Tools & Equipment
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Topic 2 Questions will range from 1, 2, and 4 marks in the exam There are 2 areas of tools & equipment you need to be aware of: 1. Measuring & marking out tools 2. Wasting tools Topic 2 You should know about the following things when revising this section: Disadvantages Advantages / Advantages Appearance Processes Disadvantages Advantages / Advantages Uses Measuring Appearance & Marking Processes Uses out Wasting Rules Squares Saws X Gauges Planes X Scribes Chisels X Punches Files X Templates Drills X Micrometers Abrading X Rules Topic 2 Steel Rule Measuring Tape Used for measuring up to 300mm in Used for longer lengths up to 5m(Use) length (Use) Longer, more versatile (advantage) Rigid form which means it won’t bend Can become twisted and break, end and flex (advantage) can break off making them useless Edges can get worn so the (disadvantage) measurements aren’t always accurate (disadvantage) Squares Topic 2 • Both try & engineers square are used to mark out lines at 90 degrees to an edge. • Try-square is used on timber (has a wooden stock), engineers square (has metal stock) on metal, both can be used on plastic Engineer’s Square • Can also be used to check cuts made Marking out or checking 90 degree • Mitre-square is used for marking out 45 / angles on metal (Use) 135 degree angles on wood and plastic Try Square Mitre Square Marking out or checking 90 degree Marking out or checking 45 / 135 angles on wood or plastic (Use) degree angles on wood or plastic (Use) Gauges Topic 2 Mortise gauge • Has two pins, one fixed, and one adjustable • Used to mark two parallel lines where a Marking gauge mortise and tenon joint is to be cut • Marking lines parallel to the face • Used in same way as other gauges edge and side on wood • Consists of a stock that slides up and down the stem, allowing measurements to be set • The spur (sharp point) is pushed in Cutting gauge to the wood as the gauge is pushed • Used for cutting across the grain or pulled along the timber • Used in same way as the marking • Held by the stock in order to get a gauge, but has a blade instead of a parallel line spur • Blade cuts the fibres across the grain making it easier and neater to saw Topic 2 Scribers & Punches Centre Punches Scriber Used to make an indent in the surface Used to scratch the surface of metal where holes are to be drilled in metal and plastic lightly in order to mark out Provide a starting point for the drill to prevent skidding over surface Dot Punches Used for marking centres where dividers are to be used, similar to centre punch but tip is ground to 60 degrees. Topic 2 Used to make identical shapes or Templates patterns that need to be marked out Can be made from any thin material that is easy to draw around (aluminium, or plywood) Topic 2 Micrometer • Will take very accurate measurements • The rotating thimble that tightens is in divisions of 50, giving an accuracy of 0.001 mm!!! • Reading are taking by adding This is in exam papers!!!! the visible whole numbers, to the nearest 0.5mm, to the reading from the thimble (between 0 & 0.49 mm) • Difficult to learn how to read it, digital ones are often used today, which are even more exacting! Topic 2 Topic 2 Tool Name Uses Advantages Disadvantages Saws Topic 2 • Used to cut waste material away from that which is needed • Blades have teeth which are alternatively bent out or ‘set’ in opposite directions • The ‘kerf’ must be wider than the saw blade so the blade can’t get stuck • Always cut on the waste side of the line for accuracy Adjustable Hack Saw Replaceable blade held in frame Coping Saw Dovetail Saw Blade can be angled to cut Cuts curves in wood and difficult shapes or if frame gets Used for small accurate plastics, has a thin replaceable Tenon Saw in the way work, e.g. dovetail joints Uses blade held in position by frame Most commonly used for Blade can vary in length from Shorter than a tenon saw Blade can be rotated easily to cutting wood in school 250 – 300mm with 20-25 teeth/mm complex shapes and curves workshop Teeth face forwards with 14-32 Fine, accurate cut Blade can be removed from 250-350mm long with 12-14 teeth/mm Smaller teeth make it frame so that pockets or teeth/mm Use on fine work or rough ideal for detailed work windows can be cut Can be used to cut all general cutting Advantages Only appropriate for fine Blades easily break due to size joints Good for straight cuts in work, not robust enough Difficult to control, when Good general purpose working plastic & metal for general purpose work making straight cuts saw Blade can be removed from Blades can be put in wrong way Depth of cut limited by depth frame so that pockets or round of blade windows can be cut Blades can snap or twist easily, and can be put back in the Disadvantages wrong way round Topic 2 *Used to smooth wood flat and Planes reduce size Uses Smoothing Block plane Jack plane Removes sharp edges and makes a bevelled edge Smoothes and flattens plane Can be used in one hand, Advantages wood to size Finishing a surface and for easy to create small bevels Long and heavy, ideal for use on end grain Easily jammed if not set, creating a flat surface Ideal for use on end grain not effective on large flat Heavy, easily jammed if because of its sorter surfaces not set length Easily jammed if not set Disadvantages Chisels Topic 2 * Used to carve and cut wood Firmer chisel Bevel-edge General purpose chisel, has a square edge chisel Has a bevelled blade that allows you to get into corners, good for cutting dovetails Gouges Mortise chisel Curved blades used for Has a deeper blade and is carving used with a mallet for cutting mortise joints Flat file Topic 2 Files Removes waste from large flat surfaces quickly, can be used to Round file create external curves Three square / triangular file Has a safe edge on one side to prevent cutting in to edge when Square file filing a corner Half round file Brittle and easily broke if Warding file dropped, teeth clog when filing soft materials like brass and aluminium Ferrule Handle Round file Creates curves and fillets Increases in diameter along its length so it can be used on Tang different sized holes Small cross section makes it 2 filing processes are ‘cross filing’ and ‘draw weak and easily broken filing’. Cross filing removes waste rapidly using the whole length of the file, draw filing removes Three square file the marks left on the surface from cross filing Cuts into corners less than 90 degrees Files are made from high carbon steel, its Useful between angles of 60 main body is tempered and hardened and 90 degrees and has rows of teeth, the tang is left soft Cannot file against angles and fits into the handle. smaller than 60 degrees Drills (bits) Topic 2 Twist drill Flat bit Used to larger holes Countersunk bit all the way through, Twist carries away but will splinter the bit Uses Hole saw Creates a depression for waste material in the underside of the Used on thin materials to the the head of a form of ‘swarf’, wood make large holes up to countersunk screw to fit smaller sizes can be Fast removal of 150mm in diameter in so that it lies flat to the used in a hand drill waste if used by an Often used by electricians Available in sizes electrically powered surface of the material Advantages and plumbers to make Can be used to create a 0.5mm – 25mm drill holes for pipes and range of countersunk diameter Will split underside ducting, can be used on hole sizes Small drill bits prone of wood if not thick or thin sections of Will chatter if used at too to breaking if not supported by a wood and plastic high a speed used correctly piece of waste wood Tendency to burn if used at underneath Disadvantages too high a speed, only come in set sizes Abrading Tools Topic 2 • Removes small particles of waste produced by filing • They include rasps, surforms, glass paper and emery cloth Glasspaper / emery Uses cloth GP - Used on wood to give a Surform (like a smooth surface (often known as Rasp cheese grater) sandpaper) Advantages Quick removal of waste Fast removal of soft EC – Used on metals and plastics wood material in the same way Can be used like a file to Can be used on flat / 3D GP / EC – available in different create external curves, surfaces, have replaceable grades (grit per area unit) good on flat edges and blades Unless used around block, an surfaces Blades break easily uneven finish will be achieved Disadvantages Clogs up easily Topic 2 Topic 2 Tool Name Uses Advantages Disadvantages Topic 2 Tool Name Uses Advantages Disadvantages Topic 2 Tool Name Uses Advantages Disadvantages Topic 2 Tool Name Uses Advantages Disadvantages Topic 2 Tool Name Uses Advantages Disadvantages Topic 2 Tool Name Uses Advantages Disadvantages.