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Tesis Doctoral UNIVERSITAT DE VALÈNCIA Facultat de Dret Departamento de Filosofía del Derecho, Moral y Política Doctorado en Derechos humanos, Paz y Desarrollo Sostenible TESIS DOCTORAL Título de la tesis (en francés): « RECONFIGURATION DE L’ORDRE MONDIAL DE L’INFORMATION ET DE LA COMMUNICATION : IMPLICATIONS ET INCIDENCES DE LA CHAINE AL JAZIRA » Presentada por: Dª Hala Hela BEN HADJ M’BAREK Director: Prof. Dr. Jorge CARDONA LLORENS Valencia, España, 2013 2 Avertissement La Faculté n‟entend donner aucune approbation ni improbation aux opinions émises dans cette thèse; ces opinions doivent être considérées comme propres à leur auteur. 3 RECONFIGURATION DE L’ORDRE MONDIAL DE L’INFORMATION ET DE LA COMMUNICATION : IMPLICATIONS ET INCIDENCES DE LA CHAINE AL JAZIRA 4 À ma mère, Nozha, Qui abandonna l’école à 10 ans. En espérant que symboliquement Ce Bac+8 compensera son Bac-8. Au politologue et historien français, Dr. Jacques Sémelin devenu non voyant, Mais qui, à mes yeux, a vu très juste. 5 REMERCIEMENTS Je remercie tout d‟abord celui sans lequel l‟aventure n‟aurait pu commencer : mon directeur de recherche, Pr. Jorge Cardona Llorens. D‟abord pour m‟avoir choisie parmi une soixantaine de candidats internationaux pour l‟obtention de la Bourse Grisolìa de formation du personnel chercheur. J‟ai eu la chance de pouvoir entreprendre un doctorat directement après mon master, ce que je conçois comme un privilège. Je remercie d‟ailleurs mon directeur de Master, Pr. Nacereddine Ghozali de m‟avoir communiqué l‟offre de bourse et soutenue dans la démarche. Je suis reconnaissante envers la « Consellería de Educación » d‟Espagne de m‟avoir accordée cette bourse grâce à laquelle ma thèse a pu être menée dans des conditions optimales. Cette thèse n‟aurait pu être développée sans la disponibilité de professionnels interviewés, notamment les experts de l‟UNESCO qui m‟ont intégrée à leur équipe et la société civile tunisienne avec laquelle j‟ai beaucoup échangé. Ma reconnaissance se dirige également vers tous les potentiels co-directeurs de thèse français qui ont accepté de participer au projet même si finalement une direction unique du Pr. Jorge Cardona était plus pratique : Pr. Samaha Khoury (Bordeaux), Sami Al-Deeb (Genève), François-Bernard Huyghe (Observatoire Géostratégique de l‟Information de Paris) et Sami Naïr (Séville, Paris). Mes remerciements personnels s‟adresseront à mes parents, Salem et Nozha, pour ne pas avoir imposé de plafond de verre à mes ambitions. Je remercie également mon meilleur ami, Bassem Laredj ainsi que ma camarade Arantxa Gandía pour leur soutien au quotidien. Finalement je remercie mes collègues chercheurs et professeurs de l‟Université de Valencia et de Castellon et bien évidemment les membres du jury de thèse que je ne connais pas encore. 6 “The Rise of the Rest” L‟élévation du reste [du monde], Intitulé du livre d‟Alice H. Amsden « À la télévision, on ne peut pas dire la vérité : Il y a trop de monde qui regarde. » Coluche, humoriste Français 7 RÉSUMÉ Reconfiguration de l’ordre mondial de l’information et de la communication : implications et incidences de la chaine Al Jazira L‟information est la base de la prise de décision. Les gouvernements à travers l‟Histoire ont compris l‟influence de ce soft power dans leur politique intérieure comme extérieure. Les États naissants de la décolonisation ont surtout noté le déséquilibre de ses sources et ses conséquences en termes de domination culturelle et intellectuelle. Cette thèse se demande alors comment donner une voix au « Sud ». Elle analyse la démarche des principaux acteurs impliqués dans l‟idéal d‟un « Nouvel ordre mondial de l‟information et de la communication », le Mouvement des Non-alignés et l‟UNESCO. Leurs approches étant inter-gouvernementales la question de la volonté politique des acteurs est soulignée. C‟est alors qu‟apparaît un acteur non-intergouvernemental outrepassant le consentement étatique et modifiant l‟ordre établi : la chaine Al Jazira qui émet une information internationale par des professionnels arabes. Commencée avant les révolutions arabes, cette thèse se demande finalement dans quelles mesures le rééquilibrage de l‟information mondiale par la chaine qatarie aide à démocratiser à la fois la société internationale et les États qu‟elle couvre principalement : ceux du monde arabe. Mots clés : Al Jazira, UNESCO, NOMIC, droit à l‟information, Mouvement des Non- alignés, propagande de guerre, infowar, chaines satellitaires, souveraineté culturelle, colonisation de l‟information, médias transnationaux, choc des civilisations, Qatar. 8 ABSTRACT Reconfiguration of the World Order of Information and Communication: implication and impact of the channel Al Jazeera Information is the basis for decision making. Governments throughout History have understood the impact of this soft power in their domestic and foreign policy. States emerging from decolonization have especially noted the imbalance of its sources and its consequences in terms of cultural and intellectual domination. This thesis investigates on how to give a voice to the "South". It analyzes the approach of the main actors involved in the ideal of a "New World Order of Information and Communication", the Non-Aligned Movement and UNESCO. They adopted an inter-governmental approach so the issue of the States‟ political will is emphasized. Then a non-intergovernmental actor bypassing the States‟ consent has been launched and has changed the established order: the channel Al Jazeera broadcasted international information made by Arab professionals. Started before the Arab revolutions, this thesis eventually asks to what extent Al Jazeera‟s rebalancing of global information helps democratizing both the international society and the States the channel mainly covers: those of the Arab world. Key words: Al Jazeera, UNESCO, NWICO, right of information, Non-aligned Movement, war propaganda, infowar, cultural sovereignty, information colonization, transnational media, satellite channels, clash of civilization, Qatar. 9 RESUMEN Reconfiguración del orden mundial de la información y de la comunicación: implicaciones e incidencias de la cadena Al Yazira La información es la base de la toma de decisión. Los gobiernos a través de la Historia entendieron la influencia de este soft power en su política interior como exterior. Los Estados nacidos de la descolonización notaron sobre todo el desequilibrio de sus fuentes y sus consecuencias en términos de dominación cultural e intelectual. Esta tesis entonces pregunta cómo dar una voz al « Sur ». Analiza el enfoque de los principales actores implicados en el ideal de un « Nuevo orden mundial de la información y de la comunicación »: el Movimiento de los No-alineados y la UNESCO. Sus aproximaciones siendo inter-gubernamentales, la cuestión de la voluntad política se subraya. Así aparece en nuestro pensamiento un actor no-intergubernamental sobrepasando el consentimiento estatal y modificando el orden establecido: la cadena Al Yazira que emite una información internacional por profesionales árabes. Iniciada antes de las revoluciones árabes, esta tesis pregunta finalmente en qué medida el reequilibrio de la información mundial por la cadena catarí ayuda en la democratización tanto de la sociedad internacional como de los Estados que ella cubre principalmente : los del mundo árabe. Palabras claves: Al Yazira, UNESCO, NOMIC, derecho a la información, Movimiento de los No-alineados, propaganda de guerra, infowar, cadenas satelitarias, soberanía cultural, colonización de la información, medios transnacionales, choque de civilizaciones, Catar. 10 SOMMAIRE DÉDICACE…………………………………………………………………………...…5 REMERCIEMENTS.……………………………………………………………............6 CITATION………………………………………………………………………………7 RÉSUMÉ………………..…………………………………………………………….....8 ABSTRACT.…………………………………………………………………………......9 RESUMEN…………………………………………………………………………......10 SOMMAIRE…………………………………………………………………………....11 LISTE DES ACCRONYMES………………………………….……………...…….....18 INTRODUCTION GÉNÉRALE……………………….………………....................22 CHOIX, INTÉRÊT ET ACTUALITÉ DU SUJET………………………..…………...25 DÉFINITION DES TERMES ET DÉLIMITATION DU CHAMP DE RECHERCHE26 PROBLÉMATIQUE, HYPOTHÈSES ET PLAN…..…………………………………28 APPROCHE ADOPTÉE : ASPECTS MÉTHODOLOGIQUES……………………..30 PREMIÈRE PARTIE Des solutions intergouvernementales au déséquilibre de flux d’information… INTRODUCTION…..……………………………..…………………………………...35 CHAPITRE I : DERIVES D’UNE INFORMATION INTERNATIONALE À SENS UNIQUE.....36 I.1 NON-INFORMATION : UN VERROUILLAGE À LA SOURCE.....................37 1.1 Éviter le syndrome vietnamien ……………………......................................37 1.1.1 Canaliser l‟information de guerre……………………………………......38 1.1.2 Eliminer les sources alternatives……………………………………….....39 11 1.1.3 Tuer le messager : un crime légitime ?................................................41 1.2 Omettre le contexte historique.………..………………………………........42 1.2.1 Diabolisation d‟anciens alliés………………………………………..…….43 1.2.2 Le mythe de la « bonne guerre »……………………………………….....44 1.3 Un monde « inutile »……………………………………………………….45 1.3.1 Les guerres oubliées …………………………………………………........46 1.3.2 Sur-médiatisation des uns……………………………………………………47 1.3.3 Mort médiatique des autres………………………………..………………….49 I.2 DE LA STRATÉGIE RHÉTORIQUE AU MENSONGE MÉDIATIQUE …….51 2.1 Le choix des mots et des images………………..................................................52 2.1.1 Jeux sémantiques………………………………………………………..............52 2.1.2 Battage médiatique à but interventionniste : le cas kosovar……….….54 2.2 Les médias-mensonges dans l‟Histoire
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