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Studies on Socio-Economic Aspects of the People at Machilipatnam Region and Their Impact on Mangrove Forests, Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh

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Studies on Socio-Economic Aspects of the People at Machilipatnam Region and Their Impact on Mangrove Forests, Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh Review Of Research Vol.1,Issue.IV/Jan; 12pp.1-4 Nabi A. and Brahmaji Rao P. ISSN:-2249-894X Research Papers RR Studies on Socio-economic aspects of the people at Machilipatnam Region and their impact on Mangrove Forests, Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh. Brahmaji Rao P. Nabi A. Department of Environmental Science, -Department of Humanities & Sciences, Acharya Nagarjuna University, D.M.S.S.V.H. College of Engineering, Guntur Machilipatnam. Abstract Mangrove Ecosystems play an important role in preventing cyclones and tsunamis at estuaries from entering into interior land and in the economic development of local inhabitants. Mangrove plants have special adaptations such as stilt roots, viviparous germination, salt-excreting leaves, breathing roots, knee roots by which these plants survive in water logged anaerobic saline soils. The study of mangrove ecosystems in the deltaic region of Krishna river, particularly in Machilipatnam coastal region is very less and hence taken up. The data of the people in the selected field stations are gathered. The socio-economic status of the local inhabitants and their dependance on mangroves for their economic growth have been established. Key Words: Mangroves, Krishna Mangroves, mangrove patches present in Gilakaladindi and its Socio-economic status, nearby villages Pedapatnam, Polatitippa and 1. Introduction: Pallethummalapalem. The word 'mangrove' is used for salt 2. Study Area: tolerant plants. Mangroves are specialized Machilipatnam is between 16°10'N to ecosystems, capable of living under the influence 16.17°N latitudes and 81°09'E to 81.13°E of salt water, along the estuarine sea coasts and longitudes on the southeast coast of India and in river mouths in the tropical and subtropical regions the east corner of Andhra Pradesh. The northern of the world, mainly in the intertidal zone. These distributary of Krishna river drains in this area near plants are specialized to tolerate high salinity, tidal Hamsaladeevi. extremes, high fluctuations in wind, temperature Mangrove vegetation is a fragile and muddy anaerobic soil with the development of ecosystem. Krishna mangroves are changing some adaptive morphological characteristics. No rapidly due to natural calamities, deforestation, other groups of terrestrial plants survive well aquaculture, over-exploitation, absence of proper under such conditions. management, conservation etc. Mangrove The objective of the investigation is to vegetation is a natural protector from natural assess the socio-economic conditions of the people threats like cyclones, tsunamis etc. The cyclone in living in mangrove areas in around 1977, 1990 and the tsunami in 2004, which Machilipatnam. The port at Gilakaladindi near devastated Diviseema and Machilipatnam regions Machilipatnam is going to be expanded and hence respectively, are examples of natural threats. It is the present study is carried out to identify the proved that mangroves act as natural protectors to ROR (1), Studies on Socio-economic aspects of the people at Machilipatnam... Review Of Research Vol.1,Issue.IV/Jan; 2012 control the cyclonic winds and tsunami waves, and many other invertebrates, just like in Godavari with densely populated mangrove vegetation mangroves and other deltas.(Brahmaji Rao, 1998). (Banerjee, 1998). Therefore, a detailed study of Socio- Economic status of the people in this Krishna mangroves is very important. region: The Krishna deltaic region is in tropical · There are no people, with an annual humid climate, with hot summers and moderate income of above rupees one lakh. winters. The hottest months are April, May and · Mangrove forests are playing a vital role June, when the average highest temperature is 330 for the socio-economic development of the people C. The coldest month is January, when the highest of this area. temperature is 230 C. Maximum temperature · Molluscan shells are collected from varies from 230 C to 330 C and the minimum value mangrove by fishermen for lime preparation. ranges between 190 C to 230 C during a year. · Mangrove twigs are used as firewood by Machilipatnam gets annual rainfall due to the the local people. southwest monsoon. The average normal rainfall · The mangrove wood with high content of in the district is 110 cm, as obtained from the data tannin is used as timber due to its durability. The collected by the author1 from June 2008 to June pneumatophores of mangrove trees are used by 2011. local fishermen for stopper and float making. Pedapatnam is a mid-sized village located · The fruits of Sonneratia species are used at a distance of 23 km from Machilipatnam, for beverage preparation. mandal head quarter in the district of Krishna. · Mangrove extracts are used as indigenous Gilakaladindi village is about 5 km east to medicines, for example, the extracts of Avicennia Machilipatnam. Polatitippa is a mid-sized village species have tonic effect. Extracts from mangroves located nearly 14 km away from Machilipatnam. seem to have a potential for killing pathogens in Palletummalapalem is a mid- sized village located humans, animals and plants and for the treatment at a distance of 17 km from Machilipatnam. of incurable viral diseases. Similar observations 3. Materials & Methods: were made by Kathiresan in 2000 in The main field stations are in the arena of Sunderbans.(Kathiresan, 2000). Machilipatnam. The starting point of northern · Mangrove forests play an important role in distributary of Krishna river, along with other maintaining healthy coastal environment. criteria like vegetation structure, inundation · Mangroves also provide environmental frequency and the extent of human interference are support for the people community. taken into account while selecting a main field · Mangrove ecosystem serves as a station. The above criteria have also been selected protection for a myriad of juvenile aquatic species, (according to Smith, 1992) to visualize the factors a habitat for a variety of terrestrial fauna and a responsible for the degradation of mangrove belts. source of nutrients in sustaining many complex Several field visits have been made to study the food chains. socio-economic conditions of the people living in Thus the economic, social and cultural the field stations. From the responses of the people lives of people in these regions are closely to the questionnaire, their socio-economic associated with the mangrove flora and fauna. conditions are studied and analyzed. Land Resource Utilization 4. Results & Discussion The land in this region is mostly wetland Socio-economical aspects and Resource and covers mangrove vegetation. The land is used utilization: Mangrove ecosystems are of great for aquaculture and agriculture (mainly for paddy ecological importance and function as a natural growing). Some of the aquaculture ponds set up resource for inhabitants. The high productivity of during the early 1990s are abandoned & mangals is utilized over centuries for livelihood, reconverted into agricultural land in the recent traditional usage and subsistence economy. In the years. Central wetland and upland zones are present study, the data are analysed to know how covered with Prosopis trees and sand. the people in this region utilize the resources for a) Cropping pattern: Paddy is the major their livelihood and practice their agricultural agricultural crop cultivated in coastal villages near works, shrimp farming, plantation etc. mangrove areas. It is irrigated mainly by means of Mangrove forests in the study area also serve as canals of river Krishna. The forest department has diverse habitats for many species, including fish, raised casuarina plantations under its “Shelter-belt bird, reptiles, amphibians, molluscs, crustaceans Programme” along the coast near Pedapatnam and ROR (2), Studies on Socio-economic aspects of the people at Machilipatnam... Review Of Research Vol.1,Issue.IV/Jan; 2012 Gilakaladindi. The returns from these plantations Group Scientific Name Common Name are used to help the villagers. 1 Crustaceans a. Prawns Penaeus indicus White Prawn b) Aquaculture: Aquaculture has been P. monodon Tiger Prawn P.Semisulcatus Flower Prawn practised both in revenue lands and forest areas for P. merguiensis Metapenaeus affinis King Prawn many centuries. The fishermen have been M. monoceros Brown Shrimp M.dobsonii Brown Shrimp following the traditional aquaculture system of Macrobrachium monoceros Freshwater Prawn Integrated Farming, for rice, fish, prawn and crabs. M.rosenberghii Giant freshwater Prawn b. Lobsters Panilurus sp. Deep sea lobsters In some places, paddy fields have been converted Thenus orientalis sand lobsters c. Crabs Scylla serrata Mud crab to prawn farms; in other areas the same farms have S.tranguibarcil Sea crab Charybdis cruciata Sea crab been reconverted to paddy fields. It is mostly tiger 2 Molluscs a. Cephalopods Sepia sp. Cuttle fish prawns that are cultivated in the prawn farms. Loligo sp. Squid b. Bivalves Perna indica Brown mussel Water Resource Utilization: P.viridis Green mussel Water present in the mangrove areas has Vellorita cyprinoides Clam Anadora granosa Clam multifarious utilization. The water resources Crossostrea madrasensis Clam Katelysia opima Oyster facilitate the distribution of fauna and c. Gastropoda Achantina fulica Cerithidea fiuvatilis Giant African sand snail establishment of viviparous seedlings. The water 3 Fishes Rastrelliger kanaguta Mugil cephalus Mackerel resources are extensively utilized for fishing and Lates calcarifer Mullet Epinephalus sp., Nemipterus sp., Purches other related
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