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Torture in the United Arab Emirates: the Tolerance Charade

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Torture in the United Arab Emirates: The Tolerance Charade A Report by Wejha Centre for Studies Produced in cooperation with the Gulf Centre for Human Rights (GCHR) with support from the European Union February 2021 1 Table of Contents I. Introduction 3 II. The Legal Framework 4 Federal Legislation and International Conventions 4 Legal Analysis 5 III. Background on the Practice of Torture and Ill-Treatment 8 Arab Spring and the Escalation of Torture 9 Detainees from the UAE 9 Detainees from Abroad 10 Torture in Recent Years (2017-2020) 11 Ahmed Mansoor 11 Artur Ligęska 13 Dr. Nasser Bin Ghaith 14 Alia Abdel-Noor 15 Amina Al-Abdouli 17 Maryam Al-Balushi 18 SheiKha Latifa Al Maktoum 20 Abdullah Al-Shamsi 21 Salem Musa Fayrouz Khamis 21 Tayseer Al-Najjar 22 Matthew Hedges 23 Other Detainees 24 The Spread of COVID-19 24 Torture Forms and Methods 25 IV. Investigations Post Torture 25 The Istanbul Protocol 25 Judicial Negligence and Impunity 26 Handling Torture Complaints 26 Complaints about Torture and the UAE Authorities’ Reactions 27 V. Recommendations 28 2 I. Introduction The United Arab Emirates (UAE) rulers present the country to the world as a sponsor of the future capable of making the impossible happen. A country that is heading off to space. An ambassador of tolerance. A country with the tallest structure in the world - Burj Khalifa.1 A country that promotes itself as a safe haven amid popular uprisings and conflicts in the Middle East. But the truth is that underneath these glamorous slogans and cutting edge concrete structures, a stifling reality prevails, in which the UAE has progressively eliminated any voices or ideas that could possibly develop into the least form of criticism, in order to prevent them from turning into civil movements that represent the people. This is evident through a number of features, most importantly the limited political participation of Emirati citizens, who are in fact a minority in the country.2 Real political participation was replaced by an advisory council, half of whose members are appointed by the authorities, and the other half is elected (since 2006) by a limited group of citizens who were carefully hand-picked by the authorities. In addition, the UAE has tightened its control over the media, and made sure to maintain a tight grip over permits for any media platforms.The authorities also enacted penal laws to combat terrorist acts3 and cybercrime4 that include provisions condemning any criticism of the ruling families and friendly countries, and any attempt to exercise freedom of assembly in a manner that could bring to the public space actors who do not share the views of the authorities. These laws and amendments were preceded by waves of arrests of activists, academics, dissidents and clerics that began in April 2011 with the arrest of five activists who came to be known as the UAE 5, who were accused of publicly insulting the head of state and his vice president by comments that were posted on an online platform. These measures were followed by dissolving the Association of Jurists and the Teachers' Association. After that, seven citizens had their nationality arbitrarily withdrawn. Then, the authorities carried out a series of arbitrary arrests that began in March 2012, followed by the forced disappearance of a group of people, alleged to be members of Al-Islah, a political association, and others affiliated with it. During the first trial hearing, which was first appearance of these detainees after months in secret prisons, they announced that they were subjected to torture, and that forced confessions have been extracted from them under duress and used as evidence of guilt. These allegations have not been investigated, nor have the perpetrators been prosecuted.5 While the UAE still has the top rank in the list of the world’s tallest buildings, it is ironically ranked 128th out of 162 countries in the 2019 Human Freedom Index – 24 spots down from where it stood in 2016 and 2017.6 This is based on information and facts that came to the attention of the European Parliament in 2018, including: ● Reports on a number of human rights violations committed in UAE prisons, and in particular Al- Razeen prison, including solitary confinement and electric shocks and other forms of torture. ● The intentional targeting of human rights defenders and political prisoners in the UAE prison system. 1 Skyscraper Center, http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/building/burj-khalifa/3 2 Freedom in the World 2016 - United Arab Emirates, Freedom House, 20 June 2016, https://www.refworld.org/docid/576be00511.html 3 Federal Law No. 1 of 2004, Decree on Combating Terrorism Offences. 4 Federal Decree-Law no. (5) of 2012, on Combating Cybercrimes. 5 There is no freedom here: Silencing Dissent in the UAE, Amnesty International, Document No. 25/0186/2014, November 2014, p. 7-8. 6 The Human Freedom IndeX 2019, A Global Measurement of Personal, Civil, and Economic Freedom, p 11, https://www.fraserinstitute.org/sites/default/files/human-freedom-indeX-2019-rev.pdf 3 The European Parliament adopted a resolution in 2018 calling on the UAE authorities, inter alia: ● To prevent any further form of ill-treatment and to investigate torture allegations. ● To abide by its obligations and commitments under international human rights law, including the UN Convention against Torture; and to ratify the International Covenant on Political and Civil Rights and the Optional Protocol to the Convention Against Torture. ● To extend a standing invitation to visit the UAE to all Special Procedures of the UN Human Rights Council.7 In its second section, this report tackles the various aspects of torture in the UAE, including an overview of the legal framework, which encompasses the constitution, federal laws and international agreements, together with an analysis of these aspects and the manner in which the UAE authorities handled them. The third section contains a background on torture practices and cruel or inhuman treatment, followed by information on the situation in prisons, pertaining to current and former detainees and women detainees. Section four discusses the UAE's approach in addressing torture grievances, and failure to adquately investigate claims. The report concludes with a number of important recommendations. The report captures information from original sources when possible, and conceals the names of some persons to protect their safety and that of and their relatives. The report also references reports from a number of international human rights organisations, including Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch and the Gulf Centre for Human Rights (GCHR), as well as reliable media platforms that reported torture incidents. This report was written and researched by Wejha Centre for Studies in cooperation with the Gulf Centre for Human Rights (GCHR) through a project funded by the European Union to address torture and accountability in the Gulf region. II. The Legal Framework Federal Legislation and International Conventions ● The Constitution “No person shall be subjected to torture or to degrading treatment,” and “Physical and moral abuse of an accused person is prohibited;” according to section III of the UAE constitution, titled “Freedoms, Rights and Public Duties”. Article 26 states that “Personal liberty is guaranteed to all citizens. No person may be arrested, searched, detained or imprisoned except in accordance with the provisions of law.” Article 28 states that “Penalty is personal. An accused shall be presumed innocent until proved guilty.”8 ● The Federal Penal Code The Federal Constitution supersedes all federal laws, including the Penal Code,9 which encompasses articles that condemned torture under Title II pertaining to crimes related to public office, Chapter II, on the abuse of office and of power, including: 7 European Parliament resolution on United Arab Emirates, notably the situation of human rights defender Ahmed Mansoor (2018/2862(RSP)), https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/B-8-2018-0456_EN.html 8 Constitution of the United Arab Emirates, https://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/ae/ae030en.pdf 9 The Federal Penal Code, http://www.undp-aciac.org/publications/ac/compendium/uae/criminalization-lawenforcement/criminal-87-ar.pdf 4 o Article 242: “Shall be sentenced to term imprisonment, every public servant using, in person or through others, torture, force or threat with the accused, a witness or an expert in order to have him confess a crime, make a statement or give information concerning it to withhold any relevant matter.” o Article 245 “Shall be sentenced to detention for a minimum term of one year and/or to a minimum fine of ten thousands dirham, every public servant, or person in charge of a public service, using force on a person, basing himself in the power granted to him by virtue of his office, dishonoring or causing him bodily pain.” Under Title III, Chapter I, on crimes obstructing justice, article 259 states “shall be sentenced to detention for a term not exceeding one year and to a fine not in excess of five thousands Dirham, whoever uses torture, force or threat, or offered a grant or privilege of any kind or a promise of any such things in order to have someone else to keep silent about a matter or to give untrue statements or information before any judicial body.” ● International Conventions In December 1984, the UN General Assembly adopted the Convention Against Torture10 and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment. The UAE ratified the Convention 28 years later in 2012, per Federal Decree no. 73 of 2012, while it has not yet ratified the Optional Protocol to the Convention Against Torture.11 Legal Analysis ● Lack of Clarity in Definition The UAE Constitution defines torture only as “Physical and moral abuse of an accused person.” Whereas the Penal Code considers that torture which is punishable by the law is torture used to have the accused confess a crime or withhold information, inflicted by a public servant abusing his office.
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