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Amazon Soils A/# o W. G. Sombroek Amazon Soils MN08201 39G Dit proefschrift met stellingen van WILHELMUS GERARDUS SOMBROEK, landbouwkundig ingenieur, geboren teHeiloo , 27augustu s 1934, isgoedgckeur d door de promotor, DR. IR. P. BURINGH, hoogleraar in de tropische bodemkunde. De Rector Magnifkus vand e Landbouwhogeschool F. HELLINGA Wageningen, 15 december 1965 W. G. Sombroek Amazon Soils A reconnaissance of the soils of the Brazilian Amazon region PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor in de landbouwkunde, op gezag van de Rector Magnificus, Ir. F. HELLINGA, hoogleraar in de cultuurtechniek, te verdedigen tegen de bedenkingen van een commissie uit de Senaat van de Landbouwhogeschool te Wageningen op vrijdag 25 februari 1966 te 16 uur. 7966 Centrum voor Landbouwpublikaties en Landbouwdocumentatie Wageningen Voor Willemijti STELLINGEN 1 Door de grote mate van overeenkomst in bodemkundige en andere factoren tussen het Amazonegebied en het centrale Congobekken zijn de resultaten van het Iandbouwkundig proefstation te Yangambi (Congo) van grote waarde voor de ont- wikkelingva n delandbou w in hetAmazonegebied . Dit proefschrift II De pleistocene terrasafzettingen van de Amazonevallei beslaan een grote oppervlakte enzij n inhe t algemeenva n interglaciale, interpluvialeouderdom . Dit proefschrift III Het succes van de op initiatief van Japanse immigranten in het Amazonegebied ontwikkelde pepercultuur illustreert dat met toewijdinge nvolhardin gi ndi ttropisch e probleemgebied veel kan worden bereikt. IV De invoeringva n het bodemklimaat alsdeterminatiekenmer k bij een morfometrische bodemclassificatie iszowe lonlogisc hal sonpraktisch . SOIL SURVEY STAFF, 1960. Soil classification, a comprehensive system; Seventh Approxi­ mation. U.S. Dept. Agr., Soil Conservation Service, Washington. IDEM. Eighth Approximation 1964. V Het is gewenst de bepaling van Si02:Al 203:Fe203 verhoudingen, door koken van de grond of van dekleifracti e metzwavelzuur ,gedeeltelij k gevolgddoo r koken metsoda , op te nemen bij het standaardlaboratoriumonderzoek van tropische gronden. Dit proefschrift VI Devvijz eva nverwerkin gva nbodemgegeven sva nhe t Mapanegebied inSurinam edoo r SCHULZ, is ongeschikt om het al of niet bestaan van een samenhangtusse n het voor- komen van de boomsoort Bruinhart(Vouacapoua amerkana) en de bodemgesteld- heid vast te stellen. SCHULZ, J. P., 1960. Ecological studies on rain forest in Northern Suriname. Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. van Wetenschappen, Afd. Natuurkunde. Tweede reeks, III (1), p. 130 en de tabellen VI en VII. VI[ Het onderbroken voorkomen vand e oerbank bij Jodensavanne in Suriname isnie t noodzakelijk het gevolg van vroegere erosie van deze laag; HEYLIGERS' conclusie dat deoerban k louterfossie l zou zijn isda n ook aanvechtbaar. HEYLIGERS, P.C , 1963. Vegetation and soil of a white-sand savanna in Surinam. Verh. Kon. Ned. Akad. van Wetenschappen, Afd. Natuurkunde. Tweede reeks, deel L1V (3). VIM Opname vand e plantenecologie vantropisch e en subtropische gebieden als erkend onderdeel van het studieprogramma der Landbouwhogeschool isten zeerst egewenst . IX Het voortdurende gevaar van mondiale besmetting met een overmaat aan radio- actieve nucleiden maakthe t urgent omteeltmateriaa l van dedoo r eeuwenlangeselecti e verkregen agrarische kwaliteitsrassen in onderaardse ruimten, zoals verlaten zout- mijnen, beschut te houden. X De internationale ontwikkelingshulp zal, evenals inhe tverlede n denational e sociale emancipatie, uitd esfee r vanliefdadighei d naar dieva ngemeenschapsplich t groeien en zal dan ook uiteindelijk inee n kader van bindende internationale overeenkomsten vastgelegd moeten worden. XI Het bestaan vanee n communistisch gericht Cuba begunstigt desociaal-economisch e ontwikkeling van Latijns Amerika. Proefschrift W. G. SOMBROEK Wageningen, februari 1966 Voorwoord/Acknowledgment s De voltooiing van een proefschrift wordt beschouwd als de definitieve afsluiting van een academische studie. Daarom geeft deze plaats gelegenheid mijn dank te be- tuigen aan de Wageningse hogeschoolgemeenschap voor haar aandeel in mijn weten- schappelijke vorming. Hooggeleerde Buringh,d ewelwillendhei d waarmeeU i nee nz olaa t stadium voordi t proefschrift het promotorschap hebt willen aanvaarden, en Uw kritische nauwgezet- heid bij het doornemen van het manuscript stel ik bijzonder op prijs. Ik denk ook met voldoening terug aan de studie, onder Uw leiding, van de luchtfoto-interpretatie aan het ITC te Delft, welke in mijn huidige werkkring eengroo t en onmisbaar hulp- middelblijk t tezijn . Zeer geachte Mevrouw Edelman-Vlam, aan U wil ik mijn grote erkentelijkheid uit- drukken voor de bodemkundige opleiding en het wetenschappelijke enthousiasme die ik van wijlen Uw echtgenoot mocht ontvangen. Reeds tijdens mijn verblijf in Brazilie gaf hij zijn morele steun; maar vooral de bijna wekelijkse bezoeken die ik hem aan zijn ziekbed mocht brengen tijdens de uitwerking van dit proefschrift, hebi k hogelijk gewaardeerd. Ik acht het een voorrecht deze grote mens nog zo van nabij te hebben meegemaakt. Hooggeleerde Wellensiek,voora l Uw methodische benaderingva n wetenschappelijke vraagstukken blijft mij bij. Dat Uw bekende belangstelling voor het wel en wee van Uw vroegere studenten zich ook tot mij - die uiteindelijk een geheel andere richting dan de tuinbouwkundige is ingeslagen - blijft uitstrekken, stel ik bijzonder op prijs. Ook Uwpersoonlijk e belangstelling, hooggeleerde Schuflelen, waardeer ik bijzonder. Hooggeleerde Hellinga en hooggeleerde Van Lier, het zijn gedeeltelijk Uw beider colleges geweest die mij er toe gebracht hebben een werkkring te zoeken bij cultuur- technische projecten in ontwikkelingslanden. There are many, persons and institutions, which have enabled me to make the present study a reality. My thanks to Dr.Ir .Jaa p Bennema,unti l recently a member of the Brazilian Soils Commission delegated by FAO, can hardly be overstated. He was my mentor and continuous stimulator, both duringth e latter part of the stay in Belem and duringth e elaboration of the manuscript in Holland. His dedication to the study of the tropical soils in general and those of Brazil in particular, which may permeate through this thesis, has served as an example. Secondly, I wish to thank the co-members of the FAO/SPVEA team in Belem. Particularly Mr. Tom Day, soil scientist, who guided me during the first year and trained me in the American systematics of soil description; Dr. Paul Sutmoller, veterinarian, who tugged me along to the most remote grazing areas; Mr. Hans Huffnagel, agricultural economist; and the forest inventorists Mr. Bas Glerum and Mr. Gerard Smit,m y discussion-eager companions during the long stays in the forest. Right with them, there are the Brazilian counterparts attached to the Mission. Par­ ticularly dear is the remembrance of Eng. Civil Heber Rodrigues Compasso, chief of the draughting section and photo interpretation expert; Antonio Vahia de Abreu, and Eng. Agron. Jose Benito Sampaio, which latter joined me in the soil survey field work. It was my good fortune to have contact in the same sphere of cooperation and friendship with the members of the Soils Section of the Instituto Agronomico do Norte, namely Professor Lucio Salgado, and Engs. Agron. Walmir Hugo dos Santos and ftalo Claudio Falesi. If the present study is of use for their part in the agricultural development of Amazonia, then a promise is kept and a main aim of my effort fulfilled. Agradeco muito todo o pessoal da Missao FAO/SPVEA, bem no escritorio como no campo. Muitas vezes Ihes deve ter sido dificil perceber qualquer utilidade nas tare/as monotonas deabrir caminhos, de tradear, colecionar, conduzir, tracar e re-tracar, dactilo- grafar e re-dactilografar, estencilar, traduzir e calcular. O que,apesar de tudo isto, cada um delesfez seu trabalho com diligencia e abnegacao, sempre sera para mim uma das numerosas gratas lembrancas do Brasil. Tambem e motivo deprofundo agradecimento a ajuda que me prestaram institutos em Belem e em outras partes do Brasil. Da SPVEA sera lembrada mormente o Dr. Nady Bastos Genu, do IAN o Professor Jose Maria Condurii. Outras assistencias valiosas foram prestadas numa e outra ocasidopor Rodobrds, Petrobrds, Rio Impex, Belterra Estate, Icomi, Prospec. With the members of the Federal Brazilian Soils Commission of the CNEPA in Rio de Janeiro a much cherished contact developed, ensuring the integration of the Amazon soil survey work in the great national effort. I gratefully record the help given by the IQA, where, notwithstanding its very busy programme, so many Amazon soil samples were analysed. The cordiality of Dr. Leandro Vettori, head of the Soils Laboratory, even extended to checking of the main part of the Portuguese texts of this study. During the elaboration of the manuscript in Holland, I received help and suggestions from many sides. The Dutch SoilSurve y Institute (STIBOKA), inth e person of itsdirecto r Dr. Ir.F . W. G. Pijls, isgreatl y thanked. Although I had no previous connections with this Institute, its help was large and readily. Dr. Ir. H. W. van der Marel, head of the Soils Labo­ ratory, provided for very valuable additional analysis data, and Messrs. J. J. Jantzen, J. P. Heerema and Th. C. Vos of the Cartography and Map Editing Sections devoted much time to the preparation of the appending maps and some text figures. Acknowledgment is due to the Agricultural State University of Wageningen, for my appointment as temporary research worker. The Department of Soil Science of this University rendered
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