THE AMBITIONS OF THE . THEORY AND REALITY

prof. Eng. Milan SOPÓCI, PhD., Eng. Lubomír MATTA

Armed Forces Academy of GEN M.R.Štefánik in Liptovský Mikuláš, Slovak Republic

The contribution made by this article presents some scopes, approaches and results of the transformation of the Slovak Armed Forces within the frame of limited defense resources. On the other hand, it confronts the Slovak Armed Forces transformation with strategic documents of the Slovak Republic and of the Defense Department, namely the Safety Strategy, the Defense Strategy, the Strategic Evaluation of Defense and the Complete Evaluation of Defense. The differences are compared with Government policy statements and indicate difference between theory and reality.

Key words: defense sources, strategy, transformation, safety environment, competences, evaluation, defense. 1. INTRODUCTION implemented in terms of the Euro- Atlantic orientation of the Slovak Since the Slovak Republic Republic since 1999. The main aim foundation, its basic political and of the defense policy of the Slovak strategic bounds regarding building Republic is to guarantee state and the defense potential have been defi ned citizens’ security. Until 2004, this aim by the defense policy, including the was fulfi lled by means of a limited development of the Armed Forces with defense potential of the Slovak the purpose of providing state defense, Republic. Qualitatively speaking, fulfi lling allied and other international the new period of implementing obligations. A degree of fulfi lling these the defense policy has begun by the tasks within individual periods of time accession of the Slovak Republic has been directly determined mainly by into NATO. Ever since then, the main crucial political decisions concerning defense aim has been implemented the way and the dynamics of ’s under the terms of collective defense. integration process into the North Atlantic On the one hand, the transition from structures as well as by the level of individual to collective defense providing resources for the state defense represented a substantial increase and development of the armed forces. in the security of the inhabitants, as The defense policy of the Slovak well as in the the Slovak Republic Republic has been consistently defensive posture. On the other hand, it also meant a qualitative and - to fully fulfi ll obligations as a quantitative increase in the tasks NATO member; for the Armed Forces of the Slovak - to fulfi ll obligations as an EU Republic, including an increase in member within the bounds of their fi nancial needs. safety and defense policy. The above-mentioned ambitions In compliance with this mission, of the Slovak Republic are also the defense policy will strengthen the confi rmed by the strategic documents defense system so that by 2015 it will of the Armed Forces presented below. have been able to fully participate in confl ict prevention and settlement of 2. STRATEGIC DOCUMENTS crisis situations in the world within OF THE SLOVAK REPUBLIC the operations of NATO and EU. AND THEIR VIEW ON THE Within the SR Armed Forces reform, ARMED FORCES it will create conditions under which the Armed Forces could be fully “The Security Strategy of the used in operations of high intensity Slovak Republic”, declares that for the protection of SR, including the main objective of the Slovak mobilization and its execution. Republic’s safety policy is to The defense policy considers the guarantee the safety of inhabitants and following points to be strategic tasks the state in a stable and predictable of the SR Armed Forces: environment. The safety strategy - to protect sovereignty and considers a safety system consisting territorial integrity of the state, of foreign, economic, defense, inviolability of its frontiers from internal safety, social, life-saving an armed attack, to contribute to and ecological tools and their mutual collective defense of the NATO relations to be a fundamental means member states; of the SR safety policy. Foreign - to protect air inviolability and service as well as the SR Armed to fulfi ll tasks in the system of Forces are stated as traditional tools collective protection of the NATO of safety policy [5]. common air space; “The Defense Strategy” views - to maintain the functionality the Euro-Atlantic orientation to be of a stationary and mobile the basic target of its defense policy. communication and information The NATO and EU membership is system; regarded as a crucial guarantee of its - to defend and protect defense safety and defensiveness. It defi nes infrastructure while emphasizing its basic mission as follows: objects of special importance and - in cooperation with allies to protect other important objects; the state sovereignty, territorial - to plan and execute mobilization. integrity and inviolability of The capabilities the Armed Forces frontiers and to protect safety of must acquire are adjusted to fi t these the inhabitants and the state from tasks – deployment to a wide spectrum outside threats; of operations, speed of deployment and mobility, using information nets, the NATO and the EU strategic effi cient intelligence, identifying, documents, including NATO’s new assessing and assigning tasks, Strategic Concept, the Government destructiveness and accuracy of of the SR will perform a strategic strikes, effi cient engineers support, evaluation of the SR defense in order anti-aircraft defense and radiation, to defi ne political and strategic scope chemical and biological defense, of long-term development of the readiness to make use of all SR defense and the Armed Forces possibilities of multinational logistics potential, including provision of stable and civil-military cooperation. The resource ambit. Within this process, listed capabilities will be a stimulus the SR Government will re-evaluate for gradual renovation and increase basic safety policy and defense of fi ghting potential regarding land documents so that they are in line and air forces. The personnel of the with present international relations Armed Forces will be supplemented, and global safety environment as trained and equipped in compliance well as with the targets defi ned in with the rules used in the NATO most current EU and NATO strategic so that the Armed Forces could documents. In order to execute the be included into all categories of process of strategic evaluation of the operational readiness. defense, the Government will create conditions for a wide dialogue with the 3. GOVERNMENT POLICY representatives of expert community, STATEMENT as well as with the public in order to achieve consensus concerning the In its policy statement for the questions of safety policy and state years 1999 – 2002, the strategic defense, as well as priorities, aims documents noted above are a follow- and needs of the Armed Forces. The up to government policy statement. conclusions and recommendations of The government undertook to reform the strategic evaluation of the defense the AF, to pursue their modernization, will be submitted for public debate to build autonomous deployment no later then the end of 2012 and units and to take measures so as to they will be implemented into basic increase quality and intensity of strategic and conceptual documents military training. The government and related legislation. was also due to take measures by The Government of SR will means of which priority in defense ensure continuation of the SR Armed industry coordination would be Forces transformation in accord with given to the Ministry of Defense of conclusions of the strategic evaluation the Slovak Republic. of defense and it will also generate The Government Statement of long-term, stable and appropriate Policy for the years 2010 – 2014 [3] resources. Development of human similarly states that based on the needs potential and the AF modernization to ensure the safety of citizens and are considered to be basic pillars of the state defense, taking into account transformation. The Government Statement of development plan of the defense Policy for the years 2012 – 2016 sector, including the Armed Forces states: [4] The Government as a of the SR with the perspective till guarantor of security for all citizens 2024 was envisaged to be ready by approaches the state defense as one the end of 2012. The goal of this plan of the basic and irreplaceable state is to enable the development of the functions. It will enforce a complex Armed Forces’ capabilities which approach to complete the formation of are necessary for handling possible an integrated safety system at the state future threats and fulfi lling allied and level and it will also make the defense other international obligations of the system more effective. At the same SR. The Government will support time, it will consistently lay emphasis multiannual stability of defense on economy and transparency when expenses following development of drawing resources. In order to make public fi nances to get over a long- activities of the defense department term defi cit in the Armed Forces. more effi cient, the Government All these are obligations the will perform rationalization of present, as well as the previous all its organizational structures. Governments bound themselves to Within a process of procurement, follow and they are confi rmed by it will make use of mutual projects strategic documents. The evaluation of militarization with other safety documents “Complex Assessment sectors, as well as with foreign of Defense” and mainly “Strategic partners. The Government will use Assessment of Defense” dated fi nancial resources obtained this way 2012 point out the level of these preferentially on the development obligations’ implementation. of the Armed Forces of the Slovak Republic. It will also re-evaluate 3.1. Safety and the Armed Forces the level of the Armed Forces of the in the SR Assessment Documents Slovak Republic, their modernization and further development, so that that The document “Complex they would be able: Assessment of Defense for the year - to ensure defense of the territory 2012” [2] states that, in comparison and the inhabitants of the SR with 2009, a substantial decrease in the against military, as well as non- limit of expenditure for the Ministry military threats; of Defense of the Slovak Republic for - to ensure that the Slovak Republic 2011 required the implementation of a will take part in international crisis regime within the defense. The operations under NATO, EU and ratio of operating and development UN command. expenditure was 85.1 % to 14.9 % Even under complex conditions in a modifi ed budget. The modifi ed of public fi nances consolidation, budget for the Armed Forces of the further deterioration of the level of Slovak Republic was approximately the AF preparedness and fi ghting 2.8 % (€15.6 mil.) lower that the capacity is no longer possible. The 2009modifi ed budget. Moreover, this limit was 27%, lower than the amount objectives regarding ammunition, required by the Armed Forces. equipment and material development This fact negatively infl uenced the were implemented only partially. In number of personnel within units, terms of factual assessment, out of 29 the training range, the equipment projects falling under the subprogram needed for operational capability, of the Ammunition, Equipment the stockpiles of ammunition, the and Material Development (AEM) material and spare parts necessary not a single one was implemented for carrying out required repairs. in the range it had been planned. The decrease in expenditure for the 12 projects met the defi ned criteria sector of the Ministry of Defense for of implementation, 7 projects were 2010 led to a decrease in the number partly implemented, 1 was not of the priorities established by the implemented and 9 projects were not Ministry of Defense in comparison executed at all. The process of the SR with the previous year. Consequently, AF armament was radically limited all the original priorities stated in by means of allocated fi nancial the Government Statement of resources. The amount of €1 056 000 Policy for the years 2010 – 2015 was approved for the defense research have not been observed. Owing to and development aimed at the SR the specifi ed expenditure limits of defense support implemented within the SR Armed Forces for 2010, the the subprogram named the Research necessities which were ensured and Development for Defense above all were the requirements of Support. This amount was 75% lower the AF servicemen, employees and than in 2009 and it represented only the Ministry of Defense priorities, 0.0012% of the approved budget of specifi cally participation of the SR AF the SR AF in 2010. This amount of in international crisis management, special-purpose support was deeply tasks connected with the protection under the level anticipated by the and defense of the airspace within Concept of Focusing and Supporting the Integrated NATO System of Air Research and Development in the Field Defense (NATINADS) and the Air of Defense for 2010 (€ 4.6 mil.). Search and Rescue Service (ASRS). “Strategic Assessment of The decreased limits of expenditure Defense” [1] comments on current for the SR Ministry of Defense conditions within the SR AF even was translated in the restriction of more critically. fi nancial resources intended to cover The main objective of the SR fulfi llment of tasks within a wide AF transformation (i.e. to establish range of other activities including relatively small, well armed, well training and the SR AF modernization. trained forces disposing of necessary It also had a negative impact on the military capabilities and prepared SR AF development priorities which to carry out a wide spectrum of ultimately infl uenced fulfi llment of tasks following applicable laws, the SR obligations towards the NATO the SR Defense Strategy, decisions and the EU in a negative way. The of state constitutional bodies and international obligations) was not its performance effi ciency has not fully implemented mainly in the fi eld been fi nished. Current command of modernization and capabilities and control system of the Armed development. Forces (including its structure and Elements concerning defense costs) is not in balance with the AF management and procurement performance and tasks fulfi llment underwent a constant process of and it is economically unsustainable. organizational changes. However, Despite the fact a document named these changes were not systematic The Defense Resort Development and they were almost never based on – 2020 Model had an ambition to conceptual intentions. Consequently, solve these problems, because of appropriate level of defense structures the unpredictability of its planning rationalization and performance assumptions it was never completed effi ciency was not achieved. In or approved by defense management. relation to objective demands of the The document was considered state defense and the Armed Forces, unrealistic also from a fi nancial point the process of transformation, of view (it presupposed the budget of rationalization and restructuring has the SR Ministry of Defense to be at not been fi nished yet. Taking part the level of 1.53% of GDP). In case of in operations of international crisis many states, impacts of the economic management is an important tool of crisis on public resources have been the SR safety and foreign policy and it also refl ected on decreasing defense is also of extraordinary benefi t to the budgets. Almost all the states have SR international status and credibility. responded to the crisis by searching However, the units deployed to these inner resources and some of them have operations were mostly non-organic, applied processes of defense strategic consisting of professional soldiers evaluation. And yet there is no direct from several units. This holds true proportion between GDP decrease of mainly for tasks connected with individual states and their expenses support, engineers and guarding on defense. This is confi rmed by the because of unavailability of required fact that in years 2009 – 2011, in the spectrum and quality regarding the time of the biggest impacts of the SR AF capabilities. These conditions economic crisis, almost half of the cause that contribution concerning NATO states increased the defense participation of the SR AF units within expenditures share of GDP or they operations aimed at the development left it approximately at the same of the AF capabilities was exploitable level (a decrease by 0.1% at most). in a minimal way. Notwithstanding In the case of the Slovak Republic it the above and considering the AF is quite the contrary. requirements, current AF structures These statements can be of command and control are supplemented by statistical overlarge, mainly in case of strategic indicators from crucial areas of the and operational level. The process of AF development (Images 1 – 3, the AF rationalization and increasing charts 1 - 3). Figure 1. The proportion of defense expenditures of GDP in the NATO member states in years 2009 - 2011 (%) 1 – ; 2 – ; 3 – ; 4 – Canada; 5 – ; 6 – the ; 7 – ; 8 – ; 9 – ; 10 – ; 11 – ; 12 – ;13 – ; 14 – ; 15 – ; 16 – ; 17 – the ; 18 – ; 19 – , 20 – ; 21 – Romania; 22 – Slovakia; 23 – ; 24 – ; 25 – ; 26 – Great Britain; 27 – the USA, 28 – the NATO (data for 2011 is not available).

Figure 2. The proportion of defense expenditures of GDP in the new NATO member states in countries (in percentage) 2011 (%) 1 – Albania; 2 – Bulgaria; 3 - Croatia; 4 – The Czech Republic; 5 – Estonia; 6 – Hungary (data from 2011 are not available); 7 – Latvia; 8 – Lithuania; 9 – Poland; 10 – Romania; 11 – Slovakia; 12 – Slovenia; 13 – NATO (data from 2011 are not available) Figure 3. The proportion of defense expenditures intended for modernisation in the new NATO member states in years 2009 – 2010 – 2011 (%) 1 – Albania; 2 – Bulgaria; 3 - Croatia; 4 – The Czech Republic; 5 – Estonia; 6 – Hungary; 7 – Latvia; 8 – Lithuania; 9 – Poland; 10 – Romania; 11 – Slovakia; 12 – Slovenia Table no. 1 Total defense expenditures in USD mil. in the V4 countries Country/Year 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 The Czech Republic 1148 2211 2408 2527 3090 3129 2672 Hungary* 804 1596 1410 1776 1868 1476 1355 Poland 3087 5536 6130 7833 8521 7518 8836 The Slovak Republic // 823 911 1139 1411 1350 1098 * the data do not include non-deployable elements of other forces

Table no.2 The proportion of expenditures on personnel out of total defense expenditures in the V4 Country/Year 2000–2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 The Czech Republic 45.4 47.4 49.2 51.5 46.1 50.7 Hungary* 48.8 51.2 46.4 48.1 50.4 56.4 Poland 63.3 53.8 54.4 63.2 61.8 56.4 The Slovak Republic // 49.1 51.5 51.7 55.8 64.9

Table no.3 The proportion of expenditures on modernisation out of defense expenditures in the V4 countries Country/Year 2000 – 2004 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 The Czech Republic 18.9 14.6 10.1 12.9 22.4 12.4 Hungary* 11.2 9.0 12.1 14.8 12.7 12.1 Poland 10.9 18.2 18.6 13.9 16.7 18.4 The Slovak Republic // 12.7 16.2 14.6 13.2 9.1 The long-term non-conformity this requirement within the budget between the given tasks on the one of the Ministry of Defense of the hand and real resources allocated to Slovak Republic is unreal due to very their realization on the other hand expensive projects which have to be is a crucial problem which has been implemented on the basis of government substantially infl uencing the range and contracts and long-term timetable for quality of the Defense Department’s repayment signifi cantly exceeding the main activities. If the problem is not parliamentary term of one government. solved, it will deepen. A signifi cant The Slovak Armed Forces have part of the Armed Forces armament only a limited spectrum of capabilities and equipment is technologically, as in limited quality. Therefore, a level well as physically obsolete (app. 70% of interoperability within the Armed of ground equipment is end-of-life, Forces units in comparison with the out of which tank equipment, infantry NATO standards (within a 39 - 68 % fi ghting vehicles - 1, some types of range) is very low and it limits potential armoured personnel carriers, are cooperation of the Armed Forces 100% end-of life). That has a negative units with allied armies, particularly impact not only on the achievement of in high intensity operations. The level required capabilities, level of training of deployment and sustainability of and quality of fulfi lling the tasks, but the ground forces is approximately it also increases the diffi culty of its 33% and 10% against the NATO maintenance. Systems and fi ghting requirements. In the context of the sets of Air Forces, as well as essential aforementioned data, the Slovak air technology are approaching Armed Forces capabilities will be the level of their technical lifetime intended to ensure achievement of (besides MiG 29 aircraft). The key priorities which include: lifetime of some ground, air and – participation of the Slovak radio equipment will expire within Armed Forces in the international two or fi ve years. The alarming state crisis management operations of some main types of armament and including capability to provide technology requires their immediate contributions for NRF and EU replacement. As a result, there BG; have been requirements for sources – fulfi lling the tasks of the arising within the next fi ve or ten Slovak air space defense within years. The essential prerequisite the NATINADS; for increase in the Armed Forces – provision of a mechanized capabilities and their interoperability brigade for collective defense; with allied armies is modifi cation or – capability to admit coalition remilitarization of the main types forces in Slovakia within of ground, air and radar technology. the framework of collective The assurance of resources to fulfi ll defense operation; –maintenance of appropriate The Slovak Armed Forces components in high readiness sustainable model – will be built forces (a mechanized battalion and developed in order to cover the group). capacities in relation to preparation, The proposals concerning the creation, deployment, maintenance future of the Slovak Armed Forces and recovery of capabilities to has been based on the assessment provide: of the security environment, level – continuous protection and of the acceptable risk compensated defense of the Slovak air space by the Slovak Republic membership within the NATO Integrated Air in NATO and political guidance in Defense System (NATINADS); order not to change valid political – provision of the Slovak and military ambition. Republic’s contribution to The development strategy of the international crisis management Ministry of Defense will be based operations pursuant to the Slovak on the Armed Forces’ strategic Republic Security Strategy and development enabling to fulfi ll key Defense Strategy; priorities due to the limited range – provision of specifi c and of sources. The following risks and unique military capabilities to limitations will be accepted: support public authorities in facing – reduced ability of the non-military crisis situations Slovak Armed Forces to react within the Slovak Republic and reduction of available forces territory; for the needs of assistance to the – provision of mechanized Slovak Republic citizens in the brigade within collective defense event of natural and industrial operation; disasters due to the lack of – admission of coalition forces personnel in some Slovak Armed in the Slovak Republic within Forces military units in peace time collective defense operations. within the range of 40 – 60% of The Slovak Armed Forces will tabular calculations; consist of the following future – military and technological forces: limitations in implementation – forces for immediate combat of international obligations (the use (high readiness forces) – air range of the mechanized brigade forces intended to achieve the prescribed capabilities for peace objectives within the NATO structure will be limited. Some Integrated Air Defense System logistic capabilities will be (NATINADS) and Air Search and reduced as well. As a result, the Rescue Service, ground forces in level of achievement of objectives emergency regime of NRF; will be decreased). – forces to secure capabilities for rapid increase of combat elements for assistance to citizens potential (lower readiness forces) in the event of natural disasters – forces needed for creation and within the Slovak Armed Forces provision of mechanized brigade will be enhanced (app. 20% for a temporary period, command increase in combat battalion and support structures required for capacities); achievement of the Armed Forces – capacities of unique objectives (including specifi c and capabilities of the Slovak Armed unique military capabilities to Forces intended for assistance to support public authorities in facing citizens in the event of natural non-military crisis situations); disasters will be enhanced (creation – forces based on soldiers in of one engineer company); reserve with a special contract – – missing units in order to forces (i.e. military specialists) fulfi ll the obligation to provide required to fulfi ll the tasks within a ground forces brigade will be the support of public authorities added (artillery units, tactical in facing non-military crisis reconnaissance and intelligence); situations in the Slovak Republic – missing units in order to and within the international crisis fulfi ll other key obligations of management; the Slovak Armed Forces will be – forces based on mobilization added (a deployable KIS NATO capabilities – forces required module). for the Slovak republic defense The following tables show the system to secure defense of estimated calculation of fi nances for objects of unique importance modernization of essential types of and other important objects armament, equipment and material in the Slovak Republic and to beyond the range of the Ministry of support admission of coalition Defense chapter as well as intention forces within collective defense of reduction of capacities within the operation in the SR. Defense Department. In terms of the Slovak Armed Forces’ increased effi ciency, a proposed model represents the reinforcement of the Slovak Armed Forces’ executive elements (tactical units) at the expense of managing and supporting elements. This model will positively infl uence the following areas: – overall capacities of the Slovak Armed Forces’ effi cient Table no. 4: Finances required for technology modernization

Commodities Armament, combat equipment 2014 - 2024 Total/commodity total in Eur in Eur mil. mil. Armoured Wheeled armoured fi ghting 2 270 2 270 vehicles vehicles, light tactical multifunctional vehicle in various modifi cations Training aircrafts 180 Multifunctional helicopters 490 Air Forces * 796 Transport aircrafts 126 3D radar with close range 18 Military 3D radar with short range 70 radar systems Surveillance 3D radar with 24 224 middle range 3D radar with middle range 112 C-RAM, anti-missiles system 2 Anti-aerial SHORAD– MEAD – PVO defense 10 with short and middle range 8 components system Total 3 300 3 300 Table no.5: Overall intention of reduction in number of Defense Department personnel

Ministry of Defense and its parts Category Current state Proposed state Reduction Soldiers 1 060 846 214 Employees 2 833 2 361 472 Total 3 893 3 207 686 Armed Forces Category Current state Proposed state Reduction Soldiers 14 745 14 451 294 Employees 4 451 4 049 402 Total 19 196 18 500 696 Defense Department Category Current state Proposed state Reduction Soldiers 15 805 15 297 508 Employees 7 284 6 410 874 Total 23 089 21 707 1382* A set of rationalisation However, according to the strategic measurements will be implemented defense assessment the capabilities in order to gain resources for of the Armed Forces in comparison development of the Slovak Armed with the NATO member states reach Forces sustainable model. These approximately 50%. The Defense measurements will be focused on Department budget for the year 2013 reduction of the Slovak Armed totals 50 mil. EUR, which is less Forces expenses and strengthening than the 2012 budget. Moreover, the their effi ciency. strategic defense assessment also includes the obligation to defend 4. CONCLUSIONS critical infrastructure objectives and objects of particular importance. The prosperity and growth of However, the proposal to reduce living standards have never been so forces asks for the cancellation dependent on the citizens and state of what is considered as the most security level in comparison with effi cient element PLRK S – 300PMU, the current economically linked capable to defend the aforementioned and rapidly changing world. This objects against air terrorism. dependence will develop further The declared increase in due to the growth of uncertainty capabilities has been refl ected in and unpredictability of the security practice: with the modernization of environment (e.g. current turbulent technology, armament and training and unpredictable development of within the NATO we have reached situation in North Africa or Middle the bottom. Human development East). as well as the modernization of the With respect to a critical state Armed Forces are referred to as in the Defense Department and the pillars of transformation in the Slovak Armed Forces, the level of Government Statements of Policy. country defense and achievement of However, practice contradicts this. international obligations requires the The Government, by the statements adoption of timely measurements in it made, pledged to strengthen the relation to further transformation of participation of the Armed Forces in the Slovak Armed Forces. solving crisis situations. However, the When comparing strategic and amended Regulation of the Ministry assessment documents it is obvious of Defense No. 1/2012 establishing that they signifi cantly differ in the extent of a commander’s power the commitments they make, on scope in the event of decision making one hand, and the security policy on immediate deployment of soldiers implementation, on the other hand. and necessary logistic support As a result of the defense strategy, actually decreases it (in comparison the Armed Forces are obliged to with the Regulation of the Ministry of contribute to collective defense. Defense No. 38/2009). Furthermore, the proposed calculation of fi nances REFERENCES to the amount of 3.3 billion EUR may be regarded as utopia. [1] Strategic Assessment of Defense,http:// From this point of view, the www.mosr.sk/20076/strategicke- aforementioned documents may hodnotenie- obrany.php?mnu=518 2010. be regarded unreal and therefore [2] Complex Assessment of Defense they must be reviewed and revised for the year 2010, Ministry of as soon as possible. After that, a Defense of the Slovak Republic, comprehensive material including a Bratislava 2011. model of the way the Armed Forces [3] The Government Statement of Policy and other parts of the Defense for the years 2010-2014, Bratislava Department are to be reformed, as 2010. well as a proposal concerning the [4] The Government Statement of Policy for the years 2012-2016, Bratislava method and time schedule for the 2012. reform measures to be implemented [5] The Security Strategy and the Defense can be drawn up and submitted for Strategy of the Slovak Republic, approval to the Slovak government. Bratislava 2005.