Reforming the Legal Regulation of Human Trafficking into the UAE, with particular reference to the law in the UK Hamad Alaleeli April 2015 A Thesis Submitted In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements of Nottingham University and Southampton Solent University for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Table of Contents Dedication .................................................................................................................................................... VI Abstract ....................................................................................................................................................... VII Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................................... IX Abbreviations ................................................................................................................................................ X List of Tables and Diagrams ..................................................................................................................... XII Chapter One: Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Purposes of Human Trafficking ............................................................................................................... 4 1.3 Impact of Trafficking ............................................................................................................................... 7 1.3.1 Individual .......................................................................................................................................... 8 1.3.2 Society ............................................................................................................................................ 10 1.4 Globalisation and Trafficking ................................................................................................................ 11 1.5 Human Trafficking and the Economy .................................................................................................... 13 1.6 Aims of the investigation: ..................................................................................................................... 15 1.7. Objectives: ........................................................................................................................................... 16 1.8. Reasons for studying this subject: ....................................................................................................... 17 Chapter Two: Literature Review ................................................................................................................. 18 2.1Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 18 2.2 Estimates of Human Trafficking ............................................................................................................ 21 2.2.1 Magnitude and type of victims ...................................................................................................... 24 2.2.2Scope ............................................................................................................................................... 27 2.2.3Profits and cost of human trafficking ............................................................................................. 30 2.3 Definitions ............................................................................................................................................. 31 2.3.1 Prior to the 2000 Palermo Convention .......................................................................................... 33 2.3.2As Stated in the 2000 Palermo Convention .................................................................................... 34 2.4 Causes of Human Trafficking ................................................................................................................ 36 2.5. Slavery: ................................................................................................................................................. 40 2.5.1 Slavery in the Ancient World ......................................................................................................... 41 2.5.2 Slavery in the Modern World ......................................................................................................... 42 2.5.3 Timeline for the Abolition of Slavery ............................................................................................. 43 I 2.5.4 Relationship between Human Trafficking and Slavery .................................................................. 44 2.6 Human Trafficking and Migrant Smuggling .......................................................................................... 45 2.6.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 45 2.6.2 Definition of Migrant Smuggling .................................................................................................... 46 2.6.3 The Scale of Human Smuggling and Trafficking ............................................................................. 47 2.6.4 Causes of Migrant Smuggling ......................................................................................................... 48 2.6.5 Distinction between human trafficking and migrant smuggling ................................................... 48 2. 7 National and International Actors in Anti-trafficking Efforts ............................................................... 51 2.7.1 National Actors .............................................................................................................................. 52 2.7.2 International Actors ....................................................................................................................... 53 2.8 Counter-trafficking Programmes .......................................................................................................... 56 2.8.1 Counter-trafficking strategies ........................................................................................................ 56 2.8.2 Evaluation of Counter-trafficking Programmes ............................................................................. 57 2.9 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................. 59 Chapter Three: International Conventions to Combat Human Trafficking................................................. 61 3.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 61 3.2 International Conventions .................................................................................................................... 63 3.2.1 International Conventions from 1904 to 1937 .............................................................................. 64 3.2.2 International Conventions from 1949 to 1990 .............................................................................. 66 3.2.3 International Conventions from 1990 to 2010 .............................................................................. 67 3.3. Regional Conventions of Human Trafficking ........................................................................................ 70 3.3.1 The American Convention on Human Rights, 1969 and its Protocol of 1988 and 1990 ............... 70 3.3.2 The Council of Europe Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings ..................... 70 3.3.3 The African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, 1981 ............................................................ 71 3.3.4 The Arab Charter on Human Rights, 2004 ..................................................................................... 71 3.3.5 The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) Convention on Preventing and Combating Trafficking in Women and Children for Prostitution ............................................................ 72 3.4. ILO Conventions ................................................................................................................................... 73 3.5 The Conventions of Human Trafficking ratified by the UK ................................................................... 74 3.6 The Conventions of Human Trafficking ratified by the UAE ................................................................. 75 3.7 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................. 76 Chapter Four: Background of the UAE ........................................................................................................ 78 II 4.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 78 4.2 Formation of the UAE ........................................................................................................................... 80 4.3 Location of the UAE .............................................................................................................................