The Thrice-Supported Big Bang
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Is the Universe Expanding?: an Historical and Philosophical Perspective for Cosmologists Starting Anew
Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 6-1996 Is the Universe Expanding?: An Historical and Philosophical Perspective for Cosmologists Starting Anew David A. Vlosak Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses Part of the Cosmology, Relativity, and Gravity Commons Recommended Citation Vlosak, David A., "Is the Universe Expanding?: An Historical and Philosophical Perspective for Cosmologists Starting Anew" (1996). Master's Theses. 3474. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/3474 This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. IS THEUN IVERSE EXPANDING?: AN HISTORICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE FOR COSMOLOGISTS STAR TING ANEW by David A Vlasak A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of The Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the requirements forthe Degree of Master of Arts Department of Philosophy Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, Michigan June 1996 IS THE UNIVERSE EXPANDING?: AN HISTORICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE FOR COSMOLOGISTS STARTING ANEW David A Vlasak, M.A. Western Michigan University, 1996 This study addresses the problem of how scientists ought to go about resolving the current crisis in big bang cosmology. Although this problem can be addressed by scientists themselves at the level of their own practice, this study addresses it at the meta level by using the resources offered by philosophy of science. There are two ways to resolve the current crisis. -
The Future of Spaceimaging
(NASA-CR-198818) THE FUTURE OF N95-31364 SPACE IMAGING. REPORT OF A COMMUNITY-BASED STUDY OF AN ADVANCED CAMERA FOR THE HUBBLE Unclas SPACE TELESCOPE Final Technical Report (Space Telescope Science Inst.) 150 p G3/89 0055789 TheFuture of SpaceImaging hen Lyman Spitzer first proposed a great, earth-orbiting telescope in I946, the nudear energy source of stars had been known for just six years. Knowledge of galaxies beyond our own and the understanding that our universe is expanding were only about twenty years of age in the human consciousness. The planet Pluto was seventeen. Quasars, black holes, gravitational lenses, and detection of the Big Bang were still in the future--together with much of what constitutes our current un- derstanding of the solar system and the cosmos beyond it. In I993, forty- seven years after it was conceived in a forgotten milieu of thought, the Hubble Space Telescope is a reality. Today, the science of the Hubble attests to the forward momentum of astronomical exploration from ancient times. The qualities of motion and drive for knowledge it exemplifies are not fixed in an epoch or a generation: most of the astronomers using Hubble today were not born when the idea of it was first advanced, and many were in the early stages of their education when the glass for its mirror was cast, The commitments we make today to the future of the Hubble observatory will equip a new genera- tion of young men and women to explore the astro- nomical frontier at the start of the 2I st century. -
Possible Matter and Background Connection
Do Cosmic Backgrounds Cyclical Renew by Matter and Quanta Emissions? The Origin of Backgrounds, Space Distributions and Cyclical Earth Phenomena by Two Phase Dynamics Eduardo del Pozo Garcia Institute of Geophysics and Astronomy, Havana, Cuba, [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] August 2018 Abstract: A numerical coincidence p=-0.000489 was found between the ratios of proton emission at 459-keV and cosmic background at 0.25-keV respect to proton and to electron proper energy respectively. Multiplying 459-keV and 0.25-keV by p, two more numerical coincidences were found with 0.1-keV background and 0.06-eV of relic neutrino energy, respectively. Global criticality phenomena plus “c” and “G” discontinued decreasing provoke small cyclical reorganization of particles and quanta originating background emissions every 30-Myr are propose. At the beginning of each cycle, gradually emissions from electrons lasting 0.1 Myr originate the 0.25-keV background and, a possible 459-keV background from proton emissions. At following cycle, the 459-keV quanta makes two emissions of 0.1-keV originating a diffuse background, and 0.25-keV quanta makes two of 0.06-eV originating the relic neutrinos. The p is a possible physical constant that characterize the threshold, which trigger cyclical phenomena at space and Earth every 30-Myr. This hypothesis explains: The about 30 Myr cyclic phenomena observed in tectonic, Mass Extinction, crater impact rate, and some features of space global distribution: quantized redshift, change of galaxy fractal distribution at 10 Mpc scale, galaxy average luminosity and the luminosity fluctuation of galaxy pairs are enhanced out to separations near 10 Mpc. -
The Nature of the Redshift
The Nature of the Redshift William G. Tifft Professor Emeritus, Retired Steward Observatory, University of Arizona Abstract This paper presents an illustrated introduction to an alternate cosmology, Quantum Tem- poral Cosmology (QTC), an updated review based upon extensive observational data con- cerning the nature of the redshift and the structure of time. 1 Introduction This is a modified version of a paper (Tifft 2013) presented at the "Origins of the Expanding Universe: 1912-1932" Conference in September 2012 held in honor of V. M. Slipher, the first person to measure redshifts of external galaxies in 1912 at Lowell Observatory. The redshift itself was not (and probably could not have been), carefully tested to see if it was consistent with the concept of a dynamical expansion of space much before I began a study in 1970. In the meantime, the concept of expanding dynamical spatial cosmologies was widely accepted. Subsequent study was dedicated to defining the character of spatial expansion and rarely to questioning the nature of the redshift itself. Many problems have emerged including dark matter and dark energy, which can be addressed in an alternate cosmology. My dissertation at Caltech and continued studies at Lowell Observatory in 1963-1964 in- volving photometry as a function of radius indicated that some galaxies had abnormally blue or red nuclei (Tifft 1963, 1969). This was early evidence of active nuclear studies to come. A 1970 paper reported unexpected possible correlations of nuclear photometry with redshifts of Virgo Cluster galaxies (Tifft 1972a). The concept that there could be any re- lationship between an intrinsic property of galaxies (nuclear photometry) and an extrinsic property (redshift) was clearly inconsistent with classical views, but ultimately led to a new approach to cosmology. -
Observational Cosmology - 30H Course 218.163.109.230 Et Al
Observational cosmology - 30h course 218.163.109.230 et al. (2004–2014) PDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See http://code.pediapress.com/ for more information. PDF generated at: Thu, 31 Oct 2013 03:42:03 UTC Contents Articles Observational cosmology 1 Observations: expansion, nucleosynthesis, CMB 5 Redshift 5 Hubble's law 19 Metric expansion of space 29 Big Bang nucleosynthesis 41 Cosmic microwave background 47 Hot big bang model 58 Friedmann equations 58 Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric 62 Distance measures (cosmology) 68 Observations: up to 10 Gpc/h 71 Observable universe 71 Structure formation 82 Galaxy formation and evolution 88 Quasar 93 Active galactic nucleus 99 Galaxy filament 106 Phenomenological model: LambdaCDM + MOND 111 Lambda-CDM model 111 Inflation (cosmology) 116 Modified Newtonian dynamics 129 Towards a physical model 137 Shape of the universe 137 Inhomogeneous cosmology 143 Back-reaction 144 References Article Sources and Contributors 145 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 148 Article Licenses License 150 Observational cosmology 1 Observational cosmology Observational cosmology is the study of the structure, the evolution and the origin of the universe through observation, using instruments such as telescopes and cosmic ray detectors. Early observations The science of physical cosmology as it is practiced today had its subject material defined in the years following the Shapley-Curtis debate when it was determined that the universe had a larger scale than the Milky Way galaxy. This was precipitated by observations that established the size and the dynamics of the cosmos that could be explained by Einstein's General Theory of Relativity. -
Women in Astronomy: an Introductory Resource Guide
Women in Astronomy: An Introductory Resource Guide by Andrew Fraknoi (Fromm Institute, University of San Francisco) [April 2019] © copyright 2019 by Andrew Fraknoi. All rights reserved. For permission to use, or to suggest additional materials, please contact the author at e-mail: fraknoi {at} fhda {dot} edu This guide to non-technical English-language materials is not meant to be a comprehensive or scholarly introduction to the complex topic of the role of women in astronomy. It is simply a resource for educators and students who wish to begin exploring the challenges and triumphs of women of the past and present. It’s also an opportunity to get to know the lives and work of some of the key women who have overcome prejudice and exclusion to make significant contributions to our field. We only include a representative selection of living women astronomers about whom non-technical material at the level of beginning astronomy students is easily available. Lack of inclusion in this introductory list is not meant to suggest any less importance. We also don’t include Wikipedia articles, although those are sometimes a good place for students to begin. Suggestions for additional non-technical listings are most welcome. Vera Rubin Annie Cannon & Henrietta Leavitt Maria Mitchell Cecilia Payne ______________________________________________________________________________ Table of Contents: 1. Written Resources on the History of Women in Astronomy 2. Written Resources on Issues Women Face 3. Web Resources on the History of Women in Astronomy 4. Web Resources on Issues Women Face 5. Material on Some Specific Women Astronomers of the Past: Annie Cannon Margaret Huggins Nancy Roman Agnes Clerke Henrietta Leavitt Vera Rubin Williamina Fleming Antonia Maury Charlotte Moore Sitterly Caroline Herschel Maria Mitchell Mary Somerville Dorrit Hoffleit Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin Beatrice Tinsley Helen Sawyer Hogg Dorothea Klumpke Roberts 6. -
Cosmic Search Issue 06 Page 32
North American AstroPhysical Observatory (NAAPO) Cosmic Search: Issue 6 (Volume 2 Number 2; Spring (Apr., May, June) 1980) [Article in magazine started on page 32] ABCs of Space By: John Kraus A. How Do You Harness a Black Hole? Nowadays universities have astronomy departments, aeronautical engineering departments and even astronautical engineering departments. As yet, however, I am not aware of any astro-engineering departments. But some day there may be and what kind of courses might be offered? Probably ones on the mining of asteroids, construction of space habitats and even possibly one on "Harnessing of Black Holes." A first consideration regarding the last item would be data on critical distances and strategies on how to approach a black hole without falling in. A second consideration would be a discussion of how a black hole is a potential source of great amounts of energy if you go at it right. And finally, the instructor would probably get down to the details of the astroengineering required with blueprints of a design and calculations of the expected power generating capability. This may sound a bit futuristic and it is, but the famous text "Gravitation" by Charles Misner, Kip Thorne and John Wheeler includes a hypothetical example about how an advanced civilization could construct a rigid platform around a black hole and build a city on the platform. The discussion goes on to say that every day garbage trucks carry a million tons of garbage collected from all over the city to a dump point where the garbage goes into special containers which are then dropped one after the other down toward the black hole at the center of the city. -
Dark Universe: Science & Literacy Activity for Grades 9-12
Dark Universe Science & Literacy Activity GRADES 9-12 OVERVIEW Common Core State Standards: This activity, which is aligned to the Common Core State Standards (CCSS) WHST.9-12.2, WHST.9-12.8, WHST.9-12.9, for English Language Arts, introduces students to scientific knowledge and RST.9-12.1, RST.9-12.2, RST.9-12.4, RST.9-12.7, language related to the study of cosmology. Students will read content-rich RST.9-12.10 texts, view the Dark Universe space show, and use what they have learned New York State Science Core Curriculum: to complete a CCSS-aligned writing task, creating an illustrated text about PS 1.2a how scientists study the history of the universe. Next Generation Science Standards: Materials in this activity include: PE HS-ESS1-2 • Teacher instructions for: DCI ESS1.A: The Universe and Its Stars o Pre-visit student reading The Big Bang theory is supported by o Viewing the Dark Universe space show observations of distant galaxies receding o Post-visit writing task from our own, of the measured composition • Text for student reading: “Case Study: The Cosmic Microwave Background ” of stars and non-stellar gases, and of the • Student Writing Guidelines maps of spectra of the primordial radiation (cosmic microwave background) that still • Teacher rubric for writing assessment fills the universe. SUPPORTS FOR DIVERSE LEARNERS: An Overview This resource has been designed to engage all learners with the principles of Universal Design for Learning in mind. It represents information in multiple ways and offers multiple ways for your students to engage with content as they read about, discuss, view, and write about scientific concepts. -
A the Highland Park Enews August 1, 2016 221 S
, A The Highland Park eNews August 1, 2016 www.hpboro.com 221 S. Fifth Avenue, Highland Park, NJ, 08904 732-572-3400 Events & Meetings Tuesday, August 2 Book Break 3-5 yr. old Story Time 11:30 a.m., Public Library Tuesday, August 2 Teen Sidewalk Chalk Graffiti and Games 3:00 p.m., Public Library Tuesday, August 2 National Night Out rd 5:00 p.m., North 3 /Raritan Ave Tuesday, August 2 The NJ Youth Corps of Middlesex County was on-hand Wednesday, July 27th working the International Film Festival – Second Mother 1st stage of our Senior/Youth Center beautification project. Weeds were pulled, shrubs trimmed, and beds mulched. We can't wait to see how the project progresses. Thank 6:30 p.m., Public Library you to all involved. Wednesday, August 3 Borough Council Meeting Re: Buck Woods Having a Blast at the Highland Park Recreation Summer Camp 7:00 p.m., Borough Council Wednesday, August 3 Community Food Pantry 7:00 p.m., Senior/Youth Center Tuesday, August 9 Book Break 3-5 yr. old Story Time 11:30 a.m., Public Library Tuesday, August 9 Summer Afternoon Film Series –Rudy (PG) 3:00 p.m., Public Library Summer in Highland Park is always fun, especially for the many kids who attend our Tuesday, August 9 Recreation Summer Camp. This year we are averaging 175 campers per week in our day International Film Series – Coming Home camp, sports camp, teen camp, and new special needs camp. This week’s sports camp is 6:30 p.m., Public Library soccer, and next week will be tennis or wrestling. -
Assessment of Options for Extending the Life of the Hubble Space Telescope
PREPUBLICATION COPY Subject to Further Editorial Correction Assessment of Options for Extending the Life of the Hubble Space Telescope Final Report Committee on the Assessment of Options for Extending the Life of the Hubble Space Telescope Space Studies Board Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS Washington, D.C. www.nap.edu THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance. Support for this project was provided by Contract NASW 01001 between the National Academy of Sciences and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the sponsors. Cover: International Standard Book Number 0-309-XXXXX-0 (Book) International Standard Book Number 0-309-XXXXX-0 (PDF) Copies of this report are available free of charge from Space Studies Board National Research Council The Keck Center of the National Academies 500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001 Additional copies of this report are available from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, N.W., Lockbox 285, Washington, DC 20055; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313 (in the Washington metropolitan area); Internet, http://www.nap.edu. -
Georges Lemaître & the Big Bang
Monsignor Georges Lemaître & Albert Einstein, 1933 In the winter of 1998, two separate teams of astronomers in Berkeley, California, made a similar, startling discovery. They were both observing supernovae – exploding stars visible over great distances – to see how fast the universe is expanding. In accordance with prevailing scientific wisdom, the astronomers expected to find the rate of expansion to be decreasing, Instead they found it to be increasing – a discovery which has since "shaken astronomy to its core" (Astronomy, October 1999). This discovery would have come as no surprise to Georges Lemaitre (1894-1966), a Belgian mathematician and Catholic priest who developed the theory of the Big Bang. Lemaitre described the beginning of the universe as a burst of fireworks, comparing galaxies to the burning embers spreading out in a growing sphere from the center of the burst. He believed this burst of fireworks was the beginning of time, taking place on "a day without yesterday." After decades of struggle, other scientists came to accept the Big Bang as fact. But while most scientists – including the mathematician Stephen Hawking -- predicted that gravity would eventually slow down the expansion of the universe and make the universe fall back toward its center, Lemaitre believed that the universe would keep expanding. He argued that the Big Bang was a unique event, while other scientists believed that the universe would shrink to the point of another Big Bang, and so on. The observations made in Berkeley supported Lemaitre's contention that the Big Bang was in fact "a day without yesterday." When Georges Lemaitre was born in Charleroi, Belgium, most scientists thought that the universe was infinite in age and constant in its general appearance. -
Hubble's Law and the Expanding Universe
COMMENTARY COMMENTARY Hubble’s Law and the expanding universe Neta A. Bahcall1 the expansion rate is constant in all direc- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544 tions at any given time, this rate changes with time throughout the life of the uni- verse. When expressed as a function of cos- In one of the most famous classic papers presented the observational evidence for one H t in the annals of science, Edwin Hubble’s of science’s greatest discoveries—the expand- mic time, ( ), it is known as the Hubble 1929 PNAS article on the observed relation inguniverse.Hubbleshowedthatgalaxiesare Parameter. The expansion rate at the pres- between distance and recession velocity of receding away from us with a velocity that is ent time, Ho, is about 70 km/s/Mpc (where 1 Mpc = 106 parsec = 3.26 × 106 light-y). galaxies—the Hubble Law—unveiled the proportional to their distance from us: more The inverse of the Hubble Constant is the expanding universe and forever changed our distant galaxies recede faster than nearby gal- Hubble Time, tH = d/v = 1/H ; it reflects understanding of the cosmos. It inaugurated axies. Hubble’s classic graph of the observed o the time since a linear cosmic expansion has the field of observational cosmology that has velocity vs. distance for nearby galaxies is begun (extrapolating a linear Hubble Law uncovered an amazingly vast universe that presented in Fig. 1; this graph has become back to time t = 0); it is thus related to has been expanding and evolving for 14 bil- a scientific landmark that is regularly repro- the age of the Universe from the Big-Bang lion years and contains dark matter, dark duced in astronomy textbooks.