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Biology and Morphology of the Banana Moth, Opogona Sacchari (Bojer), and Its Introduction Into Florida (Lepidoptera: Tineidae)

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Biology and Morphology of the Banana Moth, Opogona Sacchari (Bojer), and Its Introduction Into Florida (Lepidoptera: Tineidae) 16 October 1990 PROC. ENTOMOL. SOc. WASH. 92(4),1990, pp. 593-618 BIOLOGY AND MORPHOLOGY OF THE BANANA MOTH, OPOGONA SACCHARI (BOJER), AND ITS INTRODUCTION INTO FLORIDA (LEPIDOPTERA: TINEIDAE) DONALD R. DAVlS AND JORGE E. PEN-A (DRD) Department ofEntomology, National Museum ofNatural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560; (JEP) Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Homestead, Florida 33031. Abstract. - The general distribution and recent introduction into Florida of the banana moth, Opogona sacchari (Bojer) is reviewed. Currently, the principal damage caused by this species in Florida consists of larval stem boring in certain nursery stock and orna­ mental palms in particular. The biology of the species is summarized and all stages ofthe insect are described, supplemented by numerous illustrations. Key Words: Lepidoptera, Tineidae, Opogona sacchari, banana moth, moth biology, im­ mature stages The banana moth, Opogona sacchari rotting coconut tree tops (central whorl of (Bojer), is known from several tropical-sub­ leaves) from Kaneohe, Oahu and from an tropical humid regions around the world unidentified palm at Kohala, Hawaii. but has yet to be reported from the Indo­ Within the last few years O. sacchari has Australian region. Originally reported from become established on various nursery stock the Mascarene Islands in the Indian Ocean in southern Florida, particularly in Dade (Bojer 1856, Walker 1863, Butler 1876), the and Palm Beach Counties (Heppner, Pena, species was later discovered in Africa (Vari and Glenn 1987). Nursery stock particularly and Kroon 1986) as well as islands near the affected in Florida inel ude com plant or casse African continent (Walker 1875, Durrant (Dracena fragrans (L.) Ker-Gaus, variety 1925) and Europe (Ciampolini 1973, massangeana) and bamboo palms (Cha­ D'Aguilar and Martinez 1982, Mourikis and maedorea sp.) as well as Hawaiian good luck Vassilaina-Alexopoulon 1983). More re­ plant (Cordyline terminalis (L.) Kunth) and cently the species has spread to South aralias (Polyscias sp.). Although sugar cane America (Cintra 1975, Giannoti et al. 1977) is a major host, O. sacchari has not yet been and the West Indies (Alam 1984). The ear­ reported on that plant in the United States. liest evidence we have of this species in the The appearance of this new pest in the New World is represented by adult speci­ United States has necessitated a careful ex­ mens in the Smithsonian Institution amination of all developmental stages and (USNM) that were collected in 1970 from a report ofits biology pertinent to its current Aragua, Venezuela on potato. significance as a pest of nursery stock in Specimens received for identification from Florida. B. Kumashiro of the Hawaiian Department of Agriculture just prior to publication in­ Opogona sacchari (Bojer) dicate that O. sacchari is now established Alucita sacchari Bojer 1856: 21, pI. 5, figs. in Hawaii. The species has been reared from 1-10. 594 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGlCAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON VOLUM Opogona sacchari (Bojer). - Vinson, 1938: paler in color with faint longitudinal streaks 56 (synonym of Opogona subcervinel­ of light brown or buff. la).-Viette, 1957: 145; 1958: 4.-Ciam­ Head: Vestiture smooth except for a pair polini, 1973: 221. - Cintra, 197 5: 223. ­ of bilateral tufts of erect, pale brown to Giannoti et al., 1977: 209. - Declercq and cream, piliform scales between antennal Van Luchene, 1977: 499.-Zimmerman, bases; scales of frons broad, cream colored; 1978: 386.-Cintra et al., 1978: 3.-Pi­ vertex covered by a dense row of broad gatii, 1978: 21. - Pigatii et al., 1979: 61.­ cream scales that curve over frons; caudal Veenenbos, 1981 : 235.-D'Aguilar and portion ofvertex with broad, grayish brown Martinez, 1982: 28.-Rotundo and scales; occiput light brown with a scattered Tremlay, 1982: 123.-Suplicy and Sam­ arch or median patch ofdark fuscous scales. paio, 198 2: 174.-Bennett and Alam, Antenna 103-125 segmented, approxi­ 1985: 4 1. -Heppner et al., 1987: 1. mately 0.8 the length of forewing; scape Tinea subcervinella Walker, 1863: 477. cream dorsally, with scattered fuscous scales Opogona subcervinella (WaLk er).-Wal­ ventrally; fiageUum uniformly covered with singham, 1907: 713; 1919: 259.-Meyr­ small but moderately broad, cream to buff ick, ]930: 321.-Vinson, 1938: 56.­ scales arranged in a single row, completely Viette, 1951 : 339; 1957: 145 (synonym encircling each fiagellomere (Fig. 12); sen­ of Opogona sacchari); 1958: 4.-Paulian silla chaetica (with spiral grooves) and trich­ and Viette, 1955: 147.-Box, 1953: 34.­ odea (longitudinal grooves) relatively dense Davis, 1978: 14; 1984: 22.- Vari and and randomly scattered over each flagello­ Kroon, 1986: 84, 156. mere; a few pair of sensilla coeloconica lo­ Hieroxestis subcervinella (Walker).-Mey­ cated near distal margin (Figs. 13, 14). Pil­ rick, 1910: 375; 19 11: 298.-Cockerell, ifers moderately developed with setae nearly 1923: 247.-Meyrick, 1924: 556.-Dur­ meeting at midline (Fig. 9). Labrum densely rant, 1925: 12.- 0 Idham, 1928: 147.­ covered with microtrichi;:t.. Mandible ves­ tigia} but exceeding pilifer setae in length. Figs. I Rebel, 1939: 63; 1949: 56.-Jannone, 12.5 mn 1966: 24. Maxillary palpus 5-segmented, eiongate, ex­ Gelechia sanctaehelenae Walker, 18 75: ceeding length of relatively short haustel­ 192.-Durrant, 1925: 12 (synonym ofHi­ lum; dorsal and lateral surfaces densely cov­ eroxestis subcervinella). ered with cream scales; venter naked with light b Euplocamus sanctaehelenae (Walker).­ dense sensilla; apex of fifth segment with a amour Wollaston, 1879: 417. slender basiconic sensillum and another with d into I( Hieroxestis sanctaehelenae (Walker). ­ slightly smaller one at subapex (Figs. 15, dent a l Durrant, 1923: xvii. 16). HausteUum with a series of shallow cal cell Gelechia ligmferella Walker, 1875: 192.­ plates over basal half; largest plates with a near a Durrant, 1925: 12 (synonym of Hierox­ pair of short sensiUa basiconica (Fig. 10). cous s estis subcervinella). Labial palpus upcurved, smoothly covered both s Lavernaplumipes Butler, 1876: 409.-Wal­ with cream scales except for a lateral, sub­ elonga singham, 1907: 713 (synonym of Opo­ apical series of3-4 cream bristles and a ven­ with a gona subcervinella); 1919: 259. tral subapical tuft of 6-8 bristles; third seg­ ment with an elongate, narrow sensory pit 25). H Adult (Figs. I, 2). -Length of forewing: located just beyond middle (Figs. 17, 18). slende 5,7.3-11.2 mm; 9, 9-12.5 mm. Moderately Thorax: Pronotum light brown with heavy with sl large, generally dark grayish brown moths to sparse scattering of fuscous scales and with e with a small, black subapical spot on fore­ usually with a small to large median patch (Figs. wing near apex of dis cal cell and a similar offuscous on anterior margin and on tegula. scales. one at basal third on anal fold ; male slightly Venter uniformly shiny cream. Forewing ulum" OF WASHINGTON VOLUME 92, NUMBER 4 595 Igitudinal streaks except for a pair , pale brown to etween antennal i, cream colored; se row of broad lier frons; caudal ld, grayish brown 1with a scattered ,rk fuscous scales. ented, approxi­ forewing; scape 2 red fuscous scales mly covered with Id, cream to buff row, completely re (Fig. 12); sen­ 'ooves) and trich­ .) relatively dense ver each flagello­ a coeloconica 10­ ~igs. 13, 14). Pil­ with setae nearly .Labrum densely 4 !. Mandible ves­ . setae in length. Figs. 1-4. Opogona sacchari. I, Adult male, length of forewing 9.5 mm. 2, Adult female, length of forewing 12.5 mm. 3, Larvae, maximum length 30 mm. 4, Cocoon with pupal exuvium, cocoon length 12.5 mm. .ted, elongate, ex­ Iy short haustel­ aces densely cov­ :nter naked with light brown in female with an almost equal with usually five stout frenular bristles (Figs. ~ segment with a amount ofscattered dark brown scales; male 27). Foreleg mostly cream; coxa with a small 1m and another with dark brown scales more concentrated amount ofgrayish fuscous suffusion at base; 'bapex (Figs. 15, into longitudinal streaks, particularly evi­ dorsal surfaces of tibia and tarsus heavily ~ries of shallow dent along upper and lower margins of dis­ suffused with grayish fuscous; normal pec­ lest plates WITh a cal cell; a small, dark fuscous subapical spot tinated epiphysis present (Figs. 19, 20). Pre­ conica (Fig. 10). near apex of cell and a more elongate fus­ tarsus of aU legs normal, with re[atively moothly covered cous spot along anal fold at basal third in broad unguitractor pIa te bearing 7-1 0 ranks or a lateral, sub­ both sexes; male retinaculum a relatively of scutes in a single transverse row (Figs. 'stIes and a ven­ elongate flap from ventral subcostal margin, 21-23). Midleg uniform'ly cream except for ristIes; third seg­ with apical margin rolled under (Figs. 24, slight grayish fuscous suffusion over dorsal rrow sensory pi t 25). Hindwing light yellowish brown with surface of tarsus. Hindleg similar to midleg e(Figs. 17, 18). slender scales in male, more shiny gray and in color except with less grayish fuscous on fown with heavy with slightly broader scales in female; male tarsus and with dense, elongate piliform se­ iCOUS scales and with elongate hair pencil from dorsal base tae from tibia. ge median patch (Figs. 28-30); ultrastructure of pencil sex Abdomen: Terga mostly grayish brown ~ n and on tegula. scales as illustrated (Figs. 31-33); male fren­ with caudal margins and pleura buffto cream ream. Forewing ulum a single stout bristle (Fig. 26); female colored; venter of female uniformly cream, 596 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON VOLUME Figs. '= (38 "m). 14, Sen~ Fig. 9.) Figs. 5-8. Damage to Dracaena fragrans by Opogona sacchari larvae (see arrows). 5, Healthy stem. 6-8, Typical feeding damage to Dracaenafragrans canes. F WASHINGTON VOLUME 92, NUMBER 4 597 Figs.
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