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Fauna of Krishna Estuary Estuarine Ecosystem Series, 5 FAUNA OF KRISHNA ESTUARY Edited by the Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata ~m Zoological Survey of India Kolkata CITATION Editor-Director. 2009. Fauna of Krishna Estuary, Estuarine Ecosystem Series, 5 1-298. (Published by the Director, Zool. Surv. India, Kolkata) Published - February, 2009 ISBN 978-81-8171-213-4 Project Coordinator DR.C.A.N.RAO Zoological Survey of India Freshwater Biological Station Hyderabad-500020 © Government of India, 2009 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED • No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher. • This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade, be lent, re-sold hired out or otherwise disposed of without the publisher's consent, in any form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published. • The correct price of this publication is the price printed on this page. Any revised price indicated by a rubber stamp or by a sticker or by any other means is incorrect and shoud be unacceptable. PRICE India: Rs. 400.00 Foreign : $ 30; £ 25 Published at the Publication Division by the Director, Zoological Survey of India, 234/4, A J C Bose Road, 2nd MSO Building, (13th Floor), Nizam Palace, Kolkata-700 020 and printed at East India Photo Composing Centre, Kolkata-700 006. Fauna of Krishna Estuary Estuarine Ecosystem Series No.5 2008 Pages 1-298 CONTENTS Page Nos. 1. KRISHNA ESTUARY - AN OVERVIEW 1-8 - C. A. Nageswara Rao 2. BRACHIOPODA 9-12 - C. A. Nageswara Rao 3. POLYCHAETA 13-31 - C. A. Nageswara Rao 4. CRUSTACEA- HERMIT CRABS 33-42 - K. Narapu Reddy and M. K. Dey 5. CRUSTACEA-CRABS 43-8] - Shibananda Rath and M. K. Dev Roy 6. CRUSTACEA-PRAWNS 83-103 - Shibananda Rath and M. K. Dev Roy 7. MOLLUSCA ]05-]73 -. A. Mohapatra 8. ECHINODERMATA 175-178 - D. R. K. Sastry 9. PISCES 179-298 - S. S. Misra Zool. Surv. India Fauna of Krishna Estuary, Estuarine Ecosystem Series, S, 1-8, 2008 KRISHNA ESTUARY - AN OVERVIEW c. A. NAGESWARA RAO Fresh Water Biological' Station, Zoological Survey of India, Hyderabad-500 020 INTRODUCTION Estuarine environment is very significant among various ecosystems due to its ever dynamic nature and of great economic values due to its sustainable fishery resources, both capture and brackish water aquaculture. India with a vast coast line is interspersed with estuaries of about 113 major and minor rivers and small rivulets opening into the Bay of Bengal and Arabian sea forming about 7000 Sq km of estuarine habitat (mixed water) including the large lagoons viz. Chilika and Pulicat. Among the estuaries of India, major estuarine areas are on east cost in comparison to west coast since several major rivers viz. Ganges, Brahmaputra, Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Cauveri flows west to east and opening into Bay of Bengal forming vast deltaic and estuarine habitat with associated mangrove forests among which mangroves of Ganges, Mahanadi, Krishna, Godavari and Cauvery are extensive and rich in floral and its faunal assemblages. Estuarine ecosystems has attracted the attention of biologists during the last several decades for exploration of their faunal resources, fishery potential and ecology etc:, as evident frorn literature available on Gangetic delta, Chilika lagoon, estuaries of Mahanadi, Godavari, Vellar, Mandovi-Zuari, and Kerala back waters (Rao et al., 2002). It is irony that very little studies have been made on Krishna estuary, a major estuary forming a big delta and mangrove forests spread over 200 Sq Km, except those of Ramanadham & Varadarajulu (1975) on Hydrography, Radhakrishna& Janakiram (1975) on mangrove molluscs and of Ravindranath (1980, 1982) on pra~n fishery. However the bioresource studies of Krishna river (Jayaram 1994) gave a detailed account on ecology and biodiversity all along the course of the river from its origin to mouth though information on estuarine fauna is limited. KRISHNA RIVER The river raises near Mahabaleswar (Maharashtra) at an elevation of 1373 mts in Western Ghats. After flowing about 1.400 kms in Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh joins 2 Fauna of Krishna Estuary, Estuarine Ecosystem Series, 5 16 15 IS 16' 6 00 00 15 S 4S 4S 81° 00 81° 15 Fig. 1. Map of Krishna River showing Estuarine areas of collection localities : I. Kanur Creak; 2. Pallethummala Palem; 3, Palakayatippa (Hamsaladivi); 4. Avanigadda (Kothapeta); 5. Edurumondi; 6. Gullalamoda (Sorlagandi/Light House)~ 7. Gonamanda~ 8. Eelachetladibba~ 9. Nachugunta~ 10. Lankevenitippa. RAO : An Overview 3 Bay of Bengal at four different points near A vanigadda and Nagayalanka towns, south of Machilipatnam town in Krishna district of A.P. Several storage reservoirs for irrigation and Hydel power are constructed during its long course, the largest being Srisailam and Nagarjunasagar in Andhra Pradesh. The last storage reservoir point is Prakasam barrage at Vijayawada which is about 100 km upstream from its mouth. The barrage at Vijayawada stores water and supplied through two main canals and a net work of sub canals in the Krishna and' Guntur districts and finally the agricultural drainage also opens into sea at some points closer to mouth areas, thus forming a complex estuarine system. The various dams and reservoirs on Krishna river drastically reduced flow of fresh water down of Vijayawada to mouth area except in monsoon when heavy flows are noticed. At Vijayawada, river is about 1170 mts., wide and it continues as single channel of considerable width for about 64 kms. through rich alluvial delta, and nearly 38 kms. from mouth area up stream a branch by name Pulleru takes off towards east at a place called Puligedda .which runs for about 20 kms. and meets sea at Hamsaladeevi-Palakayatippa .The main river flows south-west for 20kms., first divides into two at Edurumondi, beyond Nagayalanka.this eastern branch after a course of 10kms. meets sea at Gullalamoda, which is close to light house, with vast mangroves and swamps around.The main river after flowing a few kms. divides into two branches each opening into sea at Lankevenitippa, the western branch and middle at Eelachetladibba. All three branches are about 300-400 mts wide and 10-15 feet depth, around the course of four branches and 10 km. upstream from mouth, vast mangrove forests and marshy swamps present with large scale aquaculture activities for prawns and crabs. STUDY AREA & COLLECTION STATIONS Estuarine area of any river is the extent of river upstream upto which salinity extends during any period of the year. As per local information salinity extends in the river beyond Puligedda for few kms. upstream during post monsoon, however of lower levels i.e. 1-3%, since mixing of water is minimum and tidal influx is difficult beyond this point due to gradient difference. In view of above, area from Puligedda to down stream upto mouth area of main river and its branch Pulleru are taken as study area. At Puligedda, the upstream estuarine point in this study showed salinity of 4%0 in January 2000. Collection points are fixed at different localities in the estuarine area to have complete information on the estuarine area. On either side of the main river and its branches from their mouth area to about 10 kms., upstream, vast areas of marshy swamps and mangrove forests are converted as brackish water aquaculture ponds. Collection of prawn seed from mouth areas as major activity among l1sher folk is noticed. Sample collection points are shown in fig. I and total of 9 stations in Krishna estuarine area and "Kanur" which is connected to the estuarine complex through an agricultural 4 Fauna of Krishna Estuary, Estuarine Ecosystem Series, 5 drainage stream opening as a creak into sea is also included in this study due to its proximity to the estuarine areas. 1. Kanur creak - This station is north east of Machilipatnam and the collection locality is 1-2 km. from its opening to the sea. A large stream carrying agricultural drainage of Krishna canal net work opens into bay of Bengal through this canal which is about 200 m. wide. Mangrove forest developed on both sides of the creak for about 3km. upstream and brackish water aquaculture is practiced. Tidal influx is high and vast areas are exposed during low tide even in the middle of the creak where large benthic populations are abundant. Muddy coast line and salinity 1-8%0 in Sept.-Oct. and 12-26%0 in Jan.-Feb. are noted. 2. Pallethummalapalem - This point is closer to Machilipatnam. From this point, through a creak with mangrove forests on both sides with muddy shores opens to Pulleru river. This point is about 5 km up stream from its opening and around this point vast areas of marshy swamps are seen which are flooded in monsoon and dries in summer. At this point of river herds of dolphin are noticed. Salinity of 18-30%0 in Jan.-Feb. and 5-14%0 in Sept.-Oct. are recorded. 3. Palakayatippa (Hamsaladeevi) - This point is closer to A vanigadda town, from this place confluence point of Pulleru river into bay of Bengal is close and here also large areas mangrove forests and swamps are seen. River at this point is very deep and wide with high tidal influx. More fishing and prawn seed collection activities are seen. Salinity of 11 %0 in October and 35%0 in February recorded. 4. Avanigadda (Kothapeta) - This point is on the southern bank of Pulleru river and also very close branching off point of Krishna river. This point is centre of island (Diviseema) wi th two ri vers on two sides and the other side Bay of Bengal.
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