Five Buildings in the Dallas Central Business District
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379 HaSi rno. FIVE BUILDINGS IN THE DALLAS CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT BY I. M. PEI AND PARTNER HENRY N. COBB: A STAMP ON THE CITY'S DIRECTION THESIS Presented to the Graduate Council of the North Texas State University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS by J. Barney Malesky, M. A. Denton, Texas December, 1986 X~ Malesky, J. Barney, Five Buildings in the Dallas Central Business District by I. M. Pei and Partner Henry N. Cobb; A Stamp on the City's Direction. Master of Arts (Art History), December, 1986, 174 pp., Illustrations, Bibliography. The purpose of this study is to examine I. M. Pei and his partner Harry Cobb's downtown Dallas architecture within the context of their overall stylistic development. This paper explores the structure of five buildings within the framework of the city, and addresses their possible influence on the city's future architectural direction. The thesis is divided into six chapters. Chapter I introduces and states the problem as it discusses the fabric of Dallas architecture. Chapter II outlines a brief biography of I. M. Pei, looking to those who have influenced him, while discussing the key public buildings of his stylistic development. Chapter III is devoted to Pei's first structure in the city, the Dallas Municipal Administration Center. Chapter IV explores the concepts of his planned Morton H. Meyerson Symphony Center. Chapter V outlines a brief biography and focuses on the work of Harry N. Cobb: One Dallas Centre, ARCO Tower, and the Allied Bank Tower. Chapter VI summarizes the contributions of Pei and Cobb by placing them within the context of twentieth century architecture, and pointing out their specific achievements with their additions to the fabric of Dallas architecture. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF ILLUSTATIONS.................................................. iv Chapter I. INTRODUCTION:THE FABRIC OF DALLAS ARCHITECTURE............. 1 Statement of Problem Methodology Chapter II. BIOGRAPHY AND STYLISTIC DEVELOPMENT OF I. M. PEI.............21 Biography Stylistic Development/Key Public Buildings Chapter III. THE DALLAS MUNICIPAL ADMINISTRATION CENTER................. 74 Chapter IV. THE MORTON H. MEYERSON SYMPHONY CENTER...................... 106 Chapter V. HENRY N. COBB: ONE DALLAS CENTRE, THE ARCO TOWER, AND THE ALLIED BANK TOWER......................................... 127 Biography One Dallas Centre ARCO Tower Allied Bank Tower Summation Chapter VI. CONCLUSION.................................................. 156 BIBLIOGRAPHY.........................................................169 iii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Chapter I. Page Figure 1.1 Dallas Skyline from the West, 1984................11 1.2 Dallas Central Business District..................12 1.3 Rogers Lacy Hotel................................ 13 1.4 Mercantile Bank Tower............................ 13 1.5 Republic National Bank Buildings................. 14 1.6 Southland Center................................. 14 1.7 One Main Place................................... 15 1.8 Bryan Tower...................................... 15 1.9 First International Building......................16 1.10 Reunion Tower, Hyatt Regency Hotel................16 1.11 First City Center................................17 1.12 LTV Center....................................... 17 1.13 Thanksgiving Tower/IDS Center.................... 18 1.14 San Jacinto Tower/Embarcadaro Center............. 18 1.15 Lincoln Plaza/Bank of America World Headquarters. 19 Chapter II. Figure 2.1 Mile High Center................................ 54 2.2 Place Ville Marie................................ 55 2.3 Kips Bay Plaza................................... 56 2.4 Society Hill.....................................57 iv 2.5 Green Center for the Earth Sciences............. 58 2.6 National Center for Atmospheric Research........ 59 2.7 88 Pine Street................................. 60 2.8 John Hancock Tower............................... 61 2.9 Overseas-Chinese Bank Building.................. 62 2.10 Everson Museum of Art.......................... 63 2.11 Paul Mellon Center............................. 64 2.12 Johnson Art Center............................. 65 2.13 East Wing of the National Gallery of Art........ 66 2.14 Neoprene Gasket................................ 67 2.15 East Wing (Interior)........................... 68 2.16 J.F.K. Library................................. 69 Chapter III. Figure 3.1 Dallas City Hall............................... 93 3.2 Cantilever View................................ 94 3.3 Ends of Building............................... 95 3.4 Park Plaza and Structure....................... 96 3.5a Modules 1-6.................................... 97 3.5b Service Cores.................................. 97 3.5c Entrance....................................... 97 3.5d Utility Cores.................................. 97 3.5e Transverse Walls............................... 97 3.6 Tensioning...................................... 98 3.7 Fiberglass Squares............................. 98 3.8 Floore Slab Modules From Above.................. 98 3.9 How Floor Increases............................. 99 3.10 Crane.......................................... 100 3.11 Coffered Ceiling............................... 100 3.12 Module Cutaway................................. 101 3.13 Curbs To Form Troughs.......................... 101 3.14 Neoprene Gasket................................ 102 3.15 Interior Great Hall............................ 102 Chapter IV. Figure 4.1 Arts District.................................. 120 4.2 Morton H. Meyerson Symphony Center (Interior).... 121 4.3 Morton H. Meyerson Symphony Center.............. 122 4.4 Concert Hall (Interior)......................... 123 4.5 Stage.......................................... 124 Chapter V. Figure 5.1 One Dallas Centre.............................. 143 5.2 Floor Plan/Street Plan......................... 144 5.3 Interior at Ground Level....................... 145 5.4 ARCO Tower..................................... 146 5.5 Floor Plan..................................... 147 5.6 Triangular Forecourt and Trees.................. 148 5.7 Surface Detail................................. 149 5.8 Allied Bank Tower.............................. 150 5.9 Allied Bank Tower at Fountain Place, Site....... 151 5.10 Public Plaza with Fountains..................... 152 5.11 Steel Structural System........................ 153 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION THE FABRIC OF DALLAS ARCHITECTURE History confirms the fact that architecture is a true mirror of life and time. The Greeks gave form to the concept of democracy on the Acropolis. The Romans expressed their genius in the organization of men in the forums and the stoas. The men of faith everywhere in the history of time dedicated their spiritual beliefs in great temples, mosques and churches. Architects of our time, from the design of a house to the design of a city, must search for that essential element in our lives which possesses that enhancing and ennobling quality if we are to create architecture that is great. Architects as artists investigate the play of volumes in light, explore the mysteries of movement in space, examine the measure that is scale and proportion, and search for that special quality that is the spirit of the place, as no building exists alone.2 Architects as individuals produce buildings as unique and varied as themselves. These artists, unhindered by a master plan, have created a unique city in north Texas called Dallas (See Fig. 1.1). "The oldest cliche about Dallas is that it has no reason for being, that it represents an act of will rather than a logical response to topography and climate.,3 Visualize a flat, wide stretch of North Texas prairie traversed by a trickling river, the Trinity. In 1841 a lawyer-merchant, John Neely Bryan 1 2 received a "head right" for 640 acres near a bluff on this river from the Republic of Texas. He established a trading post--a simple structure constructed of hewn logs sealed with clay. He sold food and supplies to pioneers traveling west before ferrying them across the river. Five years later he became Dallas' first real estate agent by dividing his land into blocks of 200 square feet each and selling them to those who stayed behind.4 As Bryan's land began to sell, other developers plotted pieces of prairie. The neighboring land of John Grisby was laid out on another axis. Unfortunately, the gridiron street pattern of the two systems happen to be 30 degrees askew, and no attempt was made to integrate them (Fig. 1.2). This frontier right to do as one pleased on one's own land without regard for the whole is a premise which persists throughout Dallas' 145 years of building.5 Prosperity has not produced the perfect city, however; Dallas' architectural environment is continually being evaluated and is continually found to be lacking. A common observation is that the same free-spiritedness and independent thinking which made Dallas grow made it grow rather haphazardly, even within the constraints of zoning. We find one building here, a totally different building there, and little regard for context, for the spaces in between. The city lacks the character and cohesiveness - the strong sense of place - thgt emerges from collective, rather than independent efforts. To understand Dallas architecture, the forces at work during its brief history must be examined. Creating something from nothing pervades all of Dallas' history. Without this motto, the city would not have grown. With only the most tenuous