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KERJASAMA DAN KONFLIK ANTARA PARTI KOMUNIS MALAYA DENGAN BRITISH DI TANAH MELAYU, 1941-1948 AHMAD ZAKI BIN MOHDMalaya JOHARI of University FAKULTI SASTERA DAN SAINS SOSIAL UNIVERSITI MALAYA KUALA LUMPUR 2017 KERJASAMA DAN KONFLIK ANTARA PARTI KOMUNIS MALAYA DENGAN BRITISH DI TANAH MELAYU, 1941-1948 AHMAD ZAKI BIN MOHD JOHARI AHA 120013 Malaya of TESIS DISERAHKAN SEBAGAI MEMENUHI KEPERLUAN BAGI DOKTOR FALSAFAH University JABATAN SEJARAH FAKULTI SASTERA DAN SAINS SOSIAL UNIVERSITI MALAYA KUALA LUMPUR 2017 UNIVERSITI MALAYA PERAKUAN KEASLIAN PENULISAN Nama: AHMAD ZAKI BIN MOHD JOHARI No. Pendaftaran/Matrik: AHA 120013 Nama Ijazah: Ph.D Tajuk Kertas Projek/Laporan Penyelidikan/Disertai/Tesis (“Hasil Kerja ini’’): KERJASAMA DAN KONFLIK ANTARA PARTI KOMUNIS MALAYA DENGAN BRITISH DI TANAH MELAYU, 1941-1948 Bidang Penyelidikan: Saya dengan sesungguhnya dan sebenarnya mengaku bahawa: (1) Saya adalah satu-satunya pengarang/penulis Hasil Kerja ini; (2) Hasil Kerja ini adalah asli; (3) Apa-apa penggunaan mana-mana hasil kerja yang mengandungi hakcipta telah dilakukan secara urusan yang wajar dan bagi maksud yang dibenarkan dan apa-apa petikan, ekstrak, rujukan atau pengeluaran semula daripada atau Malayakepada mana-mana hasil kerja yang mengandungi hakcipta telah dinyatakan dengan sejelasnya dan secukupnya dan satu pengiktirafan tajuk hasil kerja tersebut dan pengarang/penulisnya telah dilakukan di dalam Hasil Kerja ini; of (4) Saya tidak mempunyai apa-apa pengetahuan sebenar atau patut semunasabahnya tahu bahawa penghasilan Hasil Kerja ini melanggar suatu hakcipta hasil kerja yang lain. (5) Saya dengan ini menyerahkan kesemua dan tiap-tiap hak yang terkandung di dalam hakcipta Hasil Kerja ini kepada Universiti Malaya (“UM”) yang seterusnya mula dari sekarang adalah tuan punya kepada hakcipta di dalam Hasil Kerja ini dan apa-apa pengeluaran semula atau penggunaan dalam apa jua bentuk atau dengan apa juga cara sekalipun adalah dilarang tanpa terlebih dahulu mendapatkan kebenaran bertulis dari UM; (6) Saya sedar sepenuhnya sekiranya dalam masa penghasilan Hasil Kerja ini saya telah melanggar suatu hakcipta hasil kerja yang lain sama ada dengan niat atau sebaliknya, saya boleh dikenakan tindakan undang-undang atau apa-apa tindakan lain sebagaimana yang diputuskan oleh UM. University Tandatangan Calon Tarikh Diperbuat dan sesungguhnya diakui di hadapan, Tandatangan Saksi Tarikh Nama: Jawatan ABSTRAK Tesis ini mengkaji hubungan antara Parti Komunis Malaya (PKM) dengan Kerajaan Kolonial British di Tanah Melayu, daripada tahun 1941 hingga 1948. Dalam tempoh tersebut, hubungan antara kedua-dua kuasa yang berpengaruh itu berlangsung dalam dua situasi yang berbeza. Oleh itu, tesis ini telah membuktikan bahawa dalam tempoh tersebut sememangnya berlaku hubungan antara kedua-dua kuasa tersebut sama ada dalam bentuk konflik ataupun kerjasama politik. Proses hubungan itu berlaku sejak sebelum meletusnya Perang Dunia Kedua, sekitar tahun 1920-an. Hubungan ini berlanjutan ketika perang memuncak sehingga era pasca perang dan berakhir pada penghujung tahun 1948, iaitu tempoh kajian tesis berkenaan. Dengan penemuan perjanjian yang ditandatangani antara kedua-dua pihakMalaya dan penyertaan PKM dalam Majlis Penasihat Negeri di negeri-negeri Melayu ketika pemerintahan BMA, telah membuktikan kewujudan hubungan yangof mendalam antara mereka ketika itu. Bagaimanapun, hubungan yang terbina itu ternyata tidak konsisten dan sering berubah dan diwarnai oleh pertentangan ideologi atas desakan politik tempatan dan antarabangsa. PKM jelas berusaha keras bagi mengembangkan ideologi sosialis- komunis mereka, di samping menentang segala dasar imperialisme-kapitalisme British yang dianggap tidak demokratik dan menguntungkan rakyat. Bagaimanapun, tindakan awal komunis tersebut telah berjaya dikesan dan dikawal oleh kerajaan kolonial tersebut sehinggaUniversity akhirnya mencetuskan konflik bersenjata antara kedua-dua pihak. Oleh itu, dalam mengukuhkan dapatan tesis ini, pelbagai kaedah telah digunakan, sama ada melalui kajian lapangan, mahu pun dengan kaedah rujukan di perpustakaan dan arkib yang terdapat di dalam dan luar negara. Dengan itu, pelbagai sumber primer telah dirujuk sebagai bahan utama kajian tanpa mengenepikan sumber sekunder yang tersedia ada. Berdasarkan rekod tersebut, beberapa penemuan baru mengenai kerjasama dan iii konflik antara PKM dan British itu telah diperoleh melalui rekod pejabat kolonial, rekod kerajaan persekutuan, rekod kerajaan negeri, buletin, laporan, surat-surat persendirian, memoir dan memorandum serta wawancara dengan tokoh yang terlibat secara langsung atau sebagai pemerhati pada zaman tersebut. Hasil daripada dapatan kajian ini akan dapat digunakan dalam oleh semua pihak baik dari dalam mahupun luar negara, terutamanya daripada kalangan pengkaji sejarah tempatan mahupun pemerintah dalam menyusun dasar-dasar kerajaan dan negara, agar ia bersifat telus dan mementingkan kemajuan serta keamanan sejagat. Malaya of University iv ABSTRACT This thesis examines the relationship between the Communist Party of Malaya (CPM) and the British Colonial Government in Malaya, from 1941 to 1948. During this period, relations between the two powers took place in two different situations. This study has proven that during the period relation between the two powers were either of conflict or political cooperation. The relationship began in the 1920s before the outbreak of the Second World War and continued when the war broke out, and the post-war era, and ended in 1948. The findings of this thesis revealing the agreement signed between the two parties and CPM participation in the Advisory Council in the Malay states during the BMA, has proved the existence of a deep connection between them. However, the relationship was not consistent and often changedMalaya and was coloured by ideological conflict influenced by a local and international politics. CPM obviously tried hard to develop the socialist-communist ideology, ofas well as resist British imperialism-capitalist policies. However, the early communist action was brought under control by the colonial government. In order to reinforce the findings of this thesis, various methods have been used such as library and archival research at home and abroad. Thus, various primary sources were referred to without neglecting the study of secondary sources available. Based on the primary record; some new discoveries about cooperation and conflict between the CPM and the British have been revealed through the records of colonialUniversity officials, the records of the federal government, the records of state governments, newsletters, reports, letters, private memoirs and memorandums and interviews with personalities involved directly or as an observer at the time. The results of this study could be used by all parties, both historians as well as the government in formulating policies, so that it is transparent and promotes progress and peace. v PENGHARGAAN Dengan nama Allah Yang Maha Pemurah lagi Maha Pengasihani. Dengan limpah kurnia-Nya yang tidak terhingga serta selawat dan salam kepada baginda Rusulullah s.a.w. Saya akhirnya dapat juga menyudahkan dan menyiapkan sebuah tesis Ph.D, Sejarah Malaysia, dengan nasihat dan bimbingan daripada dua orang penyelia saya, iaitu Datuk Dr. Abdullah Zakaria bin Ghazali dan Dr Ho Hui Ling, daripada Jabatan Sejarah Universiti Malaya. Di sini, ucapan setinggi-tinggi penghargaan dan terima kasih kepada kedua-dua penyelia saya, kerana mereka telah banyak memberi panduan, pandangan, bimbingan dan tunjuk ajar yang sangat berguna kepada saya dalam memartabatkan ilmu kesarjanaan saya sehingga ke peringkat ini. Terima kasih juga kepada rakan-rakan di Universiti Malaya dan di Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Dato’ Idris, Pengkalan Baharu, Pantai Remis, kerana banyakMalaya membantu dalam memberi pandangan serta dorongan kepada saya unoftuk pergi sejauh ini dalam dunia pendidikan, tanpa usaha kuat dan semangat yang kental sudah tentu impian itu tidak menjadi kenyataan. Turut berlapang dada saya, dengan jutaan terima kasih saya kepada kakitangan di Perpustakaan Universiti Malaya, Arkib Negara Malaysia, Arkib Nasional Singapura, serta tidak lupa juga ucapan terima kasih buat seisi keluarga tercinta; isteri Salniah binti Abdul Mutalib dan anak-anak: Munawwir Syazilli, Aina Syazwani, Ammar Fahim, Iman Muzakkir dan Dania Qistina, yang sentiasa bersama ayahandaUniversity membantu mengharungi liku- liku kehidupan pengajian di universiti. Semoga usaha ayah ini menjadi dorongan kepada anak-anak untuk terus berusaha menuntut ilmu sehingga ke peringkat tertinggi dalam dunia akademik suatu hari nanti. Ahmad Zaki bin Mohd Johari Jabatan Sejarah, Fakulti Sastera dan Sains Sosial, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur. vi KANDUNGAN PERKARA MUKA SURAT TAJUK PERAKUAN KEASLIAN PENULISAN ABSTRAK iii ABSTRACT v PENGHARGAAN vi KANDUNGAN vii PEMBAHAGIAN BAB vii SENARAI SINGKATAN xiii PETA SEMENANJUNG TANAH MELAYU Malaya xiv DAN SINGAPURA of BAB 1 PENDAHULUAN Pendahuluan 1 Persoalan Kajian 2 Objektif Kajian 2 Skop Kajian 3 University Kepentingan Kajian 4 Kaedah Kajian 4 Kajian Lepas 6 Pembahagian Bab 17 Kesimpulan 17 vii BAB 2 PERKEMBANGAN IDEOLOGI KOMUNIS DI TANAH MELAYU, 1921-1940 Pengenalan 18 Dasar Komunis Antarabangsa 19 Penyebaran Ideologi Komunis di Tanah Melayu 23 Hasutan Mogok dan Tindak balas British 37 Prinsip Perjuangan PKM 48 Kesimpulan 51 Malaya BAB 3 KERJASAMA PKM-BRITISHof KETIKA ERA PERANG, 1941-1945 Pengenalan 52 Dasar PKM Terhadap Kolonialisme British 53 Tawaran Kerjasama PKM Terhadap British 55 101
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    NAMKANG TUNNEL: THE CULTURAL LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT OF THE CPM TUNNELS กั หอสม ุดกลา สำน ง By Srilak Anutararoekwong An Independent Study Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF ARTS Program of Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism (International Program) Graduate School SILPAKORN UNIVERSITY 2012 NAMKANG TUNNEL: THE CULTURAL LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT OF THE CPM TUNNEL หอสม ุดก นกั ลาง ำ ส By Srilak Anutararoekwong An Independent Study Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF ARTS Program of Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism (International Program) Graduate School SILPAKORN UNIVERSITY 2012 The Graduate School, Silpakorn University has approved and accredited the independent study title of “Namkang Tunnel: The Cultural Landscape Management of the CPM Tunnel” submitted by Ms.Srilak Anutararoekwong as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Architectural Heritage Management and Tourism …………………………………………….. (Assistant Professor Panjai Tantatsanawong, Ph.D.) Dean of Graduate School กั หอสมุดกล…………../…………../…….…า สำน ง The Independent Study Advisor Assisstant Professor Pibul Jinawath, Ph.D. The Independent Study Examination Committee ……………………………………. Chairman (Assistant Professor Sathit Choosaeng) …………/……………/…………. ……………………………………. Member (Assistant Professor Pibul Jinawath, Ph.D.) …………/……………/…………. ……………………………………. Member (Assistant Professor Den Wasiksiri) …………/……………/…………. 53056303: MAJOR: ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE MANAGEMENT AND TOURISM KEY WORD: NAMKANG HISTORICAL TUNNEL, CULTURAL LANDSCPAE MANAGEMENT, HISTORICAL TUNNEL SRILAK ANUTARAROEKWONG: NAMKANG TUNNEL: THE CULTURAL LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT OF THE CPM TUNNELS. INDEPENDENT STUDY ADVISOR: PIBUL JINAWAT, Ph.D. 191 pp. The Namkang National Park or Khao Namkang is located in Nathawi district, Songkhla province (in the Southern part of Thailand). It was declared as the 65th national park of Thailand in 1991 (2453 B.E.) with 212 square kilometers area.
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    POLITICS AND THE INDIAN COMMUNITY IN WEST MALAYSIA AND SINGAPORE 19^5 - 19 5 7 RAJESWARY AMPALAVANAR Dissertation Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 1978 ProQuest Number: 10672647 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a com plete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuest 10672647 Published by ProQuest LLC(2017). Copyright of the Dissertation is held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States C ode Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. ProQuest LLC. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106- 1346 ABSTRACT. Politics and the Indian Community in West Malaysia and Singapore 19^5 " 1957. Rajeswary Ampalavanar. This dissertation examines the political development of the Indian community in West Malaysia and Singapore in the period 19^5 to 1957« It traces its transition from an essentially India-oriented community immediately after the Occupation to a more permanently-settled community in 1957* with a secure place in the Government of Independent Malaya* After an opening chapter outlining the main political features of the Malayan Indian community prior to 19^+5 * the succeeding chapters, covering the period 19^5-1957* are arranged thematically. They consider the impact of Indian nationalism on the local Malayan community, the politicization of Indian labour, the Indian response to the Malayan Union and the Federation Agreement, the participation of the Indians in formal politics, factionalism within the Indian community, and finally the alignment of the Malayan Indian Congress with the Alliance in the mid-1950,s.