DOCSLIB.ORG

Chapter 7 LATE PREHISTORIC STAGE

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chapter 7 LATE PREHISTORIC STAGE Chapter 7 LATE PREHISTORIC STAGE Stephen M. Kalasz, Mark Mitchell, and Christian J. Zier GENERAL BACKGROUND Chronology and Database of the Context Area The Late Prehistoric stage spans the period from AD. 100 to 1725 and is divided into three periods: Developmental (AD. 100 to 1050), Diversification (AD. 1050 to 1450), and Protohistoric (A.D. 1450 to 1725). Two distinct phases, Apishapa (AD. 1050 to 1450) and Sopris (AD. 1050 to 1200), are defined within the Diversification period. This stage therefore largely corresponds to the Ceramic stage and the initial portion of the Protohistoric/Historic stage taxa presented in the previous eastern Colorado plains research context (Eighmy 1984). The current taxonomy replaces the term "Ceramic" with "Late Prehistoric" because the former places undue emphasis on a single technological component of a dynamic and complex segment of prehistory; in fact, ceramics do not occur in the archaeological record of the earliest portion of the Late Prehistoric stage. The Las Animas tradition was also developed previously to categorize selected post-Archaic sites in southeastern Colorado, specifically small sites lacking diagnostic materials sufficient for their assignment to either the "Graneros" or "Apishapa" focus (see Chapter 4). However, this spatially restricted taxon tends to ignore marked similarities and interrelationships among sites in both the South Platte and Arkansas River basins as well as in northeastern New Mexico. According to Gunnerson (1989: 13), "Traits diagnostic of the Las Animas tradition would be rock enclosures, cord roughened pottery, and small projectile points. The predominance of non-cord roughened pottery or the predominance of large projectile points would disqualify a component from inclusion in the Las Animas tradition. At present, I would see this more inclusive tradition as being restricted to southeastern Colorado and I would not necessarily assume close cultural relationships among all the components." By this definition, sites such as Lindsay Ranch and Magic Mountain would be excluded on the basis of location despite the presence of Las Animas tradition diagnostic traits (Nelson 1971; Kalasz and Shields 1997). The generic Late Prehistoric stage is applicable to all of eastern Colorado and thus circumvents any spatial preconceptions. Therefore, this taxon describes more appropriately the bridge between a widespread, long-standing hunter-gatherer tradition and the appearance of historically known cultures. At its commencement, the Late Prehistoric stage was characterized by new technologies superimposed on a well-established Archaic stage mode of existence. As the Late Prehistoric stage progressed, the Arkansas River Basin witnessed important changes in settlement, subsistence, technology, trade, and demographics. As is apparent from Figure 4-1 (see also Appendix A), the great majority of chronometric ally dated sites in the basin are associated with this segment of prehistory. Indeed, the sheer volume of Late Prehistoric stage data relative to those available for earlier stages necessitates a deviation from the format followed in the Paleoindian and Archaic chapters. In contrast to previous sections, sufficient data exist to synthesize research at each hierarchical level in the proposed taxonomy. Such synthesis is intended to provide the reader with summaries that become increasingly detailed as one progresses from general Late Prehistoric stage developments to finer grained cultural units such as the Developmental, Diversification, and Protohistoric periods. Phase distinctions (Sopris and Apishapa) currently discernible only within the Diversification period are the ultimate level of description in the following text. This manner of presentation is intended to provide researchers 141 with greater flexibility to access particular kinds of data. Some may require specific information pertaining to the Sopris phase, and others may desire a only a general overview of the Late Prehistoric stage. A degree of redundancy is therefore purposefully built into the text to address more easily a range of research needs. Identical research themes (chronology, population dynamics, technology, site type and locational variability, ecooomy, and architecture) are provided for each taxon, but additional subheadings are placed where the data are adequate to address more specific topics. A discussion of community mortuary practices, for example, is currently appropriate only for the Sopris phase. Overall, this section is hierarchically organized so that the general Late Prehistoric stage synthetic narrative is followed by more detailed, chronologically ordered Developmental, Diversification, and Protohistoric period data. The Diversification period is similarly organized so that the thematic discussion of overall trends is followed by separate detailed descriptions of the two constituent phases, Sopris and Apishapa. Given the profusion of data associated with post-Archaic adaptation in the context area, and the confusion that has sometimes accompanied its interpretation, a major goal of this section is to synthesize and summarize available information at each taxonomic level. The onset of this stage has long been tied to dates associated with the initial appearance of bow-and-arrow and ceramic technologies. However, the absolute timing of these events has not been well established in the context area. Further, construction of dwellings with stone wall foundations and the introduction of maize horticulture are traditionally associated with the beginning of the Late Prehistoric stage, but more recent excavations indicate that the initial appearance of these attributes may need to be pushed back into the Archaic stage (Rood 1990; Rood and Church 1989; Zier 1989). Although absolute dates are infrequently associated with diagnostic artifacts and features, the few that are available can be used to establish a baseline chronology for the Late Prehistoric stage. On the other hand, undue emphasis on these dates may limit our ability to perceive variability in the adoption and integration of new technologies. Most importantly, the exchanges and/or innovations tied to these events are probably not going to occur at uniform rates across the context area. Indeed, the available data indicate that these technological changes did not appear in the region as a coherent complex. Perhaps for this reason the age given for the beginning of the Late Prehistoric stage varies from A.D. 1 to AD. 200 to AD. 450, depending on the investigator (Alexander et al. 1982; Campbell 1969a; Eighmy 1984; Hunt 1975; Lintz and Anderson 1989; Zier 1989). Given the limited data sets, all may be more or less correct, especially given the potential effects of the old wood/heartwood problem on radiocarbon-dated contexts. This timing problem on the eastern plains and foothills of Colorado is often circumvented by proposing a long, chronological buffer or transition between the Archaic and Late Prehistoric stages or within the latter stage itself. It is first important to review a number of absolute dates discussed in the previous research context for the Arkansas River Basin (Eighmy 1984). The earliest absolute age associated with ceramics and arrow-size projectile points in the context area was recovered from Metate Cave (Eighmy 1984:104; Campbell 1969a:187-193). This single radiocarbon age, 1680 ± 95 B.P. (uncalibrated), or AD. 270, was obtained from charcoal recovered in proximity to cord-marked pottery sherds and a variety of projectile points including small, triangular, comer-notched Scallorn arrow points (Campbell 1969a: 193). Additionally, the Metate Cave interior was circumscribed by a low-standing semicircular wall that, if one assumes the charcoal sample and structure are contemporaneous, represents one of the oldest radiocarbon-dated examples of Late Prehistoric stage stone wall construction in the context area (Campbell 1969a:187). The earliest absolute date for open or free-standing Late Prehistoric stage architecture in the Arkansas River Basin was recovered from the Belwood site (Hunt 1975). This radiocarbon age, 1500 ± 55 B.P. (uncalibrated), or AD. 450, was obtained from charcoal located at the base of a bell-shaped pit in House 1 (Hunt 1975:6). Earlier Late Prehistoric stage architectural dates are known from northeastern New Mexico occupations adjacent to the context area (Biella and Dorshow 1997a). 142 The radiocarbon-dated context at the Belwood site was also associated with cord-marked ceramics and the mixture of arrow and dart points long recognized as typical of the early portion of the Late Prehistoric stage. Belwood therefore represents the earliest radiocarbon-dated ceramic association in the context area after Metate Cave. Relatively few excavations in the 15 years since publication of the previous research context have provided additional insight into the timing of Late Prehistoric stage technological advances. Early dates for pottery and arrow points are suggested by the recovery of radiocarbon data from two sites, 5EP576 and 5EP935, in the Crow's Roost region along Black Squirrel Creek east of Colorado Springs (McDonald 1992; Wynn et al. 1993). At site 5EP576, a two-sigma, calibrated radiocarbon estimate of976-538 B.C. (raw age of2640 ± 80 B.P.) was obtained from bone recovered in a stratum designated Level A A number of small, triangular comer-notched points, similar to the Scallom type and presumably associated with bow-and-arrow technology, were also collected from this thick, undifferentiated
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ohio History Lesson 1
    http://www.touring-ohio.com/ohio-history.html http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/category.php?c=PH http://www.oplin.org/famousohioans/indians/links.html Benchmark • Describe the cultural patterns that are visible in North America today as a result of exploration, colonization & conflict Grade Level Indicator • Describe, the earliest settlements in Ohio including those of prehistoric peoples The students will be able to recognize and describe characteristics of the earliest settlers Assessment Lesson 2 Choose 2 of the 6 prehistoric groups (Paleo-indians, Archaic, Adena, Hopewell, Fort Ancients, Whittlesey). Give two examples of how these groups were similar and two examples of how these groups were different. Provide evidence from the text to support your answer. Bering Strait Stone Age Shawnee Paleo-Indian People Catfish •Pre-Clovis Culture Cave Art •Clovis Culture •Plano Culture Paleo-Indian People • First to come to North America • “Paleo” means “Ancient” • Paleo-Indians • Hunted huge wild animals for food • Gathered seeds, nuts and roots. • Used bone needles to sew animal hides • Used flint to make tools and weapons • Left after the Ice Age-disappeared from Ohio Archaic People Archaic People • Early/Middle Archaic Period • Late Archaic Period • Glacial Kame/Red Ocher Cultures Archaic People • Archaic means very old (2nd Ohio group) • Stone tools to chop down trees • Canoes from dugout trees • Archaic Indians were hunters: deer, wild turkeys, bears, ducks and geese • Antlers to hunt • All parts of the animal were used • Nets to fish
    [Show full text]
  • Visualizing Paleoindian and Archaic Mobility in the Ohio
    VISUALIZING PALEOINDIAN AND ARCHAIC MOBILITY IN THE OHIO REGION OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA A dissertation submitted to Kent State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Amanda N. Colucci May 2017 ©Copyright All rights reserved Except for previously published materials Dissertation written by Amanda N. Colucci B.A., Western State Colorado University, 2007 M.A., Kent State University, 2009 Ph.D., Kent State University, 2017 Approved by Dr. Mandy Munro-Stasiuk, Ph.D., Co-Chair, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Dr. Mark Seeman, Ph.D., Co-Chair, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Dr. Eric Shook, Ph.D., Members, Doctoral Dissertation Committee Dr. James Tyner, Ph.D. Dr. Richard Meindl, Ph.D. Dr. Alison Smith, Ph.D. Accepted by Dr. Scott Sheridan, Ph.D., Chair, Department of Geography Dr. James Blank, Ph.D., Dean, College of Arts and Sciences TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ……………………………………………………………………………..……...……. III LIST OF FIGURES ….………………………………………......………………………………..…….…..………iv LIST OF TABLES ……………………………………………………………….……………..……………………x ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..………………………….……………………………..…………….………..………xi CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 STUDY AREA AND TIMEFRAME ........................................................................................................................ 3 1.1.1 Paleoindian Period ...............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • FEATURE TYPES Revised 2/2001 Alcove
    THE CROW CANYON ARCHAEOLOGICAL CENTER FEATURE TYPES Revised 2/2001 alcove. A small auxiliary chamber in a wall, usually found in pit structures; they often adjoin the east wall of the main chamber and are substantially larger than apertures and niches. aperture. A generic term for a wall opening that cannot be defined more specifically. architectural petroglyph (not on bedrock). A petroglyph in a standing masonry wall.A piece of wall fall with a petroglyph on it should be sent in as an artifact if size permits. ashpit. A pit used primarily as a receptacle for ash removed from a hearth or firepit. In a pit structure, the ash pit is commonly oval or rectangular and is located south of the hearth or firepit. bedrock feature. A feature constructed into bedrock that does not fit any of the other feature types listed here. bell-shaped cist. A large pit whose greatest diameter is substantially larger than the diameter of its opening.A storage function is implied, but the feature may not contain any stored materials, in which case the shape of the pit is sufficient for assigning this feature type. bench surface. The surface of a wide ledge in a pit structure or kiva that usually extends around at least three-fourths of the circumference of the structure and is often divided by pilasters.The southern recess surface is also considered a bench surface segment; each bench surface segment must be recorded as a separate feature. bin: not further specified. An above-ground compartment formed by walling off a portion of a structure or courtyard other than a corner.
    [Show full text]
  • University of Michigan Radiocarbon Dates Xii H
    [Ru)Ioc!RBo1, Vol.. 10, 1968, P. 61-114] UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN RADIOCARBON DATES XII H. R. CRANE and JAMES B. GRIFFIN The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan The following is a list of dates obtained since the compilation of List XI in December 1965. The method is essentially the same as de- scribed in that list. Two C02-CS2 Geiger counter systems were used. Equipment and counting techniques have been described elsewhere (Crane, 1961). Dates and estimates of error in this list follow the practice recommended by the International Radiocarbon Dating Conferences of 1962 and 1965, in that (a) dates are computed on the basis of the Libby half-life, 5570 yr, (b) A.D. 1950 is used as the zero of the age scale, and (c) the errors quoted are the standard deviations obtained from the numbers of counts only. In previous Michigan date lists up to and in- cluding VII, we have quoted errors at least twice as great as the statisti- cal errors of counting, to take account of other errors in the over-all process. If the reader wishes to obtain a standard deviation figure which will allow ample room for the many sources of error in the dating process, we suggest doubling the figures that are given in this list. We wish to acknowledge the help of Patricia Dahlstrom in pre- paring chemical samples and David M. Griffin and Linda B. Halsey in preparing the descriptions. I. GEOLOGIC SAMPLES 9240 ± 1000 M-1291. Hosterman's Pit, Pennsylvania 7290 B.C. Charcoal from Hosterman's Pit (40° 53' 34" N Lat, 77° 26' 22" W Long), Centre Co., Pennsylvania.
    [Show full text]
  • La Junta, Colorado Contents
    33rd Annual Meeting of The Colorado Council of Professional Archaeologists March 24—27, 2011 Otero Junior College La Junta, Colorado Contents Acknowledgements..................................................................................2 General.Information.................................................................................4 Summary.Schedule..................................................................................5 Banquet.Speaker......................................................................................6 Picket.Wire.Canyonlands.Field.Trip........................................................7 Annual.Business.Meeting.Agenda...........................................................8 Presentation.Schedule............................................................................10 Symposium.Abstracts............................................................................14 Paper.and.Poster.Abstracts.....................................................................15 Ward.F..Weakly.Memorial.Fund............................................................35 Ward.F..Weakly.Memorial.Fund.Awardees............................................36 Native.American.Scholarship.and.Awardees.........................................38 CCPA.Fellows........................................................................................39 2010-2011.Executive.Committee...........................................................40 Past.CCPA.Meeting.Locations...............................................................41
    [Show full text]
  • Museum of New Mexico
    MUSEUM OF NEW MEXICO OFFICE OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE MOGOLLON HIGHLANDS: SETTLEMENT SYSTEMS AND ADAPTATIONS edited by Yvonne R. Oakes and Dorothy A. Zamora VOLUME 6. SYNTHESIS AND CONCLUSIONS Yvonne R. Oakes Submitted by Timothy D. Maxwell Principal Investigator ARCHAEOLOGY NOTES 232 SANTA FE 1999 NEW MEXICO TABLE OF CONTENTS Figures............................................................................iii Tables............................................................................. iv VOLUME 6. SYNTHESIS AND CONCLUSIONS ARCHITECTURAL VARIATION IN MOGOLLON STRUCTURES .......................... 1 Structural Variation through Time ................................................ 1 Communal Structures......................................................... 19 CHANGING SETTLEMENT PATTERNS IN THE MOGOLLON HIGHLANDS ................ 27 Research Orientation .......................................................... 27 Methodology ................................................................ 27 Examination of Settlement Patterns .............................................. 29 Population Movements ........................................................ 35 Conclusions................................................................. 41 REGIONAL ABANDONMENT PROCESSES IN THE MOGOLLON HIGHLANDS ............ 43 Background for Studying Abandonment Processes .................................. 43 Causes of Regional Abandonment ............................................... 44 Abandonment Patterns in the Mogollon Highlands
    [Show full text]
  • Plains Anthropologist Author Index
    Author Index AUTHOR INDEX Aaberg, Stephen A. (see Shelley, Phillip H. and George A. Agogino) 1983 Plant Gathering as a Settlement Determinant at the Pilgrim Stone Circle Site. In: Memoir 19. Vol. 28, No. (see Smith, Calvin, John Runyon, and George A. Agogino) 102, pp. 279-303. (see Smith, Shirley and George A. Agogino) Abbott, James T. Agogino, George A. and Al Parrish 1988 A Re-Evaluation of Boulderflow as a Relative Dating 1971 The Fowler-Parrish Site: A Folsom Campsite in Eastern Technique for Surficial Boulder Features. Vol. 33, No. Colorado. Vol. 16, No. 52, pp. 111-114. 119, pp. 113-118. Agogino, George A. and Eugene Galloway Abbott, Jane P. 1963 Osteology of the Four Bear Burials. Vol. 8, No. 19, pp. (see Martin, James E., Robert A. Alex, Lynn M. Alex, Jane P. 57-60. Abbott, Rachel C. Benton, and Louise F. Miller) 1965 The Sister’s Hill Site: A Hell Gap Site in North-Central Adams, Gary Wyoming. Vol. 10, No. 29, pp. 190-195. 1983 Tipi Rings at York Factory: An Archaeological- Ethnographic Interface. In: Memoir 19. Vol. 28, No. Agogino, George A. and Sally K. Sachs 102, pp. 7-15. 1960 Criticism of the Museum Orientation of Existing Antiquity Laws. Vol. 5, No. 9, pp. 31-35. Adovasio, James M. (see Frison, George C., James M. Adovasio, and Ronald C. Agogino, George A. and William Sweetland Carlisle) 1985 The Stolle Mammoth: A Possible Clovis Kill-Site. Vol. 30, No. 107, pp. 73-76. Adovasio, James M., R. L. Andrews, and C. S. Fowler 1982 Some Observations on the Putative Fremont Agogino, George A., David K.
    [Show full text]
  • Grinding Stone Reuse 1983
    The Effects of Grinding Stone Reuse on the Archaeological Record in the Eastern Great Basin Author(s): STEVEN R. SIMMS Source: Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology, Vol. 5, No. 1/2 (Summer and Winter 1983), pp. 98-102 Published by: Malki Museum, Inc. Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/27825137 Accessed: 30-11-2015 18:41 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://www.jstor.org/page/ info/about/policies/terms.jsp JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Malki Museum, Inc. is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 129.123.24.42 on Mon, 30 Nov 2015 18:41:26 UTC All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology Vol. 5, Nos. 1 and 2, pp. 98-102 (1983). The Effects of Grinding Stone on Reuse the Archaeological Record in the Eastern Great Basin STEVEN R. SIMMS are aware thatmany hunter-gatherer societies where the transpor ARCHAEOLOGISTSfactors change archaeological sites after tation of material culture is a limiting factor. they have been initially deposited. One kind Reuse can include the use of grinding stones of post-depositional phenomena that could from nearby, older sites or the caching of change the material record is the scavenging previously used grinding stones.
    [Show full text]
  • Low-Water Native Plants for Colorado Gardens: Prairie and Plains
    Low-Water Native Plants for Colorado Gardens: Prairie and Plains Published by the Colorado Native Plant Society 1 Prairie and Plains Region Denver Botanic Gardens, Chatfield Photo by Irene Shonle Introduction This range map is approximate. Please be familiar with your area to know which This is one in a series of regional native planting guides that are a booklet is most appropriate for your landscape. collaboration of the Colorado Native Plant Society, CSU Extension, Front Range Wild Ones, the High Plains Environmental Center, Butterfly The Colorado native plant gardening guides cover these 5 regions: Pavilion and the Denver Botanic Gardens. Plains/Prairie Front Range/Foothills Many people have an interest in landscaping with native plants, Southeastern Colorado and the purpose of this booklet is to help people make the most Mountains above 7,500 feet successful choices. We have divided the state into 5 different regions Lower Elevation Western Slope that reflect different growing conditions and life zones. These are: the plains/prairie, Southeastern Colorado, the Front Range/foothills, the This publication was written by the Colorado Native Plant Society Gardening mountains above 7,500’, and lower elevation Western Slope. Find the Guide Committee: Committee Chair, Irene Shonle, Director, CSU Extension, area that most closely resembles your proposed garden site for the Gilpin County; Nick Daniel, Horticulturist, Denver Botanic Gardens; Deryn best gardening recommendations. Davidson, Horticulture Agent, CSU Extension, Boulder County; Susan Crick, Front Range Chapter, Wild Ones; Jim Tolstrup, Executive Director, High Plains Why Native? Environmental Center (HPEC); Jan Loechell Turner, Colorado Native Plant There are many benefits to using Colorado native plants for home Society (CoNPS); Amy Yarger, Director of Horticulture, Butterfly Pavilion.
    [Show full text]
  • Archeology of the Funeral Mound, Ocmulgee National Monument, Georgia
    1.2.^5^-3 rK 'rm ' ^ -*m *~ ^-mt\^ -» V-* ^JT T ^T A . ESEARCH SERIES NUMBER THREE Clemson Universii akCHEOLOGY of the FUNERAL MOUND OCMULGEE NATIONAL MONUMENT, GEORGIA TIONAL PARK SERVICE • U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 3ERAL JCATK5N r -v-^tfS i> &, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Fred A. Seaton, Secretary National Park Service Conrad L. Wirth, Director Ihis publication is one of a series of research studies devoted to specialized topics which have been explored in con- nection with the various areas in the National Park System. It is printed at the Government Printing Office and may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington 25, D. C. Price $1 (paper cover) ARCHEOLOGY OF THE FUNERAL MOUND OCMULGEE National Monument, Georgia By Charles H. Fairbanks with introduction by Frank M. Settler ARCHEOLOGICAL RESEARCH SERIES NUMBER THREE NATIONAL PARK SERVICE • U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR • WASHINGTON 1956 THE NATIONAL PARK SYSTEM, of which Ocmulgee National Monument is a unit, is dedi- cated to conserving the scenic, scientific, and his- toric heritage of the United States for the benefit and enjoyment of its people. Foreword Ocmulgee National Monument stands as a memorial to a way of life practiced in the Southeast over a span of 10,000 years, beginning with the Paleo-Indian hunters and ending with the modern Creeks of the 19th century. Here modern exhibits in the monument museum will enable you to view the panorama of aboriginal development, and here you can enter the restoration of an actual earth lodge and stand where forgotten ceremonies of a great tribe were held.
    [Show full text]
  • Past Program Speakers for Lyons/Indian Peaks CAS Chapter
    Past Program Speakers for Lyons/Indian Peaks CAS Chapter (Lyons Chapter until charter as Indian Peaks Chapter in March 1990) 1983 January Meeting at Lyons Redstone Museum to discuss attracting new members February Joint meeting with CU Anthropology Dept., Chuck Wheeler – Windy Gap Project March James Brady – Application of Aerial Photography to Archaeology April No speaker at meeting May No speaker at meeting June Interim governing body installed July Meet all candidates running for office, adopt by-laws August Election of officers September John Bradley – Survey of BLM Land in Eastern Utah October Keith Abernathy and Paul Heinrich – Laramie River Survey near Woods Landing, WY November Canceled due to bad weather December Canceled due to holidays 1984 January No speaker at meeting February Dr. Steve Cassells – Early Man Settlements in Colorado March Ray Lyons – Rock Art of Browns Park April Ivol Hagar - Archaeology of the Front Range May Dr. Frank Eddy – Chimney Rock- Past, Present, Future? June No meeting scheduled July 2 educational films at CU – Mesa Verde, and Southwest Indians of Early America August Dr. Payson Sheets – Archaeology and Volcanism in the Arenal Zone of Costa Rica September Mark Chenault – The Pueblo Anasazi of Yellow Jacket October Dr. Omar Stewart - Peyotism in the West November Dr. Hannah Huse – From Pots to Potters: A Case Study of the Hopi Kawika-a Ceramic Collection December First Annual IPCAS Christmas Party at Jean Kindig’s House, Boulder 1985 January Michael Burney - Archaeological Remains of Tres Ritos Hills, New Mexico, High Altitude Archaeology at 11,400 Feet February Dr. Bruce Bradley - Lithic Technology March Canceled due to CU Spring Break April Lucille A.
    [Show full text]
  • The Water Under Colorado's Eastern Plains Is
    NEWS ENVIRONMENT The water under Colorado’s Eastern Plains is running dry as farmers keep irrigating “great American desert” Farmers say they’re trying to wean from groundwater, but admit there are no easy answers amid pressures of corn prices, urban growth and interstate water agreements By BRUCE FINLEY | [email protected] | The Denver Post PUBLISHED: October 8, 2017 at 6:00 am | UPDATED: October 9, 2017 at 8:19 am WRAY — Colorado farmers who defed nature’s limits and nourished a pastoral paradise by irrigating drought-prone prairie are pushing ahead in the face of worsening environmental fallout: Overpumping of groundwater has drained the High Plains Aquifer to the point that streams are drying up at the rate of 6 miles a year. The drawdown has become so severe that highly resilient fsh are disappearing, evidence of ecological collapse. A Denver Post analysis of federal data shows the aquifer shrank twice as fast over the past six years compared with the previous 60. While the drying out of America’s agricultural bread basket ($35 billion in crops a year) ultimately may pinch people in cities, it is hitting rural areas hardest. “Now I never know, from one minute to the next, when I turn on a faucet or hydrant, whether there will be water or not. The aquifer is being depleted,” said Lois Scott, 75, who lives west of Cope, north of the frequently bone-dry bed of the Arikaree River. A 40-foot well her grandfather dug by hand in 1914 gave water until recently, she said, lamenting the loss of lawns where children once frolicked and green pastures for cows.
    [Show full text]