DOCSLIB.ORG

Combating Human Trafficking in the United Kingdom

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Combating Human Trafficking in the United Kingdom Reforming the Legal Regulation of Human Trafficking into the UAE, with particular reference to the law in the UK Hamad Alaleeli April 2015 A Thesis Submitted In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements of Nottingham University and Southampton Solent University for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Table of Contents Dedication .................................................................................................................................................... VI Abstract ....................................................................................................................................................... VII Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................................... IX Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................................ X List of Tables and Diagrams ..................................................................................................................... XII Chapter One: Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Purposes of Human Trafficking ............................................................................................................... 4 1.3 Impact of Trafficking ............................................................................................................................... 7 1.3.1 Individual .......................................................................................................................................... 8 1.3.2 Society ............................................................................................................................................ 10 1.4 Globalisation and Trafficking ................................................................................................................ 11 1.5 Human Trafficking and the Economy .................................................................................................... 13 1.6 Aims of the investigation: ..................................................................................................................... 15 1.7. Objectives: ........................................................................................................................................... 16 1.8. Reasons for studying this subject: ....................................................................................................... 17 Chapter Two: Literature Review ................................................................................................................. 18 2.1Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 18 2.2 Estimates of Human Trafficking ............................................................................................................ 21 2.2.1 Magnitude and type of victims ...................................................................................................... 24 2.2.2Scope ............................................................................................................................................... 27 2.2.3Profits and cost of human trafficking ............................................................................................. 30 2.3 Definitions ............................................................................................................................................. 31 2.3.1 Prior to the 2000 Palermo Convention .......................................................................................... 33 2.3.2As Stated in the 2000 Palermo Convention .................................................................................... 34 2.4 Causes of Human Trafficking ................................................................................................................ 36 2.5. Slavery: ................................................................................................................................................. 40 2.5.1 Slavery in the Ancient World ......................................................................................................... 41 2.5.2 Slavery in the Modern World ......................................................................................................... 42 2.5.3 Timeline for the Abolition of Slavery ............................................................................................. 43 I 2.5.4 Relationship between Human Trafficking and Slavery .................................................................. 44 2.6 Human Trafficking and Migrant Smuggling .......................................................................................... 45 2.6.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 45 2.6.2 Definition of Migrant Smuggling .................................................................................................... 46 2.6.3 The Scale of Human Smuggling and Trafficking ............................................................................. 47 2.6.4 Causes of Migrant Smuggling ......................................................................................................... 48 2.6.5 Distinction between human trafficking and migrant smuggling ................................................... 48 2. 7 National and International Actors in Anti-trafficking Efforts ............................................................... 51 2.7.1 National Actors .............................................................................................................................. 52 2.7.2 International Actors ....................................................................................................................... 53 2.8 Counter-trafficking Programmes .......................................................................................................... 56 2.8.1 Counter-trafficking strategies ........................................................................................................ 56 2.8.2 Evaluation of Counter-trafficking Programmes ............................................................................. 57 2.9 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................. 59 Chapter Three: International Conventions to Combat Human Trafficking................................................. 61 3.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 61 3.2 International Conventions .................................................................................................................... 63 3.2.1 International Conventions from 1904 to 1937 .............................................................................. 64 3.2.2 International Conventions from 1949 to 1990 .............................................................................. 66 3.2.3 International Conventions from 1990 to 2010 .............................................................................. 67 3.3. Regional Conventions of Human Trafficking ........................................................................................ 70 3.3.1 The American Convention on Human Rights, 1969 and its Protocol of 1988 and 1990 ............... 70 3.3.2 The Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings ..................... 70 3.3.3 The African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, 1981 ............................................................ 71 3.3.4 The Arab Charter on Human Rights, 2004 ..................................................................................... 71 3.3.5 The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) Convention on Preventing and Combating Trafficking in Women and Children for Prostitution ............................................................ 72 3.4. ILO Conventions ................................................................................................................................... 73 3.5 The Conventions of Human Trafficking ratified by the UK ................................................................... 74 3.6 The Conventions of Human Trafficking ratified by the UAE ................................................................. 75 3.7 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................. 76 Chapter Four: Background of the UAE ........................................................................................................ 78 II 4.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 78 4.2 Formation of the UAE ........................................................................................................................... 80 4.3 Location of the UAE .............................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Lights: the Messa Quarterly
    997 LIGHTS: THE MESSA QUARTERLY FALL 2012 Volume 2, Issue 1 Copyright © 2012 by the Middle Eastern Studies Students’ Association at the University of Chicago. All rights reserved. No part of this publication’s text may be reproduced or utilized in any way or by any means, electronic, mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information stor- age and retrieval system without written permission from the Middle Eastern Studies Students’ Association board or by the permission of the authors in- cluded in this edition. This journal is supported in parts by the Center for Middle Eastern Studies at the University of Chicago. Lights: The MESSA Journal Fall 2012 Vol. 2 No. 1 The Middle Eastern Studies Students’ Association’s Subcommittee of Publications at The University of Chicago Winter 2012 Staff Executive board: Gwendolyn Collaço, Graphic Design and Digital Editor John Macdonald, Review Editor Nadia Qazi, Production Editor August Samie, Submissions Editor and Managing Editor Peer reviewers: Gwendolyn Collaço Carol Fan Golriz Farshi Gordon Cooper Klose Amr Tarek Leheta Johan McDonald Kara Peruccio Nadia Qazi Tasha Ramos Mohmmad Sagha August Samie Armaan Siddiqi Samee Sulaiman Patrick Thevenow Andy Ver Steegh Patrick Zemanek Editors: Daniel Burnham Amy Frake Gordon Cooper Klose Nour Merza Emily Mitchell Brianne Reeves Faculty Advisors: Dr. Fred M. Donner and Dr. John E. Woods Table of Contents Featured Master’s Thesis: Reading Parsipur through the Eyes of Heday- at’s Blind Owl: Tracing the Origin of Magical Realism in Modern Persian Prose, by Saba Sulaiman................................................................................. 1 Branding a Country and Constructing an Alternative Modernity with Muslim Women: A Content Analysis of the United Arab Emirates, by Kateland Haas...............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Zerohack Zer0pwn Youranonnews Yevgeniy Anikin Yes Men
    Zerohack Zer0Pwn YourAnonNews Yevgeniy Anikin Yes Men YamaTough Xtreme x-Leader xenu xen0nymous www.oem.com.mx www.nytimes.com/pages/world/asia/index.html www.informador.com.mx www.futuregov.asia www.cronica.com.mx www.asiapacificsecuritymagazine.com Worm Wolfy Withdrawal* WillyFoReal Wikileaks IRC 88.80.16.13/9999 IRC Channel WikiLeaks WiiSpellWhy whitekidney Wells Fargo weed WallRoad w0rmware Vulnerability Vladislav Khorokhorin Visa Inc. Virus Virgin Islands "Viewpointe Archive Services, LLC" Versability Verizon Venezuela Vegas Vatican City USB US Trust US Bankcorp Uruguay Uran0n unusedcrayon United Kingdom UnicormCr3w unfittoprint unelected.org UndisclosedAnon Ukraine UGNazi ua_musti_1905 U.S. Bankcorp TYLER Turkey trosec113 Trojan Horse Trojan Trivette TriCk Tribalzer0 Transnistria transaction Traitor traffic court Tradecraft Trade Secrets "Total System Services, Inc." Topiary Top Secret Tom Stracener TibitXimer Thumb Drive Thomson Reuters TheWikiBoat thepeoplescause the_infecti0n The Unknowns The UnderTaker The Syrian electronic army The Jokerhack Thailand ThaCosmo th3j35t3r testeux1 TEST Telecomix TehWongZ Teddy Bigglesworth TeaMp0isoN TeamHav0k Team Ghost Shell Team Digi7al tdl4 taxes TARP tango down Tampa Tammy Shapiro Taiwan Tabu T0x1c t0wN T.A.R.P. Syrian Electronic Army syndiv Symantec Corporation Switzerland Swingers Club SWIFT Sweden Swan SwaggSec Swagg Security "SunGard Data Systems, Inc." Stuxnet Stringer Streamroller Stole* Sterlok SteelAnne st0rm SQLi Spyware Spying Spydevilz Spy Camera Sposed Spook Spoofing Splendide
    [Show full text]
  • Seismic Shift: Understanding Change in the Middle East
    Seismic Shift: Understanding Change in the Middle East Project Director Ellen Laipson Contributing Authors Richard Cincotta James C. Clad F. Gregory Gause, III Robert Grenier Andrew Houk Andrew Marshall David Michel Courtney C. Radsch Corey Sobel Mona Yacoubian May 2011 Seismic Shift: Understanding Change in the Middle East Project Director Ellen Laipson Contributing Authors Richard Cincotta James C. Clad F. Gregory Gause, III Robert Grenier Andrew Houk Andrew Marshall David Michel Courtney C. Radsch Corey Sobel Mona Yacoubian May 2011 Copyright © 2011 The Henry L. Stimson Center ISBN: 978-0-9845211-8-0 Cover and book design by Shawn Woodley and Lacey Rainwater All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written consent from the Stimson Center. Stimson Center 1111 19th Street, NW, 12th Floor Washington, DC 20036 Telephone: 202.223.5956 Fax: 202.238.9604 www.stimson.org Contents Preface .................................................................................................................................v Timeline of Events ............................................................................................................. vi Understanding Change in the Middle East: An Overview ............................................1 Ellen Laipson Sector Reports Academic and International Organizations The Middle East Academic Community and the “Winter of Arab Discontent”: Why Did We Miss It? ...............................................................................................11
    [Show full text]
  • Money Laundering and Financial Crimes in Dubai: a Critical Study of Strategies and Future Direction of Control
    Money Laundering and Financial Crimes in Dubai: A Critical Study of Strategies and Future Direction of Control Belaisha Bin Belaisha A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the Nottingham Trent University and Southampton Solent University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy January 2015 Abstract Preventing money laundering is a major international problem. Several attempts, from the national to the international level, have been made to address and prevent money laundering. These are often frustrated by the dynamic nature of the crime itself. However, regardless of its reach and dynamism in illegal or legal transactions, which are often intertwined, individual nations need to address the issue of money laundering to signify to an international audience and legitimate commercial interests their intent to tackle money laundering and thus illustrate that public and private state run organisations in the financial and law enforcement sectors are honest and professional, and that their country is a ‘place to do business’. This thesis, therefore, presents an evaluation of the strategies and future directions of money laundering in Dubai, as it is a ‘new’, dynamic place in which to conduct business and the financial centre of the Middle East. It examines the various ways in which legislation and law enforcement in Dubai are struggling with and tackling the issues and problems of money laundering in the face of organised crime and terrorism. In this thesis, the concepts of money laundering and financial crimes in Dubai, with a special focus on strategies as well as future direction of control, are explored in some depth.
    [Show full text]
  • The GCC States: Participation, Opposition, and the Fraying of the Social Contract
    Kuwait Programme on Development, Governance and Globalisation in the Gulf States The GCC states: Participation, opposition, and the fraying of the social contract J.E. Peterson December 2012 Number 26 The Kuwait Programme on Development, Governance and Globalisation in the Gulf States is a ten-year multidisciplinary global research programme. It focuses on topics such as globalization and the repositioning of the Gulf States in the global order, capital flows, and patterns of trade; specific challenges facing carbon-rich and resource-rich economic development; diversification, educational and human capital development into post-oil political economies; and the future of regional security structures in the post-Arab Spring environment. The Programme is based in the LSE Department of Government and led by Professor Danny Quah and Dr Kristian Coates Ulrichsen. The Programme produces an acclaimed working paper series featuring cutting-edge original research on the Gulf, published an edited volume of essays in 2011, supports post- doctoral researchers and PhD students, and develops academic networks between LSE and Gulf institutions. At the LSE, the Programme organizes a monthly seminar series, invitational breakfast briefings, and occasional public lectures, and is committed to five major biennial international conferences. The first two conferences took place in Kuwait City in 2009 and 2011, on the themes of Globalisation and the Gulf, and The Economic Transformation of the Gulf. The next conference will take place at the LSE in March 2013, on the theme of The Arab Spring and the Gulf: Politics, Economics, and Security. The Programme is funded by the Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences.
    [Show full text]
  • Internet Enemies Report 2012 Ennemis of the Internet / 12 March 2012 / World Day Against Cybercensorship//////////////////////////// 2
    INTERNET ENEMIES REPORT 2012 ENNEMIS OF THE INTERNET / 12 MARCH 2012 / WORLD DAY AGAINST CYBERCENSORSHIP//////////////////////////// 2 WORLD MAP OF CYBERCENSORSHIP................................3 INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................4 ENEMIES OF THE INTERNET BAHRAIN....................................................................................................................13 BELARUS...................................................................................................................15 BURMA......................................................................................................................17 CHINA.........................................................................................................................19 CUBA.........................................................................................................................23 IRAN..........................................................................................................................25 NORTH KOREA..........................................................................................................28 SAUDI ARABIA.........................................................................................................30 SYRIA........................................................................................................................32 TURKMENISTAN.......................................................................................................35
    [Show full text]
  • Arab Spring’: the Transition to Democracy
    House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee British foreign policy and the ‘Arab Spring’: the transition to democracy This is a volume of submissions, relevant to the inquiry British foreign policy and the ‘Arab Spring’: the transition to democracy, which have been reported to the House. Only those submissions written specifically for the Committee have been included. List of unprinted written evidence Page 1 Dr Christian Turner, Director, Middle East and North Africa Directorate, FCO 1 2 Professor Caroline Rooney, University of Kent 4 3 Roger Higginson 8 4 Rt Hon William Hague MP, Secretary of State, FCO 12; 252 5 Christian Aid 15; 216 6 British Council 21; 149 7 Foreign & Commonwealth Office (FCO) 29; 192 8 The Redress Trust (REDRESS) 95 9 Britain Israel Communications and Research Centre (BICOM) 101 10 Amnesty International UK 109; 218 11 Local Government Association 119 12 Robin Lamb 123; 244 13 Middle East Monitor 126 14 Barnabas Fund 130 15 Platform 137 16 Human Rights Watch 143 17 Henry Jackson Society 155 18 Royal African Society & Libya-Analysis.com 171; 177 19 Bell Pottinger Public Advocacy 185 20 BBC World Service and Global News 229 21 Eugene Rogan—supplementary evidence 242 22 Alistair Burt MP, Minister for the Middle East and North Africa 247 23 Letter from the Chair of the Committee to Rt Hon William Hague MP 249 AS 01 Written evidence Dr Christian Turner, Director, Middle East and North Africa Directorate, Foreign & Commonwealth Office MIDDLE EAST & NORTH AFRICA EXPERTISE AND RESOURCING At the informal briefing with FAC members on 18 May, you requested further information on our efforts to boost regional expertise in the Middle East and North Africa region, and how the FCO had organised to cope with the “Arab Spring” crisis.
    [Show full text]
  • Many Faces of Mengenai Politik Islam Di Timur Tengah Yang Bdilakukan Oleh Peneliti Di Pusat Penelitian Politik LIPI Sejak 2013-2018
    uku ini merupakan hasil penelitian panjang Many Faces of mengenai Politik Islam di Timur Tengah yang Bdilakukan oleh peneliti di Pusat Penelitian Politik LIPI sejak 2013-2018. Arah Baru Gerakan Politik Islam Pasca- Arah Baru Gerakan Politik Many Faces of Political Islam in the Middle East Many Faces of Political Political Buku ini mengupas secara komprehensif dan mencoba of “The publication of Many Faces of menjawab berbagai hal, seperti bagaimana pengaruh Many Faces Political Islam in the Middle East: The gelombang pasca Arab Spring terhadap negara-negara New Direction of the Post-Arab Spring di Timur Tengah? Bagaimana wajah politik Islam di Islamic Political Movement is very timely Islam kawasan Timur Tengah? dan Bagaimana sikap negara- to deepen the meaning of the latest in the Middle East negara di kawasan Timur Tengah dalam menghadapi trends of the current political tantangan dari prilaku politik yang sangat dinamis Arah Baru Gerakan Politik Islam movement in the Middle East. Starting pasca Arab Spring? Political from the assumption that the ideology Pasca-Arab Spring and work of the Islamic movement is Simak selengkapnya dalam buku ini. Selamat membaca. not monolithic and homogeneous, the chapters in this book — the result of a study by Indonesian researchers — “Many Faces of Political Islam in the “Buku ini sangat penting dalam beberapa hal: pertama, membahas dinamika dan kompleksitas highlight the similarities and differences Middle East is a fine piece of work that politik Islam di Timur Tengah kontemporer; kedua, menggambarkan gejolak transisi dari between the experiences of Islamic Arab Spring deals with the dynamics of Islamic otoritarianisme ke demokrasi di beberapa negara Arab; ketiga, mendorong kajian komparatif movements in the Middle East through political movements in the Middle East tentang politik Islam dan transisi menuju demokrasi dengan Indonesia yang sama-sama Islam the Arab Spring.
    [Show full text]
  • Political Prisoners in the United Arab Emirates Introduction
    Political Prisoners in the United Arab Emirates Introduction In recent times, the United Arab Emirates (UAE) has has detained more than 200 political prisoners - projected itself as the epicentre of wealth and although the numbers may be more. Those luxury, with Dubai thrown to the forefront as a new detained in trials such as the UAE 94 in 2013, as global centre of commerce. However, beneath the well as the arrest of Ahmed Mansoor and Dr Nasser glitz and glamour lies a much darker reality in Bin Ghaith in 2017, have endured torture, solitary which freedom of speech and freedom of the press confinement, no access to lawyers, and threats to have all but been expelled. Though the UAE their family’s wellbeing. Constitution of 1971 grants freedom of opinion to Thus, the ICFUAE calls on the UAE to reform its all citizens, the decades that have followed have policies on freedom of speech and the press seen the introduction of new measures aimed at immediately, and to abide by international law and controlling and eliminating any criticism of the free its political prisoners. state. In light of the democratic uprisings that occurred in the Arab Spring of 2011, the UAE has adapted to evolving means of dissent by Political System introducing the 2012 Cybercrime Law, thus giving Until declaring independence in 1971, the UAE the regime carte blanche in arresting those who were British protectorate territories known as the advocate for reform or criticise the government Trucial States. today there are seven emirates - online. This has led to widespread fear and use of Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman, Umm arbitrary arrest, forced disappearances, unfair al-Quwain, Ras al-Khaimah and Fujairah - each of trials, torture and deportation.
    [Show full text]
  • Asian Migration Outlook
    2011 ASIAN MIGRATION OUTLOOK SCALABRINI MIGRATION CENTER ASIAN MIGRATION OUTLOOK 2011 The country reports were written by Karen Anne S. Liao, with overall supervision provided by Graziano Battistella and Maruja Asis. Valentin Mendoza prepared the bibliography of selected publications on mi- gration in Asia and Oceania. Ma. Leonila Domingo did the layout of the report. Asian Migration Outlook 2011 Copyright © Scalabrini Migration Center 2012 First published 2012 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced without permission from SMC. Scalabrini Migration Center #40 Matapat St., Bgy. Pinyahan, 1100 Quezon City - Philippines Tel. (63-2) 436-7915 Fax: (63-2) 434-7692 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.smc.org.ph ISSN 2244-2294 Printed in the Philippines 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword ................................................................................................................................................... 5 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 7 Technical Notes I. Definitions ....................................................................................................................................... 15 II. Data Sources ................................................................................................................................... 19 List of Abbreviations ....................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Protest, Revolt and Regime Change in the Arab World Actors, Challenges, Implications and Policy Options
    SWP Research Paper Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik German Institute for International and Security Affairs Muriel Asseburg (ed.) Protest, Revolt and Regime Change in the Arab World Actors, Challenges, Implications and Policy Options RP 6 February 2012 Berlin All rights reserved. © Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik, 2012 SWP Research Papers are peer reviewed by senior researchers and the execu- tive board of the Institute. They express exclusively the personal views of the author(s). SWP Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik German Institute for International and Security Affairs Ludwigkirchplatz 3­4 10719 Berlin Germany Phone +49 30 880 07-0 Fax +49 30 880 07-100 www.swp-berlin.org [email protected] ISSN 1863-1053 Translation by Meredith Dale (Updated English version of SWP-Studie 27/2011) Table of Contents 5 Introduction: A Region in Unrest III. Geopolitical Implications Muriel Asseburg 39 The Arab Spring and the Islamic Republic of Iran: Islamist Vision Meets Political Reality I. Actors Walter Posch 11 The Libyan Revolution: 42 The Arab Spring and the Arab-Israeli Conflict: Old Elites and New Political Forces Freedom without Peace? Wolfram Lacher Muriel Asseburg 15 Calm and Squalls: 47 Regional Repercussions of Revolution and The Small Gulf Monarchies in the Arab Spring Civil War in Libya Katja Niethammer Wolfram Lacher 18 No “Facebook Revolution” – But an Egyptian 51 The United States and the Arab Spring: Youth We Know Little About The End of the Post-9/11 Paradigm Asiem El Difraoui Johannes Thimm II. Social, Economic and Political Challenges IV. Challenges and Policy Options for Europe 23 Saudi Arabia: Buying Stability? 57 Testing Times for Energy Security and Ulrike Freitag Cooperation Kirsten Westphal 27 Yemen Without Ali Abdallah Saleh? Iris Glosemeyer 61 Migration from Transition States to the EU: Mobility Partnerships and the Global Approach 31 Jordan and Morocco: Pacification through to Migration Constitutional Reform? Steffen Angenendt André Bank 34 Egypt: Complex Challenges of Simultaneous V.
    [Show full text]
  • The Formative Moments That Shaped the Gulf Arab Militaries
    The Formative Moments That Shaped the Gulf Arab Militaries Zoltan Barany The Formative Moments That Shaped the Gulf Arab Militaries Zoltan Barany June 23, 2020 Issue Paper #3 2020 The Arab Gulf States Institute in Washington (AGSIW), launched in 2015, is an independent, nonprofit institution dedicated to providing expert research and analysis of the social, economic, and political dimensions of the Gulf Arab states and key neighboring countries and how they affect domestic and foreign policy. AGSIW focuses on issues ranging from politics and security to economics, trade, and business; from social dynamics to civil society and culture. Through programs, publications, and scholarly exchanges the institute seeks to encourage thoughtful debate and inform the U.S. foreign-policy, business, and academic communities regarding this critical geostrategic region. © 2020 Arab Gulf States Institute in Washington. All rights reserved. AGSIW does not take institutional positions on public policy issues; the views represented herein are the author’s own and do not necessarily reflect the views of AGSIW, its staff, or its board of directors. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without permission in writing from AGSIW. Please direct inquiries to: [email protected] This publication can be downloaded at no cost at www.agsiw.org. Cover Photo Credit: AP Photo/Mosa'ab Elshamy About the Author Zoltan Barany is the Frank C. Erwin, Jr. Centennial Professor of Government at the University of Texas and a (non-resident) senior associate of the Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy at the Center for Strategic and International Studies in Washington, DC.
    [Show full text]