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Identificacin De Vacos Y Prioridades De Conservacin

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Identificacin De Vacos Y Prioridades De Conservacin IDENTIFICACIÓN DE VACÍOS Y PRIORIDADES DE CONSERVACIÓN PARA LA BIODIVERSIDAD TERRESTRE EN EL ECUADOR CONTINENTAL © EcoCiencia, The Nature Conservancy, Conservation International, Ministerio del Ambiente del Ecuador AUTORES Francisco Cuesta-Camacho Manuel F. Peralvo Andrea Ganzenmüller Malki Sáenz Julio Novoa Gabriela Riofrío Karla Beltrán Mayo de 2006 Quito, Ecuador EcoCiencia -1- 17-mayo-06 Tabla de Contenidos Resumen __________________________________________________ 3 1 Introducción _____________________________________________ 4 1.1 La IVPC como herramienta para la conservación de la biodiversidad_______4 1.2 El Estudio de vacíos de conservación en el contexto del Ecuador__________5 2 Área de estudio ___________________________________________ 7 2.1 El contexto biofísico ____________________________________________7 2.2 El contexto socioeconómico ______________________________________9 3 Métodos _______________________________________________ 11 3.1 Selección y mapeo de indicadores de la biodiversidad para cada sub-región del Ecuador continental_________________________________________12 3.1.1 Recolección y procesamiento de información base para especies _____15 3.2 Definición de metas____________________________________________15 3.3 Identificación y análisis de los vacíos de conservación _________________16 3.4 Priorización de los vacíos de conservación usando criterios de áreas irremplazables y vulnerables ____________________________________18 3.5 Análisis espacial de representatividad de los indicadores de biodiversidad en el SNAP en un escenario óptimo __________________________________19 4 Resultados _____________________________________________ 21 4.1 Patrones de diversidad y niveles de remanencia de las especies indicadoras de biodiversidad ______________________________________________21 4.2 Estado de conservación de los indicadores de biodiversidad ____________21 4.2.1 Representación de los indicadores en el SNAP____________________22 4.3 Identificación y priorización de vacíos de conservación ________________23 4.3.1 Nivel de representatividad de los indicadores de biodiversidad_______24 4.4 Análisis espacial de representatividad de los indicadores de biodiversidad en el SNAP en un escenario óptimo __________________________________26 4.5 Humedales lénticos del Ecuador continental _________________________27 5 Discusión_______________________________________________ 28 5.1 Consideraciones metodológicas __________________________________28 5.2 Recomendaciones por sub-región _________________________________31 5.2.1 Costa ___________________________________________________32 5.2.2 Sierra ___________________________________________________33 5.2.3 Amazonia ________________________________________________34 5.3 Recomendaciones generales _____________________________________34 6 Conclusiones ____________________________________________ 36 7 Agradecimientos _________________________________________ 37 8 Referencias _____________________________________________ 38 9 Tablas y Figuras _________________________________________ 47 9.1 Tablas ______________________________________________________47 9.2 Figuras _____________________________________________________50 10 Anexos ________________________________________________ 58 EcoCiencia -2- 17-mayo-06 Identificación de Vacíos y Prioridades de Conservación para la Biodiversidad Terrestre en el Ecuador Continental Cuesta-Camacho, F∫., M. F. Peralvo£∫, A. Ganzenmüller∫, M. Sáenz∫, J. Novoa∫, y K. Beltrán∫ ∫ EcoCiencia. P.O. Box. 17-12-257. Correo electrónico: [email protected], [email protected] £ The University of Texas at Austin. Department of Geography and the Environment. Correo electrónico: [email protected] Resumen La identificación de vacíos de conservación es un enfoque geográfico de planificación que procura definir prioridades de conservación basadas en el estado actual de la biodiversidad. Para este análisis dividimos al Ecuador continental en tres sub-regiones: Costa, Sierra y Amazonia. La identificación de los vacíos y prioridades de conservación se basó en un conjunto de indicadores de biodiversidad (aves, algunos géneros diversos de plantas vasculares, sistemas ecológicos y humedales lénticos) que fueron utilizados en distintas combinaciones para el análisis de cada una de las sub-regiones. Mediante modelos de nicho generamos 163 modelos predictivos de la distribución actual (remanente) y potencial de las 204 especies seleccionadas para la Costa y Sierra. Asimismo, generamos un mapa de los sistemas ecológicos presentes (actual y potencial) en el país y empleamos información previamente publicada sobre los humedales lénticos continentales. Para determinar el grado de representatividad de cada indicador (sistemas y especies) en el Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas (SNAP) definimos una meta de conservación considerando el grado de remanencia de su distribución actual en relación a su configuración potencial (histórica). Para la identificación de los vacíos de conservación utilizamos un algoritmo heurístico denominado SITES para la selección de áreas irremplazables y complementarias. El algoritmo busca encontrar el conjunto óptimo de unidades de análisis fuera del sistema existente de áreas protegidas que permita alcanzar de forma eficiente las metas de conservación para los indicadores. Una vez que los vacíos de conservación fueron identificados, empleamos criterios de áreas irremplazables y vulnerables para identificar áreas que necesitan atención prioritaria en términos de conservación. Así, un área se considera irreemplazable cuando su inclusión en un área protegida es imprescindible para alcanzar las metas de conservación para uno o más indicadores de la biodiversidad. Por otro lado, el grado de vulnerabilidad puede ser entendido como la probabilidad de cambio o degradación de un área en un tiempo relativamente corto. Aunque cerca del 16% del territorio continental del Ecuador se encuentra dentro del SNAP, la representación de los indicadores de la biodiversidad seleccionados tiende a ser deficiente. Así, encontramos que varios sistemas ecológicos se encuentran sub- representados o ausentes por completo del SNAP, de manera especial en la sub-región Costa, los Andes del sur y la Amazonia sur. Esta situación se refleja en la carencia de áreas protegidas en vastas regiones del país, en la concentración de dichas áreas en otras regiones o en la presencia de áreas de reducida extensión. Es fundamental considerar que en el contexto socioeconómico y político actual del Ecuador, es poco probable la creación de áreas al SNAP bajo las categorías vigentes o la modificación de las superficies de las reservas existentes. Es entonces necesario reconocer la necesidad de incorporar estrategias dirigidas a otros actores que pueden resultar aliados estratégicos. Gobiernos seccionales, territorios indígenas, bosques protectores, y propietarios privados son algunos de estos actores que permitirían diseñar escenarios de conservación que fortalezcan el SNAP y mejoren su representatividad de la biodiversidad terrestre del Ecuador Continental. EcoCiencia -3- 17-mayo-06 1 Introducción En la Séptima Reunión de la Conferencia de las Partes (COP-7) del Convenio sobre la Diversidad Biológica (CDB), que se llevó a cabo en Kuala Lumpur (Malasia), se aprobó un Programa de Trabajo sobre Áreas Protegidas, con múltiples objetivos y metas bajo un marco de tiempo limitado. Uno de los propósitos generales del Programa es estimular a los países signatarios a completar y diseñar un sistema de áreas protegidas representativo de la diversidad biológica de cada nación, con énfasis especial en las especies endémicas y amenazadas. El Ecuador, como signatario del CBD se comprometió a aplicar las 91 actividades del Programa de Trabajo en el país a fin de fortalecer su Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas (SNAP). Una de las actividades del Programa de Trabajo es el análisis de vacíos del sistema, a fin de adoptar con urgencia, para el año 2006, medidas dirigidas a establecer nuevas áreas protegidas o ampliar las existentes. El análisis de vacíos del sistema deberá basarse en los requisitos de conservación de sistemas representativos que garanticen la persistencia de la diversidad biológica en los ecosistemas terrestres, marinos y de aguas continentales, y que además protejan zonas muy amenazadas o de gran valor biológico debido a sus altos niveles de endemismo. El análisis para la identificación de vacíos y prioridades de conservación (IVPC de aquí en adelante) es un enfoque geográfico de planificación cuyo objetivo es identificar prioridades de conservación basadas en el estado actual de la biodiversidad, su representatividad dentro del sistema de áreas protegidas existente e información sobre variables relevantes a su persistencia en el futuro. Aunque es una herramienta flexible que puede aplicarse en un amplio rango de escalas geográficas, este tipo de análisis generalmente se concentra en la identificación de prioridades de conservación a escalas regionales o de país. El Ministerio del Ambiente del Ecuador (MAE) ha identificado como una de sus prioridades la elaboración del nuevo Plan Estratégico para el Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas, realizado con el apoyo del proyecto SNAP-GEF. Este plan necesariamente debe contemplar un análisis de las áreas importantes para la conservación de la biodiversidad que no se encuentran representadas en el SNAP con el fin de asegurar un nivel óptimo de representatividad. 1.1 La IVPC como herramienta para la conservación de la biodiversidad
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