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In Re Napster, Inc. Copyright Litigation Was Pending

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FOR PUBLICATION UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT In re: NAPSTER, INC. COPYRIGHT LITIGATION, UMG RECORDING, INC.; INTERSCOPE RECORDS; MOTOWN RECORD COMPANY, L.P.; JERRY LEIBER; MIKE STOLLER, individually and dba as Mike Stoller Music; FRANK MUSIC CORPORATION; PEER INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION, on No. 06-15886 behalf of themselves & all others D.C. Nos. similarly situated; CAPITOL CV-00-01369-MHP RECORDS, INC.; CAROLINE RECORDS, CV-04-01166-MHP INC.; NOO TRYBE RECORDS, INC.; CV-04-01671-MHP VIRGIN RECORDS AMERICA, INC.; CV-04-01351-MHP NARADA PRODUCTIONS, INC.; HIGHER CV-04-02121-MHP OCTAVE MUSIC, INC.; PRIORITY RECORDS LLC; FOREFRONT COMMUNICATIONS GROUP, INC.; JUBILEE COMMUNICATIONS, INC.; EMI CHRISTIAN MUSIC GROUP, INC.; BRIDGEPORT MUSIC, INC.; SOUTHFIELD MUSIC, INC.; WESTBOUND RECORDS, INC., Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. 3065 3066 IN RE: NAPSTER, INC. BERTELSMANN AG; BERTELSMANN, INC.; BEMUSIC, INC., Defendants-Appellants, and HUMMER WINBLAD VENTURE PARTNERS; HUMMER WINBLAD VENTURE PARTNERS IV, LP; HUMMER WINBLAD TECHNOLOGY FUND IV, LP; HUMMER WINBLAD EQUITY PARTNERS IV, LLC; HANK BARRY; JOHN HUMMER, Defendants. In re: BERTELSMANN, INC.; In re: BEMUSIC, INC.; In re: BERTELSMANN AG, No. 06-72515 D.C. Nos. BERTELSMANN AG; BERTELSMANN, CV-00-01369-MHP INC.; BEMUSIC, INC., CV-04-01166-MHP Petitioners, CV-04-01671-MHP v. CV-04-01351-MHP CV-04-02121-MHP UNITED STATES DISTRICT OPINION COURT FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA, Respondent, IN RE: NAPSTER, INC. 3067 CAPITOL RECORDS, INC.; CAROLINE RECORDS, INC.; NOO TRYBE RECORDS, INC.; VIRGIN RECORDS AMERICA, INC.; NARADA PRODUCTIONS, INC.; HIGHER OCTAVE MUSIC, INC.; PRIORITY RECORDS LLC; FOREFRONT COMMUNICATIONS GROUP, INC.; JUBILEE COMMUNICATIONS, INC.; EMI CHRISTIAN MUSIC GROUP, INC.; UMG RECORDINGS INC.; INTERSCOPE RECORDS; MOTOWN RECORD COMPANY; JERRY LEIBER, individually and dba Jerry Leiber Music; MIKE STOLLER, individually and dba as Mike Stoller Music; FRANK MUSIC CORPORATION; PEER INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION, Real Parties in Interest. Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of California Marilyn H. Patel, District Judge, Presiding Argued and Submitted September 13, 2006—San Francisco, California Filed March 14, 2007 Before: Ferdinand F. Fernandez, William A. Fletcher, and Johnnie B. Rawlinson, Circuit Judges. Opinion by Judge William A. Fletcher IN RE: NAPSTER, INC. 3071 COUNSEL R. Bruce Rich, Kenneth L. Steinthal, Weil Gotshal & Manges, New York, New York; Matthew D. Powers, Gayle E. Rosen- stein, Weil Gotshal & Manges, Redwood Shores, California, Weil Gotshal & Manges, Austin, Texas; John W. Keker, Michael H. Page, Keker & Van Nest, San Francisco, Califor- nia, for the appellants. Daniel P. Collins, Glenn Douglas Pomerantz, Kelly M. Klaus, Munger Tolles & Olson, Los Angeles, California; Carey Ramos, Lynn B. Bayard, Paul Weiss Rifkind Wharton & Gar- rison, New York, New York; Peter L. Simmons, Mitchell E. 3072 IN RE: NAPSTER, INC. Epner, Fried Frank Harris Shriver Jacobsen, New York, New York; Paul H. Duvall, Richard Steven Busch, King & Ballow, La Jolla, California, for the appellees. OPINION W. FLETCHER, Circuit Judge: In this appeal, we must decide whether the district court properly ordered the disclosure of privileged attorney-client communications under the crime-fraud exception. We hold that in a civil case the district court must allow both the party seeking discovery of the communications and the party assert- ing the privilege to present evidence relevant to the privilege and the exception, and must weigh that evidence before order- ing outright disclosure. We further hold that in a civil case, when the district court is asked to order outright disclosure, the burden of proof on the party seeking to vitiate the privi- lege is preponderance of the evidence. We conclude the appellees in this case have failed to make the requisite eviden- tiary showing to support a finding that the crime-fraud excep- tion applies. We reverse and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. I. Background This appeal arises out of litigation over alleged copyright infringement by various parties who funded Napster, the now- defunct online file-sharing service. In December 1999 and January 2000, plaintiffs Jerry Leiber et al. and Capitol Records et al., as well as other music industry players, sued Napster for copyright infringement. Leiber et al. and Capitol Records et al. (collectively “appellees”) are now appellees in this court. Appellees alleged that Napster’s service enabled the unau- thorized reproduction and distribution of copyrighted digital IN RE: NAPSTER, INC. 3073 music files. See A&M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc., 114 F. Supp. 2d 896 (N.D. Cal. 2000), aff’d in part, rev’d in part, 239 F.3d 1004 (9th Cir. 2001) (as amended). In July 2000, the district court entered a preliminary injunction requiring Nap- ster to search for, and remove from its service, files that rights holders had identified as infringing. A&M Records, Inc., 239 F.3d at 1011. We stayed the preliminary injunction two days later, but substantially affirmed in February 2001. Id. at 1029. Napster’s service was shut down in July 2001 after Napster failed to comply with the terms of a modified preliminary injunction. See A& M Records, Inc. v. Napster, Inc., No. C 99-05183, 2001 WL 227083 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 5, 2001), aff’d, 284 F.3d 1091 (9th Cir. 2002). Napster filed for bankruptcy in June 2002, and its ultimate liability for copyright infringe- ment was never adjudicated. Appellant Bertelsmann AG is a German media conglomer- ate. Between October 2000 and October 2001, Bertelsmann loaned Napster a total of about $85 million to fund its antici- pated transition to a licensed digital music distribution sys- tem. However, Napster failed fully to launch the new licensed system before declaring bankruptcy. Bertelsmann did not obtain Napster’s assets in the bankruptcy proceedings. In April 2003, appellees and others separately filed suit against Bertelsmann in federal court in the Southern District of New York, claiming that Bertelsmann was vicariously and contributorily liable for copyright infringement by Napster and/or Napster’s users. Appellees charged that by lending Napster millions of dollars Bertelsmann assumed control over Napster’s file-sharing service, or prolonged its allegedly infringing operations, in order to avoid dispersion of Nap- ster’s estimated 40 million users before the anticipated new licensed digital music distribution system was functional. The Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation subsequently trans- ferred appellees’ suits against Bertelsmann to the Northern District of California, where the In re Napster, Inc. Copyright Litigation was pending. 3074 IN RE: NAPSTER, INC. In July 2003, Bertelsmann moved to dismiss appellees’ suits for failure to state a claim under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). UMG Recordings, Inc. v. Bertelsmann AG, 222 F.R.D. 408, 410 (N.D. Cal. 2004). Bertelsmann argued as a matter of law that merely lending money to an alleged copyright infringer cannot give rise to liability under either a vicarious or contributory copyright infringement the- ory. Id. at 412. Bertelsmann further argued that its loan did not give it the ability to control Napster. The district court denied Bertelsmann’s motion to dismiss, holding that appellees had stated a claim by alleging Bertels- mann’s control of Napster’s operations. It explained that [Bertelsmann and co-defendants’] motions to dis- miss are premised on the theory that plaintiffs have accused them only of what might be considered “aid- ing and abetting” Napster’s copyright violations, viz., providing Napster with additional funding that allowed it to continue operating. According to defen- dants, plaintiffs thus state claims for what this court has termed “tertiary infringement” — vicarious or contributory assistance to a vicarious or contributory infringer, here Napster — and towards which this court has previously expressed disfavor. Defen- dants have not properly characterized plaintiffs’ complaints. Rather than alleging that defendants merely supplied Napster with necessary funding (serving as a “but for” cause of Napster’s subsequent activities) . plaintiffs have specifically accused defendants of assuming control over Napster’s oper- ations and directing the infringing activities that gave rise to the original Napster litigation. Capi- tol Records’ complaint alleges essentially identical facts [as other plaintiffs’]: “At least as early as Sep- tember 2000, Bertelsmann began preparing to oper- ate the Napster system, and by at least as early as October 2000, the Napster system was firmly under IN RE: NAPSTER, INC. 3075 the control of Bertelsmann. Bertelsmann continued to operate the Napster system and to allow its users to copy millions of protected recordings . .” Id. at 412-13 (internal citations omitted). The district court declined to “pass upon the question of whether mere financial support of a contributing and vicarious infringer . without more direct involvement” could give rise to liability. Id. at 414. Pretrial discovery continued after the district court denied Bertelsmann’s motion to dismiss. On November 8, 2005, appellees moved to compel Bertelsmann to produce all attorney-client communications related to a $50 million loan, convertible to equity, that Bertelsmann made to Napster on October 30, 2000 while Napster was appealing the initial pre- liminary injunction. Appellees contended that beginning in September 2000,
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