16 October 1990 PROC. ENTOMOL. SOc. WASH. 92(4),1990, pp. 593-618

BIOLOGY AND MORPHOLOGY OF THE BANANA , SACCHARI (BOJER), AND ITS INTRODUCTION INTO FLORIDA (: )

DONALD R. DAVlS AND JORGE E. PEN-A

(DRD) Department ofEntomology, National Museum ofNatural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560; (JEP) Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Homestead, Florida 33031.

Abstract. - The general distribution and recent introduction into Florida of the banana moth, (Bojer) is reviewed. Currently, the principal damage caused by this in Florida consists of larval stem boring in certain nursery stock and orna­ mental palms in particular. The biology of the species is summarized and all stages ofthe are described, supplemented by numerous illustrations. Key Words: Lepidoptera, Tineidae, Opogona sacchari, banana moth, moth biology, im­ mature stages

The banana moth, Opogona sacchari rotting coconut tree tops (central whorl of (Bojer), is known from several tropical-sub­ leaves) from Kaneohe, Oahu and from an tropical humid regions around the world unidentified palm at Kohala, Hawaii. but has yet to be reported from the Indo­ Within the last few years O. sacchari has Australian region. Originally reported from become established on various nursery stock the Mascarene Islands in the Indian Ocean in southern Florida, particularly in Dade (Bojer 1856, Walker 1863, Butler 1876), the and Palm Beach Counties (Heppner, Pena, species was later discovered in Africa (Vari and Glenn 1987). Nursery stock particularly and Kroon 1986) as well as islands near the affected in Florida inel ude com plant or casse African continent (Walker 1875, Durrant (Dracena fragrans (L.) Ker-Gaus, variety 1925) and Europe (Ciampolini 1973, massangeana) and bamboo palms (Cha­ D'Aguilar and Martinez 1982, Mourikis and maedorea sp.) as well as Hawaiian good luck Vassilaina-Alexopoulon 1983). More re­ plant ( terminalis (L.) Kunth) and cently the species has spread to South aralias (Polyscias sp.). Although sugar cane America (Cintra 1975, Giannoti et al. 1977) is a major host, O. sacchari has not yet been and the West Indies (Alam 1984). The ear­ reported on that plant in the United States. liest evidence we have of this species in the The appearance of this new pest in the New World is represented by adult speci­ United States has necessitated a careful ex­ mens in the Smithsonian Institution amination of all developmental stages and (USNM) that were collected in 1970 from a report ofits biology pertinent to its current Aragua, Venezuela on potato. significance as a pest of nursery stock in Specimens received for identification from Florida. B. Kumashiro of the Hawaiian Department of Agriculture just prior to publication in­ Opogona sacchari (Bojer) dicate that O. sacchari is now established Alucita sacchari Bojer 1856: 21, pI. 5, figs. in Hawaii. The species has been reared from 1-10. 594 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGlCAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON VOLUM

Opogona sacchari (Bojer). - Vinson, 1938: paler in color with faint longitudinal streaks 56 (synonym of Opogona subcervinel­ of light brown or buff. la).-Viette, 1957: 145; 1958: 4.-Ciam­ Head: Vestiture smooth except for a pair polini, 1973: 221. - Cintra, 197 5: 223. ­ of bilateral tufts of erect, pale brown to Giannoti et al., 1977: 209. - Declercq and cream, piliform scales between antennal Van Luchene, 1977: 499.-Zimmerman, bases; scales of frons broad, cream colored; 1978: 386.-Cintra et al., 1978: 3.-Pi­ vertex covered by a dense row of broad gatii, 1978: 21. - Pigatii et al., 1979: 61.­ cream scales that curve over frons; caudal Veenenbos, 1981 : 235.-D'Aguilar and portion ofvertex with broad, grayish brown Martinez, 1982: 28.-Rotundo and scales; occiput light brown with a scattered Tremlay, 1982: 123.-Suplicy and Sam­ arch or median patch ofdark fuscous scales. paio, 198 2: 174.-Bennett and Alam, Antenna 103-125 segmented, approxi­ 1985: 4 1. -Heppner et al., 1987: 1. mately 0.8 the length of forewing; scape Tinea subcervinella Walker, 1863: 477. cream dorsally, with scattered fuscous scales Opogona subcervinella (WaLk er).-Wal­ ventrally; fiageUum uniformly covered with singham, 1907: 713; 1919: 259.-Meyr­ small but moderately broad, cream to buff ick, ]930: 321.-Vinson, 1938: 56.­ scales arranged in a single row, completely Viette, 1951 : 339; 1957: 145 (synonym encircling each fiagellomere (Fig. 12); sen­ of Opogona sacchari); 1958: 4.-Paulian silla chaetica (with spiral grooves) and trich­ and Viette, 1955: 147.-Box, 1953: 34.­ odea (longitudinal grooves) relatively dense Davis, 1978: 14; 1984: 22.- Vari and and randomly scattered over each flagello­ Kroon, 1986: 84, 156. mere; a few pair of sensilla coeloconica lo­ Hieroxestis subcervinella (Walker).-Mey­ cated near distal margin (Figs. 13, 14). Pil­ rick, 1910: 375; 19 11: 298.-Cockerell, ifers moderately developed with setae nearly 1923: 247.-Meyrick, 1924: 556.-Dur­ meeting at midline (Fig. 9). Labrum densely rant, 1925: 12.- 0 Idham, 1928: 147.­ covered with microtrichi;:t.. Mandible ves­ tigia} but exceeding pilifer setae in length. Figs. I Rebel, 1939: 63; 1949: 56.-Jannone, 12.5 mn 1966: 24. Maxillary palpus 5-segmented, eiongate, ex­ Gelechia sanctaehelenae Walker, 18 75: ceeding length of relatively short haustel­ 192.-Durrant, 1925: 12 (synonym ofHi­ lum; dorsal and lateral surfaces densely cov­ eroxestis subcervinella). ered with cream scales; venter naked with light b Euplocamus sanctaehelenae (Walker).­ dense sensilla; apex of fifth segment with a amour Wollaston, 1879: 417. slender basiconic sensillum and another with d into I( Hieroxestis sanctaehelenae (Walker). ­ slightly smaller one at subapex (Figs. 15, dent a l Durrant, 1923: xvii. 16). HausteUum with a series of shallow cal cell Gelechia ligmferella Walker, 1875: 192.­ plates over basal half; largest plates with a near a Durrant, 1925: 12 (synonym of Hierox­ pair of short sensiUa basiconica (Fig. 10). cous s estis subcervinella). Labial palpus upcurved, smoothly covered both s Lavernaplumipes Butler, 1876: 409.-Wal­ with cream scales except for a lateral, sub­ elonga singham, 1907: 713 (synonym of Opo­ apical series of3-4 cream bristles and a ven­ with a gona subcervinella); 1919: 259. tral subapical tuft of 6-8 bristles; third seg­ ment with an elongate, narrow sensory pit 25). H Adult (Figs. I, 2). -Length of forewing: located just beyond middle (Figs. 17, 18). slende 5,7.3-11.2 mm; 9, 9-12.5 mm. Moderately Thorax: Pronotum light brown with heavy with sl large, generally dark grayish brown to sparse scattering of fuscous scales and with e with a small, black subapical spot on fore­ usually with a small to large median patch (Figs. wing near apex of dis cal cell and a similar offuscous on anterior margin and on tegula. scales. one at basal third on anal fold ; male slightly Venter uniformly shiny cream. Forewing ulum" OF WASHINGTON VOLUME 92, NUMBER 4 595

Igitudinal streaks except for a pair , pale brown to etween antennal i, cream colored; se row of broad lier frons; caudal ld, grayish brown 1with a scattered ,rk fuscous scales. ented, approxi­ forewing; scape 2 red fuscous scales mly covered with Id, cream to buff row, completely re (Fig. 12); sen­ 'ooves) and trich­ .) relatively dense ver each flagello­ a coeloconica 10­ ~igs. 13, 14). Pil­ with setae nearly .Labrum densely 4 !. Mandible ves­ . setae in length. Figs. 1-4. Opogona sacchari. I, Adult male, length of forewing 9.5 mm. 2, Adult female, length of forewing 12.5 mm. 3, Larvae, maximum length 30 mm. 4, Cocoon with pupal exuvium, cocoon length 12.5 mm. .ted, elongate, ex­ Iy short haustel­ aces densely cov­ :nter naked with light brown in female with an almost equal with usually five stout frenular bristles (Figs. ~ segment with a amount ofscattered dark brown scales; male 27). Foreleg mostly cream; coxa with a small 1m and another with dark brown scales more concentrated amount ofgrayish fuscous suffusion at base; 'bapex (Figs. 15, into longitudinal streaks, particularly evi­ dorsal surfaces of tibia and tarsus heavily ~ries of shallow dent along upper and lower margins of dis­ suffused with grayish fuscous; normal pec­ lest plates WITh a cal cell; a small, dark fuscous subapical spot tinated epiphysis present (Figs. 19, 20). Pre­ conica (Fig. 10). near apex of cell and a more elongate fus­ tarsus of aU legs normal, with re[atively moothly covered cous spot along anal fold at basal third in broad unguitractor pIa te bearing 7-1 0 ranks or a lateral, sub­ both sexes; male retinaculum a relatively of scutes in a single transverse row (Figs. 'stIes and a ven­ elongate flap from ventral subcostal margin, 21-23). Midleg uniform'ly cream except for ristIes; third seg­ with apical margin rolled under (Figs. 24, slight grayish fuscous suffusion over dorsal rrow sensory pi t 25). Hindwing light yellowish brown with surface of tarsus. Hindleg similar to midleg e(Figs. 17, 18). slender scales in male, more shiny gray and in color except with less grayish fuscous on fown with heavy with slightly broader scales in female; male tarsus and with dense, elongate piliform se­ iCOUS scales and with elongate hair pencil from dorsal base tae from tibia. ge median patch (Figs. 28-30); ultrastructure of pencil sex Abdomen: Terga mostly grayish brown ~ n and on tegula. scales as illustrated (Figs. 31-33); male fren­ with caudal margins and pleura buffto cream ream. Forewing ulum a single stout bristle (Fig. 26); female colored; venter of female uniformly cream, 596 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON VOLUME

Figs. '= (38 "m). 14, Sen~ Fig. 9.)

Figs. 5-8. Damage to fragrans by Opogona sacchari larvae (see arrows). 5, Healthy stem. 6-8, Typical feeding damage to Dracaenafragrans canes. F WASHINGTON VOLUME 92, NUMBER 4 597

Figs. 9-14. Opogona sacchari, adult morphology. 9, Labrum, anterior view (100 /-1m). 10, Base ofhaustellum (38 /-1m) . II, HausteJlum, food canal (15 /-1m). 12, Antenna, scale pattern (50 /-1m) . 13 , Antenna, sensilla (60 /-1 m). 14, Sensillum coeloconicum of antenna (4 .3 /-1m) . (Scale lengths in parenthesis; bar scale for all photographs = Fig. 9.) 598 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON VOL

Figs. 15-20. Opogona sacchari, adult morphology. IS, Maxillary palpus, apical (fifth) segment (100 !tm). 16, Fi Apex of Fig. IS (23.1 !tm). 17, Labial palups, apical (third) segment (176 !tm). 18, Detail of sensory pit in Fig. vie", 17 (see arrow) (25 !tm). 19, Epiphysis (120 !tm). 20, Detail of pecten on epiphysis (27 !tm). (Scale lengths in mm parentheses; bar scale for all photographs = Fig. IS.) scak DF WASHINGTON VOLUME 92, NUMBER 4 599

(lOO/Lm) . 16, Figs. 21-26. Opogona sacchari, adult morphology. 21 , Pretarsus of midleg, lateral view (20 /Lm). 22, Ventral If sensory pit in Fig. view (50 /Lm). 23, Unguitractor plate of pretarsus (7.5 /Lm). 24, Subcostal retinaculum of male forewing (0.27 11). (Scale lengths in mm). 25, Distal-lateral view of Fig. 24 (176 /Lm). 26, Male frenulum (38 /Lm) . (Scale lengths in parentheses; bar scale for all photographs = Fig. 21 .) 600 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON VOLUME

Figs. 27-32. Opogona sacchari. wing morphology. 27, Female frenulum (250 ILm). 28, Hair pencil of male hindwing, dorsal wing (I mm). 29, Base of male hair pencil (176 ILm). 30, Raised scale sockets of haiF pencil Figs. 33­ (30 ILm) . 31 , Surface ultrastructure of a single hair pencil scale (3.8 ILm) . 32, Detail of Fig. 31 (1.2 ILm) . (Scale 31) (3.8 ILn of central ( lengths in parentheses; bar scale for all photographs = Fig. 27.) scale for al F WASHINGTON VOLUME 92, NUMBER 4 601

Figs. 33-38. Opogona sacchari, adult, egg, and larval morphology. 33, Cross section of hair pencil scale (Fig. 31) (3.8 /Lm). 34, Egg, lateral view (150 /Lm). 35, Micropyle (136 }.Lm). 36, Detail of Fig. 35 (75 /Lm). 37, Detail of central disk (Fig. 36) (17.6 /Lm). 38, Head of larva, anterior view (60 mm). (Scale lengths in parentheses; bar scale for all photographs = Fig. 33.) 602 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON VOLl grayish brown in male; both sexes with a length of entire palpus. Apex of mentum lower lateral series offive dark fuscous spots with a pair of minute secondary labial setae. on A3-7. Thorax: Pronotum and spiracular plate Male genitalia (Figs. 79-82): Uncus deep­ dark reddish brown, lighter in color along ly divided into two large widely separated margins; spiracle together with L setae on lobes arising beneath tegumen and bearing same plate. Pinacula over entire body rel­ numerous stout elongate setae on their me­ atively large, dark brown and very distinct sal surfaces. Tegumen a relatively broad ring on whitish integument. Meso- and meta­ dorsally. Vinculum tapering to a broad, rel­ thorax with L2 arising on a separate pinacu­ atively truncate saccus. Valva prominently la from Ll and 3. MSDI and 2 of similar divided into a large, elongate, rounded api­ length and reduced. Legs well developed; cal lobe and a much smaller, acute cucullar tarsal claw elongate; basal lobe actually bi­ lobe. Aedoeagus a relatively small, straight, lobed and with a minute conical seta from slender tube without cornuti; phallobase inner angle (Figs. 51, 52). much larger and greatly inflated. Abdomen: Whitish in color with brown­ Female genitalia (Figs. 83, 84): Tertiary ish pinacula. L2 on separate pinacula from apophyses present in A I O. Genital plate spiracle. Prolegs well developed on A3-6 moderately divided into a pair of rounded and 10; crochets A3--6 uniordinal, uniserial, lobes. Corpus bursae with a single large sag­ and arranged in a complete ellipse com­ itate signum bearing elongate anterior arms. posed of approximately 43-45 hooks; a Egg (Figs. 34-37).-Length, 0.5-0.55 mm; scattered band of much smaller, numerous diameter, 0.38 mm; oval in shape, round in spines encircling apex of planta (Fig. 53); cross section; color light yellow at ovipo­ crochets on A I 0 with 20-22 hooks and a sition, gradually becoming yellowish brown dense, scattered band ofmuch smaller spines prior to eclosion. Surface irregularly pitted. along anterior edge of planta (Figs. 55, 56). Micropyle consisting of a single, centrally Pupa (Figs. 67, 68).-Length, 9-12.8 mm; positioned opening with small radiating maximum width, 2-3.5 mm. Color usually grooves forming an enlarged, reticulate pat­ light brown ventrally and dark reddish tern of low ridges over entire end of egg; brown dorsally; wing cases becoming darker reticulations mostly 5-6 sided. Larva (Figs. 3, 38-66).-Length oflargest with maturity; frontal process, cremaster, larva 30 mm, maximum diameter 3 mm. and adjacent areas extremely dark, often Body generally white with dark brown plates black. Head with frontal process (cocoon and pinacula. cutter) moderately developed, with a broad, Head: Maximum width 2.5 mm. Color triangular apex (Figs. 68, 78); labrum with reddish brown, becoming darker anteriorly a pair oflateral setae. Anterolateral margins and over frons. Chaetotaxy as illustrated. of mesonotum with a pair of perforated Stemmata rudimentary, consisting ofa pair bands composed ofminute, raised slit open­ of widely separated, clear lenses, probably ings (Figs. 69-71). Forewings extending to corresponding to stemmata I and 5; the most middle of A5. Hindlegs to A6. A simple, anterior (5) located ventral to antennal anterior row of short, stout, dorsal spines socket; the most posterior (1) midway be­ present on segments A4-8; tabulation of Fig tween A3 and S2. Mandible with five cusps. spines as follow: A4 = 56-70, A5 = 53-72, view Spinneret long and slender with a minute A6 = 57-71, A7 = 44-50, A8 = 8-18. Last 44, tv' orifice. Labial palpus 2-segmented, elongate pair (A8) ofspiracles on raised, swollen bas­ and slender, equalling or slightly exceeding es (Figs. 74-76). Cremaster consists ofa large length ofspinneret; apical seta one-third the pair of stout hooks arising dorsally from )F WASHINGTON VOLUME 92, NUMBER 4 603

pex of mentum Jary labial setae. spiracular plate r in color along with L setae on entire body rel­ nd very distinct leso- and meta­ separate pinacu­ and 2 of similar well developed; lobe actually bi­ onical seta from

lor with brown­ le pinacula from ~loped on A3-6 rdinal, uniserial, ~te ellipse com­ 0-45 hooks; a laller, numerous planta (Fig. 53); 22 hooks and a ch smaller spines ta (Figs. 55, 56). gth, 9-12.8 mm; n. Color usually tl dark reddish Decoming darker fess, cremaster, lely dark, often process (cocoon !d, with a broad, '8); labrum with blateral margins ir of perforated raised slit open­ Igs extending to I A6. A simple, It, dorsal spines g; tabulation of Figs. 39-44. Opogona sacchari. larval morphology. 39, Head, dorsal view (0.6 mm). 40, Labrum, dorsal 10, A5 = 53-72, view (176 /Lm). 41 , Head, lateral view (0.43 /Lm) . 42, Stem mal area (136 /Lm). 43, Head, ventral view (0.5 mm). <\8 = 8-18. Last 44, Maxilla and labium (150 /Lm). (Scale lengths in parentheses; bar scale for all photographs = Fig. 39.) led, swollen bas­ :onsists of a large g dorsally from 604 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON VOl

F Figs. 45-50. Opogona sacchari, larval morphology. 45, Maxilla (60 /Lm). 46, Apex of maxillary palpus (6 axi;' /lm). 47, Apex of maxilla (5 /lm). 48, Apex of antenna (30 /Lm). 49, Apex of antenna (27 /Lm). 50, Ventral view abd of pro- and mesothorax (0.6 mm). (Scale lengths in parentheses; bar scale for all photographs = Fig. 45.) lene OF WASHINGTON VOLUME 92, NUMBER 4 605

Figs. 51-56. Opogona sacchari, larval morphology. 51, Pretarsal claw of prothorax (50 I'm). 52, Detail of f maxillary pal pus (6 axial lobes and seta of Fig. 5 I (6 I'm). 53, Proleg of A3, T anterior, ~ meson (136 I'm). 54, Caudal view last m). 50. Ventral view abdominal segment, AID (0.5 mm). 55, Ventral view, A9, 10 (0.5 mm). 56, Anal proleg, AID (ISO I'm). (Scale Ipbs = Fig. 45 .) lengths in parentheses; bar scale for all photographs = Fig. 51 .) 606 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON VOL

II 6 8 9

___- --..!AF2 _

61

64

Figs. 57-64. Opogona sacchari, larval chaetotaxy. 57, Body segments Tl-2, AI, 6, 8-9. 58, Head, dorsal Fig view (0.5 mm). 59, Ventral view. 60, Segments A8-10, dorsal view. 61 , Head, lateral view. 62, Mandible. 63, mm). Labrum, dorsal view (0.25 mm). 64, Ventral view. (Scale lengths in parentheses.) 67 (0. band OF WASHINGTON VOLUME 92, NUMBER 4 607

~ /(j~- _ Q SD I C"-)LI­ ~ L3 U ~ V l

8

1 ~ \~~AArf

1-9. 58, Head, dorsal Figs. 65-70. Opogo na sacchari, larval and pupal morphology. 65, Larval segments A8-IO, dorsal view (0.6 w. 62, Mandible. 63, mm). 66 , Lateral view of Fig. 65 (0.6 mm). 67, Pupa, lateral view of head (0.6 mm). 68, Ventral view of Fig. 67 (0.6 mm). 69 , Dorsal view of Fig. 67, perforated band (see arrow) (0.6 mm). 70, Detail of dorsal perforated band (136 !Lm) . (Scale lengths in parentheses; bar scale for all photographs = Fig. 65 .) 60S PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON VOLUMI

77

Figs. 7 view (2 n theses.)

AIO (F conical Pupa white ~ and pic in dian structe. site. Type known cerl'ine helena. (lignife of spec Typo Maurin ena (sc: ene lsi. Figs. 71-76. Opogona sacchari, pupal morphology. 71, Detail of openings in perforated band (see Fig. 69) Hos) (15 .urn). 72, Dorsum of A4-5 (0.75 mm). 73, Dorsal spines of A4 (100 J.Lm). 74, Dorsal view of A7-10 (0.5 mm). 75 , Caudal view of AS-IO (0.5 mm). 76, Lateral view of AS-iO (0.5 mm). (Scale lengths in parentheses; ble 1). bar scale for all photographs = Fig. 71.) Dist ing, po ported (Canar; YOF WASHINGTON VOLUME 92, NUMBER 4 609

Rodriquez and the Seychelles), as well as South Africa; frequently intercepted in sev­ eral European countries (Belgium, France, Great Britain, Greece, and the Nether­ lands). More recently, O. sacchari has been 77 78 introduced into South America and the West Indies, including Bermuda, and is now es­ tablished in nurseries over much of south­ ern Florida. Discussion.-By its relatively large size and predominantly brown color, Opogona T sacchari is easily distinguished from nearly all other members of this large complex. Its affinities are with O. omoscopa (Meyrick) as suggested by their similar male genitalia and shared presence of a dorsal hair pencil in the hindwings ofthe male. Present evidence suggests that this complex of obviously re­ lated species warrants recognition under and resurrection of the currently synonymized Figs. 77, 78. Opogona sacchari, pupa. 77, Ventral Hieroxestis. Hopefully this and sim­ view (2 mm). 78, Dorsal view. (Scale lengths in paren­ theses.) ilar generic uncertainties can be resolved following a revision of the large cosmopol­ itan genus Opogona. The larva of O. sac­ AIO (Figs. 74-76); a much smaller pair of chari may be recognized by the presence of conical tubercules also present ventrally. two stemmata, separation of the spiracle Pupation occurs in a cocoon (Fig. 4) of from the pinaculum bearing L2 on the first white silk usually covered with dark frass eight abdominal segments, by the large and plant debris, 14-18 mm long, 3-4 mm number of crochets (A3-6 = 43-45, Al 0 = in diameter. Normally, the cocoon is con­ 20-22), and by complete encirclement of structed somewhere in or near the feeding the abdominal planta by a band of small, site. secondary spines. In O. omoscopa, a pan­ Types.-Syntypes ~, 2, deposition un­ tropical species recently introduced into known (sacchart); Holotype, BMNH (sub­ California (Davis 1978), only one anterior cervinella); syntypes, ~, 2, BMNH (sanctae­ stemma has been observed, the first eight helenae); holotype, sex unstated, BMNH abdominal spiracles are united with L2 on (ligniferella); syntype(s)?, sex and number a common pinaculum, the crochets are few­ of specimens unstated, BMNH (plumipes). er in number, and the abdominal planta A3­ Type localities. -Mascarene Islands: 6 have spines only along the anterior mar­ (sacchari, subcervinella), St. Hel­ gin. The pupae of these two species are also ena (sanctaehelenae, ligniferella); Mascar­ similar but may be distinguished by the ene Islands: Rodriguez (plumipes). raised spiracle on A8 and larger cremaster ated band (see Fig. 69) Hosts.-46 plant hosts reported (see Ta­ spines of O. sacchari. sal view of A7-10 (0.5 lengths in parentheses; ble I). A peculiar structure of unknown function Distribution (maps I, 2). - A widely rang­ in the pupa of this species deserves further ing, partly pantropical species, early re­ comment. It consists of a bilateral pair of ported from several circum-African islands perforated bands curving around the an­ (Canary Islands, St. Helena, Mauritius, terolateral margins ofthe mesonotum (Figs. 610 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON VOLUM

Table I

Agavace~ Cordyl i Dracaf T I,I' Draca€ 1\ Draca€ \' Draca€ =, \ Yucca Araceae 1 ColocGo Phi/ad T Araliacec Polysc PolysC' Asterace Dahlic. Bromeli. Aechn' Aech,~ GUZIIl 81 Nidule pOS5' cult: Caricace Carice

•• : ., ~. , . 11. ~ Convoh. Ipomc :~ . {~- Cycadac Cycas; Dioscor ~ B2 Diose.

: "~' Gesneri ,. ~.;-U. '" Gloxi Saint. Figs. 79-84. Adult genitalia. 79, Male, ventral view (0.25 mm). 80, Lateral view. 81, Lateral view of valva. Iridace31 82, Aedoeagus, lateral view. 83, Female, ventral view (I mm). 84, Detail of signum in Fig. 83. (Scale lengths in parentheses.) Gladr Legumi: Albizi 69-71). The bands are narrow and elongate eclosion. The band was observed to have Elller and under high magnification can be ob­ been expanded or further separated in most Eryl}~ pupal exuviae examined, although the ma­ served to comprise raised, slitlike openings. Liliacea The senior author has not noted this in other jor breaks in this region of the pupal shell Sanse species, perhaps because the bands were during ecdysis did not occur through the Sanse simply overlooked. Possibly their function perforated bands but were located anterior Malvacc is merely to weaken the cuticle, thereby fa­ to the pronotum and down the mid-dorsal Hibis. cilitating rupture of the pupal shell during line of the pro- and mesonotum. --l TY OF WASHINGTON VOLUME 92, NUMBER 4 611

Table I. Plant hosts of Opogona sacchari.

Plant Species Reference Country

Agavaceae Cordyline terminalis (L.) Kunth Heppner et al. 1987 United States Dracaena Jragrans (L.) Declercq and Van Luchene 1977 Belgium DracaenaJragrans (L.) Ker-Gaus, "var. massangeana" Heppner et al. 1987 United States Dracaena marginata Lam. Heppner et al. 1987 United States Dracaena reflexa Lam. Heppner et 31. 1987 United States Yucca elephantipes Regel Heppner et aJ. 1987 United States , i Yucca sp. Heppner et al. 1987 United States '. Araceae Colocasia esculenta Schott. Cintra 1975 Brazil scandens Lindl. Suss 1974 Italy AraJiaceae Polyscias Jruticosa (L.) Harms Heppner et al. 1987 United States Polyscias Jruticosa (L.) Harms, "elegans" Heppner et al. 1987 United States Asteraceae Dahlia sp. Cintra 1975 Brazil AechmeaJasciata (Lindl.) Baker Suss 1974 Italy AechmeaJasciata (Lindl.) Baker "Variegata" Suss 1974 Italy Guzmania lingulata var. x magnifica [Hort.] Suss 1974 Italy Nidularium tricolor [species name unknown, Suss 1974 Italy possibly = Neoregelea 'Perfecta Tricolor,' a cultivar] Caricaceae Carica papaya L. Viette 1951 Madagascar Convolvulaceae Ipomoea batatas Lam. USNM (new record) Peru Cycadaceae . Cycas revoluta Thunberg Heppner et al. 1987 United States Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea sp. Heppner et al. 1987 United States Gesneriaceae sp. Suss 1974 Italy Saintpaulia sp. Suss 1974 Italy , Lateral view of valva. Iridaceae I Fig. 83. (Scale lengths Gladiolus sp. Cintra 1975 Brazil Leguminosae observed to have Albizia julibrissin Durazz. Heppner et al. 1987 United States Enterolobium sp. Heppner et al. 1987 United States .separated in most Erythrina variegata L. FSCA (new record) United States . although the ma­ of the pupal shell Liliaceae laurantii Wildem. Suss 1974 Italy )CCUf through the Sansevieria trifasciata laurentii Wildem. Declercq and Van Luchene 1977 Belgium 'e located anterior Malvaceae .vn the mid-dorsal Moreton 1974 Great Britain motum. Hibiscus sp. 612 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

Table I. Continued.

Planl Species Reference Counlry

Marantaceae leuconeura massangeana Schum. Suss 1974 Italy Stromanthe sanguinea Sonder Suss 1974 Italy Moraceae elastica (H. A. Siebrecht) Moreton 1974 Great Britain Musaceae Musa cavendishii Paxt Oldham 1928 Canary Islands Musa paradisiaca L. Heppner et at. 1987 United States Musa sapientum L. Oldham 1928 Canary Islands sp. Zandvoort 1972 Netherlands Orchidaceae "Orchids" Heppner et al. 1987 United States Palmae Arecastrum sp. Heppner et al. 1987 United States Bactris [= GuilielmaJ gasipaes HBK Heppner et al. 1987 United States elegans Mart. Heppner et al. 1987 United States Chamaedorea erumpens H. E. Moore Heppner et al. 1987 United States Chamaedorea seiJrizii Burret Heppner et al. 1987 United States I Poaceae "Bamboo" Oldham 1928 Canary Islands Saccharum officinarum L. Bojer 1856 Mauritius Zea mays L. Oldham 1928 Canary Islands I~ Solanaceae sp. Suss 1974 Italy Solanum melongena L. var. esculentum Nees Suss 1974 Italy Solanum tuberosum L. Oldham 1928 Canary Islands Verbenaceae Clerodendrum sp. Heppner et al. 1987 Un.ited States

BIOLOGY would be better had males only or females The larvae of most species of Opogona only been used. The SD values do not over­ for which we have information are detritus lap as it is, so likely the conclusion reached feeders and rarely feed on living plant tissue. as to instar number is correct. More precise Opogona sacchari thus departs from the data, however, might have shown indica­ norm and can be a serious pest of banana, tion of variation in instar numbers, which maize, potato, sweet potato, sugar cane, and seems likely in a generalist feeder of this certain greenhouse crops (Alam 1984, Dur­ sort. R rant 1925, Oldham 1928, Suss 1975, Vee­ Oldham (1928) observed that O. sacchari nenbos 1981). A total of seven instars are larvae feed on nearly all parts of the banana indicated, based on head capsule measure­ plant except the roots and leaf blades. Lar­ ments oflarvae reared on artificial diet (Ta­ vae accepted leaves as a food in rearings but ble 2). All measurements were based on normally avoided this part of the plant in pooled data for both sexes. The discreteness nature. The most serious damage occurred of the last two instars as interpreted from in the banana inflorescence. Larvae seldom head capsule measurements presumably feed exposed but burrow into the substra­ :TY OF WA:S HINGTON VOLUME 92 , NUMBER 4 613

Country

Italy Italy

Great Britain

Canary Island United States s Canary Islands Netherlands

United States

United' States Umted States Umted' States Umted States United States

Canary' Islands MJ auntius Canary Islands

Italy Italy Canary Islands

__U_~~ited States ales only or fern values d o not overales concl USlon' reach d - )rrect. More ,e ~ ave sho precise tar wn mdica­ numbers h' ralist fI d , W Ich ee er of this '­o ved that 0 ,saccha ' parts of the bananafl rld leaf blades. La food in rearings b~~ )art of the plant ' IS dam age occurredIII rlC~. Larvae seldom w mto the substra- 614 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON VOL

Table 2. Larval head capsule width for 7 instar Ta groupings of Opogona sacchari (Bojer).

Mean ± SD Ratio of o lnstar N Range (mm) (mOl) Increase :J 0... I 26 0.16--D.24 0.18 ± 0.03 o 1 2 20 0.26--D.32 0.31 ± 0.02 1.72 U 3 27 0.36--D.56 0.49 ± 0.01 1.51 c 4 20 0.58--D.88 0.91 ± 0.02 1.85 5 20 0.91-1.16 1.02 ± 0.04 1.12 CIl V 6 20 1.20-1.44 1.42 ± 0.04 1.39 o 7 32 1.52-2.56 2. 17 ± 0.04 1.42 E Average 1.52 v LL LJ c o of Diatraea. again suggesting that O. sac­ CIl chari invades burrows previously created by v Diatraea. Thus, the observations by Jones o agree most closely with those originally re­ L ported by Bojer (1856). ~ ." , 6.,;11*~ "". OBSERVATIONS IN FLORIDA Map 2. Distribution of Opogona sacchari in Flor­ A laboratory colony of O. sacchari was ida (after Heppner et al. 1987). initiated in 1985 with larvae and pupae col­ lected from infested Dracaena canes found tum. Their presence is usually indicated by at a nursery in Homestead, Florida. Pupae the accumulation of frass and other debris were held individually in 36 ml diet cups entangled in larval silk over the surface of until eclosion. Emerging adults were sexed were the injury. The larvae are voracious feeders and 17 pairs were placed in 11 cm x 14.5 and and construct long meandering galleries cm plastic oviposition chambers along with for 1 through the injury site. folded filter paper. Adults were provided Er Reports of larval damage on sugar cane honey and water. Pairs were held until the x 5: has varied markedly. On Barbados, Alam female died, males were replaced as needed. and (1984) noted extensive damage to live sugar The preoviposition period, fecundity and ofel cane, exceeding that caused by Diatraea longevity of females and the time required spec saccharalis (F.). The young larvae feed un­ for egg to hatch were determined. First in­ der the leaf sheaths and, as they mature, stars were gathered from the oviposition penetrate the stalks and destroy the cane chambers and placed on one of 3 artificial B2 tissue. Infested stalks are hollowed out and diets in an attempt to rear this species in opm gradually filled with larval frass. As in the the laboratory. The 3 diets used were: velvet 50-I case on banana, pupation occurs at the feed­ bean caterpillar diet (VBC), sugar cane borer une~ ing site inside the stalks. At the infestation diet, and the elm spanworm diet (Fedde pane sites studied by 1. E. Jones (in litt.), also on 1974). All rearing and diet tests were con­ grou Barbados, O. sacchari was most abundant ducted in a rearing room with a photoperiod OVIP in dead or dying stumps and dead canes, of 12: 12 (L:D) (0600 to 1800 photophase), days suggesting they moved in following an in­ temp 24 ± 2°C, and RH 65-70%. Larvae to el festation by Diatraea. Jones also found that were collected at different days from the diet, days the high incidence of Opogona on green and preserved in a 70% alcohol for later posi canes was associated with a high infestation measurement ofhead capsule width. Larvae in tt

-~ --- :TY OF WASHINGTON VOLUME 92, NUMBER 4 615 lpsule width for 7 instar Table 3. Mating activity of moths in rearing chamber. an (Bojer). JO Mean :t SD Ratio of 0 (mm) Increase :J 0... 0. 18 ± 0.03 0 25 0.31 ± 0.0 2 1.72 U 0.49 ± 0.01 1.51 C 0.91 ± 0.02 1.85 20 1.02 ± 0.04 1.12 (f) a> 1.42 ± 0.04 1.39 2.17 ± 0.04 1.42 0 E 15 Average 1.52 a> LL lJ C 10 gesting that O. sac­ 0 (f) Ireviously crea ted by a> - servations by Jones 0 5 those originally re- :2 ~ O~~~~~~------IN FLORIDA 1 2 J 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 J 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 2J 24 of O. sacchari was A.M. P.M. lrvae and pupae col­ 'acaena canes found Time of Day (Hours) ead, Florida. Pupae in 36 ml diet cups g adults were sexed were checked daily for onset of pupation 25°C. Female longevity (x ± SO, n = 20) :d in II cm x 14.5 and pupal development time was recorded in the laboratory was 9-1 7 days wi th a mean hambers along with for 175 pupae. of 11.45 ± 0.72 days. Sixty first instar larvae ults were provided Emerging adults were also placed in 53 were placed individually on each of the 3 were held until the x 53 x 50 cm screen cages with Dracaena diets tested. Survivorship on the artificial replaced as needed. and Chamaedorea potted plants. Number diet was low with the exception of velvet 'iod, fecundity and of eggs and oviposition site on each plant bean caterpillar diet. The highest percentage ~ the time required species was inspected daily. survivorship, 83%, was on VBC diet. ~ termined. First in­ Experiments were conducted to monitor 1m the oviposition RESULTS AND DISCUSSION O. sacchari sexual activity throughout the 1 one of 3 artificial Based on laboratory observations, devel­ night. Sets (n = 30) of 2-3-day-old virgin rear this species in opment ofan Opogona generation required males and females were placed in petri dish­ ts used were: velvet 50-70 days. More eggs were present on es (9 cm in diameter) with water and honey C), sugarcane borer unexpanded leaves and stems than on ex­ as source of food. Each set was placed in an worm diet (Fedde panded leaves. Eggs are laid singly or in environmental chamber (LD 12: 12, 24 ± liet tests were con­ groups up to 328. They are light yellow at 2°C, 75-80% RH). The experiment was rep­ with a photoperiod oviposition, turn a dark yellow color ca. 2 licated 4 times. Diel activity was monitored 1800 photophase), days later, and finally yellowish brown prior hourly from 6:00 pm to 7:00 am. The period H 65-70%. Larvae to eclosion. Eggs hatched in 7.02 ± 0.02 ofactivity occurred between 1:00 am to 4:00 :days from the diet, days at 24°C in the laboratory. The preovi­ am. No sexual activity was observed before b alcohol for later position period for newly emerged females I :00 am or after 4:00 am. Through this ex­ ,sule width. Larvae in the laboratory was 1.66 ± 0.14 days at periment it became apparent that the op­ 616 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON VOLUME' timal response period for O. sacchari occurs History, London) for providing information Durrant, J. 3 h before the end of scotophase (darkness) essential to our report. We also appreciate Britain of Lon, (Table 3). the comments by two anonymous reviewers --. 19 . The pupal stadium of larvae placed on of the manuscript. \'inella' VBC diet lasted 12.53 ± 0.33 days. The 12-13. Dyar, H. G average weight of pupae was 0.043 g. Table LITERATURE CITED 2 lists a 7 instar model which best fits the terous Alam. M. M. 1984. New insect pests of sugarcane in Fedde, Y. I data according to Dyar's rule (Dyar 1890). Barbados. Barbados Sugar Technologists' Asso­ artifici, As noted previously, these measurements ciation, Second Annual Conference, pp. 1-6. Service are based on pooled data for unsexed larvae. Bennett. F. D. and M. M. Alam. 1985. An annotated Giannoti, C Typical damage of O. sacchari on Dra­ check-list of the insect and allied terrestrial ar­ 1977. caena is characterized by removal of the thropods of Barbados. Caribbean Agricultural Re­ mento search and Development Institute, pp. 1-81. Opogol bark and phloem. Cuttings of Dracaena Bojer, W. 1856. Report of the committee on the "cane quivos having Opogona larvae show exterior debris borer." Pp. 1-46,5 pis. H. Plaidean Government Heppner, 1. and frass (Figs. 7, 8) deposits, and have in­ Printer, Port Louis, Mauritius. bananll ternal feeding damage on dead and living Box, H. E. 1953. List of sugarcane . Pp. I­ dopten portions ofthe cortex, pith, roots and leaves 101. Commonwealth Institute of Entomology, ment c London. (Fig. 6). Damage is not evident 4-6 weeks vision Butler. A. G. 1876. Preliminary notice ofnew species 293, P! after infestation. Typical damage to Cha­ of Lepidoptera from Rodriguez. Annals and Mag­ Jannone, G maedorea palms can be observed 2-3 weeks azine of Natural History, 44th Series 17(10 I): 407­ nitari ~ after infestation. Each larva feeds at the base 409. di Ge[ and roots of Chamadorea. and frass accu­ Ciampolini. M. 1973. Opogona sacchari Bojer dan­ Tropic nosa a piante ornamentali. Notiziario sulle Mul­ Mcyrick, E mulates at the plant base from feeding into lattie delle Piante, Nos. 88-89, pp. 221-225. So­ roots and petioles. In palms the leaf blades from j\o cieta SIPCAM, Milan, Italy. of the Cintra, A. F. 1975. Opogona sp. nova praga da ba­ of the growing point become bleached and 377. nanicultura em Sao Paulo. Biol6gico 41 (8): 223­ necrotic. - - .1 231. Slade[ Cintra, A. F., P. R. Almeida, I. Myazaki, and H. S. 1905. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Neves. 1978. Fumigacao de banana com bro­ Londe meto de metila para cotrole de lagartas de Opo­ The senior author (Davis) is responsible gona sacchari (Bojer, 1856). Biol6gico 44(1): 3­ ~. I · for the systematic and morphological por­ 10. actio~ pp. 5c tions of this paper and the biological ob­ Cockerell, T. D. A. 1923. The Lepidoptera of the --.1 Madeira Islands. The Entomologist 56 : 247. servations in Florida are by the junior au­ actio r. thor (Peiia). D'Aguilar, 1. and M. Martinez. 1982. Opogona sac­ chari (Bojer) present daus les cultures sons serres 78: 3. We are indebted to Vichai Malikul and en France (Lep. Tineidae). Bulletin de la Societe Moreton. = eases Young Sohn of the Department of Ento­ Entomologique de France 87(112): 28-30. Mourikis, mology, Smithsonian Institution, for the line Da vis, D. R. 1978. The North American moths of Data the genera Phaeoses, Opogona, and Oinophia, with drawings and to Susann Braden and Brian 1856: a discussion of their supergeneric affinities (lep­ Kahn ofthe Smithsonian SEM Lab and Vi­ Anale idoptera: Tineidae). Smithsonian Contributions to tor Kranz of the Smithsonian Photographic 13( I) Zoology 282: 1-39, 128 figs. Laboratory for photographic assistance. The --. 1984. Tineidae, pp. 4-5, 19-24. In Heppner, Oldham, _ final draft of the manuscript was prepared J. B., ed., Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera, vol 2 an e~ by Callie Sullivan. We with to thank Joel (checklist), part I (Micropterigoidea to Immo­ Bulle idea). Dr. W. Junk, the Hague. 166, Minet and Pierre Viette of the Museum of Paulin. R. National d'Histoire Naturelle (Paris), John Declercq, R. and I. Va n Luchene. 1977. Voorkomen en bestrijding van de rupsen van Opogona sacchari biolo Heppner of the Florida State Collection of Boj. in Dracenafragrans en Sansevieria trifasciata nari ... (Gainesville, Florida), and 'Laurentii.' Verbondsnieuws voor de Belgische Mad- Kevin Tuck ofthe British Museum (Natural Sierteeit 21 (15): 499. 50 I, I pI. Pigatti, ;lo OF WASHINGTON VOLUME 92, NUMBER 4 617

iding information Durrant, J. H. 1923. A moth from Saint Helena in t6rio para 0 controle da 'traca' da banana-Opo­ 'e also appreciate Britain. Proceedings of the Entomological Society gana sacchari (Bojer, 1856) (= O. subcervinella lymous reviewers of London, p. xvii. Walker, 1863)-Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae. Biol­ ---. 1925. The banana moth, Hieroxeslis subcer­6gico 44(1): 21-23. vinella Wlk. Entomologist'S Monthly Magazine 61: Pigatti, A., P. Almeyda, A. Cinta, and D . Oliveira. 12-13. 1979. Ensaios com inscticidas aplicados por via Dyar, H. G. 1890. The number of molts of Lepidop­ liquida para 0 controle da "traca da banana"­ terous larvea. Psyche 5: 420-422. Opogona sacchari (Bojer, 1856) (= O. subcervi­ t pests of sugarcane in Fedde, Y. H. 1974. Rearing the elm spanworm on nella, Walker, 1863) Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae. Technologists' Asso­ artificial diet: A preliminary report. USDA Forest Biol6gico 45(3/4): 61-68. lference , pp. 1-6. Service, Ashville, N. C, SE-204, pp. 1-5. Rebel, H. 1939. Achten Beitrag zur Lepidopteren­ 1985. An annotated Giannoti, 0., B. S. Oliveira, T. Toneda, and D. Fell. fauna der Kanaren. Annalen des Naturhistorisch­ . allied terrestrial ar­ 1977. Observacoes gerais sobre 0 desenvolvi­ en Museums in Wien 49: 43-68. ~e an Agricultural Re­ mento e comportamento sexual do Lepid6ptera ---. 1949. Anhang. Eine Lepidopteren-Ausbente stitute, pp. 1-81. Opogona sacchari (Bojer, 1856) em labort6rio. Ar­ von Madeira. Die Lepidopteren fauna des Azo­ Immiltee on the "cane quivos do Instituto Biol6gico 44(4): 209-212. rischen Archipels 8(1): 50-57. 'laidean Government Heppner, J. B., J. E. Pena, and H. Glenn. 1987. The Rotundo, G. and E. Tremlay. 1982. Preliminary ob­ us. banana moth, Opogona sacchari (Bojer) (Lepi­ servations on the sex pheromone of Opogona sac­ f ane insects. Pp. 1­ doptera: Tineidae), in Florida. Florida Depart­ chari (Bojer). Bollettino del laboratorio di Ento­ tute of Entomology, ment of Agriculture and Consumer Services, Di­ mologia Agraria Filippo Silvestri 39: 123-132. vision ofPlant Industry. Entomology Circular No. Suplicy Fo., N. and A. S. Sampaio. 1982. Pragas da notice of new species 293, pp. 1-4. Bananeira. Biol6gico 48(7): 169-182. lez. Annals and Mag­ Jannone, G. 1966. Risultati di alcuni controlli fitosa­ Suss, L. 1975. Opogona sacchari (Bojer) (Lepidop­ 1 Series 17(101): 407­ nitari su vegetalie prodotti vegetali esteri nel Porto tera, Lyonetiidae), a new pest ofornamental plants di Genova. Rivista di Agricoltura subtropicale e in greenhouses. Bollettino di Zoologia di Ento­ I sacchari Bojer dan­ Tropicale 60(1-3): 5-34. mologia Agraria dell Universita 12: 1-28. Notiziario sulle Mul­ Meyrick, E. 1910. Descriptions of Microlepidoptera Vari, L. and D. Kroon. 1986. Southern African Lep­ 89, pp. 221-225. So­ from Mauritius and the Chagos Isles. Transactions idoptera, a series ofcross-referenced indices. 198 of the Entomological Society of London, pp. 366­ pp. The Lepidopterists Society of South African p. nova praga da ba­ 377. and the Transvaal Museum, Pretoria. 3iol6gico 41(8): 223­ ---. 1911. Tortricina and Tineina of the Percy Veenenbos, J. A. V. 1981. Opogona sacchari, a pest Siaden Trust Expedition to the Indian Ocean in risk from imports ofornamental plants of tropical Myazaki, and H. S. origin. Bulletin, Organisation Europeene et Med­ de banana com bro­ 1905. Transactions of the Linnaean Society of London, Zoology, 2nd series 14: 263-307. iterraneenne pour la Protection des Plantes 11(3): de lagartas de Opo­ 235-237. . Biol6gico 44( I): 3­ ---. 1924. Microlepidoptera ofRodriguez. Trans­ actions of the Entomological Society of London, Viette, P. 1951. Quelques Microlepidopteresde Mad­ agascar. Memoires de L'Institut Scientifique de ~ Lepidoptera of the pp. 544-557. Madagascar, serie A 5(2): 335-347. 1010gist 56: 247. ---. 1930. Microlepidoptera of Mauritius. Trans­ ---. 1957. Lepidopteres (excepte les tordeuses) et 1982. Opogona sac­ actions of the Entomological Society of London les Geometrides. Memoires de L'Institut Scienti­ s cultures sons serres 78: 309-323. fique de Madagascar, serie E 8: 137-226. 3ulletin de la Societe Moreton, B. D. 1974. New or uncommon plant dis­ ---. 1958. Lepidopteres Tineides (s.l.) et Pyrales. 1( 112): 28-30 eases and pests. Plant Pathology 23: 163-164. Societas Scientiarum Fennica. Commentationes American moths of Mourikis, P. A. and P. Vassilaina-Alexopoulon. 1983. Data on the biology ofthe Opogona sacchari (Bojer Biologicae, XVII. 8 17(8): 1-12. 7, and Oinophia, with Vinson, 1. 1938. Catalogue of the Lepidoptera of the :neric affinities (Lep­ 1856), a new pest for ornamental plants in Greece. Mascarene Islands. Mauritius Institute Bulletin I lian Contributions to Anales de L'institute Phytopathologique Benaki 13( I): 59-64. (pt. 4): 1-69. , 19-24. In Heppner, Oldham, J . N. 1928. Hieroxeslis subcervinel/a Wlk., Walker, F. 1863. List of the specimens of Lepidop­ 31 Lepidoptera, vol 2 an enemy of the banana in the Canary Islands. terous insects in the collections of the British Mu­ erigoidea to Immo­ Bulletin ofEntomological Research 19(pt. 2): 147­ seum 28: 287-561. Ie. 166, pis. 4-5. --. 1875. Fam. Gelechidae [sic], p. 192. In Mel­ 1977. Voorkomen Paulin, R. and P. Viette. 1955. Essai d'un catalogue liss, J. C, ed., St. Helena: A Physical, Historical, an Opogona sacchari biologique des Lepidopteres heteroceres de Tana­ and Topographical Description of the Island, In­ ansel'ieria lrijasciala narive. Memoirs de L'Institut Scientifique de cluding its Geology, Fauna, Flora, and Meterol­ : voor de Belgische Madagascar, ser. E 6: 141-281. ogy. xiv + 426 +pp., pis. 1-56. L. Reece & Co., pI. PigaHi, A. 1978. Selecao de inseticides em labora­ London. 618 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON

Walsingham, Lord (Thomas de Gray). 1907. Micro­ Helena, with descriptions of new species. Annals lepidoptera. In Sharp, D., ed., Fauna Hawaiiansis, and Magazine of Natural History, fifth series 3: or the Zoology of the Sandwich (Hawaiian) Isles 219-233, 329-343, 415-441. I(pt. 5): 469-759, pis. 10-22. Cambridge Univer­ Zandvoort, R. 1972. Bestrijding van Opogona sub­ sity Press. cervi nella bij Strelitzia. Gewasbescherming 3(4): --. 1919. Madeiran Tineina (Lepidoptera). The 95-96. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, second series Zimmerman, E. C. 1978. Insects of Hawaii. Micro­ 21(46): 257-259. lepidoptera 9: 1-1876, figs . 1-1355. Honolulu: Wollaston, E. 1879. Notes on the Lepidoptera of St. University of Hawaii Press.

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