Visual.inspections c.d streams

7.1.2 Construction Phase - WwTW

There are four proposed %%astewatercollection and treatment projects ilnthe first phase of SUEP. All four of these projects include a similar packiage of in terceptor sewers. treatment piant. sludge disposal and effluent impacts. There are obviouslv differences of scope and impact but there are generic sim-nilarities ill the types of impacts and Imnitigationsthat will be undertaken. Tables 7.7 to 7.10 provide summaries of the construction-phase impacts. proposed mitigation measures. type of monitoring and responsible agencies.

41367EA-CHAPTER7 7- 3 DECEMBER 1E98 SlCilClAN URBAN ENVIRONNIENTPROJECT ENVIRONMENTALASSESSNMENT MlainReport

Table 7.7 Wastewater Transmission and Pumping

PoientialImpacts %litigationMeasures lMonitoringType Responsible an ln RP ad dqut cmpnato j__I______PC______Agencies Relocationsand land RkPs andadequate compensation Sampling andcomplaints c.d conversiont

Dustand Air qualir\ Contractprovisions. supersion Records e

SensitiveAreas And Realignmentor protection Records e Wetlands

Noise Limited hours.equipment destgn Monthlylogs e.d

Aesthetics Architecturaldesign and landscaping Visuai.complaints e

Streamcrossings BestManagement Pr-ictices (BMPs) Weeklylogs e

Safetr Training andcontract provisions Accideni/traininarecords e. C

River/streambank stability BestManagement Practices (BMPs) Weeklylogs e andenvironment

Materialhauling Operatinghours. routig provisions Truck logs. complaints e.d.c

Table 7.8 Wastewater Treatment Plant

Potential Impacts NlitigationMeasures MonitoringTvpe Rencie Relocationsand land RAPsand adequate compensation Samplingand complaints c conversion

Aesthetics Architecturaldesign and landscaping Visual.complaints d

Noise Limitedhours. equipment design Monthlylogs d

Erosionisite oork BestManagement Practices BNIPs) Weeklhlogs C

Satety Training andcontract provisions Accidentitraininarecords e

Sensitiv areasanid ctLiands Rcaiignmentor protection Records |d

Dust.hauling - air qualn ! Contractprovisions. supervision Records e.c.d I mpacts

FDeoaterinm BestManagement Practices (BNIPs) Wceklylogs e

41367.EA.CHAPTER 7 7-4 DECEMBER 1998 SICHUAN UIRBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSM1ENT !?uluinReport

Table 7.9 Sludge Management System

Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures Monitoring Type ARensies

Relocations and land RAPs and adequatecompensation Sampling and complaints c conversion

Aesthetics Architectural design and landscaping Visual. complaints d

Noise Limited hours. equipment design NMonthlylogs d

Erosion and site wNork BMPs Weekly logs e

Safet Training and contract provisions Accident and training records e

Sensitive areasand w%etlands Realignment or protection Records d

Dust. hauling - air quality Contract provisions. supervision Records e.c.d impacts_|

Table 7.10 Construction Debris Disposal

Potential Impacts litigation Measures Mlonitoring Type Responsible ______A g encgecie Uncontrolied disposal site M'vlonitordisposal Visual, truck logs c.d

Hazardous material use and Monitor use and disposal Visual. truck logs c.d disposal

Direct or indirect dumping in Monitor disposal- contract provisions Visual. inspections c.d streams

7.1.3 Construction Phase - MSW

There is onlN one MSW project in the first phase of SUEP. located in Leshan. Tables 7.11 to 7.14 provide summarise the construction-phase impacts. the mitigation measures, the tvpe of mitigation monitorinz to be employed and responsible agencies.

Table 7.11 Collection and Transfer Svstems

ilitigation ionitoring Type Responsible Potential Impacts Measures A2encies iRelocatiOns alid land connersion RAl's and adequatecompensation ampl and complaints cd

DLst anidair quality Contract prov-isions.supervision Records f

Sensitise areasand ssetlands Realignment or protection Records f

Noi Nsc \ Limited hours. equipment design Monthly logs ftd

Material hauling Operating hours. routing provisions Truck logs. complaints fd.c

Satity| | Training and contract provisions .AccidenL training records f

41367.EA.CHAPTFR 7 7- 5 DECEMBER 1998 SICHUAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECr ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT IMainReponr

Table 7.12 Sanitarv Landfill

Responsible Potential Impacts Mlitigation M,eeasures Monitoring Type Agencies

Relocations and land RAPs and adequatecompensation Sampling and complaints c conversion

Aesthetics Architectural design and landscaping Visual. complaints d

Noise Limited hours. equipment design Monthly logs d

Erosion. site work Best Management Practices (BMPsF 4Weeklylogs

Satrtv Training and contract provisions AccidenL training records t

Sensifive areasand vsetlands Reaiignment or protection Records d

Dust. hauling -air quality Contract provisions. supervision Records t:c.d impacts

Dewatenng Best Management Practices(BMPs) Weekly logs f

Leachate Control Best Management Practices (BMPs) Weekly logs

Removal of e.'istins Inspections and records Visual. completion log f incinerators

Table 7.13 Leachate Handling, Existing Facilitv

Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures Monitoring Type Responsible Agencies Relocations amd land RAPs and adequatecompensation Sampling and complaints c conversion

Aesthetics I Architectural design and landscaping Visual. complaints d

Noise Limited hours. equipment design INMonthlylogs d

Erosion and site x%ork BMPs *Weekly logs e

Satetx Training and contract provisions Accident and training records e

Sensitive areas and %tctlands 1Rcalignment or protection Records d

Dust. hauling - air 4ualitx I Contract prov isions. supervision Records e.c.d imnacts [_ I !

Table 7.14 Construction Debris Disposal

Potential~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Imat Responsible I'otential Impacts s litigation Nieasures lonitoringTypeTvencie

Uncontrolled dumilps, Monitor disposal Visual. truck logs c.d

Ilazardous material use and iMonitoruse and disposal Visual. truck loes c.d disposal t Direct or indirect dumping in fMonitordisposal. contract provisions Visual. inspections c.d

.1I 367.EA.CHAPTER 7 7- 6 DECEMBER 1998 SICHUAN URBA\ iNVIRONMENT PROJECT FNVIRI)NNIENT.AL\SSESSIFNT Main Report

7.1.4 Operation Phase - WTW

Tables 7.15 to 7.19 provide summaries of the typical operation-phase impacts. proposed miticgation measures.tvpe of monitoring and responsibleagencies.

Table 7.15 Raw Water Supplv Source, Intake Structure

*1 F ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Responsible PotentialImpacts | litigationMleasures !MonitoringType Agencies Minimumdry seasonquantirt. Modellingand ordinances Hydrologyrecords and monitoring b.c for usersplus in-streamvalues. is insufficient

Rawwater not mceting qualiry Controlof upstreamdischarges. ability to Raw waterdaily samples e.d standards monitorupstream conditions. spills. etc.

Contaminationot upstream | Ordinancesand watershed protection Provincial.countv. citv approvaisot c sourcearea potentialpollutant sources

Pesticides/herbicides.irrigation Monitortirst tiusl for suchcontaminants atnd Annualsampling b first flush takecorrective action if necessarv

Disruptionof aquaticspecies Fishprotection design and operational Contractand Biomonitorine b procedures

Noise Low noiseequipment Ambientlevels. complaints d jA;esthetics Aesthetics ~~~~Architecturaldcsign,landscaping provisions {CmplaintsCmlit d

Table 7.16 Raw Water Pumping and Transmission

Responsible PotentialImpacts MIitigationMeasures MlonitoringTvpe Resnsie | I A2encies Pipelinefailure. damagc and Designparameters. construction supervision. ilooding ()&.M plans is. testng

Controlor vale failure Same Same

Plrotectioniof privateproperty and |Flushinglocation impacns ventironment. Complaints c.d

i ,A71:A Ci-APTVt ? 7_7 F'F\ARFR IOQR SICHULANURB.N E:NVIRONMFNTPRO.lFCT ENVIRONMENTALASSESSMENT Main Report

Table 7.17 Water Treatment Works Site, Including Pumping Station

PotentialImpacts r MitiggationM\ieasures MIonitoringType Responsible Plantshut-downs (vwhole or | Contract specifications.O&M procedures Operatingrecords c

Raw waterproblems Sourceprotection. monitoring Plantand EPB records d

Noise 1Low noiseequipmenit Ambientlevels. complaints d

Chemicalhandling Designand safety equipment and measures Records e

Safety Design.safet% equipment and training Trainingrecords e

Distributionsystem overloau Desienrev iew NModelsand plans reviews c.e

Powerfailure Backuppower or doublefeed Records c

Air pollutionaffecting Coverall treatmentunits PlansReviewv e treatmentunits

Treatedwater quality problems Realtime control Daiiy records d.e

Table 7.18 Residuals Disposal

I Tve Responsible PotentialImpacts | litigationMeasures ~~~ ~Iotor lonitoringTpe ~~~~~~~~~~~I enie Quantirtof residualstoo h1211 Senlementponds. setiands.etc. Dail records e

Qualir of residualsis a c Sameas above Quarterivsampling e problem. _

i Upstreamfllo reductions I causingmoreEimpact Changeor modily dischargelocation Visual de c ausingmore impact .

!Ambicnt impactsto h) al environmem Slov releaserather than largeslug tlows Quarterlysampling d (thickening. storagee

Table 7.19 Distribution Svstem and Water Consumers

PotentialImpacts MIitization Nieasures !lonitoring Type Responsie Rcliabilitxolfsuppi% prohliiis Distributioncheck. modelling Sur%evs.complaints Ad

Failureto achiec %ater Dail%Sampling Records d qualitystandards

Fire 11o0insufficient ll drant tests Records d

413671EA.CHAPTER 7 7-8 DECEMBER1998 SICHU-AN L;RBt\N ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSNIENT .\uain Report

7.1.5 Operation Phase - WwTW

Tables 7.20 to 7.27 provide summaries of the generic operation-phase impacts. proposed mitigation measures. tvpe of monitoring and responsibleagencies for wastewatertreatment.

Table 7.20 Solid Waste, Septage, and Direct Discharge Sources

1~~~~~~~~~~ Responsible Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures Mlonitoring Type Agencies

Uncontrolled direct or Enforce ordinances. provide better Solid Waste Inspections and lines d. f indirect dumpine of solid collection sites. cleanup campaigns %saste. to surface water

Septage dumped directly to Enact and enforce local ordinances. provide for List of ordinances and d. c. e streams or indireCtly through septage treatment in Solid Waste or WwTW projects enforcement statistics sewer systems

Industrial solid wastedirect Enforce ordinances. monitor adjacent waterways Ordinances and entorcement b. d dumping statistics

Industrial hazardous and Enact and enforce a "cradle to grave" tracking and Installation of program and b.d toxic waste direct dumping treatment system for hazardous/toxic waste tracking and treatment records or indirect impact to groundw-ater

Table 7.21 Raw Sewage, Domestic and IndustrialSources to Sewer Svstems

Potential Impacts MMitigation Measures j Monitoring Type Responsible Agencies Low strength domestic Eliminate septic tanks when not needed, ensurethat Sample sewer 5ystems.WuTW c sew%age.tuse of septic tanks. local connections are made and are watertight influent and connection record or high infiltration or intlow)

Setgcdumin casn Enc andenoc oa odnne,prvd o List of ordinancesand e.d treatment disruption or septagetreatment in SW or WwTW projects enforcement statistics. inspect. bypasses

L~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I Industrial pre-treatmennt Enact and enforce adequate pre-treatmentprograms I Pre-treatment monitor & b.d.e problems and make responsible to swastew%ater company inspect.. Ww"\W intluent record

Inidustrial accidents and j Enact regulations requiring notitication of the List of ordinances and records d

I spills. problems- sesversor j %TW as well as specified proteectionmeasures of incidents and compliance treatment%\ orks

i scessi'seinliltration or Perlorm \ isualiTVior other inspectionsof the sewer Records of sewer systern e in tloxi in se%%ersystems s%stemsand take corrective action I evaluations

C ham_gesin domesEic NloMnitor changes in water use rates and s\aste%nater Meter and plant records C consumption causing design generation rates by neighbourhoods load \ aration

Changes in industrial Monitor changes in industrial quantity and quaiity Flow and quality records d.e consumiiptioncausing design through enforced pre-treatment program I load variation

P.% CHA'1-lPTI: P 7 7_ 4 nPrFMRFR 144R SICHU!.ANITRBA.\N ENVIRONMENT l'ROJECT ENVIRONNIENTA\L.SSESSMIENT Main Report

Table 7.22 Raw Sewage Overflows, Various Locations

. ~~~~Responsible PotentialImpacts MCIitigation Measures lonitorinmType Aensie I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Agencies Overflowimpacts in general Sewerseparation. inliltration/ intlow correction. Number.quantitn estimate of d.c to healthand en ironment protectov erflows overtlows

Excessoverflows trom Evaluateand improve collection systems Numberof overtlowsplotted d.c designcalcuiations againststorm events

Humandirect contact Protectoutlets and dow.%nstream users Visuaiand health records d.c.health

Impactsto surfacewaters Developmixing zonesto dissipateimpacts Visualand surface water d monitoring

Sensitivearea impacts Relocateor adjustoverflow if possible Visualand compliance records c.d

Table 7.23 Wastewater Transmission and Pumping

PotentialImpacts MlitigationMleasures MNonitoringType Responsible Foul odoursand gases Properdesign and industrial waste controls Samplingand compliance c.d records

Accidentsworkine in sewers Satetvtrainine Trainineand accident records e

Accidentaloverflows while DetailedO&M proceduresand prevention of Records e workin2 in system directdumping into system

Sewersystem blocka2es DetailedO&M proceduresand prevention of direct Records.visual obs of eleaning c.d dumpinginto system.cleaning equipment available equip

Noisefrom pumpstations Designand protective measures Ambientmonitoring and c.d ______1complaints Power faiiureat pump Backuppo%er system or dualfeed Electricmeters and visual d.e stations | checkof thebackup system or secondarvfeed

lMechanitcallaiiure at pump Design.O&M procedures.spare parts available Weeklylogs d.c stations!

ILeakscontaminating local Designand protective measures Ambientmomtoring and c.d 2roind"atcr complaints

41367 EA.CHAPTIR7 10 DFCEMvBEFR1(99 SICHtAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT Main Report

Table 7.24 Wastewater Treatment Plant

Potential Impacts MXlitigation Nleasures NMonitoringType Responsible Agencies Lowcr or higher intluent Septic tanl usage rates. Intiltrationilntlow Connection and operating e quantity or qualit% than monitoring. enforcement records ot pre-treatment records expected program

Bypassesmore trequent than Sewer system monitoring. O&M procedures WwTW and City EPB records e.d planned

Noise Design and protective measures Ambient. complaints c.d

Accidents. including gas. Training programs Training and accident records c.e explosions. etc.

Chemical bandling accidents Design. satetv training. warning svstems Training and accident records. c.e visual

Power failure Backup system and/or duai eiectric feed Electric meters.visual c.e

Equipment failure Design. O&M program. spare part availability Daily logs. meters e

Operational problems Design. operator training laboratory testing Dailv logs. training records e

Poor effluent quality Monitor and enforce discharge records Daily records and enforcemenL e.d monitor

Table 7.25 Sludge Management System

Potential Impacts N1itigation 'Measures MlonitoringType Responsible ______I ______A gencies Lack ot adequate Monitor stabilisation system use and performance. Inspection and daily logs ftd.health stabilisation monitor sludge quality

High hea%Nmetal Monitor raw sewage and sludge quality Quarterly sampling of metals in e.d.b concentrations for land influent. semi-annual of sludge application

Satlte Design and training Training. accident records c.e

Inadequate liquid control Design. O&M. operator training Inspection and dailv logs e.d during dceaterin2

()dours Design. O&M. operator training Ambient levels. complaints e.d

Equipment tailtire Design. O&M program. spare part availability Saftyr training and X isual c.e l ~~~~~~~~~~~~~checksot wamnine s%stems

Landtill problemirsin De.signstandards. leachate treatment s%stems Visual. inspections. leachate e.td handling sludge | _ monitor

u41367EA.CHAPTFR 7 7- 11 DECEMBER 1998 SICHIU\ I) RB:\N ENVIRONMENTPROJFCT ENVIRONNIENTALASSESSNIENT NlainReport

Table 7.26 Receiving Water Issues

Potential Impacts XIitigationM Measures MIonitoring Type Responsible Unplanned overtlow impacts WaaminadeN ices for downstream users Visual and/or sound cA g on waterusers and ambient observations quality

Poorefiluent impactson Telephonenotification for downstreamusers of Dailylogs. monitorcompliance e.d.c w%aterusers and ambient problemsoccurring quality

Sludgedumping. industrial toritor andenforce disposal ordinances Logs.monitor. enforcement e.d.b impactimpacts on wvater records usersand ambient quality

Healthimpacts due to all of Protectfrom public contact Posting,fencing. health records e.d above

Table 7.27 Wastewater Reuse and Downstream Users

PotentialImpacts NlitigationMeasures MonitoringType Rgeponsible Adopt monitorand enforce Ordinances.records and inspections Records.inspection reports b. e.c.d reuseordinances

Negativeimpacts to Notificationprocedures adopted and used Visualobservation of'warnine e.d.c downstreamwater suppil system intakesduring b%passes or problems

Aquatic impactsduring Regularquarterly ambient sampling. periodic bio- Samplingrecords d.b bypassesor problems monitoring

7.1.6 Operation Phase - MSW

Tables 7.28 to 7.33 provide summaries of the expected operation-phaseimpacts, proposed mitigation measures. type of monitoring and responsible agencies, sorted bv area of project:

Table 7.28 Solid Waste Sources

Responsible PotentialImpacts %litigationMleasures_dr onitoringType Agencies Industrialhazardous/to\ic I Entorccindustrial regulations. monitor industral use Inspections.industrial logs. d.c.b

sourccsin x%astc anddisposal approved sites _ I lospital/intcctiioussources Eniorcehiospital reguiations. monitor hospital use and Inspections.hospital logs. d.c.b in ssaste disposal appro%edsites Householdhazardous %wasteC Providehousehold collection and disposal system Inspections.verilf d.c.b increascs _ collectionrdisposalsystem Sourccquantit%imix varics 1Regular w.eighing and anaivsis of wastes Recordsand logs t:c from design I Househioldremoval Re\iew neighbourhoodfacilities and equipment Plansreview. tinancialanalysis tc.a inadequate

41367.EA.CHAPTER7 7- i2 DECEMBER1998 1 SICIIUAN URBA\N ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSNMENT Nlain Report

Table 7.29 Collection and Transfer Systems

Potential Impacts Mitigation leasures 1 Monitoring Type Responsible

Noise I Operating hours. routing provisions Ambient levels. complaings c.d.

Worker safert Training and contract provisions Accident. training records c.f

Public safety Protective measures Accident records c.f

Samtar\ conditions jEstablish/enforce health safeguards Visual. compiainLs f.d.health Dust and air qualit- Contract provisions. supervision Visual. complaints td

Equipment failure Design. O&M methods Daily logs fc

Lick ot spare pans Design insures spare parts readily available localiy Plans review. inventory t:c ___inspection_

Table 7.30 Street Washing and Sweeping Equipment

Potential Impacts MlitigationMleasures MonitoringType respenies Noise Operating hours. routing provisions Ambient leveis and complaints c.d.

Worker sate I Training and contract provisions AccidenL training records c.t

Public safery Protective measures Accident records Jc.t

Sanitarv conditions Establish/enforce health safeguards Visual. complaints f.d. health

Dust and air qualit% Contract provisions. supervision Visual. complain

Equipment failure Design. 0&MNmethods Daiiy loes tc

Lack of spare parts Design insures spare parts are readiiy available Plans review. inventory c locaih7 inspection

-11167 I: \CHAPTER 7 7- 13 DFCFEMBER 1999 SICI RIAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJEC-T' ENVIRONIENTAL RSSESSpNo[NT \Iaini Report

Table 7.31 Sanitary Landfills

Responsible Potential Impacts MNistigation Nleasures Monitoring Type Agencies

Removal of existing Inspections and records Visual. completion log f incinerators

Aesthetics j Architectural design and landscaping Visual. complaints d

Noise Limited hours. equipment design Ambient levels and complaints c.d

Erosion and runoff control O&M Procedures Weekly logs. inspections t'

Safet| Training. protective measuresand contract Accident. training records c.f provisions

Gas explosions Design. O&M procedures Inspections. operating records t:c.d

Dust. hauiing - air qualit% Contract provisions. supervision Records t: c.d impacts

Sanitation ot site Establish and enforce standards Visual. contract fld.health

Leachate control Design. O&M procedures Inspections. operating records fc.d

Subsidence Design. O&M procedures Inspections. operating records f.c.d

Lack of adequatecover. Design. 0&M procedures Inspections. operating records f.c.d daily/final

Table 7.32 Leachate TreatmentPlants

Responsible Potential Impacts litigation Mleasures Monitoring Type

Higher quantit%or qualir! Desien. O&M. inspections Operating records. monitonng td than design reports

Treatment plant btpasscs Design. O&NI. inspections Operatig records. momtoring f.c.d reports

' .5aters Traitting. protective measures and contract Accident and trainine records c.f pro%isions

Chemical handling , rrainilg. protective measures and contract Accident and training records c.t priihlcnis. accidents prin ishinis

Fliliprnen lailire Deoign. O&NM. spare parts availabilit% Dail% logs c.t

Poor treatment pertbrm.mnce Design O&M inspections Operating records. monitoring t:c.d reports

t11 36t, EA CHAPTE:R -7 7- [4 DECEMBER 1998 SICHlU AN 'RBAN l1NVIRON!UENT PROJECT ENVIRONMFNTAL ASSESSMENT Main Rerport

Table 7.33 Local and Downstream Water Users

PotentialPotential Impacts I Mlitigation .ieasures | ionitoring Type ResponsibleAInce Irrueatedagricultural water .Alternatiew%atcr supplies. change cropping patems InspecEcrops and water sources tc.d. agric. users

Impactsto groundwater IMonitor wells of groundwaterusers Monthlysampling t:d

Impactsto surfacewaters | Surfacewater sampling proaram Visualand surface water fid.b monitoring

Humandirect contact Protectionmeasures, consider subsurface or wetland Inspections d.c. health discharge l

7.2 InstitutionalResponsibilities

Sections 7. 1.1 to 7.1.6 show the organisations which will be responsible for the implementation of the mitigation measures for the different tvpes of mitigation measures. In Appendix E each specific impact is listed for each scheme together with the mitigation. the mitigation monitoring method and the responsible organisation.

The Environmental Protection Law of China, require that the project promoter must incorporate the environmental protection work into the project proposals and take effective measures to prevent and control anv pollution. which mav damage the ecological environment. caused by construction. operation or other activities.

Due to the nature of the project and the division of responsibilities within Sichuan Province. a large number of institutions are involved in the environmental protection work of the project. Three types of institutions are involved: project management offices (PMOs), environmental protection bureaus (EPBs) and sector or trade authorities (bureaux) at province. prefecture (or city), county and town level. The three types of institutions are described in more detail below.

1. Management Institutions:Project ManagementOffice System

a. Sichuan ProvincialPMO (SPMO)

The SPMO is responsible for:

* oruanizinu the feasibility stLdy. environmental impact assessment and planning the implementation of the project construction: * co-ordinatini the environmental management and monitoring between the sector authority and the project unit: * guiding the project unit in carrying out the environmental management measures: * re!ularly reporting the environmental protection work status to the World Bank and the Sichuan Provincial EPB (SEPB); and. * auaranteeing sufficient funding, of environmental protection from the total funds from the project.

41367.EA.CHAPTER7 7- 15 DECEMBER1998 SICHUs.\NURtBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ENVIRONNIENTALASSESSMENT Main Repot

b. Local PMOs (LPMOs)

LPMOs (prefectureor municipal PMOs) or P/C PMOs are responsible for:

* coordinatingthe overall managementof the project construction: * supervising each authority or department in carrying OLutthe EP plan and management measures under the guidance of SPMO: * ensuring the investment in EP facilities; and reporting the environmental management work during the project constructionto SPMO and the local EPB.

2. SupervisionInstitutions

a. National Environmental ProtectionAgency of P. R. China (NEPA)

National EnvironmentalProtection Agency of P. R. China (NEPA) is responsible for:

* co-ordinatingthe overall environmentaladministration or managementwork: - examining and approving the EIA report of the project; and, - -uidins the Sichuan Environmental Protection Bureau (SEPB) in enforcing the environmental laws and regulations.

b. Sichuan ProvincialEnvironmental Protection Bureau (SEPB)

SEPB is responsibie for:

• co-ordinatingthe environmentalprotection management work of the project, - orsanising the relevant institutions or departments to undertake the EP work.

c. Local EnvironmentalProtection Bureaus (LEPBs)

LEPBs(prefecture or municipal EPBs)work under the guidance of SEPB and are responsiblefor:

* supervising the implementationof the environmental laws and regulations: * coordinating the EP work among the institutions or departments: * mana2ing the construction check and final examination / acceptance of projects: * supervising the implementation of EP working plan of "Three Wastes" control programmes of project units: and. * report EP w%orkof projects to SEPB.

3. Executive Institutions

a. Authorities or Bureaux in Charge of Project Management

Authorities or Bureaux in charge of project management at provincial. prefecture and municipal levels are responsible for:

* supplying the financial guarantee;

..- A r> r¶APTP. - - It} DFCFMRFR 1998 SICiHUAN iJRBAN ENVIRONNIENTPROJCT ENVIRONNMENTAL ASSESSMENT Main Remnt

* providing the design and construction of EP facilities; * ensuring reiated technologiesof EP measures for project units: and, * installing macro-management on operation and basic management on EP work of projects.

b. Project Units

Project units. or owners of the project (water and wastewater companies), conduct their work under the guidanceand management of PMOsat different levels and are responsiblefor:

* acceptingthe supervision or monitoringof EP institutions at different levels; * impiementing environmental laws and regulations. and carrv out all the EP measures specified bv EIA, design and EP working plan; * guaranteeing the normal operation of EP facilities, and conduct self-monitoringthrough settint up environmentalmanagement department and monitoring department. establish pollution files and reportingto top EPBs: i providing funds for pollution source re-examinationor selective examination.

7.3 Equipment and Training Requirements

The capital budgets prepared for all SUEP component projects include an allowance for necessary laboratory construction and equipment at the treatment works. An allowance for testing and environmentalmonitoring costs which will be incurred bv the utilitv is also included in the operations budget for the project.

Environmentalstrengthening is considered a critical component of the Phase I SUEP project and a detailed Technical Assistance (TA) program is under development. It includes training in management and operations for the PMOs and the utilitv companies. in a wide varietv of disciplines. There is a significant environmental monitoring element in the TA program to provide both equipmentand training for citv EPBs and the provincial EPBs.

Accomplishingthe specified monitoring and reporting outlined in this mitigation plan will be greatlv enhanced by this TA program. This TA program will also allow for improved overall performance assessment of the SUEP Phase I program relative to meeting the project objectives. Future Phases of the SUEP will benefit from such assessments.

7.4 Impacts and Costs of Plan

SRIEP have estimated both the short-term and long-termenvironmental monitoring costs necessarv to implementthis plan. Short-term has been defined as the 3-vear construction phase plus 2-vear initial start-up and environmental performance verification. Long-term is defined annual monitoring required to verify the environmental performance and other operational mitigation measures previousivoutlined. SICHUAN URBAN ENVIRONMIENTPROJECT ENVIRONMENTALASSESSiMENT MainReporn

The short term mitigation monitoring costs have been added into the utility operational cost estimates for the final appraisal documents. Costs for mitigation measures that relate to the management of construction will be included in the tender documents and costs included in the construction contractors' rates.

Table 7.34 summarises the monitoring cost estimates:

Table 7.34 SRIEP Environmental Monitoring Costs

SRIEP Environmental %IonitoringCost Estimates SUEP Phase I Component Project (Yuan/Year) Short Term 5 years) Long Term Leshan Nr 4 WTW 90.000 - 110.000 30.000 - 40.000 Zigon Min River Diversion and WTW 110.000- 130.000 30.000 - 40.000 Luzhou Beijiao WTW 100.000- 120.000 30.000 - 40.000 Luzhou Daxikou WTW 90.000 - 110.000 30.000 - 40.000 Chengdu Nr 2 WwTW 140.000 - 160.000 40.000 - 50.000 Leshan WastewaterCollection and 130.000 - 150.000 40.000 - 50.000 PreiiminarvTreatment System Deyana WwTW 120.000 - 140.000 40.000 - 50.000

Zigong WwTW X 120.000 - 140.000 40.000 - 50.000 LeshanMunicipal Solid Waste Project 110.000 - 140.000 50.000 -60.000

Phase I Total Annual Cost, SRIEP 1.100.000- 1.300.000 330.000 - 420.000

7.5 Long-term Monitoring of the Performance of SUEP Phase 1

The overall benefits of the SUEP will arise from improvements in Water Supplies. improvements in river water qualitv and improvements in the collection of municipal solid waste. In addition to the - monitorina" of means adopted to mitigate azainst adverse environmental impacts, it is planned to undertake monitoring to define the success of the overall project. This monitoring will be undertaken in the following way.

7.5.1 Water Suppiv Schemes

Performance Indicators

The performance indicators which will be used are as follows:

* The Output of the New Scheme This t ill be measured as the treated water flow to distribution. measured and recorded on a monthiv basis and compared with the designed works capacitv.

* The Quality of the Treated Water The quality of water delivered to supply will be recorded in termns of daily samples tested for Total Coliforms and turbidity.

r FCFMRFR 1QQR SICIIUAXN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT MviainReport

The Reliability of the Works The reliability of the new works will be measured by records of the hours each month when the quantity of water supplied was restricted by plant failures and the hours each month when the quality of water supplied failed to meet the Drrinking Water Standards

These records will be generated. kept and issued by the Water Companv and will be made available on request bv members of the public.

The Public Health Department, under its present responsibilities,provides a check on the quality of water put into supplv.

7.5.2 Wastewater Schemes

Performance Indicators

e River Water Quality

The overall objective in constructingand operating is to improve the quality of the receiving waters. In all cases therefore the sampling and analysis of the receiving waters will be the prime means of measuring the performance of the schemes. The following proarammes of sampling and analysis will be undertaken to quantify the benefits arising from.the works. The programme will be conducted as a normal part of the EPB duties.

Effectivenessof the Works

There are a number of kev elements which can be used to indicate the satisfactorv performance of wvastewatertreatment works. Records of the operation of the aeration svstem provide a good guide as to the effectivenessof the biological treatment works whilst the operation of sludge dewatering works and the quantities of sludge transferred to landfill provides an indicator for sludge treatment and disposal. The quality of the treated effluent is however the ultimate indicator. Each wastewater scheme is different and therefore parameters specific to each project component are listed below.

C'hengcht - Samples will be collected and tested from points above and below the discharge point on the Fu river.

Samples will be collected and tested from the minor rivers within the citv. includiny the Nan and the Sha to serve as an indicator of the improvementsto the local environment in the citv.

These samples will be collected on three occasions per vearand will be tested bv the EPB for the normal range of parameters which include:DO, SS. BOD. COD and ammonia. It is best to concentrate on this range of determinands.

.. -tTA ilr.1FCFMltpr -- SICHU-ANURBAN ENVIRON,MENTPROJECT ENVIRONNMENTALASSESSMENT * ,ll~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ain Repoirt

- The effective operation of the treatment works will be monitored by the Wastewater Company.. by maintaining daily records of the following: wastewater treated m3/d. power consumption of aeration blowers, average digester temperature. operating hours of sludge dewatering plant and quality of the treated effluent in terms of SS, BOD and ammonia.

* )Deyang Samples will be collected on three occasions per year from the Minyuan river, from locations upstream and downstream of the discharge point, and analysed by the EPB for their normal range of parameters including; DO, SS, BOD. COD, and ammonia.

The effective operation of the treatment works will be monitored by the Wastewater Company by maintaining daily records of the following: wastewater treated m3/d, power consumption of brush aerators, operating hours of sludge dewatering plant. the quantity of sludge transportedto landfill and qualitv of the treated effluent in terms of SS, BOD and ammonia.

- Leshan Samples will be collected from the Min river, upstream of the confluence with the Dadu, and downstream of the effluent discharge point on three occasions per year and analysed by the EPB for SS, BOD, COD and ammonia. No measurable change in quality downstream of the discharge is expected but a significant improvement in quality of the upstream sample is expected. The effectiveness of the works will be monitored by the Wastewater Company with daily records kept of the following; quantities of wastewater handled bv each pumpstation or the number of pump operating hours.

* Zigon7g Samples will be collected on three occasions per vear from the Fuxi river. from locations upstream and downstream of the discharge point. and analysed by the EPB for their normal range of parameters including: DO, SS. BOD, COD. and ammonia.

Samples will be collected from rivers within the city on three occasions per vear and analysed by the EPB for their normal range of parameters including DO, SS. BOD. COD and ammonia to indicate the improvements in river water quality achieved by the works.

iTheeffective operation of the works will be monitored bv the Wastewater Company by maintaining records of the following:'quantitv of wastewater treated. the power consumption of aerators. the operating hours of sludge dewatering plant. the quantities of sludge transported to landfill and the quality of the treated effluent in terms of SS, BOD, COD and ammonia.

-. 'P ~~~~~~~~nFCFN,nRFIQt9R SICHUANURBAN ENVIRONNIENTPROJECT ENVIRONMENTALASSESSMENT Maiin Repirt

7.5.3 The Leshan MunicpalSolid Waste Scheme

PerformanceIndicators

Collection

Dailv records will be maintained to show the quantitv of refuse transported to landfill.

Landfill

- Monthly records will be maintained to show the amount of cover material used. - The hours of operation. each month, of compactors will be recorded. - Monthlv records of the hours of operation of the leachate return pumps will be maintained. - Monthly analvsis of leachate quality will be maintained.

7.5.4 Access to Data

The public shall have access to the above data on request.

The PMO will prepare an annual report to be submitted to the SPG, the SEPB and the World Bank summarising the above results and making recommendations for changes to counteract anv weaknesses identified.

4I367 I-X\C iAP1ER 7 7-21 DECEMBER I99S SICHIUANURBAN ENVIRONIENT PROJECT ENVIRONMENTALASSESSMENT MainReport

8. PUBLIC PROCESSAND EA PUBLIC PARTICIPATION

There are no laws in China covering requirements for public participation in Environmental Impact Assessments. Howeverguidelines were issued in 1993 in a paper issuedjointly by:

The National EnvironmentalProtection Agency The State PlanningCommission The Peoples Bank of China The full title of the document is as follows:

"Strengtheningthe managementof environmental impact assessmentsfor projects to be supported by loans from the internationalfinancing agencies'

This documentincludes a sectioncovering public participation,which has been informallytranslated as follows:

Public participation is an important part of environmental impacts assessment. Particular sections should be includedwithin the EA report covering the interests of the public and social institutions including informationon compensation. Public participationcan take place during the stages of reviewing an AssessmentOutline and reviewing the EA report. In accordancewith present proceduresin China,the following methodscan be used:

a. The Construction Unit and the Environmental Authoritv can listen to the opinions of the Counry/District members. representatives of People's Committees,associations of the public, students,residents and villagers. b. Ask for opinions and suggestions from the public at or near the site of the project.

The above work can be done by issuing public opinion surveys, invitingdiscussions, meetings or invitations to take part in the checking and reviewing meetings of assessment outlines and reports. The concernedauthorities should take fully into considerationof the public views and feedback to the constructionunit, when checking Assessment Outlinesand Reports.

8.1 Meetings with Public Ofricials in Developing Project and EA

During the 14-month project development time leading up to pre-appraisal and this EA. there have been manxvmeetinus with the city PMOs. utility companies. city EPBs and other affected citv orgyanisationsto discuss the proposed projects and environmental assessments. These meetings have occurred monthly at a minimum and have resulted in full collaboration with local officials and full support of the project and the EA process. It is estimated that in total over 200 of these informal meetings have been held.

8.2 Survev of Public Officials and Citizens in Project Area

Consideration was given to the calling of public meetings following advertisement. This approach was not followed due to past experience indicating that poor responses would be achieved, particularly when component works are widely distributed. It was decided therefore to use proforma

r.tF.! i- AI-U'TTp1' . 8-ICnFfEMRER j9qR SiCllU \N 'Rlu\N l'NVIRONNIENTPROJECT ENVIRONMIENTALA'SSESSNMENT Nl;2inReporn

questionnaires as a means of gauging public perception and support as a supplement to the Willingness to Pay surveys conducted as part of the feasibility studies and included in the Feasibility Reports.

The SRIEP prepared a survev form to gauge the public determination of the positive and negative impacts of each of the proposed projects in the five Phase I cities. The issue and handling of these reports was undertaken bv the city PMO's. Attempts were made to keep the survey random and representative in order to obtain an unbiasedresponse from the community.

Table 8.1 shows the format of the survev form and the type of information solicited in these surveys:

Table 8.1 SRIEP Public Opinion Survey Form

Project: Name: Occupation: Educational Levei: Your attitude toward the proposedproiect: Support: Objection: No opinion:

Project tor y-our Positive Negative Bearable Negative No Effect Effect Effect Effect Life

[ Work Recreation l l

Positive Negative Bearable Negative No Eftect Effect Effect Etffect Etffect of Project on the surrounding I residcnts _ l Effect of Project on developing local economyand improving the environment Other Opinions and suggestioIs:

For each Phase I component project. SRIEP distributed a total of 200 survey forms. Table 8.2 provides an overviewvof the responses to these surveys by Phase I component:

J mr. - :. ('IT,XPTV R x 8- 2 iFCMRER199x SICIIUAN URB-AN FNVIRONMEvNT PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSNIENT Main Report

Table 8.2 Summary of Public Responses, SRIEP Survey

Phase I Project Summary of Public Responses

Leshan Number 4 The result of the survey shows that the project is in the keeping with the aspirations of the public since 136 people WTW supportthe project.accounting for 94.4°%o.and there are none stating any objection. 128 people think that the project construction is favourablefor developingthe localeconomy and improvingthe environment. makingup 88.9 %. and only 11.1%of people think it has no etfect. The people who think that it has no etTect make up 19%- 31%only. The people who think that it has bearablenegative efTectmake up only 3% - 6%.

Zigontt Min River The result of the survey shows that the project is in keeping with the aspirations of the public since 162 people Intake and Yuan Ba support the projeCL accounting Cor 97.6%. and there were no objections. 148 people think that the project ChanigWTW construction is favourable for developing the local economy and improving the environment.making up 89.2 %. and only 32. accounting for 18.1°h. persons think it will have no etTect. The people who think that it has bearable negative efTectmake up only 4-%- 7%.

Luzhou Beijiao The result of the survey shows that the project is in the keeping with the aspirations of the public since 194 people WTW support the projecL accounting for 99.5%. and there were no objections. 187 people think that the project construction is favourable for the developing local economy and improving the environment.making up 95.9 %. and only 4% of persons think it is no effect. The people Nvhothink that it has a bearable negative effect make up only 1°O. According to the above survey results and the analysis. the local people support the project construction.

Luzhou Daxikou The result of the survey shows that the project is in the keeping with the aspirations of the public since 194 people WTW support the projecL accounting for 99.5%. and there were no objections. 187 people think that the project construction is favourable for developing the local economy and improvingthe environmenLmaking up 95.9%. and only 4% of persons think it will have no etTect. The peopie who think that it has bearable negative effect only make up I%. According to the above survey results and the analysis. the local people support the project construction.

ChengduNr2 191 tbrmswere retumed giving a recovery rate of 95%. Of these. 31 were wvorkers.110 were govemment officials WWTW and w%orkers.35 were scientific and technical personnel. and 15 were miscellaneous. The vast majority were educated with 171 attending either college or a polytechnic school. Of the retumed forms. 172 (90.1% of responses) favoured the projecL

Leshan Wastewater The result ot' the investigation shows that the project meets the aspirations ot'the public since 124 people support the Collection and project. accounting for 86.1%. Only I showed any objection and 19 had no opinion. accounting for 13.3%. The Preliminary people %whothink that it has no any efTect making up 18-32%. The people who think that it will have a bearable Treatment System negative ettect only making up 6-8%.

Devang WwVTW 187 tormsnere retumed. The rate of recovery was 93.5%. The result of the investiaation shows that the project is in the keeping with the aspirations of the public since 185 people support the project. accounting for 98.9%. The peoplcwho think that it has no any etTect making up 6%-19%. The people who think it has bearable negative etTect make up under 2%.

Zigong WiW TW 162 tbrms nereretumed. The rate of recovery was 81%. The result of the investigationshows that the project is in the keeping with the aspirations of the public since 158 people support the projecL accounting for 97.5% and no-one stated an- objection. The people who think that it has no any effect making up 8.6-25%16.The people who think that it has bearable negative efTectoniy making up 3.7-5.6 %.

,.eshanMuniscipal I'ie resuit oi the investigation shons that the proiect is in the keeping with the aspirations ot' the pubiic since 172 Isolid\\'ste l'roject people suppor the project. accounting for 90.1% and there were no objections. 10 people think that the project constructionis fa%ourablefor developing the local econorm. and improving the environment.making up 94.2%. and onkl 11 persons think it is no effect. The people uho think that it has no any etfect making up 8.4%. The people who think that it will have a bearable negative ef'fect only making up 7.8%.

411367.EA.CFIAPTER8 8-3 DECEMBER 1998 SICHUAN UiRBANENVIRONMENT PROJECT ENVIRONNIENTALASSESSMIENT MlainReprt?

83 Summarv of Public Input

The many meetings with public officials in the cirv coupled with the SRIEP surveys of public support show that these projects are extremelv positive and wvellreceived by the public. The WTP survevs also show a significant level of support. No objections have been received by the city PMO's and there is no indication that there is anvone that is not is support of these projects or would trv to stop their completion.

r'Al Ta h -0 Q SICHI'\N LtRBAN ENVIRONMENTPROJECTr ENVIRONMENTALASSESSMENT klain Repon

9.0 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

9.1 Water SupplyProjects

Leshan TV7W The Leshan WTW component of Phase I of the SUEP will provide a wide variety of environmental benefits for the citizens of Leshan as have been outlined in this EA. These "positive" impacts include:

Leshan is located at the junction of three major river systems, but the treated and potable water supplv svstems are inadequate for current or projected needs of the City. The per capita consumption is currently 148 I/day (although the quantity available to consumersmay be much lower), and the urban service area is expanding. The urban supply is supplemented by industries that also supply some domestic water. This project will supplv criticallv needed potable water which will allow the per capita availabilitv to rise, the service area to expand. and the further exploitation of economic development opportunities.

- The suppiv of raw water from the Qingyi River will allow discontinuation of the use of the Min River as a domestic water source thus eliminate the attendant treatment problems. It will also allow higher baseflows to be maintained in the Min River through Leshan for dilution of domestic and industrial discharges.

= The supply of adequate municipal water is a minimum necessitvto allow the city to grow and develop economically in the future.

Raw water for the project will be drawn from the Qingyi River. The abstractionrate is 100 000 m'/d or 1.15 m'/s. The average flow rate of the Qingyi River is 610 m3/s whilst the minimum flow rate is 78 m /s. The reliabilitv of the raw water supply is high and the water abstracted for the project represents only .9 % of the minimum flow rate and thus does not materially affect the baseflow of the Qingyi.

The few potential construction-phase and operational phase impacts that have been identified are minor and can easilv be mitigated. The project construction comprises a 3.1 km long transmission main and a water treatment works. All the problems presented by constructionactivities. such as land acquisition. resettlement. emplovment and crop or plant compensation, will be well addressed by plans formulated Leshan MunicipalGovernment.

The mainienvironmental impacts in the operational phase are WTW sludge disposal. noise. and the generation of additional wvastewaterdue to additional water supplv availabilitv. When operating. the WTW will discharge wastewater containing sedimentation sludge. The sludge discharge rate is 0.77 t/d during the low water flow season. and 54.25 t/d during the high flow water (high turbidity) season. The sludge-containing wastewater will not significantlv affect the river environment in either low water or in higshwater season.

In order to mitigate the impact of dust from the Leshan-Emei Highway on the proposed water treatment works. SRIEP suggests the planting of a green belt around the works site, so as to safeguard the qualitv both of raw water and clean water.

t1 e,7.EA.CHAPs 9-1 DECEMBER 1998 SICHUAN U iVx\NENVIRONN IENT PROJECT ENVIRONMENTALASSESSMENT Main Report

Zigong WVTW The Zigong WTW component of Phase I of the SUEP will provide a wide variety of environmental benefits to the citizens of Zigong as have been outlined in this EA. These "positive" impacts include:

* Zigong is situated on the Fuxi River in the southern part of the Tuo River basin. some 2OOkmsouth of Chengdu. The city has deveioped around the confluence of the Xushui and Weivuan rivers that converge to the north west of the town to form the Fuxi River. Zigong suffers from a general lack of water resources. from both the Xushui River and Changfu Reservoir. The per capita consumption is currentlv only 75 I/day. The urban supply is supplementedby industries that also supplv some domestic water. This project will supplv critically needed potable water which will allow the per capita availabilitv to rise. the service area to expand. and economic development opportunitiesfor residents to improve.

* The importationof raw water from the Min River will allow the discontinuation of use of the Xushui River as a domestic water source, except as a backup supply. This eliminates a polluted source of water supply and the attendant treatment problems. It also allows additional baseflow water to remain in the Xushui and Fuxi Rivers through Zigong, which is needed for the conveyance and dilution of other domestic and industrial wastewaters.

e The supply of adequate municipal water is a minimum requirement to allow the citv to grow and develop economically in the future.

Raw water for this component project will be drawn from the Min River. The abstraction is 200 000 m3/d or 2.31 m'/s. The annual flow in the Min is 90 billion m;7d,the annual average flow rate is 2 840 m3/s. the average flow rate in the drv season is 2 170 m;/s. Hence. the water abstraction takes onlv 0.1 1% of the drv season flow and source reliability is thus very high. Data collected at cross-sections at Qianwei and Pianchungzi(near the proposed intake) show all the phvsical and chemical parameters _enerallv comply with the Class I surface water standard. GB3838-88. It is concluded that water quaiitv at the proposed Nixi intake point is safe and reliable as a raw water source for the proposed and existing WTW.

The few potential construction-phase and operational phase impacts that have been identified are minor and canleasilv be mitigated. The project construction comprises a 66 km long transmission main (including pumping stations) and a WTW. The RAP formulated by the Zigong Municipal Government will resolve all the problems presented bv construction activities. such as land acquisitioni.resettlement. emplovment and crop compensation. The pipeline construction will have a notable impact on the physical environment over a wide area. Mitigation measures will be adopted. suchias tree replanting. crop replanting and compensation.

The mainienvironmental impacts during the operational phase are WTW sludge discharges. noise. and the aienerationof additional wastewater due to additional water supplv availability and consumption. Whell put into operation. the WTW will discharge wastewater containing sedimentation sludge. SRIEP have evaluated the sludge discharge rates and quantities versus the flow regimes for the high. low and averatueseasonal flows. In each of these flow regimes. the impact of this sludge discharge has been deemed insignificant to ambient water qualitv and no treatment is proposed at this time.

41367.EA.CHAP9 9-2 DECEMBER1998 SICHtIAN I IRBAN ENVIRONMENTl'ROJECT ENVIRONNIFNTALASSESSNI\ENT inainRcpon

Provision has been made to add sludge holding and concentrationfacilities in the future if the impacts exceed predicted levels.

The forecast evaluation sliows that expected noise levels at the WTW boundarv will not exceed the relevant standard. so there is no adverse impact on the external acoustic environment and no additional noise mitigation is deemed necessarv.

During the construction phase. landscaping work should be carried out. In the proposed WTW the green space will not less than 39% of the total area. More vegsetationcover not only improves the WTW visualiv but also helps reduces the noise level.

LurhoziBeijiao Luzhou is located in the transition from the Sichuan Basin Plain to Yunnan-GuizhouPlateau and is a connecting point between Yunnan Province. Guizhou Province and Chongqing City. The Luzhou Beijiao WTW component of Phase I of the SUEP will provide a wide varietv of environmental benefits to the citizens of Luzhou and surrounding communities as have been outlined in this EA. These "positive' impacts include:

AlthougrhLuzhou is located at the junction of two major rivers and the Yangtze provides enormous freshwater resources, the treated and potable water supply svstems are inadequate for the current or projected needs of the City. The northern areas of the city have recently received rail services. thus development, and hence, water consumption is expanding greatly in the area. Water shortage problems had already existed for many years in northern areas such as Xiaosi, Anning and Gaoba. The area has been identified for rapid industrial and municipal development under current planning. The per capita consumption in the Beijiao service area is currently estimated at 148 I/day (although the quantity available to consumers mav be much lower), and the urban service area is expanding. This project will supply critically needed potable water which will allow the per capita availability to rise. the service area to expand. and the exploitation of economic development opportunities.

* The expanded use of raw water from the Yangtze River will allow the discontinuation of use of the polluted Tuo River as a domestic water source. as well as inadequate sources and treatment svstems in the small towns. This eiiminates polluted sources of water supplv and the attendant problems associated with treating this source water. It also allows additional baseflow water to remain in the Tuo and smaller rivers. which is needed for the conveyance and dilution of other domestic and industrial wastewaters.

* The supply of adequate municipal water is a minimum need to enable the citv and surrounding towns to grow and develop economicallvinto the future.

The Yanutze river provides abundant water resources for exploitation and this project extracts almost an imperceptible amount. even at low season flows. According to the data quoted from one year of monitoring (1996). all 17 parameters except total coliform meet Categorv III of the Water Environmental Standard for Surface Water GB33838-88in the Yangtze River. Furthermore. the water qualitv monitoring data for Beijiao and Daxikou WTWs. provided by the Anti-epidemic Department and the Water Supply Company of Luzhou Citv, shows that the Luzhou section of the Yangtze meets

- - - ' " ' O .. n~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~fFCTNA,I:QIQOIR SICI rUANU!RBAN ENVIRONMIENT PROJECT ENVIRONMENTALASSESSMENT MnainReport the requirements for Class B Raw Water for Water Treatment Works (CJ3020-90). It is concluded that water qualitv at the intake point is safe and reliable as raw water for the WTW.

The project construction comprises a 33 km long transmission main (including pumping stations) and WTW. The few potential construction-phaseand operational phase impactsthat have been identified are minor and can easilv be mitigated. The RAP. formulated bv the Luzhou Municipal Government. has comprehensively addressed all the problems presented bv construction activities. such as land acquisition. resettlement, employment and crop compensation. The pipeline construction will have some impact on the phvsical environment and appropriate mitigationmeasures are proposed.

The main environmental impacts during the operational phase relate to WTW sludge discharges, noise. and the increased generation of wastewater due to the additional water supplies availability and consumption. When put into operation. the WTW will discharge wastewater containing sedimentation sludge. SRIEP have evaluated the sludge discharge rates and quantities versus the flow regimes of high, low and normal seasonal flow. In each of these flow regimes, the impact of this sludge dischar(ge has been deemed insignificant to ambient water qualitv and no treatment is proposed at this time. Provisions and plans have been made to add sludge holding and concentration facilities in the future if the impacts exceed predicted levels.

The forecast evaluation shows that expected noise levels at the WTW boundarv can meet the relevant standard. so there is no adverse impact on the external acoustic environment and no additional noise mitigation is deemed necessarv.

During the construction phase. landscaping should be carried out. In the proposed WTW the landscaped area should not be less than 39% of the total WTW area. More vegetation coverage not onlv improves the visual appearance of the Works proper but also reduces the noise level.

Lu-hou Daxikou The Luzhou Daxikou WTW component of Phase I of the SUEP will provide a wide varietv of environmental benefits to the citizens of Luzhou (Naxi/Anfu area) as have been outlined in this EA. These "positive"' impacts include:

* Although Luzhou is located at the junction of several major rivers and the Yanatze provides enormous freshwater resources. the treated and potable water supply systems are inadequate for current or projected needs of the City. The per capita consumption in the Daxikou service area is currentiv estimated at 100 I/day (although the quantitv available to consumers from the wvatercompanv is much lower), and the urban service area is expanding. This project wvillsupply critically needed potable water which will allow the per capita availability to rise. the service area to expand. and the exploitation of economic development opportunities.

* The expanded use of raw water from the Yangtze River will allow use of the inadequate GuanshaniWTW. wvhichcurrently violates national standards for potable water qualitv. to be discontinued as a domestic wvatersource. This facility is inadequate in both quantity and quality of water produced. particulalv in view of the proposed urban expansion.

41367.EA.CHAP9 9-4 DECEMBER 1998 SICHIUANuRl.-\N ENVIRONMENTPROJECT ENVIRONM%lENTALASSESSNMENT Main Report

* The supply of adequate municipal water is a minimum requirement to enable the citv to grow and develop economically into the future.

The suitabilitv of the Yangtze as a water source is discussed above in the section on Luzhou Beijiao WTW. In summary, it is concluded that the water qualitv at the intake point is safe and reliable as raw water for the WTW.

The few potential construction-phase and operational phase impacts that have been identified are minor and can easily be mitigated. The RAP, formnulatedby the Luzhou MunicipalGovernment. has comprehensively addressed all the problems presented by construction activities, such as land acquisition, resettlement. employment and crop compensation. The pipeline construction will have some impact on the physical environmentand appropriate mitigation measures are proposed.

The main environmental impacts during the operational phase relate to WTW sludge discharges, noise. and the increased generation of wastewater due to the additional water supplies availability and consumption. When put into operation, the WTW will discharge wastewater containing sedimentation sludge. SRIEP have evaluated the sludge discharge rates and quantities versus the flow regimes of high. low and normal seasonal flow. In each of these flow regimes, the impact of this sludge discharge has been deemed insignificantto ambient water quality and no treatment is proposed at this time. Provisions alid plans have been made to add sludge holding and concentration facilities in the future if the impacts exceed predicted levels.

The forecast evaluation shows that expected noise levels at the WTW boundary can meet the relevant standard. so there is no adverse impact on the external acoustic environment and no additional noise mitigation is deemed necessarv.

During the construction phase, landscaping should be carried out. In the proposed WTW the landscaped area should not be less than 39% of the total WTW area. More vegetation coverage not onlv improves the visual appearance of the Works proper but also reduces the noise level.

9.2 Wastewater Collection and Treatment Facilities

C'hengdui Nr 2 W,7T1V The Chengdu Nr 2 W%wTWcomponent of Phase I of the SUEP will provide a wide varietv of environmental benefits to the citizens of Chengdu and downstream areas as have been outlined in this EA. These -positive" impacts include:

* The collection and treatment of 300 000 m'/d of donmesticand industrial wastewater within Chengdu %%illhave major water qualitv improvement benefits for the Sha He and Fu He within Chengdu and smaller benefits for the downstream Min. The proposed project will be a major step on1the road to recoverv of these surface waters but thev will not allow these surface waters to recover sufficientlyto meet the taraeted Class 3 surface water standards without other major interventions.

* One of the most tangible and direct benefits of this wastewater collection and treatment scheme will be the removal of the raw domestic and industrial overflows to the local

- I367 E-\ CHF\PO DECEMBER199S SICHUAN t:R;fll\N ENVIRONMENTPROJECT ENVIRONMENTALASSESSNIFNT Main Report

drainage and surface water svstems in the city (except for emergency bypass conditions). Direct benefits include abatement of nuisances and public health hazards in the serviced area. improvement in receiving water quality, and increases in the beneficial uses of receiving waters.

* Water is used intensivelv in the Sichuan Province and the discharge of wastewater in one location quicklv becomes the raw water source for a downstream irrigation, domestic or industrial user. The improvementof the qualitv of this suppiy will have obvious positive effects on the productivitv of agricultural land and the reduction of treatment system costs for domestic and industrial users.

* The surface waters in Chengdu form a major backdrop and focus in the citv and the improvement of water quality and sanitary conditions along these drainage ways will greatly improve the citv aesthetics. Urban renewal efforts are already underway in the citv to replace dilapidated buildings with river-side parks and water amenities. Watervays historically form focal points for economic and tourist activities and the citv should reap these benefits with the implementationof this scheme.

- There is a potential to install gas engines and produce electricity from gas produced bv the anaerobic digestion facilities. The proper operation of the digestion facilities will have to be confirmed before this potential can be realised. However,the environmental benefits can be greatly enhanced by a water pollution control facilitv that also produces energy.

There will be potential minor negative impacts of the project in both the constructionand operation phases. The construction of the project includes two components:plant constructionand main sewer construction. The detrimental or negative impact caused bv the project construction is of short duration and within a small area. as long as reasonable compensations and relocation are conducted according to the relative national laws and regulations during the period of land acquisition and resettlement. If the recommended mitigation measures are taken during construction, and after the completion of the project. the construction site is recovered as soon as possible. the negative environmental impact can be minimised.

During WwTW operation. there may be an odour impact, mainly on farmers living or wvorkingup to 500 meters awav from the plants boundarv. However. there should be no adverse noise impacts on the surroundina environment. Sludge generated in the project operation will be transported to the Chen-du Landfill Site and this hauling and disposal will not cause significant negative effect on the environment. There are estimated to be 39 truckloads per day produced bv the WwTW under design conditions. SRIEP have evaluated the sludge hauling route and disposal plan at the Chenedu landfill and find no environmental problems with this proposed disposal plan.

Measures should be taken including eliminating mosquitoes and flies, landscaping the plant site. and mitigatin_tthe influence of odour on the residents. Land acquisition and resettlement expropriation should be conducted in accordance with the relevant laws and regulations and more consideration should be taken of the benefits to the resettlers as soon as possible so as to let them get immediate benefits from the relocation.

41367.EA.CHAP9 DECEMBER 1998 SICIIU AN tURBAN tEN'IR0NNIENT PROJECT ENVIRONMENT-I ASSESSMENT N-fainReport

Leshacn WiT7WV The Leshan WaEtewaterfacilities component of Phase I of the SUEP will provide a wide variety of environmental benefits to the citizens of Leshan and downstream areas as have been outlined in this EA. These "positive" impacts include:

* The collection and treatment of 254 000 m3/d of domestic and industrial wastewater within Leshan will have major water quality improvement benefits to the Min and Zhugong Xi rivers within Leshan and the smaller benefits for the downstream Min. One of the most tangible and direct benefits of this wastewater collection scheme will be the removal of the raw domestic and industrial overflows to the local drainage and surface water systems in the city (except for emerzency bypass conditions). Direct benefits include abatement of nuisances and public health hazards in the serviced area, improvement in receiving water quality, and increases in the beneficial uses of receiving waters.

- The surface waters in Leshan form a major backdrop and focus in the city and the improvement of water quality and sanitary conditions along these drainage ways will greatly improve the city aesthetics. Urban renewal efforts are already underwav in the citv to replace dilapidated buildings with streamside parks and water amenities. Waterwvavshistorically form focal points for economic and tourist activities and the city should reap these benefits with the implementationof this scheme.

e The construction of the wastewater facilities also provides temporary jobs and the construction requires a large supply of building materials. which also promotes the development of economy and transportation industry.

* The project will help improving the water environment, reducing the spread of diseases, improving people's health and. in turn. benefiting social sustainable development.

* The construction of the intercepting pipelines for sewage and preliminary sewage treatment in Leshan City will improve the worsening water environment around the Grand Buddha site.

The few potential construction-phaseand operational phase impacts that have been identified are minor and can easily be mitigated. The RAP. formulated by the Leshan MunicipalGovernment. has comprelhensiveiy addressed all the problems presented by construction activities. such as land acquisition. resettlement. emplovment and crop compensation. The&pipeline construction will have some impact on the physical environmentand appropriate mitigation measures are proposed.

Devlcma RtW77V The Deyang WwTW component of Ph'ase I of the SUEP will provide a wide variety of environmental benefits to the citizens of Deyang and downstream areas as have been outlined in this EA. These 'positive'" impacts include:

41'67 EA CHAI'9 9-7 DECEMBER1998 SICHIUANtURBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ENVIRONMENTALASSESSMENT Main Rep.rt

* The collection and treatment of 100 000 m;/d of domestic and industrial wastewater within Devang will have major water quality improvement benefits to the Mianvuan river within Devang and the smaller benefits for the downstream Tuo River. The proposed project will be a major step on the road to recovery of these surface waters but they will not allow these surface waters to recover sufficientlv to meet the targeted Class 3 surface water standards without other major interventions. A lack of dry-season baseflow in the river is a critical problem.

* One of the most tangible and direct benefits of this wastewater collection and treatment scheme will be the removal of the raw domestic and industrial overflows to the local drainage and surface water systems in the city (except for emergency bypass conditions). Direct benefits include abatementof nuisances and public health hazards in the serviced area. improvement in receiving water quality. and increases in the beneficial uses of receiving waters.

* Water is used intensively in the Sichuan Province and the discharge of wastewater in one location quickly becomes the raw water supply source for a downstream irrigation, domestic or industrial user. Lianshan Township uses the Mianyuan river for domestic water supply just downstream of Deyang. The improvement of the quality of this supply will have obvious positive effects on the productivity of agricultural land and the reduction of treatment system costs for domestic and industrial users.

* The surface waters in Deyang form a major backdrop and focus in the citv and the improvement of water quality and sanitarv conditions along these drainage ways will greatly improve the city aesthetics. Urban renewal efforts are already underway in the citv to replace dilapidated buildings with streamside parks and water amenities. Watenvavs historically form focal points for economic and tourist activities and the city should reap these benefits with the implementationof this scheme.

There will be potential minor negative impacts of the project in both the construction and operation phases. The construction of the project includes two components: plant construction and main sewer construction. The detrimental or negative impact caused by the project construction is of short duration and within a small area. If the recommended mitigation measures are taken during the construction of the project. and after the completion of the project. the constructionsite is recovered as soon as possible, the negative environmentalimpact can be reduced to the lowest level. Measures will be taken. including eliminating mosquitoesand flies. landscaping the plant site and mitigatingthe influence of odour on the residents.

The RAP. formulated bv the Deyang MNunicipalGovernment. has comprehensively addressed all the problems presented by construction activities, such as land acquisition. resettlement.employment and crop compensation.

The main potential impacts during the operational phase are noise and odours. After the attenuation of free sound field. the maximum sound level at the west boundary of the plant will be 52 dB(A) in tile daytime. 49 dB(A) in the night-time. This complies with the relevant environmental standard for noise.

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The offensive odours produced by the WwTW will derive mostly from the aeration tank and sludge dewatering. The area within 250 m of the plant boundarv (especially south-west of the plant) should be designated as a planning protection zone (ie. no residents perrnitted) in order to avoid the effect of offensive odour in that area.

It is predicted that the WwTW will produce about 77 t/d of sludge. equivalent to 16 truckloads at St per load. The sludge is not digested and also it may contain heavy metal contaminants, which are harmful to crops. The sludge should therefore not be used as a fertiliser and it will be transported to the disposal at a landfill site. SRIEP have evaluated the sludge hauling route and disposal plan at the Deyang landfill site and have found no environmental problems with this proposed disposal plan.

It is recommended that the WwTW site should be 30% landscaped with flowering plants and trees. High trees and shrubbery should be planted around the factory. In this way, it can not only beautify the environment of the plant but also can reduce and insulate noise and offensive odour.

Zigong WwTW Construction of the project will reduce water pollutants discharged to the Fuxi River from Zigong City, improve the water quality of the Fuxi River and contribute to the comprehensive plan of improvements to the Tuo River basin. The Zigong WwTW component of Phase I of the SUEP will provide a wide variety of environmental benefits to the citizens of Zigong and downstream areas as have been outlined in this EA. These "positive" impacts include:

* The collection and treatment of 80 000 m'/d of domestic and industrial wastewater within Zigong will have major water quality improvement benefits to the Fuxi within Zigong and a smaller benefit downstream in the Tuo. The proposed project will be a major step on the road to recovery of these surface waters but they will not allow these surface waters to recover sufficientlyto meet the targeted Class 3 surface water standards without other major interventions.

- One of the most tangible and direct benefits of this wastewater collection and treatment scheme will be the removal of the raw domestic and industrial overflows to the local drainage and surface water systems in the city (except for emergency bypass conditions). Direct benefits include abatement of nuisances and public health hazards in the serviced area. improvement in receiving water quality, and increases in the beneficial uses of receiving waters.

* Water is used intenisivelvin the Sichuan Province and the discharge of wastewater in one location quickly becomes the raw water supply source for a downstream irrigation. domestic or industrial user. The improvement of the quality of this supply will have obvious positive effects on the productivity of agricultural land and the reduction of treatment svstem costs for domestic and industrial users.

* The surface waters in Zigong form a major backdrop and focus in the city and the improvement of water quality and sanitary conditions along these drainage ways will greatly improve the city aesthetics. Urban renewal efforts are already underway in the city to replace dilapidated buildings with streamside parks and water amenities.

0 41367.EA.CHAP Q-Q !)FCFMRFR I(QR SiCHUAN LTRBANENVIRONMENT PROJFCT ENVIRONNlENTALASSESSMENT Main Reponrt

Waterwavs historically form focal points for economic and tourist activities and the city should reap these benefits to a greater extent with the implementationof this scheme.

There will be potential minor negative impacts of the project in both the construction and operation phases. The construction of the project includes two components: WwTW construction and main sewer construction. The negative impact caused during the project construction is of short duration and within a small area. If the recommendedmitigation measures are taken during the construction of the project, and after the completion of the project, the construction site is recovered as soon as possible. the negativeenvironmental impact can be reduced to the lowest level.

The RAP, formulated by the Zigong Municipal Government, has comprehensivelyaddressed all the problems presented by constructionactivities, such as land acquisition,resettlement, employment and crop compensation.

The noise levels at the eastern boundary of the WwTW may exceed the standards at night, and it is suggested to consider some mitigation measures. For example. noise suppression and insulationwill be used to control noise, green belts will be set up around the WwTW to reduce the noise to the standard.

In order to avoid and control potential odour impacts, regulations on personal safety will be drawn up and all possible efforts will be made to minimise the exposure time of workers. Site landscaping shall include the planting of trees and flowering plants in and around the plant and other mitigation measures shall be implemented. Not less than 30% of the total area of the proposed plant will be landscaped. More vegetation coverage improves the visual appeal of the plant and also. in the case of tree belts around the works. helps odour dispersal and reduces noise levels in the vicinity of the works.

As proposed. the Zigong WwTW is predicted to produce 92 t/day of sludge. requiring 18 truckloads per dav (using 5 t trucks) haulingJto the existing Zi-on- landfill. The landfill is 20 km from the city and this is a significant hauling operation. SRIEP have evaluated the proposed sludge hauling route which uses the highway adjacent to the WwTW. No significant impacts were noted with this hauling plan.

9.3 Municipal Solid Waste Projects

Lesha,1?MVfSW The construction of the improved landfill site has positive impacts on the environment. After completing the project. the MSW collection and disposal capacity will be 400 t/d. It will greatly improve the environmental sanitation situation in the Central District of Leshan, as have been outlined in this EA. These "positive impacts include:

* The current MSW collection rate was estimated by the City of Leshan to be 41%. This project will greatly assist the citvys efforts to increase this rate to nearer 80% by the year 2000. The collection systems will be more mechanised. allowing more efficient collection with less human contact with the solid wastes.

41367.EA.CHAP9 9-10 DECEMBER 1998 SICHUANtIRBAN FNVIRONMNIENTPROJECT ENVIRONNIENTALASSESSMENT Main Report

* The current MSW disposal systems are wholly inadequate since the existing landfill operates more or less as a waste dumping ground rather than as a sanitary landfill. The closed incinerator has also been an environmental problem in the past. Implementationof this project as outlined, will improve the adequate disposal of MSW in the city.

* This project will supply critically needed MSW collection and disposal systems which will allow the collection and removal rates to rise, the service area to expand. and the further exploitationof economic development opportunities.

* The lack of adequate MSW collection systems can contribute to a wide variety of potential public health concerns and the promotion of disease, vectors, and rodents. These potential problems also occur when MSW collection involves a high degree of human contact. The proposed SUEP project will alleviate these concerns and also provide a more attractive citv appearance.

* Leshan is located at the junction of three major river systems and solid waste that is not collected and disposed of properly will likely end up in the surface waters. The rivers in this area are currently highly degraded by floating materials. This impact should be improved bv this project.

* The supply of adequate MSW collection and disposal systems is a minimum need for allowing the city to grow and develop economically into the future. In addition, tourism is a major existing and proposed economic activity in Leshan and the maintenance of a clean citv will foster its image as a tourist destination.

* The surface waters in Leshan form a major backdrop and focus in the city and the improvement of water quality and sanitary conditions along these drainage ways will ,greatlyimprove the city aesthetics. Urban renewal efforts are already underway in the city to replace dilapidated buildings with river-side parks and water amenities. Improved trash coilection and reduced river-side dumping will enhance these efforts.

* Tourism is a major industrv in Leshan and economic development plans include a significant increase in tourism into the future. The watenvays in Leshan have historically formed focal points for economic and tourist activities and the city should reap these benefits *withthe implementationof this scheme.

* The rural environment will be improved. The refuse in the Lingyun Refuse Open Dumping Site was dumped in an uncontrolled manner in the past. Leachate generated by the tip has a serious effect on the local water environment including soil, livestock and surface waters. After construction. modern leachate recvcling and treatment measures will be adopted. The quantitv of the leachate generated will be greatly reduced (by about 40 - 60%). while the content of the pollutant in the leachate will be also greatlv reduced (about 90 - 95%).

There will be potential minor negative impacts of the project in both the construction and operation phases. The negative impact caused during the project construction is of short duration and within a small area. If the recommended mitigation measures are taken during the construction of the project.

41367 EA.CHAP9 9-11 DECEMBER 1998 SICHUAN URBAN ENVIRONMENTPROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT Main Report

and after the completion of the project, the construction site is recovered as soon as possible, the negative environmentalimpact can be reducedto the lowest level.

The RAP, formulated bv the Leshan Municipal Government, has comprehensivelyaddressed all the problems presented by construction activities, such as land acquisition, resettlement,employment and crop compensation.

The main impacts during the project operation are gas production and refuse leachate. Adequate gas collection and flaring systems are included in the landfill design but detailed monitoring and oversight will be required to ensure proper operation of the systems. The design measures and leachate recirculation systems will greatly reduce the quantity and strength of the discharging volume of leachate. Based on analysis, the leachate treated in the treatment station will meet the required standard and have no adverse impact on the water quality of the Dashi River (which is apparently already polluted by current leachate discharges) and the Min River after being discharged. In the event of a breakdown of the treatment station, the leachate could cause significant pollution of the local area and the water body of the Dashi River.

The management of the landfill site is a key element of the project. SRIEP recommends that the working personnel engaged in collecting and transporting refuse and the personnel in the landfill site should have adequate training. The operation must be carried out in strict accordance with the requirementsof the design.

In summer. adequate disinfection must carried out in the collection station and at the refuse site. Refuse should be collected and transported to the landfill at frequent and regular intervals. Dustbins and transfer stations must also be disinfected at regular intervals and workers must be inoculated to prevent the spread of diseases. Personnel involved in dirtv work should also be provided with adequate safety clothing (caps and suits. plastic shoes and rubber gloves).

9.4 Conclusions and Recommendations

I. The environmental conditionsare serious and the environmental infrastructureneeds of Sichuan Province are high, and expanding rapidly.

2. The Phase I SUEP projects have emerged from a rigorous prioritisation process. are well formulated. and have detailed and complete preliminarydesigns and cost estimates.

3. There is good public support for the projects basedon WTP surveys and public opinion surveys.

4. The proposed projects can meet financial and economic tests of sustainability and are affordable to the local citizens.

5. Social impacts. consisting mainly of land acquisition and resettlement, are addressed by a detailed RAP, and, in any case, are not significantly adverse.

41367.EA.CHAP9 9-12 DECEMBER 1998 SICHUAN URBAN FNVIRONNIF:NT PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAi. ASSESSMENT MlainReport

6. The potential environmental benefits of the Phase I SUEP projects are large. as reported in the previous sections.

7. Potentialconstruction and operationalphase impacts of the proposed Phase I projects have been adequately assessed and no major issues have been identified. Detailed mitigationand monitoring procedures have been prepared which should adequately e lessen the overall effect of these potential impacts. Monitoring costs have been included for this work and assignmentsdetailed.

8. The overall conclusion is that the potential positive impacts are large, the potential negative constructionand operation impacts can be successfully mitigated. and the projects contain no serious problems or "fatal flaws" in its formulation. The project componentsare essentially environmentally-positiveand should be approved.

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