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The Eye of the CT Scanner: the Story of Learning to See the Invisible Or
Published online: 2021-03-18 Review The Eye of the CT Scanner: The story of learning to see the invisible or from the fluorescent screen to the photon-counting detector Das Auge des Computertomografen: Die Geschichte vom Sehenlernen des Unsichtbaren oder vom Fluoreszenzschirm zum photonenzählenden Detektor Author Heinz-Peter Schlemmer Affiliation inventiveness, engineering and entrepreneurial spirit created Abt. Radiologie, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, the impressive possibilities of today’s imaging diagnostics. Heidelberg, Germany This contribution accompanies the Roentgen Lecture the author gave on November 13, 2020 in Roentgen’s birth house Key words as part of its inauguration and the closing ceremony of CT, digital radiography, radiations, radiography the 101st Congress of the German Roentgen Society in received 09.10.2020 Remscheid-Lennep. accepted 17.01.2021 Key Points: published online 18.03.2021 ▪ The development of computed tomography was a mile- Bibliography stone in the methodological advancement of imaging Fortschr Röntgenstr 2021; 193: 1034–1048 with X-rays. ▪ DOI 10.1055/a-1308-2693 In the detector pixel invisible X-rays are converted into ISSN 1438-9029 digital electrical impulses, which the computer uses to © 2021. Thieme. All rights reserved. create images. ▪ Georg Thieme Verlag KG, Rüdigerstraße 14, Photon-counting detectors could have significant 70469 Stuttgart, Germany diagnostic advantages for clinical applications. Citation Format Correspondence ▪ Schlemmer H, The Eye of the CT Scanner: The story of Prof. Dr. med. Dipl.-Phys. Heinz-Peter Schlemmer learning to see the invisible or from the fluorescent screen to Abt. Radiologie, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, the photon-counting detector. Fortschr Röntgenstr 2021; Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany 193: 1034–1048 Tel.: +49/62 21/42 25 64 Fax: +49/62 21/42 25 67 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG [email protected] Röntgens Fotografien mit der „neuen Art von Strahlen“ lösten ABSTRACT einen weltweiten Begeisterungssturm in allen gesellschaftli- chen Kreisen aus. -
書 名 等 発行年 出版社 受賞年 備考 N1 Ueber Das Zustandekommen Der
書 名 等 発行年 出版社 受賞年 備考 Ueber das Zustandekommen der Diphtherie-immunitat und der Tetanus-Immunitat bei thieren / Emil Adolf N1 1890 Georg thieme 1901 von Behring N2 Diphtherie und tetanus immunitaet / Emil Adolf von Behring und Kitasato 19-- [Akitomo Matsuki] 1901 Malarial fever its cause, prevention and treatment containing full details for the use of travellers, University press of N3 1902 1902 sportsmen, soldiers, and residents in malarious places / by Ronald Ross liverpool Ueber die Anwendung von concentrirten chemischen Lichtstrahlen in der Medicin / von Prof. Dr. Niels N4 1899 F.C.W.Vogel 1903 Ryberg Finsen Mit 4 Abbildungen und 2 Tafeln Twenty-five years of objective study of the higher nervous activity (behaviour) of animals / Ivan N5 Petrovitch Pavlov ; translated and edited by W. Horsley Gantt ; with the collaboration of G. Volborth ; and c1928 International Publishing 1904 an introduction by Walter B. Cannon Conditioned reflexes : an investigation of the physiological activity of the cerebral cortex / by Ivan Oxford University N6 1927 1904 Petrovitch Pavlov ; translated and edited by G.V. Anrep Press N7 Die Ätiologie und die Bekämpfung der Tuberkulose / Robert Koch ; eingeleitet von M. Kirchner 1912 J.A.Barth 1905 N8 Neue Darstellung vom histologischen Bau des Centralnervensystems / von Santiago Ramón y Cajal 1893 Veit 1906 Traité des fiévres palustres : avec la description des microbes du paludisme / par Charles Louis Alphonse N9 1884 Octave Doin 1907 Laveran N10 Embryologie des Scorpions / von Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov 1870 Wilhelm Engelmann 1908 Immunität bei Infektionskrankheiten / Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov ; einzig autorisierte übersetzung von Julius N11 1902 Gustav Fischer 1908 Meyer Die experimentelle Chemotherapie der Spirillosen : Syphilis, Rückfallfieber, Hühnerspirillose, Frambösie / N12 1910 J.Springer 1908 von Paul Ehrlich und S. -
12.2% 116,000 120M Top 1% 154 3,900
We are IntechOpen, the world’s leading publisher of Open Access books Built by scientists, for scientists 3,900 116,000 120M Open access books available International authors and editors Downloads Our authors are among the 154 TOP 1% 12.2% Countries delivered to most cited scientists Contributors from top 500 universities Selection of our books indexed in the Book Citation Index in Web of Science™ Core Collection (BKCI) Interested in publishing with us? Contact [email protected] Numbers displayed above are based on latest data collected. For more information visit www.intechopen.com Chapter Introductory Chapter: Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology Valentina Kubale, Emma Cousins, Clara Bailey, Samir A.A. El-Gendy and Catrin Sian Rutland 1. History of veterinary anatomy and physiology The anatomy of animals has long fascinated people, with mural paintings depicting the superficial anatomy of animals dating back to the Palaeolithic era [1]. However, evidence suggests that the earliest appearance of scientific anatomical study may have been in ancient Babylonia, although the tablets upon which this was recorded have perished and the remains indicate that Babylonian knowledge was in fact relatively limited [2]. As such, with early exploration of anatomy documented in the writing of various papyri, ancient Egyptian civilisation is believed to be the origin of the anatomist [3]. With content dating back to 3000 BCE, the Edwin Smith papyrus demonstrates a recognition of cerebrospinal fluid, meninges and surface anatomy of the brain, whilst the Ebers papyrus describes systemic function of the body including the heart and vas- culature, gynaecology and tumours [4]. The Ebers papyrus dates back to around 1500 bCe; however, it is also thought to be based upon earlier texts. -
Godfrey Hounsfield ”Each New Discovery Brings with It the Seeds of Other, Future Inventions”
HISTORY |ESSR Publications Godfrey Hounsfield ”Each new discovery brings with it the seeds of other, future inventions” By Iwona Sudoł-Szopińska (radiologist) and Marta Panas-Goworska (culture expert) 28 August was the 100th anniversary of the birth of Sir Godfrey Newbold Hounsfield. Godfrey Hounsfield was born on 28 August 1919 in Newark, England. His parents were farmers, and it was at their family farm where the talents of this Nobel Prize laureate showed for the first time. On his own, he mended various machines and even constructed a glider, which he did not forget to mention in his speech at the Nobel Prize gala in 1979: I made hazardous investigations of the principles of flight, launching myself from the tops of haystacks with a home-made glider; I almost blew myself up during exciting experiments using water-filled tar barrels and acetylene to see how high they could be propelled. It would seem that these skills would surely make him an outstanding student and later scientist. This, however, never happened. He was only average at school, and before World War II he enrolled voluntarily on the Royal Air Force (RAF), where he fathomed the arcana of electronics. After the war, owing to the support of his superiors from the army, he was accepted at the Faraday House Electrical Engineering College. This was not, however, a higher school of engineering as we understand it today, but rather a specialist school bridging vocational education with polytechnics that would appear later in the 1960s. This means that genius Godfrey Hounsfield was never formally an engineer and, although he worked in the area of broadly understood information technology, he would speak of his educational shortcomings with these words: You’ve got to use the absolute minimum of mathematics but have a tremendous lot of intuition. -
The Use of Non-Human Primates in Research in Primates Non-Human of Use The
The use of non-human primates in research The use of non-human primates in research A working group report chaired by Sir David Weatherall FRS FMedSci Report sponsored by: Academy of Medical Sciences Medical Research Council The Royal Society Wellcome Trust 10 Carlton House Terrace 20 Park Crescent 6-9 Carlton House Terrace 215 Euston Road London, SW1Y 5AH London, W1B 1AL London, SW1Y 5AG London, NW1 2BE December 2006 December Tel: +44(0)20 7969 5288 Tel: +44(0)20 7636 5422 Tel: +44(0)20 7451 2590 Tel: +44(0)20 7611 8888 Fax: +44(0)20 7969 5298 Fax: +44(0)20 7436 6179 Fax: +44(0)20 7451 2692 Fax: +44(0)20 7611 8545 Email: E-mail: E-mail: E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Web: www.acmedsci.ac.uk Web: www.mrc.ac.uk Web: www.royalsoc.ac.uk Web: www.wellcome.ac.uk December 2006 The use of non-human primates in research A working group report chaired by Sir David Weatheall FRS FMedSci December 2006 Sponsors’ statement The use of non-human primates continues to be one the most contentious areas of biological and medical research. The publication of this independent report into the scientific basis for the past, current and future role of non-human primates in research is both a necessary and timely contribution to the debate. We emphasise that members of the working group have worked independently of the four sponsoring organisations. Our organisations did not provide input into the report’s content, conclusions or recommendations. -
AAPM and the CONTRIBUTIONS of MEDICAL PHYSICISTS
AAPM AAPM and the CONTRIBUTIONS of MEDICAL PHYSICISTS he American Association of Secretary/Treasurer until, in 1969, Note that videos of all presentations TPhysicists in Medicine was an Administrative Office was made at these and many other founded in 1958 with 132 Charter established at the American Institute AAPM scientific and educational Members, increasing to over 9,000 of Physics in New York City. It meetings are available free to today. remained there, with a brief interlude members and, after an embargo of when it was relocated one year, to all medical physicists to a management worldwide. firm in Chicago, On the international level, AAPM until 1992, when has administered an International AAPM established its Scientific Educational Program series own Headquarters of over 30 courses delivered in low to at the American middle income countries. Center for Physics in College Park, MD. Publications Then, in 2016, the AAPM publishes two scientific Headquarters moved journals: Medical Physics and the to its current location open-access Journal of Applied in Alexandria, VA. Clinical Medical Physics. Other publications include over 150 Temporary Articles of Incorporation Scientific and Educational Reports, many of which define the were approved in 1958 and later Activities practice of medical physics in the US and have strongly influenced amended in 1965 to the current Initially, from 1959–1969, Annual practice at the international level, version, which gives the following Meetings were held in conjunction since all AAPM Reports are freely purposes of the association: with the RSNA General Assembly available to medical physicists • To promote the application of in Chicago. -
Balcomk41251.Pdf (558.9Kb)
Copyright by Karen Suzanne Balcom 2005 The Dissertation Committee for Karen Suzanne Balcom Certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Discovery and Information Use Patterns of Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine Committee: E. Glynn Harmon, Supervisor Julie Hallmark Billie Grace Herring James D. Legler Brooke E. Sheldon Discovery and Information Use Patterns of Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine by Karen Suzanne Balcom, B.A., M.L.S. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin August, 2005 Dedication I dedicate this dissertation to my first teachers: my father, George Sheldon Balcom, who passed away before this task was begun, and to my mother, Marian Dyer Balcom, who passed away before it was completed. I also dedicate it to my dissertation committee members: Drs. Billie Grace Herring, Brooke Sheldon, Julie Hallmark and to my supervisor, Dr. Glynn Harmon. They were all teachers, mentors, and friends who lifted me up when I was down. Acknowledgements I would first like to thank my committee: Julie Hallmark, Billie Grace Herring, Jim Legler, M.D., Brooke E. Sheldon, and Glynn Harmon for their encouragement, patience and support during the nine years that this investigation was a work in progress. I could not have had a better committee. They are my enduring friends and I hope I prove worthy of the faith they have always showed in me. I am grateful to Dr. -
ABCD Clinical Medicine Collection
ABCD springer.com VISIT TODAY Clinical Medicine Collection Journal Subject Collections Bring Information to Real World Application As a global science publisher, Springer is Clinical Medicine Collection dedicated to serving both the academic Springer has committed to improving medical and professional research communities. By care by setting high standards for medical providing high quality content, incompa- practice and education. Springer has compiled rable value and ease of accessibility, Springer a collection of more than 150 journals dedi- journals offer a wide range of sophisticated, cated to providing the most recent information scientific topics that have won the esteem of and techniques in clinical medicine including: scientists, researchers, clinicians, and informa- 7 Diabetologia —ranking in the top 10% of tion specialists the world over. publications in the Endocrinology and Metabolism field* Subject collections are broadly categorized 7 Annals of Surgical Oncology—ranking in and present a wide selection of available the top 10% in Surgery journals from which to locate information. 7 Obesity Surgery - ranking in the top 5% in Articles are searchable by subject, publication Surgery title, topic, author or keywords. They are peer- 7 Diseases of the Colon and Rectum- ranking reviewed and edited by internationally in the top 15% in Surgery respected scientists, researchers, and 7 Intensive Care Medicine - ranking in the top academics from world-leading institutions 15% in Critical Care Medicine and corporations. 7 Cancer and Metastasis Reviews - ranking in the top 7% in Oncology 7 European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging - ranking in the top 10% in Radiology, Nuclear Medicine, and Medical Imaging …and more *All ranking are from the ISI Journals Citation Report 2005. -
Peter Mansfield
SNAP-SHOT MRI Nobel Lecture, December 8, 2003 by Peter Mansfield Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, U.K. INTRODUCTION The topic of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) started for us at Nottingham in the early summer of 1972. During a discussion with one of my graduate stu- dents, Peter Grannell and my post-doc Dr Allan Garroway, concerning mul- tiple-pulse line narrowing experiments in solids, the idea occurred to me to use the line narrowing technique as a means of effectively removing dipolar interactions in a material like CaF2 and at the same time impose an external linear gradient on the sample thus broadening the line shape to reveal the atomic or molecular structure within the sample. It soon became apparent, however, even with the achievable narrowed line- widths of around 1 Hz for CaF2, corresponding to a line width reduction of 3 ϫ 104, that the residual line width was still too broad using practical external gradients to resolve the atomic structure in a single crystal of CaF2. Despite this setback, work continued with artificial one-dimensional lattices made up of several thin plates of camphor. Peter Grannell and I continued this work during the course of 1972 and it resulted finally in a paper presented at the First Specialized Colloque Ampère, Krakow in 1973 (1). Formal publication appeared shortly after (2). These papers emphasized the Fourier transform approach used, even though the images of the camphor stacks were one-dimensional. It was clear that we had made our task much more difficult by choosing to work with solids. -
Neuroimaging and the "Complexity" of Capital Punishment O
Notre Dame Law School NDLScholarship Journal Articles Publications 2007 Neuroimaging and the "Complexity" of Capital Punishment O. Carter Snead Notre Dame Law School, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/law_faculty_scholarship Part of the Criminal Law Commons, Criminal Procedure Commons, and the Legal Ethics and Professional Responsibility Commons Recommended Citation O. C. Snead, Neuroimaging and the "Complexity" of Capital Punishment, 82 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 1265 (2007). Available at: https://scholarship.law.nd.edu/law_faculty_scholarship/542 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Publications at NDLScholarship. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal Articles by an authorized administrator of NDLScholarship. For more information, please contact [email protected]. ARTICLES NEUROIMAGING AND THE "COMPLEXITY" OF CAPITAL PUNISHMENT 0. CARTER SNEAD* The growing use of brain imaging technology to explore the causes of morally, socially, and legally relevant behavior is the subject of much discussion and contro- versy in both scholarly and popular circles. From the efforts of cognitive neuros- cientists in the courtroom and the public square, the contours of a project to transform capital sentencing both in principle and in practice have emerged. In the short term, these scientists seek to play a role in the process of capitalsentencing by serving as mitigation experts for defendants, invoking neuroimaging research on the roots of criminal violence to support their arguments. Over the long term, these same experts (and their like-minded colleagues) hope to appeal to the recent find- ings of their discipline to embarrass, discredit, and ultimately overthrow retributive justice as a principle of punishment. -
The Impact of NMR and MRI
WELLCOME WITNESSES TO TWENTIETH CENTURY MEDICINE _____________________________________________________________________________ MAKING THE HUMAN BODY TRANSPARENT: THE IMPACT OF NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE AND MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING _________________________________________________ RESEARCH IN GENERAL PRACTICE __________________________________ DRUGS IN PSYCHIATRIC PRACTICE ______________________ THE MRC COMMON COLD UNIT ____________________________________ WITNESS SEMINAR TRANSCRIPTS EDITED BY: E M TANSEY D A CHRISTIE L A REYNOLDS Volume Two – September 1998 ©The Trustee of the Wellcome Trust, London, 1998 First published by the Wellcome Trust, 1998 Occasional Publication no. 6, 1998 The Wellcome Trust is a registered charity, no. 210183. ISBN 978 186983 539 1 All volumes are freely available online at www.history.qmul.ac.uk/research/modbiomed/wellcome_witnesses/ Please cite as : Tansey E M, Christie D A, Reynolds L A. (eds) (1998) Wellcome Witnesses to Twentieth Century Medicine, vol. 2. London: Wellcome Trust. Key Front cover photographs, L to R from the top: Professor Sir Godfrey Hounsfield, speaking (NMR) Professor Robert Steiner, Professor Sir Martin Wood, Professor Sir Rex Richards (NMR) Dr Alan Broadhurst, Dr David Healy (Psy) Dr James Lovelock, Mrs Betty Porterfield (CCU) Professor Alec Jenner (Psy) Professor David Hannay (GPs) Dr Donna Chaproniere (CCU) Professor Merton Sandler (Psy) Professor George Radda (NMR) Mr Keith (Tom) Thompson (CCU) Back cover photographs, L to R, from the top: Professor Hannah Steinberg, Professor -
Sir Peter Mansfield.Ai
MIDLANDS ENGINE HEALTH Focus on MedTech Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre The Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre (SPMIC) was formed in 2015 with an award of £7.7 million funding from the MRC Clinical Research Capabilities & Technologies Initiative and £1.7 million of matched University of Nottingham funding. The vision has been to create a centre that will drive the development and exploitation of medical imaging in experimental medicine and translational medicine, based on our international leadership in physics development and clinical imaging. The SPMIC combines strengths in physics and medicine to provide a single platform for medical imaging activity in Nottingham, serving more than 100 academic and research staff. The Centre builds on the University of Nottingham’s unique track record of research in biomedical imaging stretching back to Sir Peter Mansfield’s pioneering work in developing MRI in the 1970s, for which he was Professor Richard Bowtell, Head of The Sir Peter awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine Mansfield Imaging Centre in 2003. Researchers at the Centre lead national “We strongly focus on commercialisation of our initiatives, such as the UK Renal Imaging Network work and two spin-out companies have been and the UK7T Network, and have been prominent formed in the last six months to exploit our recent contributors to national and international initiatives, research developments: Neurotherapeutics Ltd will such as BioBank, IMAGEN and the Human market a wearable neuromodulation device Connectome Project. (rhythmic peripheral nerve stimulation) for use in Tourette syndrome, while Cerca Ltd, was formed to sell integrated wearable OPM-MEG systems.