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Liberalism, Nationalism and Anti-Semitism in The'berlin Anti Middlesex University Research Repository An open access repository of Middlesex University research http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk Stoetzler, Marcel (2003) Liberalism, nationalism and anti-semitism in the ’Berlin anti-semitism dispute’ of 1879/1880. PhD thesis, Middlesex University. [Thesis] Final accepted version (with author’s formatting) This version is available at: https://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/13385/ Copyright: Middlesex University Research Repository makes the University’s research available electronically. Copyright and moral rights to this work are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners unless otherwise stated. The work is supplied on the understanding that any use for commercial gain is strictly forbidden. A copy may be downloaded for personal, non-commercial, research or study without prior permission and without charge. 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See also repository copyright: re-use policy: http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/policies.html#copy Middlesex University • London Middlesex University Research Repository: an open access repository of Middlesex University research http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk Stoetzler, Marcel, 2003. Liberalism, nationalism and anti-semitism in the 'Berlin anti-semitism dispute' of 1879/1880. Available from Middlesex University's Research Repository. • • Copyright: Middlesex University Research Repository makes the University's research available electronically. Copyright and moral rights to this thesis/research project are retained by the author and/or other copyright owners. The work is supplied on the understanding that any use for commercial gain is strictly forbidden. A copy may be downloaded for personal, non-commercial, research or study without prior permission and without charge. Any use of the thesislresearch project for private study or research must be properly acknowledged with reference to the work's full bibliographic details. This thesis/research project may not be reproduced in any format or medium, or extensive quotations taken from it, or its content changed in any way, without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder(s). If you believe that any material held in the repository infringes copyright law, please contact the Repository Team at Middlesex University via the following email address: [email protected] The item will be removed from the repository while any claim is being investigated. Liberalism, Nationalism and anti-Semitism in the (Berlin anti-Semitism Dispute J of 1879/1880 A thesis submitted to Middlesex University in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Marcel Stoetzler School of Arts Middlesex University September 2003 Abstract: Liberalism, Nationalism and anti-Semitism in the 'Berlin anti-Semitism Dispute J 0(187911880, a thesis submitted to Middlesex University in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Marcel Stoetzler This thesis analyses the series of newspaper and journal articles and pamphlets published in 187911880 which constitute what came to be called the 'Berlin anti-Semitism dispute'. They were written by the German historian and politician Heinrich von Treitschke and some of the political and academic figures who responded to his anti-Jewish statements, and they discuss the anti-Semitic movement and the place of Jews in German society at that time. Treitschke's texts have been seen as crucial to both the development of modem anti-Semitism in Germany and the emergence of a distinctly German form of nationalism. But the debate which they provoked also reveals a great deal about social and political thought at that time, and in particular the relationship between anti-Semitism and liberalism; most of the contributors were liberals like Treitschke, or opponents of liberalism. As well as providing a close reading of the debate in a full­ length study (something which has not been done before) this thesis also analyses it in terms of the wider issues of nationalism and liberalism. What emerges from this material is a conceptual weakness of liberalism in its relation to anti-Semitism and Jewish emancipation. Both Treitschke's support for anti-Semitism and the ambivalence evident in the views of his opponents are shown here to be rooted in the contradiction between inclusionary and exclusionary tendencies inherent in the nation-form. To the extent that liberal society constitutes itself in the form of a national state, it has to guarantee, or produce, some degree of homogeneity or conformity of a national culture. This necessity leads Treitschke to embrace, and his critics to be unable to fully oppose, anti-Semitism. In this respect the thesis aims to provide a starting point for a critical assessment of current debates on nationalism vs. patriotism, ethnic minorities and 'multi-cultural society' . Liberalism, Nationalism and anti-Semitism in the Berlin anti-Semitism Dispute of 1879/80 SYNOPSIS ........................................................................................................... 1 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Liberalism, Nationalism and anti-Semitism in the Berliner Antisemitismusstreit: the thesis suggested ................................................ .4 1.2 Review: the Berliner Antisemitismusstreit in the literature ..................... 9 1.3 The historical background ....................................................................... .23 1.3.1 Liberalism ................................................................................................ 23 1.3.1.1 The concept of'liberalism' ................................................................. 23 1.3.1.2 German Liberalism before 1848 ........................................................ .28 1.3.1.3 1848 and the emergence of 'National Liberalism' ............................. 31 1.3.1.4 Liberalism and the renewed threat of revolution ................................ 36 1.3.2 Nationalism and the modern nation ........................................................ 42 1.3.3 The German Reich of 1871.. .................................................................. .47 1.3.4 Religion ................................................................................................... 55 1.3.4.1 The necessity of religion ..................................................................... 55 1.3.4.2 The form ofreligion ............................................................................ 57 1.3.5. Emancipation ........................................................................................... 66 1.3.5.1 The concept of 'emancipation' ........................................................... 66 1.3.5.2 The discourse on the 'Jewish problem' before the French Revolution ............................................................................................ 68 1.3.5.3 The discourse on 'emancipation of the Jews' since the French Revolution ............................................................................................ 72 1.3.6 'Anti-Semitism' ....................................................................................... 79 1.3.6.1 Anti-Semitism, pro- and anti-modem ................................................. 80 1.3.6.2 The 'racial' element of anti-Semitism ................................................ 85 1.3.6.3 The economic discourse on the Jews .................................................. 93 1.3.6.4 The historical background of the perception of the socio-economic role of European Jewry in the 19th century .......................................... 99 1.3.7 The anti-Semitic discourse in Germany before and around 1879 .......... 103 1.3.7.1 Conservative and mainstream anti-Semitism .................................. .104 1.3.7.2 The anti-Semitic fringe ..................................................................... l10 1.4 Treitschke' s liberalism ........................................................................... 114 1.4.1 Bourgeois society .................................................................................. 114 1.4.2 Staat, Freiheit, Sittlichkeit .................................................................... 117 1.4.3 National unification and liberal constitution ........................................ 120 2. THE BERLINER ANTISEMITISMUSSTREIT 2.1 Outline of Treitschke' s first article ......................................................... 125 2.2 A structured presentation of the main strands of the dispute ................. 128 2.2.1 Origin, extent and meaning of the current anti-Jewish campaign ........ .128 2.2.1.1 Treitschke's reformulation
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