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District Disaster Management Plan

Volume I – General Plan and Hazard Vulnerability and Capacity Analysis

Prepared by: District Administration, Krishna

Supported by: UNDP,

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Contents 1. The Introduction: ...... 4 1.1. The Objectives of the Plan: ...... 5 1.2. Approach: ...... 5 1.3. How to Use This Plan ...... 7 1.4. Methodology ...... 9 1.5. Scope and Ownership of District Disaster Management Plan: ...... 10 1.6. Monitoring, evaluation and update of the Plan ...... 11 1.6.1.1. Review and update ...... 12 1.6.1.2. Evaluation of the Plan ...... 13 2. The Implementation of the District Disaster Management Plan ...... 15 2.1. Institutional Mechanisms ...... 15 2.2. Administration ...... 16 2.3. Disaster Management Authorities ...... 17 2.4. Incident Response System ...... 17 2.5. District Control Rooms ...... 19 2.6. Response – Coordination between district, state and national levels ...... 20 2.6 Departmental Capacity building (SWOT analysis) Findings of Line Departments Assessment from one-to-one Consultations ...... 21 2.6.1. General role and linkages of department in district disaster management plan ...... 21 2.6.2. Key Actions to strengthen the functioning of Krishna District Administration and Departments in Disaster Management ...... 24 3. District Profile ...... 27 3.1. Administrative Setup...... 28 3.2. Geography ...... 28 3.3. Demography ...... 29 3.4. Heritage and Culture ...... 30 3.5. Infrastructure and Services ...... 33 3.6. Climate and Rainfall: ...... 33 3.7. Industrialization ...... 35 4. Hazard Assessment based on One to One consultation with Line department ...... 36 4.1. Matrix of Hazard History ...... 36 4.2. Major applicable hazards ...... 43 4.3. Seasonality of hazards ...... 44 4.4. Mandal-wise mapping ...... 44 4.5. Hazard Wise Vulnerabilities: ...... 46 4.5.1. Population vulnerable to Flooding and or water logging ...... 46 4.5.2. Population Vulnerability to Cyclones ...... 53 4.5.3. Population Vulnerable to Heat wave ...... 56 4.5.4. Population Vulnerability to Earthquake Seismicity...... 58 4.5.5. Population Vulnerability to Landslides/Rockslides ...... 62 4.5.6. Population Vulnerability to Fire incidents: ...... 63

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1. The Introduction:

Introduction An effective and realistic District Disaster Management Plan with full proof communication, authentic and accurate data base, documented and rehearsed to be activated in the shortest possible time with minimum simple orders and procedures ensuring active participation both by Government, Community and Volunteers at all levels making optimum utilisation of men, material and available resources with no gaps or no over laps to prevent loss to lives and minimise loss to property ensuring fastest approach for rescue, rehabilitation and to avert further miseries of the calamity stricken people. There is a saying that a friend in need is a friend indeed. The DDMP like a true friend will obviously guide the entire machinery engaged for relief operation and input courage among the community to face the eventuality boldly.

Prepare Respond

Rebuild

Recover

India in general is one of the most hazard prone countries in the world. 60% of the country is prone to earthquakes of moderate to high intensity, 40 million hectares is prone to floods, 5,700 km long coast is prone to cyclones and tsunamis and the whole of Himalayas are prone to landslides. The state of in particular is one of the multi-hazard prone districts in India. As a result, it was important to develop a plan that improves district’s response to disasters while improving its ability to mitigate the disaster risks and increasing community’s resilience by implementing the preparedness plan.

It was deemed important to put a plan in place for dealing with disasters in an organized way with all the stakeholders well-aware of their role in responding to or preparing for disasters, as the district is responsible for responding to disasters through its Incident Response Team in the disaster site, while the State and the Centre is responsible for providing extended support, guidance, external resources

4 or additional help as required in case of any major disasters and upon the request of support from the district.

The vision of District Disaster Management Plan is to enable disaster resilient development in Krishna district and continuity of services essential for life and dignity of citizens during disaster and non-disaster situations.

1.1. The Objectives of the Plan:

• Identify areas in the district that are prone to natural and manmade disasters; • Understand the existing vulnerabilities and coping mechanisms of the community by conducting panchayat level assessment exercise; • Identify the measures that ought to be taken by the district administration for prevention and mitigation of disasters; • Build awareness among different stakeholders both at the administrative as well as the community level by directly engaging them in the process of district disaster management planning; • Identify various existing development schemes that could be implemented for mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) in development; • Specify key areas for improving disaster resilience by awareness, training and capacity-building of the stakeholders; • Highlight preparedness measures required to be undertaken by the district administration so as to be able to better respond to any threatening disaster situation; • Prepare the response plan for quick and effective response; and • Establish the reconstruction, rehabilitation and recovery plan in order to restore the vital life support systems to minimum operating standards at a first moment and work towards rehabilitating them to at least the original standards.

1.2. Approach:

The aim of the plan is to establish necessary systems, structures, programs, resources, capabilities and guiding principles for reducing disaster risks and preparing for and responding to disasters and threats of disasters in respective district, in order to save lives and property, avoid disruption of economic activity and damage to environment and to ensure the continuity and sustainability of development.

The district disaster management plan has a holistic and integrated approach with emphasis on prevention, mitigation and preparedness by ensuring that Disaster Management receives the highest priority at all levels in the district. It has a paradigm shift, similar to the lines of national and state level, from reactive and relief centric approach to disasters. The approach

5 is aimed to conserve developmental gains and also minimize losses to lives, livelihood and property. For efficient execution of the District Disaster Management Plan, the Plan has been organized as per these four stages of the Disaster Cycle.

Normal Befor Time Disaster

After During Disaster Disaster

Non disaster stage: Activities include disaster mitigation1, leading to prevention2 & risk reduction3. Before disaster stage: Activities include preparedness to face likely disasters, dissemination of early warnings. During disaster stage: Activities include quick response, relief, mobilization of search &rescue, damage assessment. After disaster stage: Activities include recovery & rehabilitation programs in disaster affected areas.

1 The lessening or minimizing of the adverse impacts of a hazardous event - UNISDR 2 Activities and measures to avoid existing and new disaster risks - UNISDR 3 aimed at preventing new and reducing existing disaster risk and managing residual risk, all of which contribute to strengthening resilience and therefore to the achievement of sustainable development - UNISDR 6

1.3. How to Use This Plan

Action Referance Remarks

Read this to understand Know your Hazard Risks District Profile & HVCA disaster context of the (Hazard, Vulnerability and district Capacity)

Early Warning System & Refer Preparedness Plan Incident Response System

Act per your specific plan For Early Warning and Standard operating normal times, refer procedure for line “Preparedness and departments Response plan

Read to know about Know resources available Response Plan available resourses to respond to any disasters

Safety Tips for various Read to know what to do disasters (Do’s & Don’ts General Plan (Annexture) and what not to do before, during and after disasters

Climate induced disasters 1. Know how development Risk Reduction Plan: are listed with department is affected by climate ‘Climate Change Action specific impacts and induced disasters Plan’ exiting coping mechanisms.

Schemes from central and 2. Know how to link DRR- Risk Reduction Plan: state government with CCA with development ‘Schemes for DRR & CCA’ DRR linkages mentioned. programs Possible actions.

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District Disaster Management Plan of Krishna District

Location Whom to contact in case of Latitude – 15° 43’ N and 17° 10’ N  Geographical area of the District: 8727 Sq.Km. disaster? Longitude – 80° 0’ and 81° 33’ of E  Number of Blocks : 49 Population  Number of Gram Panchayats : 969 District Emergency Operation Coastal Line: 88 Kms. Total: 4,517,398 Center (DEOC, Krishna District)  Number of Villages : 1005 Male: 2,267,375 Phone no. : 06727-232803 Boundaries:  Number of Municipality Boards : 6 Female: 2,250,023 Police : 100,  Number of : 50 Rural: 2,673,738 East: & West Godavari dist Urban: 2,673,738 Ambulance: 108  Number of Assembly Constituency : 16 West: and Nalgonda districts APSDMA: 0674-2395398/ 2395379 North: Khammam district  Number of Parliamentary Constituency: 3 Special Relief Commissioner: South: Bay of Bengal  Number of police stations : 47 00000xxx

Optimum Strategy

Before Disaster During Disaster After Disaster  Functioning of District Control  Formation of District Disaster Room & other Mandals/ /  Relief activities and Post Management Committee. Line Departmental Control Disaster Needs assessment   Update DDMP. Rooms. Monitoring Relief Operation organized by outside agencies  Hazard Analysis & Resource  Dissemination of warning info.  Coordination with officials at  Restoration of Inventory. District Control Room in each 12 Communication, Roads &  IEC Programme planning hours Railways.  Key training and capacity  Alert CDMO/ CDVO/ CSO/ RTO/  Ensuring transportation of building Field Officers (Revenue/ Line Relief Materials to affected  Logistic arrangement – Department) pockets.  Ensuring safeguarding of Cyclone/ Flood shelters,  Immediate freezing of belongings of the evacuees. communications, allocate reasonable  Rescue Operation / Evacuation  Maintenance of Law & Order. roles and responsibilities teams  Special care for children,  Arranging for Food items (FI)  Administration of Relief. Lactating Mothers and and Non-food Items(NFI)  Preparation of the Daily disabled. situation report as per SOPs  Situational analysis by District and Addl. District Magistrate.

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1.4. Methodology

District disaster management planning has often been criticized for being comprised of general guidelines rather than actionable plans. It has also been criticized to be incomplete in its approach for either non-involvement of communities (the victims of disasters) or completing mere formality. Therefore, with the aim to overcome this scenario, the District Disaster Management Authority (DDMA) of Krishna in partnership with AIDMI has worked to make this plan more inclusive. The term inclusive points to a wider community outreach, a greater ownership by district’s administrative officers and an institution-based focus to address safety issues. In view of this, the process was divided in two phases. The first phase was mainly comprised of consultations with various stakeholders such as line departments, MP Block Development Officers (MPDOs), members of Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRI), and vulnerable communities in order to collect the necessary information and data and understand the particularities and matters related to risk reduction in the district. It was also comprised of meetings between AIDMI and the DDMA to discuss and improve the framework of the DDMP. In consonance with the approach of making the plan inclusive, during the second phase two major key government institutions were covered in depth to address safety issues. Once all these activities had been undertaken on the field, the plan was prepared based on its outcomes and by consulting the Disaster Management Act (DMA), 2005, the DDMP model framework by NDMA and the directions provided by UNDP Andhra Pradesh.

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1.5. Scope and Ownership of District Disaster Management Plan: Any type of disaster, be it natural or manmade, leads to immense loss of life, and also causes damage to the property and the surrounding environment, to such an extent that the normal social and economic mechanism available to the society, gets disturbed. The Govt. of India, recognized the need to of a proactive, comprehensive, and sustained approach to disaster management to reduce detrimental effects of disasters on overall socio-economic development of country, and came out with Disaster Management (DM) Act 2005, and highlighted the role and importance of District Disaster Management Plan. The Govt. of Andhra Pradesh also believes that there is a need for a Disaster Management Plan in every district that articulates its vision and strategy for disaster management in the state. In this context the Department of Disaster Management Andhra Pradesh provides guidelines to various entities involved in disaster management in the state to discharge their responsibilities more effectively. Further, as per the DM Act, the District Disaster Management Authority to be formed in each district and it will be the nodal agency for preparation, functioning and review of the District Disaster Management Plan (DDMP). The scope of district disaster management plan is very wide, and it is applicable in all the stages of disasters (before, during, after & non disaster time). The DDMPs can help officials in taking important decisions and also provide guidance to direct subordinates in emergency. The DDMP helps in saving the precious time, which might be lost in the consultations, and getting approval from authorities. It will be the responsibility of the District Disaster Management Authority members to look after the district and sub district level institutionalization activities pertaining to the disaster management, including the periodic review of district disaster management plan and allied functions. DDMP is an operational module for district administration (owned by the DDMA) and it helps to effectively mitigate the different types of disasters with locally available persons and resources. It also ensures a checklist for all the stakeholders for an action oriented response structure and to study their preparedness level.

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1.6. Monitoring, evaluation and update of the Plan

Ensure a year- round implementation

Verify if the coordination Check the level between of preparedness departments and agencies Monitoring and Evaluation

Assess the Determine the trainings adequacy of imparted for resources capacity building

The process is not necessarily successful if flaws are not found, but rather if the appropriate measures are undertaken in face of the necessary improvements. In view of this, the role and responsibilities of the DDMA are:

•Monitor the functioning and adequacy of the resources present in the district every six months * •Ensure that all the departmental plans are operational and checked by the respective nodal officers

•Based on the analysis, the DDMA has to procure/purchase/borrow resources from the concerned authorities and replace the dilapidated and non-functioning resources using the developmental * funds

•Ensure that all the departmental plans are operational and checked by the respective nodal officers * •Monitor that all the officers of the frontline departments are trained as per guidelines/requirements

•Monitor that all mitigation, preparedness and response measures are properly implemented within the district •Identify and ensure implementation of disaster risk reduction into developmental projects and schemes. Additionally, all heads of departments at the district level must identify * suitable and relevant schemes (centrally-sponsored or state-funded) which can be used for and/or linked with disaster management

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1.6.1.1. Review and update The reasons for the review and further update of the DDMP can be categorized in two major groups: a) domestic changes, i.e. changes within the district itself, whether related to operational activities, geo-characteristics of the environment, physical resources or knowledge enhancement; b) external changes, i.e. those related to changes in regulatory requirements.

Internal Changes in Ground district Review and vulnerabilit Update y

Major change in Acquisition the set of new operationa resources l activities

Names and contact Lessons details of learned the officers/off icials

When it comes to the external changes, the plan has to be updated once every year and preferably within the first month of the new financial year in order to incorporate:

Passing of the new acts in the Introduction of new schemes parliament that have any Changes made to existing by the central or state bearing on the DDMP centrally and state-sponsored governments that are relevant irrespective of any prior schemes for disaster risk reduction reference to the functions of the act

Installation of new technology Change of directions by the by the NDMA/APSDMA related Opening up of any relevant state or any updates to the to communication networks, state/national institution or State Disaster Management knowledge management mechanism for training; etc Plan systems, early warning, etc

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Every time that the DDMP is reviewed and updated, it has to be uploaded on the website of the Andhra Pradesh State Disaster Management Authority (APSDMA) and the updated version should distinctly mention the major changes and newly added components so that any block or district official, community-based organisation, NDMA, can easily study the plan etc. Additionally, the updated DDMP has to be circulated to all stakeholder departments, agencies and organizations.

1.6.1.2. Evaluation of the Plan Two are the most important mechanisms for testing the plan, viz. emergency management exercises and mock-drills, which are explained in the next sub-topics.

a) Emergency Management Exercise The Emergency Management Exercise (EMEx) aims to provide to its participants a theoretical, practical, and holistic training in key urban disaster management issues. It is comprised of progressively complex exercises, each of which builds upon the skills learned in previous exercises. The main elements of an EMEx are4: - Parallel training courses or tracks, including prep-workshops; - Table-top simulation; - Field drill; - Debriefing; and - Evaluation. According to the training manual developed by NDMA about EMEx, there are eight stages to be followed to plan and conduct an EMEx, which take at least six months to be completed. These stages are mentioned below – detailed explanation of the phases, timeline, critical actions, and outcomes and other information are found in the manual itself. 1. The policy-level decision of the state/ approving the organization of the EMEx is taken in this phase and it represents the commitment to hold the exercise. 2. Identification of the types of training tracks to be held in the EMEx and their number. 3. Definition of the financial plan and budget of the EMEx and state commitment of financial resources towards organizing it. 4. Selection of the city/venue for holding of the EMEx. 5. Identification and selection of key stakeholders required to conduct the EMEx, as well as management of the logistics/operations required and monitoring arrangements. 6. Formation of a state-level committee to look after the important decisions of EMEx. 7. Identification of participants to attend the EMEx.

4NDMA, Training Manual - How to conduct Emergency Management Exercise (EMEx), September 2015

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8. Follow-up phase, which includes documentation (e.g. after action and evaluation reports), link to way ahead. Besides that, regular monitoring is strongly recommended in order to ensure that the preparation is on track.

b) Mock-drill The nodal authority for the task of implementation of the DDMP, whether during or after disasters, is the DDMA. In this regard, mock-drill exercises are required in order to verify the level of preparedness and improve the coordination during emergencies. Mock-drills help in evaluating response and improving coordination within the administration, with various departments, non-government agencies, other stakeholders and communities. They help in identifying the extent to which the DDMP is effective and support the revision of the same, if required. These drills enhance the ability to respond faster, better and in an organized manner during the response and recovery phase. In sum, mock-drills are required for the following reasons: - Make the plan usable; - Improve the know-how of practices to be followed while dealing with disasters; - Get communities prepared to deal more appropriately during disasters; - Build the confidence of communities in the administration and respondents; and - Make the plan more practicable by upgrading it as per the identified needs and gaps.

Type of Mock Fire Cyclone- Earthquake Heat wave drill mock- Flood mock- mock-drill Mock drill drill drill Timeline February May Anytime February

After every exercise of mock-drill, an evaluation report has to be elaborated. It should include findings, recommendations, and a rank the identified findings according to the categories described below. The format for the evaluation report is given right after. - Observation: finding has little direct impact on emergency response or restoration, but should be considered for improving the emergency response; - Gap: finding has some measurable impact on timeliness of restoration or effectiveness of emergency response; - Significant Gap: finding has significant impact on timeliness of restoration or effectiveness of emergency response with significant potential to impact public safety.

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2. The Implementation of the District Disaster Management Plan

2.1. Institutional Mechanisms

The Disaster Management Act, 2005, Government of India provides for an effective institutional mechanism for drawing up and monitoring and implementation of DDMP for prevention and mitigation of disasters and for taking up a holistic, coordinated and prompt response to any disaster situation. Under the Act certain authority are conferred to the state Government for making rules to carry out the provisions of the Act. The institutional mechanism for Disaster Management at the District Level, as envisaged in the National Plan is shown below.

Diasaster Management Chairperson Committee Co-Chairperson ( District Magistrate) Zila Parishad

Chief Executive Officer(DEOC)

Superindent of Police Chief Medical officer Project Director (DRDA)

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2.2. Krishna District Administration

Krishna District (Collector)

Sub - Divisions

Bandar (joint - (sub- Collector) (sub- collector) Collectors)

Number of Mandals

15 14 15 09

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2.3. Disaster Management Authorities The Disaster Management Act, 2005, Government of India provides for an effective institutional mechanism for drawing up and monitoring and implementation of DDMP for prevention and mitigation of disasters and for taking up a holistic, coordinated and prompt response to any disaster situation. Under the Act certain authority are conferred to the state Government for making rules to carry out the provisions of the Act. In perspective to Sub Section (1) and (2) of the Section 25 of the Disaster Management Act (53 0f 2005) the State Government will have an established District Disaster Management Authority for the District of Krishna in the State of Andhra Pradesh Disaster Management Rules 2007. As per the instruction of the Government vide G.O.Ms.No.1436, Revenue (DM III) Department, Dt.14-11-2007, the following officers are appointed as members to the District Disaster Management Authority.

Sl. No Member of DDMA Designation 1 The Collector/Magistrate Chairperson 2 Chairperson of Zila Parishad Co-Chairperson 3 Superintendent of Police Member, Ex-Officer 4 Addl. Deputy Commissioner Chief executive Officer, / Joint Collector Convener 5 Project Director, District Rural Development agency (DRDA) Member 6 Chief executive Officer of the Zila Parishad Member, Ex Officer 7 District Medical and Health Officer of the District Member, Ex- Officer

2.4. Incident Response System The Incident Response System (IRS) is an effective mechanism for reducing the scope for ad- hoc measures in response. It incorporates all the tasks that may be performed during disaster management (DM) irrespective of their level of complexity. It envisages a composite team with various sections to attend to the entire possible responses requirement. The IRS identifies and designates officers to perform various duties and get them trained in their respective roles.

The District Magistrate/DC will head the district administrative set up and will be the chairperson of the DDMA as per the Act. He is designated as the Responsible Officer (RO) in the District as per the Incident Response System.

The complete IRS organisational structure at the District level is depicted below:

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District Magistrate/ RO

Nodal Officer Air Operations

HQ IRT District EOC

Incident Commander IncidentCommander Incident Commander Sub-Division IRT Thesil IRT Block IRT

The Incident Response Teams (IRT) will be pre-designated at all levels that are state, District, Sub-division, Mandal. All IRTs will be headed by the respective administrative heads of excluding state and district. At state level it is the principal secretary revenue and disaster management and at district level it is the JDM will lead the IRT as an IC. In the IRS however the Chief Secretary and DMs have been given the authority to select anyone else also if they think it necessary.

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2.5. District Control Rooms The DM Act, 2005 envisages for the district control room which will be in place undertaking pre-disaster, during and post disaster activities in the district. For effective coordination, robust pre-designated communication system with various line departments to be installed for reducing the potential effects of disasters in the district.

District Control Room Dissemination

All Govt & Non- General Public Govt Agencies

Information Department

The Krishna district has different control rooms, which are operational round the clock, throughout the year. These are as follows:

Table: Details of control rooms established

Sr. No. Control Room Location Contact Details 1 District control room Krishna Collectorate 1077 and Ph. No. 08672-252572. 2 Police Control Room Police Control Room, Krishna 101 /8672- 254099 3 Fire Control Room Arundalpet, Opp. Sono Vision, Near 101/ Lenin Centre, Vijayawada- 520002. 9949991061, 9949991060 4 Ambulance Medical and Health Office, Krishna 108/ 102

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2.6. Response – Coordination between district, state and national levels The state level high power standing committee is currently operational in the state to mitigate and manage disasters/emergencies to convene, review administrative preparedness and response mechanisms. State Executive Council (SEC) of the State Disaster Management Authority has been constituted under the chairmanship of the Chief Secretary. The SEC at the state level and other agencies from central government complement the functioning of SDMA in executing disaster management functions. Figure: 3 below present the coordination between central government with state and state with district/ULB level.

Coordination mechanism between national to state and state to district

Ministry of National Calamities Management NDMA National

Home Affairs Committee Executive Council

Commissioner State APSDMA Disaster Mgmt Executive Council

State Crisis Management Committee (SCMG)

District DDMA Collector

District level coordinating committee

Mandals ULBs

Gram Panchaya t

Community task Force Community task Force

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2.6 Departmental Capacity building (SWOT analysis) Findings of Line Departments Assessment from one-to-one Consultations This section includes an assessment of both vulnerabilities and capacities within the line departments. As part of the process, a number of consultations were held with several line departments on one-to-one basis. The exercise revealed the existing scenario in which these line departments are functioning, the challenges they face and capabilities available when it comes to disaster management and related matters. In the following sub-sections, a matrix provides an overview of the current situation of each line department, as it summarizes the main strengths and areas of improvement. Right after, a table was prepared to provide an explanation of these elements, as well as of other relevant factors. Depending on the line department, some sub-topics were also added like suggestions for further action and information about past disasters.

2.6.1. General role and linkages of department in district disaster management plan Sr. Department Role of Department no 1. Agriculture Agriculture Department always sustains losses/damage when Department floods and cyclone occur in the State. The quantum of losses is proportional to the intensity, time and duration of the hazard. It is difficult to prevent such losses but remedial measures can be taken to save the crops and if this is not possible to go in for alternative measures suitable for the area and type of soil. 2. Revenue The Revenue Department is the nodal department for coordination, Department management of a cyclone event as it has a network of officials up to village level, and officers of the department have magisterial powers. The department is assisted by the concerned line Departments/agencies to fulfill the responsibilities assigned. Pre, during and post action plans in coordination with the line departments, conducting relief, rescue and rehabilitation is the main activity 3. Education Schools and schoolchildren are the most affected by disasters and a Department well thought out plan should be in place to ensure work smoothly to reduce this vulnerability and to play an important role in the community in responding to disasters. 4. Police The Police Department is one of the key Government Department departments. Both in the normal times when no disasters occur and in times of disasters, this department is the department that first responds and assist in evacuation process and in maintaining law and order in and around shelters. 5. Transport Districts will work out strategy and priority of departments that Department should be provided power continuously before during and after the event. The order of the departments is communication/transmission stations, water works, hospitals, relief camps, shelters, railways and important road points. 6. Fire Department The Department is capable of rendering life-saving service to the people involved in disasters both natural and man-made. 7. Bharat Sanchar Establish radio Communications with state control room, district

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Nigam Ltd. (BSNL) control room and departmental offices within the district. All personnel required for Disaster Management should work under the overall supervision and guidance of District Collector. 8. Information & Department of information & public relations is an important link public relations between the media and people/ Government during normal department times. During natural calamities, their role is as equally important as with the other key departments. 9. Horticulture Planting trees is an easy and effective way to beautify our Department property, provide shade in summer and wind protection in winter. Tree is such a visible part of the landscape care must be taken to ensure proper growth conditions are maintained. A tree is far more difficult and expensive to replace, once mature in the landscape, than most shrubs. 10. Municipal and The Housing & Urban Development Department is the nodal urban Department for ensuring proper and planned growth of and development with adequate infrastructure and basic amenities. The continuous exodus of rural population to urban areas has contributed to the exponential growth resulting in severe strain on the existing infrastructure and subsequent demand for additional provisions. To keep pace with the growing demands of the urban area, the Department has been taking effective and adequate steps for efficient management & delivery of basic urban services like provision of Safe Drinking Water, Sanitation, Roads, Solid Waste Management, and Housing etc. 11. Water Resource This department plays vital role in Hydrological assessment of Department availability of water in the river basins including water allocation to the Irrigation and other purposes duly assessing the availability in the basin. Construction of new projects to create irrigation potential for economic development. Improve water management, efficiency by integrated and coordinated, and implementation of operation and maintenance plans for existing Irrigation projects. Flood management, Restoration, and maintenance of flood banks. 12. Public Health Natural unforeseen calamities, i.e. disaster like drought, cyclonic Engineering storm and flood are the common occurrences in the State every Department year. These kinds of disaster have always-wider impact on human life, livestock, property and assets created by individual and state. Aftermath the disaster among the basic needs for survival, safe drinking water and emergency sanitation always figures on top of the priority list along with food and shelter. As Public Health Engineering Department/Directorate is mandated for supply of safe drinking water to the people of the State, during disaster it requires delivery of services on safe drinking water supply on war footing basis. 13. Women & Child Women & Child Development Department is having a well- Development developed network for providing its services to the beneficiaries. Department However, during natural calamity like flood, cyclone, earthquake

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and disease epidemic the institutional network get disrupted. Awareness and capacity building needs to be provided on subjects related to degree and intensity of disaster (limited to low and medium magnitude). In order to provide effective relief services, assistance from Voluntary agencies, H&FW, Panchayat Raj, Rural Development, Police etc. is required. 14. Building As this Department is dealing with, and responsible for Construction construction work and its day to Department day maintenance for road, bridge, C.D. Works along with all (PWD) public building works under its Department control, all the field officials starting for Executive Engineers, Assistant Engineer and Junior Engineers are warned for such identification of structures accordingly 15. Rural Water Natural disasters often put a vast majority of the population at Supply & health risk, claim human lives, and devastate household property Sanitation and public infrastructure. Almost all of the States of India are Department vulnerable to at least some of the natural calamities, including cyclone, flood, tsunami, drought, earthquake etc. Climate change is also now exacerbating disasters, both in terms of numbers and complexity. Almost all types of natural disasters can lead to situations of large scale displacement of communities whose health is at risk due to disruption of basic services like drinking water sanitation, health care, food supply etc. Water supply and sanitation in particular, often become the most crucial needs of the disaster-affected population, especially women and children. The onslaught of natural disasters may lead to outbreak of epidemics like cholera, diarrheal diseases, dengue, malaria, typhoid etc. It is possible to mitigate, if not prevent, the adverse impact of disasters, by planned disaster risk reduction interventions on water supply, sanitation and hygiene by Government and other stakeholders. 16. Panchayat Raj In general, if the local bodies like Panchayats are not consulted Department for preparedness planning, relief and rehabilitation work, it leads to absence of transparency and accountability in the mitigation efforts. The whole approach towards rehabilitation work may end up being „top down‟ in nature. As the relief and restoration efforts involve investment of hundreds and thousands of cores rupees, there should be satisfaction of having utilized them properly and efficiently. Activities like distributing immediate relief in the form of money, food grains, medical care, cloths, tents, vessels drinking water and other necessities, activities of restoration, rehabilitation and reconstruction efforts of damaged villages and towns can be implemented better with the involvement of local bodies.

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2.6.2. Key Actions to strengthen the functioning of Krishna District Administration and Departments in Disaster Management Sr. No Department Capacity Areas for Key actions to strengthen Improvement functioning of the departments 1. 1 Agriculture Early Warning, Manpower - Prepare SOP for disaster Department Trained and their management ensuring role MPEOs, capacity in public awareness and Flagship building, relief compensation schemes, Disaster procedures Coordination Management - Training on various aspects with District Guideline, of disaster management of Administration, Funding and department personnel Public Relief - Providing sufficient funding Awareness and compensation for the schemes as well as Equipment mechanism welfare of the farmers 2. Fire Coordination Manpower - Department should increase Department with District and their their man power administration, capacity - State-of-the-art equipments Early Warning building, should be made available Water supply for the department. and - Fire department should availability, have their own workshop vehicles and for the repair of vehicles. equipment, - Department personnel are Public having direct contact with Awareness, people and to give Funding, information on latest Disaster technologies are also Management imparted by the department Guideline - Suficient funding for the Disaster Management - To Prepare Disaster Management Guideline 3. Road and Control Rooms, Equipment, - Department should increase Bridges Coordination DM Guideline trained Manpower Department with district and Plan, - Disaster Guideline and plan administration, Trained for Disaster response are Manpower, Manpower, also not available with Public Preventive departments Awareness Method - The department requires more improvement in taking up preventive methods. The roads were getting damage

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by regular floods that occur. 4. Public Health Manpower, Drainage, - Department does not have and Coordination Equipment, own equipment for disaster Engineering with district DM response Department administration, Guidelines - SOPs needs to be drafted Public and Plan, specific to district context awareness and Water - Department should support conservation contaminations and and maintenance of purity of utilisation drinking water which is quite important for the health of public. 5. Health Disaster Equipment, - Need for equipment for Department management Funding, disaster management are guidelines, Relief and necessary Public compensation - Suficient funding for the awareness and mechanism Disaster Management support, - Make ample Relief and Coordination compensation mechanism with district for the Disaster administration Management 6. Horticulture Disaster DM Guide - Department Disaster Department management line and plan, Management guide line and guidelines, Trained plan needs to be drafted, Public manpower - Training on various aspects awareness and and of disaster management of support, equipment department personnel Coordination - Need for equipment for with District disaster management are administration, necessary for cope with the Public critical situations Awareness and Support 7. Men Power, Drainage, - Department should Municipality Coordination Equipment, maintain good drainage with district DM system within the city administration, Guidelines - Department should increase Public and Plan equipment for disaster Awareness response - DM Guidelines and Plan needs to be drafted specific to district context

8. Animal Early Warning, DM Plan, - SOPs of disaster

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Husbandry Coordination Trained management are available Department with District manpower but plans are not available administration, and of the department Equipment, equipment, - Training of existing Public Funding, manpower on DM is Awareness Insurance required - Need for equipment for disaster management are necessary - Sufficient funding for Disaster Management and schemes 9. Education Early Warning, Disaster - Prepare Disaster Department Coordination management Management Plan for with district plan, Training disaster management administration, of manpower, - Need for equipment for manpower and Equipment, disaster management are generic SOPs Funding necessary - Training of existing manpower in DM, Extra men power needed for loss assessment - Sufficient funding for Disaster Management like, training, awareness generation 10. Forest Funding, Equipment, - Need for equipment for Department Disaster Personnel, disaster management are Management Public necessary Guideline, awareness - Department should increase Coordination and support, their man power with district Relief and - Department personnel are administration compensation having direct contact with mechanism people and to give information on latest technologies are also imparted by the department, sign board etc. - Department should increase their effectiveness to reach in terms of relief and response

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3. District Profile Krishna District with its district head quarters at Machilipatnam is the coastal district of Andhra Pradesh. It was formerly called as Machilipatnam District. Later it was renamed as Krishna District after the holy river Krishna, by adding certain Taluks of the abolished in 1859. Again in 1925, Krishna District was further divided into Krishna and West Godavari Districts. There are no changes in its jurisdiction except some minor changes ( in Divi Taluk and Munagala Paragana).

The prominent natural and manmade hazards in the district are as below;

Man Natural made Domestic Cyclone Fire

Floods

Drought

Heatwaves

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3.1. Administrative Setup Krishna district is divided into (4) four Revenue divisions and 50 (fifty) Mandals. The (4) four Revenue Divisions are Bandar, Gudivada, Nuzvid and Vijayawada. The district has (1) one Municipal Corporation and (5) five Municipalities ( Machilipatnam, Gudivada, Jaggiahpet, and Nuzvid). Sl. No Administrative Units Census (2011)

1. Revenue Divisions 4 2. Mandal (Sub-districts)/(T) Taluks 50 3. Villages 968 (a) Inhabited 934 (b) Un-Inhabited 34 4. Towns 17 5. Statutory Towns 6 (a)Municipal Corporations 1 (b)Municipalities 5 6. Census Towns 11 7. Urban Agglomerations 1 8 Constituency - (a) Parliamentary 3 (b) General 16

High Risk 6 Mandals 6 Mandals 50 Mandals 5 Mandals Moderate Risk 44 Mandals 44 Mandals 0 Mandals 45 Mandals Hazard Risk Cyclone Flood Heat wave Land Slide

3.2. Geography The Krishna District is in the eastern coast of the state bordering in the East, Bay of Bengal in the South, Guntur and Nalgonda district of Telangana in the West and Khammam district of Telangana in the Northern direction. The Krishna district occupies an area of 8,727 square kilometers (3,370 sq. mi), comparatively equivalent to Corsica. The district is divided into upland and delta area.

Sr. No Category 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 1 Total geographical 872700 872700 872700 area 2 Forests 76186 76186 76186 3 Barren & 36757 36757 36757 uncultivable land 4 Land put to non- 149803 150258 150795 agricultural uses

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5 Cultivable waste 25809 25694 25680 6 Permanent 10668 10669 10664 pastures and other grazing lands 7 Land under 8914 8901 8840 miscellaneous tree crops & groves not 'included in net area sown 8 Other fallow lands 25358 23475 24942 9 Current fallows 30440 30105 38875 10 Net Area Sown 469737 469643 458797 11 Total Cropped Area 748391 726436 700624 12 Area Sown More 278654 256793 241827 than Once 13 Fish & Prawn 39028 41012 41164 Culture SOURCE: CHIEF PLANNING OFFICE,

3.3. Demography Unlike many coastal cities the district had been important trading route for Malacca Straits and other countries. Overall there has been decadal growth in population, with development of industries, infrastructures and transportation system in the district in rural and urban areas.

Population of the district

Population Census (2011) Serial No Description Figure

1. Total Population (Persons) 4,517,398 (a) Male 2,267,375 (b) Female 2,250,023 2. Rural Population 2,673,738 3. Urban Population 1,843,660 4. Decadal Population growth (2001-2011) 7.87% 5. Density of Population ( per.sq Km) 518 6. Urbanization 40.81 % 7. Sex ratio 992 8. Literacy 73.74% (a) Male 78.30 % (b) Female 69.18% District census organisation, AP, 2011.

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(The above image shows population distribution in heat wave zones for Krishna district. The two heatwave zones shown in the image are of 100 – 110 and 110 – 120 degree Fahrenheit)

3.4. Heritage and Culture Krishna district came into existence in the year 1859, derived its name from the mighty river Krishna which is also known as the "Blue Nile of the Deccan".5 The history of the region dates back to 2nd century BC. The region was ruled by various rulers starting from Sathavanas, Pallavas, Chaulakayas and later by Kakatiya and Reddy dynasty.6

The region is considered as the kernel of Telegu Culture and is the birthplace of the famous Indian classical dance form –. The district is also home to Toys, Pedana (Block printed Cotton textiles). Besides, it is home to several important personalities; Mr.Pingali Venkaya –Designer of Indian national flag, Mr. NT Rama Rao – Founder of Telegu Desham party. Krishna district is considered the symbol of cultural heritage of Telegu people. The culture of Krishna district is mostly traditional in rural paces and moderately modern in Vijaywada.

Major historical, religious and tourist places Possible Hazard Risk Serial Description Places/Centres/ Spots .No A VIJAYAWADA Known as Vijayawavatika in Stampede, Drowning mythology, Vijayawada is a place of (All religious occasions) pilgrimage on the banks of river Krishna. People gather in thousands

5 See DCHB, primary census abstract(PCA) Census,2011 6 See Krishna.nic.in ; for more details 30

for a dip in Krishna on important festival particularly on Mahasivarathri. Krishna Pushkaram occurring once in 12 years is an all India festival and lakhs of people pay their homage to the sacred Krishnaveni. Arjuna obtained the famous “Pasupathastra” after doing penance of “Indrakeela” hill. In the Kanaka Durga is the presiding deity and the Durga temple situated on the hill, attract pilgrims, through out the year from far and near. From uphill a panoramic view of the city can be had which is all the more fascinating during nights. B CHILAKALAPUDI The Pandurangaswamy temple at Stampede, Drowning (Machilipatnam) Chilakalapudi 6 said to be on par (October-November) with the temple at Pandaripuram is a famous pilgrim centre. The festival at this temple during Karthikamasam attracts a number of pilgrims. C ( Movva Sri Movva Venugopala Swany Stampede, Drowning Mandal) Temple is the place where (Janmashtami August) Kshetrayya is said to have composed his famous lyrics. The Kshetrayya Kala Samithi at Movva now teaches music and dance to students.

D PEDA KALLEPALLI This is on the bank of the sacred Stampede (Maha (Movva Mandal) river Krishna and is popularly Sivratri February-March known as Southern Banaras. A ) great festival is celebrated on Drowning (Any time) Shivarathri. E GHANTASALA Ghantasala was once a port and a Stampede, Drowning halting place for Buddhist pilgrims (Janmashtami August) and merchants from Kalinga to Ceylone. There are Hindu and Buddhist Sculptures in the village. The artistic excellence of the images of Kala Bhairava and Saraswathi compare well with the

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art forms found at Mohenjadaro. The image of Lord Narasimha is said to be a superbly carved one. After the course of the river Krishna shifter, the glory of Ghantasala faded away. F ( Srikakulam was once the capital of Stampede, Drowning Ghantasala Mandal) Andhra Empire. The Andhra King (Janmashtami August) Goutamiputra Satakarni (AD 102- 123) ruled over the whole country watered by the rivers Krishna and Godavari. There is a temple of Andhra Mahavishnu, who must have been a noble royal sage. It is said that Sri Krishna Deva Raya worshipped at this temple in 1509 and a dream was asked by the 7 Deity to compose a poem on himself. Later the emperor wrote the book “ Amukta Malyada” which is one of the literary classics. G ( It is here that river Krishna finally Stampede, Drowning Koduru Mandal) falls into the Bay of Bengal. (Janmashtami August) Thousands of pilgrims offers prayers at Sri Venugopala Swamy temple on the Magha Purnima. H VEDADRI ( There is a temple, one of the oldest Stampede, Drowning Mandal) in the district of Sri Ugranarasimha (Janmashtami August) Swamy on the bank of river Krishna. I ( Agiripalli Sri Sobhanachala Swamy temple at Stampede, Drowning Mandal) Agiripalli is a pilgrim centre. (Janmashtami August) J VADALI ( Gudivada The temple of Sri Jaganadha Swamy Stampede, Drowning Mandal) temple at Vadali is a pilgrim centre. (Janmashtami August) K GUDIVADA ( Gudivada There is a Jain temple of Stampede, Drowning Mandal) Parswandha Swamy enriched with (Janmashtami August) Marble sculpture. This was a Buddhist centre once and there is a Lanja Dibba under the control of Archeological Department.

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3.5. Infrastructure and Services Infrastructure & Services

Sl. No Particular Unit Statistics 1 Roads (a) National Highway Kms 421 (b) PWD roads Kms 2946 (c) Panchayat Raj Roads Kms 4583 2 Communication (a) Telephone connection Nos 216953 (b) Post Offices - 818 (i) Post office per 100,000 person Ratio 18.06 (c) Telephone Exchange Nos / 1000 person 48 (d) Density of Telephones No. per Km 25 (e) PCO No 17123 3 Public Health (a) Allopathic Hospital No 21 (b) Beds in Allopathic Hospital No 1760 (c) Unani Hospital No 2 (d) PHC No 78 (e) Dispensaries No 104 4 Banking (a) Commercial bank branch Nos 445 (b) Rural bank branch Nos 51 (c) Population per bank In thousands 8.63 (d) Bank branchs per 100,00 person Ratio 11.68 5 Education (a) Primary school Nos 2693 (b) High school Nos 489 (c) Higher scondary Nos 6 (d) Junior College Nos 277 (e) B.Ed Colleges Nos 22 (f) Polytechnic College (Govt) Nos 15 (g) Pharmacy Nos 12 (h) Engg. Colleges Nos 38 (i) MBA/MCA Colleges Nos 68/35

3.6. Climate and Rainfall: The climate of the district is moderate and characterized by tropical rainy climate with aggressive summer. The period from December to middle of February is generally the season of fine weather. The summer season is from March to May. This is followed by monsoon period from June to

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September, the post monsoon from October to December and the winter season from January to February.

The average annual rainfall of the district is 1011.2 mm, which ranges from nil rainfall in January and March to 216.8 mm in July. The mean seasonal rainfall distribution is 700 mm in southwest monsoon (June- September), 241 mm in northeast monsoon ( Oct-Dec), 6.3 mm rainfall in Winter (Jan-Feb) and 64 mm in summer (March – May). The percentage distribution of rainfall, season-wise, is 69.25% in southwest monsoon, 23.82% in northeast monsoon, 0.62 percentage in winter and 6.31 % in summer

In general, the amount of rainfall increases from west to east. The mean daily maximum temperature in the district is about 38°C in May and the mean daily minimum temperature is about 20°C in December/ January.

Temperature in the district begins to rise from the middle of February till May. With the onset of southwest monsoon in June, the temperature decreases to about 20°C and is more or less uniform during the monsoon period. The relative humidity in the district is of the order of 80% in the mornings throughout the year, whereas in the evenings the relative humidity varies from about 70 to more than 80%. The annual rainfall during 2012 is 1510mm.

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3.7. Industrialization As, an industrially advanced district, the district is prominent for all ranges of small and medium enterprise, as well as large enterprise. The main activities covered by the existing medium and large units are, machinery, thermal power generation, food grains and equipment manufacturing. The existing power plants are: Dr Narla Tata Rao thermal power station ( Vijaywada TPS-1260W) and Ibrahimpatnam and LANCO (366w) at Kondapalli. More power plants are under implementation.

Micro and small enterprises functioning in the district include the following product lines : automobile components manufacturing, garments , industrial parks and IT /Software technology park etc.

Industry at a Glance

Sl. No Head Unit Particulars 1 Registered Industrial Unit No 6900 2 Total Industrial Unit No - 3 Registered Medium & Large Unit No 80 4 Estimated Avg. No of daily worker Nos 56950 employed in small scale industries 5 Employment in large and medium Nos 16800 industries 6 No of Industrial area No 17 7 No of Micro enterprise registered Nos 105 8 No. of Small enterprise registered No 222 9 Large scale Industries Nos 57 10 PSU 9 public sector industries) No 7

Type of applicable hazards Hazard prone blocks

Industrial & chemical disasters , Kondapalli, Guntupalli, Kethanakonda, Jaggaipeta, , , Vijayawada rural, Unguturu, Machilipatnam, Pedana, Pamarru, , , Agiripalli, Tukkulutu.

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4. Hazard Assessment based on One to One consultation with Line department Hazard, Vulnerability, Capacity& Risk Assessment (HVCRA) is the most important part of the plan as the entire planning process will be based on its outcome. Any error in identifying the frequency, magnitude and projected impact leads to incorrect identification of major hazard and hence an imperfect plan. The necessary outcomes of the HVCR Assessment will be the type of hazards that the district is prone to, history of hazards, impact analysis of the worst case, the area, people and infrastructure that is prone to the risk of these hazards and their vulnerability of being damaged by such disasters due to their susceptibility characteristics. Vulnerability Assessment should deal with the natural, socio-economic vulnerability, housing vulnerability and the environmental vulnerability. The vulnerability atlas of BMTPC can also be referred for this purpose. After knowing the existing hazards and potential vulnerabilities, the risk analysis will be carried out. HVCR analysis will also include resource inventory/capacity analysis, preparedness analysis in terms of network of communication systems, public distribution systems, storage facilities, transportation facilities, medical facilities, fire stations, cyclone shelters with their capacity, presence of NGOs and other volunteers etc so as to enable quick response.

4.1. Matrix of Hazard History

S Name of Hazard Year Impact Department .No. 1. Heavy Rain 2005 September, 2005 Low line mandals and Education coastal line mandals are Department submerged , Beach ecosystem will be effected a lot. 2. Heavy rains 2008 August, 2008, Affected 5 mandals, 231 Agriculture farmers were affected Department damaging 357 Ha. The affected crop is paddy 3. Nisha Cyclone 2008 November, 2008 mandal, 140 Agriculture farmers were affected Department damaging 140 Ha. The affected crop is paddy 4. Nisha Cyclone 2008 November, 2008 PROPERTY LOSS IS HIGH, Education LOT OF BUILDINGS ARE Department DAMAGED DUE TO CONTINUOUS RAINS AND OLD BUILDINGS ARE DAMAGEDD. 5. Khaimuk Cyclone 14 to 16 th nov- PROPERTY LOSS IS HIGH, Education 2008 LOT OF BUILDINGS ARE Department DAMAGED DUE TO CONTINUOUS RAINS AND OLD BUILDINGS

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ARE DAMAGEDD.

6. Floods Sept-Oct 2009 Affected 15 mandals, Agriculture 18544 farmers were Department affected damaging 8796 Ha. The affected crops are Paddy, Bajra, Jowar, Maize, Sesamum, Blackgram, Cotton, Jowar, Jute & Sugarcane. 7. Drought 2009 2009 Affected 4 mandals, Agriculture 49113 farmers were Department affected damaging 24955 Ha. The affected crop is Paddy. Crop damaged Due to drying of crops 8. Laila Cyclone May, 2010 Affected 13 mandals, Agriculture 6160 farmers were Department affected damaging 2487 Ha. The affected crops are Paddy, Maize, Gingelly., 9. Laila Cyclone May, 2010 PROPERTY LOSS IS HIGH, Education LOT OF BUILDINGS ARE Department DAMAGED DUE TO CONTINUOUS RAINS AND OLD BUILDINGS ARE DAMAGEDD. 10. Heavy rains Sept September, 2010 Affected 32 mandals, Agriculture 2010 20691 farmers were Department affected damaging 10459 Ha. The crops affected are Blackgram, Cotton, Greengram, Maize, Paddy, redgram, Sesamum. 11. Jal Cyclone November, 2010 Affected 37 mandals, Agriculture 113515 farmers were Department affected damaging 62368 Ha. The crops affected are Paddy, Maize, Blackgram, Groundnut, Cotton &

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Sugarcane

12. Jal Cyclone November, 2010 PROPERTY LOSS IS HIGH, Education LOT OF BUILDINGS ARE Department DAMAGED DUE TO CONTINUOUS RAINS AND OLD BUILDINGS ARE DAMAGEDD. 13. Heavy rains December, 2010 Affected all 50 mandals Agriculture December, 2010 in Krishna district, Department 365202 farmers were affected damaging 226383 Ha. The crops affected are paddy, Maize, redgram, blackgram, groundnut, cotton, tobacco & Sugarcane. 14. Hail storms 2011 February, 2011 Affected Ibrahimpatnam Agriculture mandal, 113 farmers Department were affected damaging 73.55 Ha. The affected crop is bengalgram 15. Drought, 2011 2011 affected 32 mandals, Agriculture 83681 farmers were Department affected damaging 50570 Ha. The crops affected are Paddy, Blackgram, redgram, Maize & Cotton. Crop damaged Due to drying of crops 16. Thane Cyclone December, 2011 Affected 10 mandals, Agriculture 90956 farmers were Department affected damaging 54998 Ha. The crops affected are Blackgram, Paddy, Maize, greengram.

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17. Nilam cyclone November, 2012 Affected 34 mandals, Agriculture 33019 farmers were Department affected damaging 15039 Ha. The crops affected are Paddy, Maize, Sugarcane, Blackgram, cotton, castor, greengram, jowar, groundnut, Crop damage due to inundation of agricultural lands 18. Unseasonal Heavy February, 2013 Affected 3 mandals, Agriculture rains 2013 6204 farmers were Department affected damaging 5251 Ha. Maize, Blackgram, Greengra, & Sesamum 19. Heavy rains 2013 October, 2013 Affected 25 mandals, Agriculture 12745 farmers were Department affected damaging 6263 Ha. The affected crops are Blackgram, greengram, cotton, groundnut, Maize & Paddy 20. Helen Cyclone 2013 November, 2013 Affected 39 mandals, Agriculture 165854 farmers were Department affected damaging 79066 Ha. The crops affected are Paddy, groundnut, blackgram, Maize & Cotton 21. Hail storms 2015 April, 2015 Affected 6 mandals, 989 Agriculture farmers were affected Department damaging 256 Ha. The crops affected are Paddy, Maize & Jowar 22. Drought Kharif, 2015 affected 13 mandals, Agriculture 2015 7380 farmers were Department affected damaging 3347 Ha. The crops affected are paddy, Blackgram & Maize

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23. Heavy rains 2015 November, 2015 Affected 11 mandals, Agriculture 3897 farmers were Department affected damaging 1524 Ha. The crops affected are Paddy, Groundnut, Blackgram 24. Heavy rains 2015 November, 2015 LOW LINE MANDALS Education AND COASTAL LINE Department MANDALS ARE SUBMERGED , BEACH ECOSYSTEM WILL BE EFFECTED A LOT. 25. Heat Waves Summer, 2016 Mango Crop damage Agriculture Department 26. Severe pest attack 2016-17 Shows severe impact on Agriculture plant growth, yield loss Department 27. Monkeys Always CROP DAMAGE AND Agriculture FINANCIAL LOSS Department 28. Industrial/Chemical Always Pollution of Agriculture groundwater Department 29. Heat Waves Experienced from Number of people die Revenue Department last 15 years of due to sun stroke, Agriculture summer Property loss, Department epidemics, death of people and cattle

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List of Hazards and affected people and area:

City Vulnerability / Effected Area affect in No of divisions wards/areas can Hazards Population Sq km impact in division Budameru floods >2.5 lakh 25.9 18 38 Krishna floods >1.2 lakh 11 8 8 Hill slides >1.5 lakh 8.5 10 15 Climate extremity >6-7 lakh Entire city urban and Peri urban is vulnerable (temp & cyclone / heavy rains) Health hazards >2.4 111 slums pockets and low lying pockets of one town. (Malaria, Dengue, Chicken gunea & hepatitis etc)

List of cyclonic events (1877-2003) which affected Krishna District

Sl no Day Month Year Category/Grade Computed maximum wind speed (kmph) 1 15 5 1877 Very Severe 65 Cyclonic Storm 2 18 10 1892 Cyclonic Storm 68

3 9 10 1898 Cyclonic Storm 73 4 2 9 1909 Deep Depression 59 5 27 10 1916 Deep Depression 41 6 17 11 1922 Cyclonic Storm 34 7 4 11 1924 Cyclonic Storm 66 8 12 5 1925 Very Severe 65 Cyclonic Storm 9 18 9 1927 Deep Depression 55 10 16 11 1930 Cyclonic Storm 70 11 25 10 1936 Cyclonic Storm 67 12 26 9 1938 Deep Depression 63 13 21 11 1938 Very Severe 66 Cyclonic Storm 14 14 10 1945 Very Severe 103 Cyclonic Storm 15 18 9 1949 Depression 50

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16 20 10 1949 Very Severe 55 Cyclonic Storm 17 18 9 1965 Depression 53 18 13 5 1969 Cyclonic Storm 63 19 24 9 1971 Deep Depression 55 20 17 10 1975 Depression 36 21 3 11 1976 Very Severe 124 Cyclonic Storm 22 22 11 1976 Cyclonic Storm 57 23 14 11 1977 Very Severe 183 Cyclonic Storm 24 16 10 1980 Cyclonic Storm 44 25 14 10 1987 Cyclonic Storm 64 26 8 11 1987 Severe Cyclonic 77 Storm 27 4 5 1990 Super Cyclone 117 28 7 10 1992 Deep Depression 66 29 11 12 2003 Severe Cyclonic 101 Storm 30 29 10 2006 Cyclonic Storm 44

31 17 5 2010 Severe Cyclonic 82 Storm 32 23 11 2013 Very Severe 45 Cyclonic Storm 33 19 11 2013 Severe Cyclonic 74 Storm

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4.2. Major applicable hazards

Type of applicable hazards Hazard prone blocks

Flood, Kruthivenu, Machilipatnam, Mopidevi, Challapalle, Ibrahimpatnam, Vijayawada rural, , , Vuyyuru

Earthquake, Vijayawada rural and Vijayawada Urban, Coastal regions

Drought, , Mopidevi, Machilipatnam, Nuzvid Cyclone, Diviseema, Machilipatnam, Pedana, , Kruthivenu, Hamsaladeevi, Mopidevi,

Fire, Challapalli, Kondapalli, Guntupalli, Kethanakonda, industrial & chemical disasters, Jaggaipeta, Bhimavaram, Kanchikacherla, Vijayawada rural, Unguturu, Machilipatnam, Pedana, Pamarru, kaikaluru, Vuyyuru, Agiripalli, Tukkulutu.

Vijayawada National Highway 65 Rail/ road accidents,

Epidemic, Vijayawada (fully urban), Mogalrajupuram area Landslide,

Violence, Viajaywada (Religious places)

Stampede,

Mining blasts, or

Any other hazard

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4.3. Seasonality of hazards Disaster Jan Feb Mar Apl May June July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Earthquake Cyclone Floods Fire accidents Landslide Epidemic

4.4. Mandal-wise mapping

Revenue Mandal Cyclone Flood Drought Heat Industrial Land Forest wave Accident Slide Fire

Vijaywada (Urban) M H L H H M L Machilipatnam H M L H M M M M M L H M M M Gudivada M M L H H M M Vijayawada (Rural) M M L H M H M Nuzvid M M L H M M M Jaggayyapeta M M L H M H M Ibrahimpatnam M H L H M M M M M L H M H M M M L H M H M M M L H H M M Kaikalur M H L H M M M M M L H M M H Vuyyuru M H L H M M M Gampalagudem M M L H H M M Kanchikacherla M M L H M H M M M L H H M M Kankipadu M M L H M M M M M L H M M H Pedana M M L H H M M Mudinepalle M M L H H M M Agiripalle M M L H H M M M M L H H M M Chandarlapadu M M L H H M M Vissannapet M M L H H M M G.Konduru M M L H H M M M M L H H M M Pamarru M M L H H M M Unguturu M M L H M M M

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Revenue Mandal Cyclone Flood Drought Heat Industrial Land Forest wave Accident Slide Fire

Pamidimukkala M M L H M M M Challapalle M M L H H M M Chatrai M M L H H M M Movva M M L H H M M Penuganchiprolu M M L H H M M Gudlavalleru M M L H H M M Guduru M M L H H M M Veerullapadu M M L H H M M H M L H M M M M M L H H M M A.Konduru M M L H H M M H M L H H M M H M L H H M M Reddigudem M M L H H M M Koduru H M L H M M M H M L H M M M Ghantasala M M L H H M M Thotlavalluru M M L H M M M M H L H M M M Mopidevi M H L H M M M M M L H H M M Risk Mapping High Chance of Moderate Chance of Low Chance of Occurance Occurrence Occurrence

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4.5. Hazard Wise Vulnerabilities: 4.5.1. Population vulnerable to Flooding and or water logging River Krishna empties into Bay of Bengal at Hamasaladeevi (in Krishna district) in Andhra Pradesh, on the east coast. The district experiences severe floods and water logging along the banks of river Krishna and other low lying areas during monsoon season of the year.

The following table lists the block-wise population affected due to either flooding or water logging in Krishna district. The most affected mandals are Machilipatnam and Vijayawada which consist of 30% of the total affected population.

Mandal POPULATION Mandal POPULATION A konduru 231 Nuzvid 376 Agiripalle 4,565 Pamarru 2,984 Avanigadda 3,069 5,066 Bantumilli 11,320 Pedana 26,743 Bapulapadu 5,972 Pedaparupudi 4,742 Challapalle 15,696 Penamaluru 28,019 Chandarlapadu 4,362 Penuganchiprolu 9,165 Chatrai 355 Reddigudem 798 G konduru 2,812 Thotlavalluru 1,185 Gampalagudem 212 Tiruvuru 9,129 Gannavaram 12,876 Unguturu 8,145 Ghantasala 9,224 Vatsavai 1,425 Gudivada 34,649 Veerullapadu 37 Gudlavalleru 22,430 Vijayawada rural 115,737 17,742 Vijayawada urban 89,557 Ibrahimpatnam 30,303 Vissannapet 212 Jaggayyapeta 19,216 Vuyyuru 69 Kaikalur 59,310 Kalidindi 25,933 Kanchikacherla 10,111 Kankipadu 1,579 Koduru 32,261 Kruthivennu 12,788 Machilipatnam 201,325 Mandavalli 25,692 Mopidevi 21,740 Movva 17,668 Mudinepalle 28,477 Musunuru 12 Mylavaram 1,033 Nagayalanka 27,014 Nandigama 1,412 Total 995,600

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The above image shows population at risk in Krishna district due to flooding and or water logging

Flooding is also common in the district. There are two rivers which flow through the district. The Krishna River which is flows through southern part of the district and Budameru River on the north- west. Both these rivers contribute to the canal network. In the past four decades the district due to its growing population has infringed into the flood plains. Flooding due to Krishna River is common and almost every monsoon people living in the flood plains of Krishna River are affected. The data on floods over last many years and information collected from Irrigation Department indicates that floods are mainly caused by release of waters from Nagarjuna Sagar (NS) Dam and rainfall near Vijayawada city has no contribution. Since the main purpose of the NS dam is to provide irrigation, the dam authorities try to fill the reservoirs during the monsoon to ensure water availability for the farmers during summers. Therefore occurrence of severe rainfall (1 or 2 days of extreme precipitation) due to cyclone or depression (or in occasional cases cloudburst) during the latter half of the monsoon season in the lower and middle part of Krishna basin leads sudden increase in the reservoir level forcing the dam authorities to release water which sometime may exceed the carrying capacity of the river (as happened in October 2009). This leads to flooding along downstream areas.

In order to safe guard the people and their livelihood the Irrigation Department has constructed flood banks. Length of the flood banks on both sides of the river is around 230 Kilometers. Flood containing capacity of flood banks is around 11.3 Lakh Cusecs. These were constructed during 1883

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- 1892 period and were raised and strengthened from time to time as per the observed flood levels in the year 1903, 1914, 1916 and 1949.

After 1949 floods, the flood banks were also strengthened incorporating the top level of flood of 0.91 M above the maximum flood level as observed then. The maximum flood discharge observed during the year 1903 was 11.90 lakh cusecs. After the construction of the Nagarjuna Sagar Dam in the upstream of the river, during the year 1998 Krishna River received a maximum flood discharge of 9.32 lakh cusec and caused alarming situation throughout the flood banks below the Prakasam Barrage. Subsequently the flood banks of Krishna River were restored to original standards during the year 1999 to 2000. These restorations did not include flood banks which are within and nearby Vijayawada city namely Krishna Left Flood Bank (upstream of Prakasam Barrage) and Krishna Lanka Flood Bank (downstream of Prakasam Barrage). Subsequently the maximum floods which were received in the 2005 and 2009 were 7.4 lakh cusec and 11.1 lakh cusecs.

A. Urban Floods: Flooding is also common in the city. There are two rivers which flow within the city. The Krishna River which is flows through southern part of the city and Budameru River on the north-west. Both these rivers contribute to the canal network. In the past four decades the city due to its growing population has infringed into the flood plains. Flooding due to Krishna River is common and almost every monsoon people living in the flood plains of Krishna River are affected. The data on floods over last many years and information collected from Irrigation Department indicates that floods are mainly caused by release of waters from Nagarjuna Sagar (NS) Dam and rainfall near Vijayawada city has no contribution. Since the main purpose of the NS dam is to provide irrigation, the dam authorities try to fill the reservoirs during the monsoon to ensure water availability for the farmers during summers. Therefore occurrence of severe rainfall (1 or 2 days of extreme precipitation) due to cyclone or depression (or in occasional cases cloud burst) during the latter half of the monsoon season in the lower and middle part of Krishna basin leads sudden increase in the reservoir level forcing the dam authorities to release water which sometime may exceed the carrying capacity of the river (as happened in October 2009). This leads to flooding along downstream areas. In order to safe guard the people and their livelihood the Irrigation Department has constructed flood banks. Length of the flood banks on both sides of the river is around 230 Kilometers. Flood containing capacity of flood banks is around 11.3 Lakh Cusecs. These were constructed during 1883 - 1892 period and were raised and strengthened from time to time as per the observed flood levels in the year 1903, 1914, 1916 and 1949. After 1949 floods, the flood banks were also strengthened incorporating the top level of flood of 0.91 M above the maximum flood level as observed then. The maximum flood discharge observed during the year 1903 was 11.90 lakh cusecs. After the construction of the Nagarjuna Sagar Dam in the upstream of the river, during the year 1998 Krishna River received a maximum flood discharge of 9.32 lakh cusec and caused alarming situation throughout the flood banks below the Prakasam Barrage. Subsequently the flood banks of Krishna River were restored to original standards during the year 1999 to 2000. These restorations did not include flood banks which are within and nearby Vijayawada city namely Krishna Left Flood Bank (upstream of Prakasam Barrage) and Krishna Lanka

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Flood Bank (downstream of Prakasam Barrage). Subsequently the maximum floods which were received in the 2005 and 2009 were 7.4 lakh cusec and 11.1 lakh cusecs. The flooding of Budameru River results due to release of excess water by the reservoir at the regulator. The Budameru River is partly dry for most part of the year. During monsoons the reservoir situated in the Velagaleru village is filled to store water for summers. The problem starts at the tail end of the monsoon, with the reservoir being almost full (but not to its full capacity) and the occurrence of severe rainfall. Water is stored near Velagaleru regulator for use of Vijayawada Thermal Power Station (VTPS) by construction of a bund. In case Budameru catchment gets more than average rainfall in a short span of 24 – 48 hours, it leads to the reservoir at the Velagaleru regulator reach critical level forcing the Irrigation Department to release water that results in flooding of parts of Vijayawada city. Only few hours are at the disposal of authorities to issue of warnings and evacuate people to safer places as water reaches the outskirts of the city within 3 to 4 hours, as distance between the regulator and city is only around 25 Kilometers. The recorded history of floods due to Budameru River dates back to late nineteenth century and the recent history include 1964, 1989, 1995, 1996, 1998 ,2005 and 2009. According to the news reports during the cyclone in September 2005, the water level at the Velagaleru regulator reached 8.5 m (danger level is 9 m). The gates of regulator had to be opened to release the water which resulted in severe flooding in the northern part of the city. Floods lasted for nearly 10 days causing lot of hardships and misery to the people in the area. The flood prone areas in the city of Vijayawada have been listed in the Table below.

Previous Flood incidents by Krishna river: During the past 17 flood occurred in the city from 1903 to 2013, the maximum flood observed 10.60 cusecs to 5.50 cusecs Year of Flood Observed Max Level at Prakasham barrage Depth over crest discharge U/S D/S level at barragein feet 7th October 1903 10.60 [+] 70.55 [+] 69.55 23.50 14th August 1914 09.48 [+] 68.20 [+] 67.95 21.15 2nd November 1917 09.55 [+] 68.10 [+] 67.25 21.05 24th September 1947 09.24 [+] 68.15 [+] 66.00 21.10 2nd October 1964 09.87 [+] 68.25 [+] 65.30 23.20 6th August 1966 04.12 [+] 57.95 [+] 55.90 12.80 30th September 1974 05.97 [+] 60.65 [+] 58.40 15.60 10th July 1983 08.27 [+] 64.05 [+] 62.35 19.00 24th July 1989 06.86 [+] 61.95 [+] 55.80 16.60 17th October 1998 09.32 [+] 65.45 [+] 63.30 20.40 1st September 2005 07.45 [+] 62.65 [+] 60.00 17.60 17th August 2006 05.56 [+] 59.85 [+] 57.60 14.80 21st September 2007 05.56 [+] 59.86 [+]57.61 15.80 11th August 2008 04.22 [+] 57.55 [+] 55.20 12.50 5th October 2009 10.94 [+] 69.40 [+] 67.0 22.00 10th September 2011 04.28 [+] 56.00 [+] 54.60 12.50

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25th October 2013 05.50 [+] 60.65 [+] 58.40 14.56

The maximum flood discharge observed during the year 1903 is 11.90 lakh cusecs. After the construction of the Nagarjuna Sagar dam in the upstream of the Krishna River. During the year 1998 Krishna river received a maximum flood discharge of 9.32 lakh cusec and caused alarming situation throughout the flood banks below the Prakasam barrage. Subsequently the flood banks of Krishna river were restored to original standards during the year 1999 to 2000. Later in 2009 observed discharge of 10.94 cuses where in much of area in the catchment was flooded, again in 2011 and 2013 there was recorded dischase of 4.28 cuses and 5.5 cusecs respectively. Reasons for Krishna River Floods:  The region receives maximum rainfall both by Southwest and Northeast monsoons  City Vijayawada is located on the line which separates the delta and irrigated land  Primary reason for flooding is the unauthorized settlements along the river which had taken place due to the lack of planning and enforcement of code  Below flood bank is 6.4km which creates havoc in flood season which generally start from July to December  High water release at the time of barrage with 4.12 lakh cuses to 10.90 lakh cuses of water released in various years  People living in flood banks [Ramalingeswarnagar to Bhavanipuram] having high dense population  Developmental activities like sluice connectivity in river creates backwater  Breaking of bunds for public private developmental activities [sluice, storm water drains, approach roads etc]  Allotment of place at police colony near the bank  Trespassing on river bunds by people  Damage to the river bund with rodents, usage of man and currting for approach roads  Breach occurrence and damages occurred to the flood bank with slips and erosion  Negligence, helpless condition making people to stay at the houses even passing the warning system by departments  Further situation is complicated by the false hope provided by the elected representatives in their campaigns during the elections that they would support the illegal settlements. In order to gain vote, some of them even promise to protect these people by assuring that once they are elected they would legalize their settlements and will also revisiting the existing embankments. Many measures were taken in 1970s when the location of embankments were changed to include people who are in the flood plains.  History provides people with false hope and at the same time encourages them in moving towards more risk prone area in the catchment zone. With little or no control over the encroachment on the flood banks, the quality and the structural integrity of the embankment to withstand the pressure from the flood water is a matter of significant concern B] Budameru rivulet floods history: The city also experiences the floods (mainly water logging) due to flows from Budameru river. The primary reason for the flooding is the unauthorized settlements along the river. The Budameru river originates in the hills surrounding Mylavaram (north of city of Vijayawada). The river enters the city from the north leading into the Budameru canal which

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runs parallel to Canal. The contribution of water from Budameru is mostly seasonal and the canal networks are used to discharge excess/flood waters. The low lying areas along the river in the city experience the water logging particularly during retreating monsoon (due to the depressions and cyclones), when reservoirs are almost at the full capacity. The regulatory authorities have to release the water considering the safety of the structure and people downstream. The carrying capacity of Budameru canal has reduced to due to silting of drains, developments and encroachments over the years. Settlement along the river course, the vast land pockets on both the sides of the rivulet (reduced size river) in New Rajarajeswari Peta, and the Rajeev Nagar area are the prominent low lying areas prone to floods. The below given table depicts the previous flooding due to Budamerus spate. SNo Date and Year Discharge Through Total discharge Budameru Budameru in cusecs Diversion Channel Course cusecs in cusecs below regulator 1 9th September 1962 5900 2923 8823 2 22nd August 1963 6150 6168 12318 3 22nd September 1964 11125 28470 39595 4 19th May 1969 7500 18580 26080 5 21st August 1976 526 3196 3722 6 10th August 1971 2225 14784 17009 7 31st July 1978 6150 16302 22452 8 6th October 1983 4250 9600 13850 9 13th August 1986 6800 13200 20000 10 23rd July 1989 10625 24371 34996 11 11th May 1990 7800 24473 32273 12 23rd September 1991 7500 18572 26072 13 24th August 2000 7850 3699 11549 14 20th September 2005 10945 14000 24945 15 10th August 2008 9900 7100 17000 Source: Irrigation

The heavy rains during 1989, 1990, 1991, 2005 and 2009 have caused Budameru floods. Historically flow table shows that the water flow increases along with the rainfall where as, when the rain fall was less , water release also less but the settlements along the river course and the vast land pockets on both the sides of the rivulet are seen the overflow of drains and inundation for days together. It is due to indiscriminately blocked by developments and encroachments. The resulting in thousands of people are facing difficulties in terms of loss of property, livelihoods assets and health and some time costing lives.

Reasons for Budameru floods:  Budameru river affects the entire North and Northwestern part of the city due to limited carrying capacity of the Budameru river channel and lack of sufficient mechanism to drain the excess water during the severe rain into the Krishna River system

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 Warning mechanism at upstream of the Velagaleru village, where the last regulator for river is currently in place. The distance between the Velagaleru village and Vijayawada city is very small and does not create enough respite time for the people to react  The Budameru Catchment get more than average rainfall continuous downpour for 24 to 48 hours. The leads to the reservoir in the Velagaleru village reach critical level forcing the Irrigation Department to release water causing flood in Vijayawada City  Indiscriminate human settlements and other activities posing threat inundation during rainy season  Non feasible houses on the embankment and bunds and occupation of bunds  Silting of drain due to solid waste  Accumulation of Water hysinth plantation  Backwater due to conjunction in storm water  Raising the road level in flood path  Cutting the bund for developmental activities like bus shelters and beautification etc  Less awareness about the situation and negligence about the problem by local residents  Choking of storm rain water canals, sluice causes the budameru flood severely and damage the lives and property

Flood prone wards in the city of Vijayawada

Sl.No. Vulnerability Ward Affected Areas

1 Budameru Flood

1 Sangam Road, Gandhiji Colony,Karmel Nagar, Joseph Nagar 27 Ambedkar Road

28 Housing Board colony, Labour colony, Ramanagar,

29 Rotary Nagar, Ekalayvyanagar, Urmila subbarao nagar, Ambedkar road 30 KLRao Nagar

31 Bhupesh Gupta Nagar, Chittinagar

36 Deenadayal Nagar, Ambedkarnagar

49 Old RR Peta

51 Ayodhyanagar

52 New RR peta, Arunodya nagar, Tammina Durga Rao Nagar, Nandamuri Nagar 53 RK Puram, Vijayadurga nagar,Devinagar

54 Ajith Singh Nagar

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55 Indira nayak Nagar, Kanakadurga Nagar, Andhra Patrika Colony 56 Vambey Colony

57 LBS Nagar,Patelnagar

58 Old Rajeev Nagar, Vaddera Colony, VUDA colony, New Rajeev nagar 59 Radha Nagar,Prajasakthi Nagar,Kandrika Netaji Subash Chandra Nagar

2 Krishna Flood

14 Police colony

16 Tarakaramanagar

24 Bus stand (back of Saibaba temple)

25 Bhupesh Gupta nagar,

26 LanchiRevu

27 Karakatta

4.5.2. Population Vulnerability to Cyclones

Krishna is a coastal district in Andhra Pradesh and has high population density in the state. As per the Wind and Cyclone Hazard Map of India, Krishna lies in Moderate Risk Zone – A (Vb = 44m/s) and Very High Damage Risk Zone – B (Vb = 50m/s).

The following table lists the blocks that fall in either of cyclone hazard zones, area of each block in each of the hazard zones and population in these blocks vulnerable to cyclones. 70% area of the district and 75% of the population is vulnerable to “Moderate Risk Zone – A (Vb = 44m/s)”. While 27% area of the district and 25% of the population is vulnerable to “Very High Damage Risk Zone – B (Vb = 50m/s).”

Zone Vb = 44m/s is Moderate Damage Risk Zone – A Zone Vb = 50m/s is Very High Damage Risk Zone – B The area is in Sq. KM

Mandal Total Area Zone Vb = Zone Vb = Zone Vb = Zone Vb = 44m/s Area 50m/s Area 44m/s POP 50m/s POP A konduru 190.68 192.58 51,418 Agiripalle 199.82 205.91 69,592 Avanigadda 71.54 70.25 23,177 Bantumilli 106.41 104.16 38,184 Bapulapadu 161.40 157.46 104,284

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Mandal Total Area Zone Vb = Zone Vb = Zone Vb = Zone Vb = 44m/s Area 50m/s Area 44m/s POP 50m/s POP Challapalle 100.33 105.38 40,434 Chandarlapadu 268.30 271.31 67,142 Chatrai 226.59 224.07 52,738 G konduru 226.40 227.71 56,268 Gampalagudem 224.26 215.60 109,488 Gannavaram 178.63 178.05 77,379 Ghantasala 106.14 105.38 56,130 Gudivada 104.33 105.38 151,431 Gudlavalleru 122.60 50.87 72.67 25,381 25,041 Gudur 105.81 107.80 53,255 Ibrahimpatnam 174.84 174.41 103,624 Jaggayyapeta 359.32 356.10 167,332 Kaikalur 164.35 153.82 10.90 66,238 2,426 Kalidindi 191.15 3.63 192.58 751 63,401 Kanchikacherla 184.20 182.89 63,315 Kankipadu 100.78 102.95 50,478 Koduru 202.22 197.43 61,835 Kruthivennu 189.17 144.13 57,520 Machilipatnam 417.97 386.38 329,370 Mandavalli 166.12 165.94 50,296 Mopidevi 84.47 83.57 69,507 Movva 116.96 9.69 107.80 2,049 43,369 Mudinepalle 151.86 48.45 102.95 39,506 41,066 Musunuru 223.14 224.07 45,360 Mylavaram 220.84 218.02 62,136 Nagayalanka 467.79 368.21 55,709 Nandigama 185.14 185.32 118,565 Nandivada 157.77 155.04 39,586 Nuzvid 265.57 259.20 118,294 Pamarru 101.35 62.98 37.55 40,528 13,791 Pamidimukkala 108.67 77.52 30.28 37,077 9,502 Pedana 121.59 122.33 42,625 Pedaparupudi 74.03 72.67 30,917 Penamaluru 84.08 82.36 197,464 Penuganchiprolu 147.40 142.92 74,204 Reddigudem 149.84 151.40 28,557 Thotlavalluru 120.63 119.91 71,667 Tiruvuru 218.31 219.23 148,237 Unguturu 143.11 144.13 49,045 Vatsavai 171.73 164.72 67,015 Veerullapadu 173.93 168.36 52,404 Vijayawada rural 175.38 175.63 85,396 Vijayawada urban 62.42 61.77 434,313

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Mandal Total Area Zone Vb = Zone Vb = Zone Vb = Zone Vb = 44m/s Area 50m/s Area 44m/s POP 50m/s POP Vissannapet 206.16 203.48 63,138 Vuyyuru 74.64 77.52 37,439 Total 8,550.22 5,993.08 2,349.75 3,110,052 1,026,342 Percentage (%) 70% 27% 75% 25%

The above image shows the population at risk in Krishna district by block due to cyclones Cyclonic storms are very common in Andhra Pradesh and in the last century Andhra Pradesh has experienced around 100 depressions1, 62 cyclones and over 50 severe cyclonic storms. The Krishna district falls in high cyclone risk zone. Cyclones mostly occur in the months of May and November. 33 cyclonic disturbances passed within 150 km off Vijayawada City between the period (1877- 2013). An average of 1 cyclone in every 5 year is likely to occur in the city. Two major cyclones which affected the city in past are Cyclone of November (14-20) 1977and May (3-11) 1990.

Heavy loss of property, telecommunications and power supply occurred along with severe damage of various infrastructures.

The major commercial city of the Krishna District i.e., Vijayawada city is at a safe distance from coast and has little impact of the both the surge due to cyclones or tsunami. The surge due to cyclone or tsunami. The surge caused by tsunami will travel through the Krishna River backwards to the city. The sea coast is around 80km from the city hence even with a rise of water level up to 10m will have

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little to no impact to the city. But the major headquarters of the city i.e., Machilipatnam is very prone to many calamities including the storms and tsunamis. There are incidents of Tsunami in the past years which resulted in killing many coastal people. It is estimated that the entire coastal and commercial city is prone to severe cyclonic storm at 50 year return period. As per IMD guidelines wind speeds associated with tropical cyclones of 50-61 kmph may likely cause minor damage to loose and unsecured structures. Whereas, wind speeds associated with cyclonic storm is storms of higher categories, one can expect an extensive damage to thatched roofs and huts, minor damage to power and communication lines due to uprooting of large avenue trees, etc. Assessment of cyclone risk and high vulnerability at ward level would be useful to evolve a sustainable local level development action plan for preparedness and mitigation.

4.5.3. Population Vulnerable to Heat wave

The district experienced temperatures between 45 to 50 degrees during 24th – 30th May 2015 and more than 200 deaths were reported. During this period, 68% of the total area and 75% of the total population experienced temperatures between 43 to 49 degrees Celsius.

The following lists the area (in sq. km.) and population in each block of the district that experienced high temperatures during 24th – 30th of May, 2015.

Mandal Total Area 100-110 F Area 110-120 F Area 100-110 F POP 110-120 F POP A konduru 190.68 188.98 51,418 Agiripalle 199.82 204.73 69,592 Avanigadda 71.54 71.47 33,704 Bantumilli 106.41 101.76 38,184 Bapulapadu 161.40 157.48 104,284 Challapalle 100.33 104.18 40,434 Chandarlapadu 268.30 271.36 67,142 Chatrai 226.59 136.89 89.64 31,110 21,628 G konduru 226.40 44.82 180.50 2,567 53,701 Gampalagudem 224.26 214.42 109,488 Gannavaram 178.63 176.87 77,379 Ghantasala 106.14 105.39 56,130 Gudivada 104.33 106.60 151,431 Gudlavalleru 122.60 124.78 50,422 Gudur 105.81 106.60 53,255 Ibrahimpatnam 174.84 30.29 142.95 6,084 97,540 Jaggayyapeta 359.32 357.37 167,332 Kaikalur 164.35 164.75 68,664 Kalidindi 191.15 196.25 64,152 Kanchikacherla 184.20 182.92 63,315 Kankipadu 100.78 102.97 50,478 Koduru 202.22 197.46 61,873 Kruthivennu 189.17 172.02 61,772 Machilipatnam 417.97 408.24 330,341 Mandavalli 166.12 163.54 50,296 Mopidevi 84.47 84.80 69,507

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Mandal Total Area 100-110 F Area 110-120 F Area 100-110 F POP 110-120 F POP Movva 116.96 117.51 45,418 Mudinepalle 151.86 151.43 80,572 Musunuru 223.14 222.90 45,360 Mylavaram 220.84 104.18 117.51 25,708 36,428 Nagayalanka 467.79 462.76 97,397 Nandigama 185.14 184.13 118,565 Nandivada 157.77 157.48 39,586 Nuzvid 265.57 261.66 118,294 Pamarru 101.35 98.12 54,319 Pamidimukkala 108.67 107.82 46,579 Pedana 121.59 124.78 42,625 Pedaparupudi 74.03 72.68 30,917 Penamaluru 84.08 82.38 197,464 Penuganchiprolu 147.40 144.16 74,204 Reddigudem 149.84 87.22 65.42 23,757 4,800 Thotlavalluru 120.63 121.14 71,667 Tiruvuru 218.31 220.48 148,237 Unguturu 143.11 144.16 49,045 Vatsavai 171.73 167.17 67,015 Veerullapadu 173.93 170.81 52,404 Vijayawada rural 175.38 176.87 85,396 Vijayawada urban 62.42 61.78 434,313 Vissannapet 206.16 168.39 35.13 57,947 5,191 Vuyyuru 74.64 77.53 37,439 Total 8,550.22 2,673.58 5,822.03 1,066,293 3,127,577 Percentage (%) 32% 68% 25% 75%

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The above image shows the population at risk in Krishna district due to heat wave temperatures

With the exception of 1984, the persistent heat waves in Vijayawada are more severe in the first decade of the 21st century and in recent years. The 1984 heat wave in this location was succeeded after an unusually strong El-Niño event in 1982-83. More recently, a severe heat wave swept across the southern, central and northern parts of India in May 2012. More than 1,100 people are said to have succumbed to this scorcher. In Andhra Pradesh, the unusually intense and prolonged heat claimed more than 1,000 lives. A repeat was observed in 2013 when the death toll due to heat wave that gripped Andhra Pradesh during May 2013 is reported to have touched 524. The highest maximum temperature of 47°C was recorded on 25th May 2013 at Tuni and when and Vijayawada recorded 46°C.

4.5.4. Population Vulnerability to Earthquake Seismicity

Krishna district falls in Zone II (least active seismic zone) and Zone III (moderate seismic zone) as per the latest Seismic Zoning Map of India. 95% of the total area and 96% of the total population of the district is vulnerable to Zone III seismicity; while only 5% of the total area and 4% of the total population of the district is vulnerable to Zone II seismicity.

Mandal Total Area ZONE II Area ZONE II Area ZONE II ZONE III (km) (km) (km) POP POP A konduru 190.68 192.58 51,418 Agiripalle 199.82 205.91 69,592 Avanigadda 71.54 71.46 33,704

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Mandal Total Area ZONE II Area ZONE II Area ZONE II ZONE III (km) (km) (km) POP POP Bantumilli 106.41 104.16 38,184 Bapulapadu 161.40 157.46 104,284 Challapalle 100.33 105.38 40,434 Chandarlapadu 268.30 43.60 227.71 5,029 62,113 Chatrai 226.59 224.08 52,738 G konduru 226.40 227.71 56,268 Gampalagudem 224.26 215.60 109,488 Gannavaram 178.63 176.84 77,379 Ghantasala 106.14 105.38 56,130 Gudivada 104.33 105.38 151,431 Gudlavalleru 122.60 123.54 50,422 Gudur 105.81 107.80 53,255 Ibrahimpatnam 174.84 174.42 103,624 Jaggayyapeta 359.32 297.96 58.14 151,009 16,323 Kaikalur 164.35 164.73 68,664 Kalidindi 191.15 196.22 64,152 Kanchikacherla 184.20 182.89 63,315 Kankipadu 100.78 102.95 50,478 Koduru 202.22 197.43 61,873 Kruthivennu 189.17 153.82 60,654 Machilipatnam 417.97 392.43 330,143 Mandavalli 166.12 165.94 50,296 Mopidevi 84.47 83.57 69,507 Movva 116.96 117.49 45,418 Mudinepalle 151.86 151.40 80,572 Musunuru 223.14 224.08 45,360 Mylavaram 220.84 216.81 62,136 Nagayalanka 467.79 456.63 97,350 Nandigama 185.14 185.32 118,565 Nandivada 157.77 155.04 39,586 Nuzvid 265.57 260.41 118,294 Pamarru 101.35 100.53 54,319 Pamidimukkala 108.67 107.80 46,579 Pedana 121.59 122.33 42,625 Pedaparupudi 74.03 72.67 30,917 Penamaluru 84.08 82.36 197,464 Penuganchiprol 147.40 142.92 74,204 u Reddigudem 149.84 151.40 28,557 Thotlavalluru 120.63 119.91 71,667 Tiruvuru 218.31 219.23 148,237 Unguturu 143.11 145.35 49,045

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Mandal Total Area ZONE II Area ZONE II Area ZONE II ZONE III (km) (km) (km) POP POP Vatsavai 171.73 18.17 146.56 11,204 55,811 Veerullapadu 173.93 168.36 52,404 Vijayawada 175.38 175.63 85,396 rural Vijayawada 62.42 61.77 434,313 urban Vissannapet 206.16 203.48 63,138 Vuyyuru 74.64 77.52 37,439 Total 8,550.22 359.73 8,088.52 167,242 4,025,265 Percentage (%) 5% 95% 4% 96%

The above image shows population at risk in Krishna district due to earthquake seismicity

Even though the city is not in high risk zone the quality of construction and location of the existing buildings may add to the vulnerability of the region.

Vijayawada city lies in Zone III which refers to moderate damage risk zone (MSK VII). The earthquake zone for the state of Andhra Pradesh and current location and quality of construction does place these areas under vulnerability (moderate to severe damage) to seismic event. Since 1861 to till to- date there were more than 170 quake/tremor minor and medium incidents occurred but not caused much impact on the city on the richter scale in the range of 3-6. An event of lesser magnitude may cause extreme damages in these areas. There are approximately 8000 buildings (3-9 floors) located in Vijayawada. Among those, 17 are 7 floor buildings and 570 are 6 floor buildings. Nearly 80 per 60

cent of the apartments and high-rise buildings (above three floors) in the city were susceptible to damage when massive earthquake strikes. Any building that had a stilt or ‘cellar and stilt’ was unsafe, and 80 per cent of the high rise buildings and apartments had these features A Geological Survey of India (GSI) report on the seismicity of Vijayawada points out that there are four major sources of quakes within a 150 km radius of Vijayawada city. Geologists suggest that earthquake resistant structures must be built in the agglomeration to tackle quakes. There had been about 159 earthquakes in the Vijayawada region till the 2009-end. The report also said that quakes are likely to occur in four identified areas within a 150 km radius and buildings should be carefully built in these regions. Safety norms are in most cases thrown to the winds in our state but the GSI has said strict building safety guidelines must be followed in high and low susceptibility regions. It has also advised against high rise buildings in the regions vulnerable to earthquakes. Vijayawada is also the only city falling under Seismicity Zone III, while all others fall under Zone II. GSI’s hazard maps shows the liquefaction potential of areas in and around the Vijayawada agglomeration. Liquefaction is the loss of strength of soil, when a quake strikes, leading to massive building crashes. Several areas to the south of the Krishna River near Mangalgiri, and east towards have been classified as hazardous. Almost the whole urban agglomeration has been classified as dangerous for high rises. Adherence to safety guidelines and implementing earthquake resistant designs and materials, however, could push up prices. “We have only suggested which areas are susceptible to damage and loss of life in case of an earthquake,” a geologist from the GSI said, unwilling to be named. “To be safe advanced construction techniques with deeper foundations and resistant structures are necessary. Obviously costs would go up with not much as anticipated.” The following are tremors/quake incidents that have been reported that lasted for few seconds fortunately no casualty were reported except break of walls and fell down of household items; incidents that observed as per various media herewith. Significant Tremor incidents in the city: Year Richer reading Reference July 1861 3.7 Old reference January 1862 3.7 Old reference June 1984 3.0 UNDP May 2009 6.0 News paper May 2014 6.0 News paper April 2015 5.0 IMD May 2015 5.0 IMD • Above 60% of building in the City get affected if the Richer of >7 on Scale

Seismic Profile of the City

According to GSHAP [Global Seismic Hazard Assessment program] data, the state of Andhra Pradesh falls in a region with low to moderate seismic hazard. As per the 2002 Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) map, this state also falls in Zones II & III. Historically, parts of this state have experienced seismic activity in the M5.06.0 range, approximate locations of selected towns and basic political state boundaries are displayed on seismic mapping. Geological Survey of India’s seismic micro- zonation study in the Vijayawada region, reporting that potential earthquakes could result from four neo-tectonic faults located within a range of 150 km from Vijayawada. Andhra Pradesh lies in the earthquake hazard Zone III and Zone II and is prone to moderate to low damage risk. The liquefaction during an earthquake may be a more significant risk, given the high groundwater table across this fertile region in coastal district particularly in the Capital Region Development Area in Krishna & Guntur dt. There are a number of high liquefaction vulnerable zones that will need to be carefully avoided for huge constructions and structures in the City.

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The Earthquake Engineering Research Centre of IIIT study found that there are around 22 seismic sources (faults) in and around Vijayawada within a radius of 300 km and among them, the prominent active fault is the Gundlakamma fault. Vijayawada city is located along the Krishna River and is covered by dominant amounts of silty clay with some amount of silty sands and sandy silts. The surface acceleration values have been very high in RR Gardens, Bundar Road, KP Nagar, Nehru Nagar and Durgamalleswar Swamy Devasthama. These areas have a water table depth of more than four meter and predominant soil consists of sandy clays. In Autonagar, Labbipet, Satyanarayanapuram, Muthylampaudu, Pakirgudem, Loyola College, Currency Nagar, RTC Colony, Governorpet, Autonagar, Brahimin Street, Jakkamdpui and Hanumanpet, the accelerations are 0.1g to 0.2g. Peak ground accelerations Is very low below 0.1 g in Bhavanipuram, Gollapudi, Kederaswarpet, PNT Colony, Kasturbibaipet, Gurunanka Nagar, Bank Colony, Suryarapet, Patamatalanka, , Ayodhyanagar, Poornandapet, Chandramouli Colony,” observed IIIT expert. Experts of National Disaster Management Authority and National Geographical Research Institute say Vijayawada is on par with Mumbai, , Chennai, Ahmedabad, Trivandrum, when it comes to earthquake safety as all of them fall under Zone-3 with 0.16g seismic factor of Peak Ground Acceleration. Vijayawada is safer than Delhi and Patna, which are more vulnerable as per Seismic Zone Mapping of India. Experts revealed that ‘worst case scenarios’ are rarest and if building seismic codes are followed properly, Vijayawada will be safe to have high rises. Early warning or prediction of earthquake is not possible. However it is possible to detection and to monitor the earthquakes and the aftershocks. Indian Meteorological Department [IMD] is the nodal agency of Government of India responsible for monitoring seismic activity in and around the country. IMD is responsible for quickly estimating the earthquake source parameters immediately on occurrence of an earthquake and to disseminate the information to all the user agencies including the concerned State and Central Government agencies responsible for carrying out relief and rehabilitation measures. IMD shall also transmit earthquake information to public information channels, press, media etc. and posts in its Website.

4.5.5. Population Vulnerability to Landslides/Rockslides The landslides which are also known as hill-slides in Vijayawada are of serious concern. The topography of Vijayawada is marked with small and medium sized hillocks surrounded by plains. The region around these hills is of red, sandy soil while the plains near the river Krishna are alluvial. The hills are mostly rocky and therefore lack dense vegetation. The population growth of the city has led to the slow movement of people towards the foot of the hills which later led to expansion on the hill slopes. Even though much of these settlements are unauthorized, the municipality attempts to cater to the basic needs of these illegal settlements by providing services such as roads, water supply and sanitation. With the growth of settlements over these hillocks followed by lack of enforcement of regulation, political influence, accessibility to services such as roads /water supply and lack of understanding of risk amongst the settlers there is an increase in risk of landslides in the region.

The landslide risk is further accentuated with the rainfall and construction activities. While a heavy rainfall lasting for 24 to 48 hours cause little impact on the movement of boulders and rocks, continuous moderate to less severe rainfall occurring over extended period of time (one week to 10 days) cause the water to seep into the fractures within the rocks leading to landslides. Such incidences are further aggravated by the construction activities which usually disturb the internal stability of the land mass.

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Land Slide prone wards in the district Vulnerability Ward in Vijayawada Affected areas Hillsides/Landslide 3 Vijayanagar colony, arunnagar 4 BH nagar, Gunadala, Machavaram hill Area 14 Police Colony 19 Kasthuribhaipeta 25 Mallikarjun Peta 29 Sitara Theatre Church road 30 Lambadi peta 31 Tailor Peta 32 Katikalamasthanveedhi 33 Ramaraju Nagar, Kurmarapalem 34 Potulaadivyaveedhi

4.5.6. Population Vulnerability to Fire incidents: Fire hazards are also common in Vijayawada. The climate of Vijayawada is tropical, with hot summers and moderate winters. The peak temperature reaches 45 °C (120 °F) in May-June. High temperature and other causes such as negligence of residents cause fire accidents of thatched houses and can spread to affect large population in case huts are in clusters. Around 30 People suffered in 7 incidents in the year 2010 alone. Low income housing is characterized by informal construction materials such as bricks, wood panels, and metallic roof (galvanized iron sheets), with improvised infrastructure services, i.e. electricity, potable water, sewage. There is a possibility of high surface temperatures for galvanized sheets reaching up to 600 Celsius in summer. Such high temperatures remove moisture from household materials, stocked firewood etc. and this dry material stokes the fire caused by negligence, accidental or due to cooking fire. In some cases fires can’t be easily brought under control as fire tenders are unable to reach near the site of fires due to narrow lanes. There is overall paucity of infrastructure such as fire hydrants that can provide essential water at high pressure to extinguish fires in initial stages.

Number of fire calls attended in one month. Red indicates relatively high number of calls within the city and green indicates relatively low number of calls. Sr. No. Name of Fire Station No. of fire calls attended Serious Medium Small Rescue & Emergency 1 Vijayawada 3 - 20 3 2 Autonagar - 1 10 - 3 Ajitsinghnagar - 1 6 - TOTAL 3 2 36 3

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