The Physiologist A Publication of The American Physiological Society Volume 45, Number 4 Integrating the Life Sciences from Molecule to Organism August 2002

The Power of Comparative Physiology: Evolution, Integration, and Application San Diego, California August 24-28, 2002 A Publication of The American Physiological Society Integrating the Life Sciences from Molecule to Organism THE Volume 45, Number 4 Physiologist August 2002 The Status of Physiologists and Physiology at US Medical Schools Martin Frank and Marsha Lakes Matyas The status of physiology in academic medical schools has areas, increases in the numbers of graduate students enrolled been a concern of the American Physiological Society for over 50 in physiology degree programs and PhDs awarded in physiolo- years, starting in 1945 with a study chaired by E. F. Adolph (1) gy would be evident. Is this the case? If not, what would lead to and followed in 1958 by a study chaired by R. W. Gerard (11). a disparity between physiology and many other life sciences The APS has undertaken similar studies in the last two decades fields? Furthermore, numerous discussions and reports have as part of its efforts to define the future of the Society and the focused on the status of postdoctoral fellows in the US. What discipline. The most compelling was the study developed by the are the trends for postdoctoral fellows in physiology? Are they Long Range Planning Committee chaired by Ernst Knobil and comparable to other fields? What implications does the status of published by the Society in 1990 (10). It explored the status of postdoctoral fellows in physiology have for the field as a whole? the science of physiology, departments of physiology, and the American Physiological Society. The recommendations made in Faculty at US medical schools. What is the status of physiology the “White Paper” ultimately contributed to the development of PhDs at US medical schools? During the last decade, the the Society’s 1992 Strategic Plan (16) that helped shape the finances of academic medical centers have been challenged by current APS. the diminishing recovery of patient care dollars. To balance this In 1996, the Society published another Long Rang Planning decrease in income, there has been an increased emphasis on Committee Report that was chaired by Shu Chien (8). As in the the acquisition of research grant dollars, taking advantage of 1990 report, the Chien report made a series of recommenda- the expanding NIH budget. Concerns have been raised that, in tions related to physiology as a discipline, physiology education, order to attract research dollars in more highly funded fields, physiological research, departments of physiology, and the role changes have occurred in the hiring patterns of basic science of the APS. The observations and issues raised in the Chien departments, espe- report served as the basis for the Society’s development of a cially physiology de- new Strategic Plan in 2000 (5). In subsequent years, the incom- partments. That is, it Inside this issue... ing APS Presidents revisited these reports to comment on the has been suggested status of the Society and the discipline (9, 12, 13). Through that physiology de- Impact Factors: these reports and subsequent discussions, a number of ques- partments are in- Arbiter of Excellence? tions have been raised about the status of physiology in aca- creasingly hiring fac- p. 181 demic medicine in four key areas. ulty trained in research areas out- Role of physiology in the medical curriculum. Concerns have side of physiology 155th Business Meeting been raised that physiology is being de-emphasized in the med- with the expectation p. 193 ical curriculum, with potentially critical consequences for both that they are more medical students and the larger physiology teaching and likely to generate Experimental Biology 2003 research communities. Is the perceived de-emphasis real? If so, support from NIH. Is Preview what is its impact on the preparation of medical students in there evidence that p. 213 terms of coverage of key concepts and of skills development? this is the case? If so, What is its impact on the structure of the medical school facul- is the strategy suc- Find Full-Text Articles, ty and on the depth of knowledge available to guide future cessful, that is, are Free and Fast course development and implementation? those faculty mem- bers raising a dispro- p. 217 Education and training of PhD physiologists. Life sciences has portionately high enjoyed exceptional growth in the awarding of doctoral degrees, amount of funding for 2002 Undergraduate Research particularly in the late 1980s and 1990s, paralleled only by their departments? Fellows engineering, and far above mathematics, computer science, Have the changes in p. 221 physical sciences, and geosciences (17). Similarly, the availabil- faculty composition ity of funding for biomedical research has increased in the and expertise had 1990s. One might expect, therefore, that like other life sciences (continued on page 184)

179 Published bimonthly and distributed by THE The American Physiological Society 9650 Rockville Pike Bethesda, Maryland 20814-3991 PhysiologistVolume 45 Number 4 ISSN 0031-9376 August 2002 Barbara A. Horwitz President John E. Hall Past President Contents John A.Williams President-Elect Martin Frank The Status of Physiologists and Public Affairs Editor and Executive Director Physiology at “IACUC 101” at EB ‘02 223 Councillors US Medical Schools President Proposes Homeland Kim E. Barrett, Martin Frank and Security Department 225 Douglas C. Eaton, Joseph R. Haywood, Marsha Matyas 179 Bioterror Protection Bill Signed 225 Steven C. Hebert,Virginia M. Miller, Charles M. Tipton Germany Writes Protection for Impact Factors: Animals Into its Constitution 226 Ex Officio Arbiter of Excellence? Congressional Appropriations Dale J. Benos, A Matter of Opinion 181 Heats Up 226 Mordecai P.Blaustein, Robert G. Carroll, NSF Doubling Effort Gets Boost227 Curt Sigmund, Celia D. Sladek 155th APS Business Meeting 193 Senate Avoids Cloning Vote 227 Publications Committee: Chairman:Dale Membership People & Places 228 J. Benos; Members:Penelope A.Hansen, New Regular Members 204 Ganong Named Distinguished Mark A. Knepper, Richard A. Murphy, Hershel Raff. Director of Publications: New Student Members 205 Educator Awardee 228 Margaret Reich. Design and Copy Editor: Joelle R. Grossnickle. APS Section Awards 208 News From Senior Subscriptions: Distributed to members as Physiologists 230 part of their membership. Nonmembers in Experimental Biology 2003 the USA: individuals $50.00; institutions $75.00. Nonmembers in Canada and Preview 213 Positions Available 234 Mexico: individuals $55.00; institutions Distinguished Lectureships 213 $80.00. Nonmembers elsewhere: individu- Societal Lectures 214 Book Review 238 als $60.00; institutions $85.00.Single copies and back issues when available, $15.00 Section-Sponsored Symposia 214 each; single copies and back issues of Section-Sponsored Books Received 241 Abstracts issues when available, $25.00. Featured Topics 215 Subscribers to The Physiologist also receive Announcements abstracts of the Conferences of the American Physiological Society. Publications APS Establishes Mahesh The American Physiological Society Find Full-Text Articles, Award Fund 241 assumes no responsibility for the state- Free and Fast 217 2003 John P. Hubbard Award 242 ments and opinions advanced by contribu- Marder New Editor of JN 218 tors to The Physiologist. Brown New Editor of AJP-Cell 219 APS Membership Deadline for submission of material for Application 245 publication: Jan. 10, February issue; March 10, April issue; May 10, June issue; July 10, Education August issue; Sept. 10, October issue; Nov. APS Presents Awards at ISEF 220 Scientific Meetings 10, December issue. 2001 Summer Research Fellows and Congresses 247 Please notify the central office as soon as Experience EB 221 possible if you change your address or Physiology Insights: Fellowships for APS Conference Program telephone number. The Power of Comparative Headquarters phone: 301-634-7164 Undergraduate Faculty 222 Physiology: Evolution, APS Archive of Fax: 301-634-7242 Integration, and Application 249 Email: [email protected] Teaching Resources 222 http://www.the-aps.org Printed in the USA

180 The Physiologist A Matter of Opinion Vol. 45, No. 4, 2002

Impact Factors: Arbiter of Excellence?

Several years ago, a young faculty ed by the fact that some indi- Table 2. Comparison of Experimental member at a major university viduals actually reshelf the Protocols A and B informed me that her department journal themselves. In a simi- chair had mandated that any faculty lar vein, manuscripts are read Trial Protocol A Protocol B member seeking tenure should make many more times than cited. (2000) sure that they only publish For that reason, APS has been 134 manuscripts in journals with an tracking the number of hits 241 impact factor of 5.0 or greater. As the received by the Society’s online 314 publisher of a large number of scien- journals and correlating the 414 tific journals, I was offended by the information to the actual 5577 effort of the chair to attempt to corre- impact factor measured by ISI. 636 late the impact factor of the journal As noted in Table 1, the num- 721 with the impact, or excellence, of the ber of hits per article online 8441 faculty member’s research. It was does not necessarily correlate 918 apparent that the chair did not realize well with the actual impact 10 1 2 that impact factors, a bibliometric factor of the journal. As expect- Mean± 11.7±20.7 3.3±2.4 indicator developed by ISI, was not a ed, a review journal like Std. Dev. measure of scientific quality. Instead, Physiological Reviews, with an it would have been more relevant to impact factor of 27.677 also had the of the papers published by a given use the actual citation frequency of greatest number of hits/article online journal in the previous two years (that the scientific paper in evaluating the of 2,720. However, the correlation is is, 1999 and 2000). The denominator is work of individual scientists. weaker for the various sections of the the total number of papers published The question facing the scientific American Journal of Physiology, with in the journal in 1999 and 2000. In community in the digital age is the section receiving the highest num- that regard, the measure of scientific whether impact factors have any rele- ber of hits/article online, AJP- quality or impact factor is not too dis- vance in today’s environment. While Endocrinology and Metabolism,hav- similar from the results arising from a libraries use impact factors as one of ing the fifth highest impact factor for research experiment in which a num- several determining factors for their AJP journals. Similarly, Advances in ber of experimental trials are tabulat- subscription decisions, they also use Physiology Education, the APS journal ed to determine the effectiveness of an shelving data, that is the number of with the lowest impact factor at 0.037, experimental protocol. As noted in times that a given journal is removed had a hits/article online rate of 797, Table 2, an experimental protocol from the shelf by a user and reshelved ranking second amongst the APS jour- incorporating 10 trials can be com- by a library employee. As we all know, nals. The question facing publishers, pared to another protocol by calculat- this is an inexact measure complicat- libraries, and end users is whether ing the mean and standard deviation impact factors or hit rates are and performing statistical tests Table 1. A comparison of hits/article online a better measure of the jour- designed to determine if Protocol B is vs. 2000 Impact Factor for the journals of nal. significantly different from Protocol A. the American Physiological Society In making impact factors the As noted in Table 2, while the means de facto measure of quality, are different, the results from the two Journal Hits/Article Impact Factor the scientific community has protocols are not statistically different (April 2002) (2000) taken a bibliometric measure from each other. As a good scientist, AJP - Cell 302 4.086 developed in 1963 by ISI (1) we would each declare the results of AJP - Endo 356 3.183 and made it into a measure of this study to be unworthy of publica- AJP - GI 271 3.115 quality. In essence, the scien- tion, even though it might have pro- AJP - Lung 245 3.303 tific community has taken a vided some significant insights to the AJP - Heart 246 3.243 measure familiar to each of us experimenter. Yet, when we use a sim- AJP - Regu 166 2.765 from our own research experi- ilar analysis to measure the impact of AJP - Renal 272 4.129 ments and made it an abso- a journal, we tend to ignore all that we Advances 797 0.037 lute measure. An impact fac- learned in elementary statistics. JAP 289 2.297 tor is a simple ratio of cita- Converting protocols to journals and JN 221 3.855 tions and papers. The numer- trials to papers (Table 3), we see that PRV 2720 27.677 ator is the number of current when we use impact factors, we are NIPS 156 2.060 year citations (e.g., citations only using the mean, ignoring the sta- PG 729 1.353 made in the year 2001) to all (continued on page 182)

181 The Physiologist A Matter of Opinion Vol. 45, No. 4, 2002

(continued from page 181) tions gained by the publication. This measure whether the journals were in tistical tests that we use to analyze suggests that most articles in a high a rapidly growing or stable field. As a our own data. impact journal are cited no more fre- result, the impact factor only mea- It is unfortunate that the scientific quently than a paper published in a sured the influence of an article dur- community and university adminis- lower impact journal. Moed (5) has ing the first two years after publica- trators have equated impact factors shown in a study of citations for jour- tion. For journals in more stable fields, with excellence without having a com- nals contained within the Science the bulk of the citations often occur plete understanding of how it is calcu- Citation Index that about 7% of all ref- after the initial two years, contribut- erences are cited incorrectly ing to a longer half-life for articles Table 3. Comparison of the Impact Factors and this is even more preva- published in that journal. Garfield has for Journals A and B lent in journals with dual vol- noted that the half-life would be ume-numbering systems. This longer for journals publishing articles Paper Journal A Journal B latter point can help explain related to physiology than for those (Cites/Paper) (Cites/Paper) the citation rate for articles publishing articles in molecular biolo- 134published in the American gy. As a result, the ranking of physiol- 241Journal of Physiology. ogy journals improved significantly 314Hamilton (4) reported that overall as the number of years 41441.3% of the biological sci- increased, but the rankings within the 5577ences papers and 46.4% of the group of physiology journals did not 636medicine papers published in change significantly. Table 4 compares 721journals covered by ISI’s cita- the 15-year and seven-year impact 8441tion database did not receive factor rankings for the Society’s three 918a single citation in the five main research journals as compared to 10 1 2 years after they were pub- their two-year rankings (3). For exam- Impact Factor 11.7 3.3 lished. ple, the American Journal of Because impact factors do not Physiology’s two-year impact ranking lated or measured. As noted earlier, equate to excellence, it is unfortunate in 1983 was 101 as compared to 60 for the denominator is a measure of the that universities in several European a 15-year ranking. The AJP’s impact number of articles published in the countries use impact factors to help ranking in 1991 was 124 as compared journal during the previous two years. determine institutional funding. to 64 for its seven-year ranking. The According to ISI, an article is general- Additionally, many European investi- Journal of Applied Physiology showed ly defined as a research or review arti- gators regularly provide journal an even more pronounced shift, mov- cle based on the number of authors, impact factors alongside the listing of ing from a two-year impact factor rank references, page length, page overlap, their articles on their curriculum of 376 to 96 for a seven-year rank. and the inclusion of author addresses vitae. In most cases, the impact factor Because of the dual citation format (2). It does not include marginalia, provided is for the current year, not for the American Journal of such as letters, news articles, book the year during which the article was Physiology, it was not until 2000 that reviews, or abstracts that might also published. Similarly, as evidenced by the APS was able to get ISI to disag- appear in a journal. According to the experiences of the young faculty gregate the sections of the American Pendlebury (6), about 27% of the items member noted earlier, promotion and Journal of Physiology to calculate the indexed in Science Citation Index were appointment committees are increas- impact factors for AJP’s component such marginalia. Yet the numerator ingly using impact factors to assess parts. In the past, our dual referencing does include citations to these ele- the quality of the candidates. format had created problems of cita- ments, contributing to an inflated The impact factor calculation devel- tion recognition for ISI. However, after impact factor for some journals. It has oped by Eugene Garfield, ISI, was ini- an extended meeting with the group in also been shown by Seglen (8) that tially used to evaluate and select jour- 1999, an effort was made to include about 15% of the articles in a typical nals for listing in Current Contents.It impact factors for the individual AJP journal account for half of the cita- covered a two-year field and did not journals in ISI’s Journal Citation

Table 4. Long-term vs. Short-term Journal Impact

Journal Name 15-Year IF 15-Year IF Rank 7-Year IF 7-Year IF Rank (1981-1995) Rank in 1983 (1989-1995) Rank in 1991 Journal of 52.2 27 56 25.1 38 86 Neurophysiology American Journal of 37.1 60 101 19 64 124 Physiology Journal of Applied 30.5 96 164 13.3 96 376 Physiology

182 The Physiologist A Matter of Opinion Vol. 45, No. 4, 2002

Reports. In the absence of such data, and 2000 would receive 10 citations in Intern. Med. 105: 313-320, 1986. the APS contracted directly with ISI to 2001. However, since 15% of the arti- 3. Garfield, E. Long-Term Vs. Short- do a special citation analysis in order cles receive half of the citations, it is Term Journal Impact: Does It Matter? to compare the 10-year citation statis- just as likely that an article published The Scientist 12: 11-12, 1998. tics for the AJP journals to each of in a journal with an impact factor of 10 4. Hamilton, D. P. Research Papers: their competitor journals (7). The has received only one or two citations. Who’s Uncited Now? Science 251:25, results provided comparable informa- The best way to measure the quality of 1991. tion to that contained in Table 4, an author’s work is to determine the 5. Moed, H. F. and T. N. Van Leeuwen. demonstrating that the long half-life of number of citations received by each of Impact Factors Can Mislead. Nature the physiology journals significantly his or her papers. To paraphrase a 381: 186, 1996. improved their status and ranking well-known saying, read the article(s) 6. Pendlebury, D. A. Science, Citation, when compared to competitor journals. and “don’t judge an author by the jour- and Funding. Science 251: 1410-1411, It is clear from an analysis of the nal’s impact factor!” ❖ 1991. information available from ISI that Martin Frank 7. Rauner, B. Citation Statistics for the one cannot and should not consider References Individual Journals of the American impact factor as a measure of the qual- Journal of Physiology. The Physiologist ity of both the journal and the author. 1. Garfield, E. and I. H. Sher. New 41: 109-112, 1998. The impact factor provides the user Factors in the Evaluation of Scientific 8. Seglen, P. O. Why the Impact Factor with information about the average Literature Through Citation Indexing. of Journals Should Not Be Used for number of citations to articles pub- American Documentation 14: 195-201, Evaluating Research. BMJ 314:498- lished in a journal during the previous 1963. 502, 1997. ❖ two years. An impact factor of 10 2. Garfield, E. Which Medical Journals implies that articles published in 1999 Have the Greatest Impact. Ann.

2001 Impact Factors Are Published by Thomson/ISI

Thomson/ISI has released its 2001 science journals. The 2001 impact fac- the rank of APS journals in the physi- Science Edition of the Journal tors, compared with those from 2000, ology category, and each journal’s rank Citation Reports, which gives journal of the journals of the APS are given in in its related field. ❖ impact factors and rankings of 5,748 the table below. The table also shows

2001 Impact Factors Journal 2001 2000 2001 Rank, 2001 Rank, Related Field Physiology Related Field (out of 74) PRV* 30.061 27.677 1 AJP-Renal 4.523 4.129 5 3/44 Urol & Nephr AJP-Cell 3.896 4.086 10 34/147 Cell Bio AJP-GI 3.660 3.115 11 7/47 Gastro & Hep AJP-Lung 3.658 3.303 12 4/30 Respiratory JN 3.517 3.855 14 40/197 Neuroscience Physiological Genomics 3.352 1.353 15 44/147 Cell Bio 80/308 Biochem & Mol Bio AJP-Endo 3.324 3.183 16 25/90 Endo & Met AJP-Heart 3.232 3.243 17 7/65 Cardio JAP 2.581 2.297 24 2/68 Sport Sciences AJP-Regu 2.437 2.765 25 NIPS 1.817 2.060 29 Advances 0.186 0.037 72

*Physiological Reviews ranks 4th among all 5,748 science journals.

183 The Physiologist Status of Physiologists and Physiology Vol. 45, No. 4, 2002

(continued from page 179) Table 1 - How Important Were the Following Premedical Courses in Preparing You impacts on course content, teach- for Medical School? 2001 ing quality, and the preparedness Ratings (%) of medical and graduate students? Have these changes impacted the amount and type of research and Very Moderately Somewhat Slightly Not teaching collaborations among fac- important important important important important ulty within the department? Biology 57.3 25.3 11.6 4.7 1.1 Finally, are the same trends evi- General Chemistry 17.6 32.8 29.0 16.9 3.7 dent in clinical departments in US Organic Chemistry 14.0 27.0 27.2 22.1 9.7 medical schools? Physics 9.2 23.1 30.9 26.2 10.7 Comparative Anatomy 36.5 30.0 17.1 8.5 7.9 Diversity issues. Throughout the Biochemistry 48.3 31.6 12.8 5.2 2.1 1980s and 1990s, data have been Genetics 36.3 38.5 17.5 5.9 1.8 collected by numerous agencies Physiology 68.6 20.4 6.9 2.3 1.7 and organizations, including the Zoology 6.4 14.3 23.8 25.9 29.6 APS, American Association of Psychology 11.9 26.9 29.1 21.1 10.9 Medical Colleges (AAMC), and 2001 Medical School Graduation Questionnaire, All Schools Report, Division of Medical National Science Foundation Education, AAMC (NSF), concerning the status of underrepresented groups in science, particularly women and minorities. Table 2 - How Well Did Instruction in the Following What do the current data suggest Sciences Basic to Medicine Prepare You for Clinical about the status of these groups in Clerkships and Electives, 2001 terms of degrees earned and their position in US academic medicine in Ratings (%) the field of physiology? Excellent Good Fair Poor This study attempts to explore these Biochemistry 11.2 34.6 36.1 18.1 questions that have been raised about Genetics 9.0 40.9 37.8 12.3 the status of physiology in academic Gross Anatomy 41.5 42.5 13.3 2.7 medicine and to identify additional Immunology 20.7 48.9 24.1 6.4 studies and possible policy issues that Histology 15.6 41.9 32.3 10.2 should be further explored. The study Microbiology 29.2 46.7 18.1 6.0 draws on an earlier study of 1989 and Neuroscience 30.9 42.1 19.1 7.9 1994 data by Matyas and Frank (15), Pathology 48.5 35.6 12.3 3.5 data obtained from the AAMC for the Pharmacology 38.9 37.2 15.9 8.0 2001 academic year, and data from the Physiology 44.5 40.5 11.8 3.1 NSF’s Science and Engineering Doctorate Awards: 2000 (19). 2001 Medical School Graduation Questionnaire, All Schools Report, Division of Medical Education, AAMC Role of Physiology in the Medical Curriculum

As noted in the Knobil White Paper Table 3. Average Hours of Instruction in Preclinical (10), “From the first appearance of the Disciplines in US and Canadian Medical Schools (as word, physiology has been associated reported by 100 or more schools) (2, 4) with medical instruction and has been preeminently institutionalized in Graduating Class departments of physiology housed, Discipline 1983-1984 1992-1993 2003 with but a very few exceptions, in schools of medicine. Physiology in this Anatomy 150 192 141 context has been and continues to be Pathology 233 186 116 the basic science central to medicine.” Physiology 167 134 103 Medical students confirm the latter Microbiology 155 126 103 statement. They consistently rate Biochemistry 137 115 94 physiology as one of the premedical Pharmacology 129 111 87 courses that best prepared them for Neurosciences 109 107 101 medical school studies (Table 1).

184 The Physiologist Status of Physiologists and Physiology Vol. 45, No. 4, 2002

Table 4. PhDs Awarded in Human/Animal Physiology ences such as pathology (50% PhDsAwarded Awarded to Women % Women decrease) and pharmacology (32% decrease) (Table 3). 1991 272 107 39.3 1992 286 82 28.6 Education and Training of PhD 1993 271 100 36.9 Physiologists 1994 289 106 36.6 1995 262 103 39.3 In general, the number of PhDs in 1996 275 107 38.9 animal and human physiology award- 1997 227 82 36.1 ed to US citizens and permanent resi- 1998 258 100 38.8 dents has remained relatively con- 1999 243 108 44.4 stant at about 260 PhD degrees on 2000 244 101 41.4 average granted annually since 1991 (Table 4). In contrast, from 1991 to National Science Foundation Science and Engineering Doctorate Awards: 2000, the total number of PhD degrees 2000. awarded in life/biological sciences Nearly 70% of medical students rated medical studies and clinical settings. increased from 4,650 to 5,855 (19). their premedical physiology course as There is evidence, however, that the Most of the increase can be attributed “very im-portant,” higher than any number of contact hours for the teach- to an increase in PhDs awarded in other course. In addition, a high per- ing of physiology has significantly neuroscience, cell biology, and molecu- centage indicated that their medical decreased since the 1980s. As indicat- lar biology (19). Of the total PhDs physiology course provided an excel- ed in Table 3, the average number of awarded in physiology, women lent (44%) or good (40%) preparation hours of instruction of physiology received 100 PhDs on average annual- for their clinical clerkships and elec- decreased by 38% between the 1983- ly, accounting for 41% of the total tives (Table 2), second only to patholo- 1984 and 2003 graduating medical awarded in 2000. Data on minority gy. There-fore, medical students students, dropping from 167 to 103 PhDs in physiology from the same believe that a strong physiology edu- hours (2, 4). Similar reductions source were not available, however, cation is key to their success in both occurred in other traditional basic sci- (continued on page 186)

Table 5 -Graduate Students and Faculty in the Department of Physiology at US medical schools (including Biophysics for the years 1994-1995 to 2000-2001). Institutional Profile System, LCME, AAMC

Graduate Graduate Graduate Students Students Students Year Candidates Candidates Fellows/ Full-Time Part-Time Volunteer Vacant for Masters for Doctorate Post-Docs Faculty Faculty Faculty Positions

1980 365 1,462 542 1,677 86 288 77 1981 399 1,355 507 1,759 92 338 75 1982 290 1,385 425 1,841 80 408 83 1983 292 1,199 482 1,768 96 357 107 1984 412 1,358 539 1,846 78 366 104 1985 340 1,351 659 1,807 77 361 104 1986 433 1,220 604 1,885 65 403 93 1987 309 1,360 741 2,030 80 467 84 1988 324 1,290 750 1,848 70 454 67 1989 212 1,305 841 1,870 71 454 73 1990 282 1,395 777 1,884 115 450 67 1991 327 1,368 805 1,919 100 446 64 1992 349 1,401 786 1,873 101 462 57 1993 212 1,397 810 1,881 81 413 58 1994 285 1,731 855 1,894 143 420 59 1995 487 1,399 809 1,863 72 429 54 1996 492 1,401 832 1,896 72 436 49 1997 459 1,261 781 1,852 63 361 53 1998 407 1,086 670 1,868 83 415 53 1999 416 1,077 713 1,785 75 395 75 2000 318 970 823 1,768 87 359 56

185 The Physiologist Status of Physiologists and Physiology Vol. 45, No. 4, 2002

Table 6. Faculty Holding Physiology Degrees: 1980s (mean studies in biological sciences, which Distribution by Rank and Year = 1,328) and remained relatively constant through- 1990s (mean out the 1990s and into the new mil- 1989 1994 2001 = 1,352) lennium (6). No. % No. % No. % (Table 5). The number of master’s students in Professor 926 38.4 948 42.0 968 41.3 There were departments of physiology increased Associate Professor 688 28.5 644 28.5 627 26.7 two notable somewhat between the 1980s (mean = Assistant Professor 648 26.9 604 26.8 652 27.8 exceptions. 338) and 1990s (mean = 372) and has Instructor 88 3.6 60 2.7 75 3.2 The number ranged from 212 to 492. During the Other 34 1.4 23 1.0 of students same time period, the number of post- Missing 28 1.2 18 0.8 peaked in doctoral fellows also increased from an Total 2,412 100.0 2,256 100.0 2,345 100.0 1994 at average of 609 annually in the 1980s 1,731; this to 784 in the 1990s, a 29% increase. (continued from page 185) may reflect the impact of the 1992 overall, minority students continue to Chinese Student Protection Act that Faculty at US Medical Schools be awarded very limited numbers of allowed the approval of US permanent PhD degrees in biological sciences. In resident visas for a significant number The following section presents infor- 1997, 2% of biological sciences PhDs of Chinese graduate students; the mation on the status of physiologists were awarded to Black, non-Hispanic impact of this Act can be seen in all and faculty in departments of physiol- students, 3% to Hispanic students, scientific and engineering fields of ogy at US medical schools. The data and less than 1% to Native American study. In the late 1990s, following this for this section are drawn from the students, a total of only 262 degrees peak, there has been a significant AAMC Faculty Roster System (FRS). among the more than 4,200 awarded decline in the number of graduate stu- The AAMC FRS is the only compre- (20). dents in departments of physiology, hensive information system of its The enrollment of physiology gradu- with the number of students falling kind, containing continuously updated ate students seeking a doctorate at US under 1,000 for the first time in 20 data on the careers of current and past medical schools remained relatively years (Table 5). This is not comparable medical school faculty members; the consistent overall throughout the to the overall enrollment in graduate database contains information on

Table 7. Faculty Holding Physiology Degrees: Distribution by Sex, Rank, and Tenure Status, 2001 Professor Associate Professor Assistant Professor Instructor Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female No. (%) No. (%) No. (%) No. (%) No. (%) No. (%) No. (%) No. (%) Tenured 694 (81.5) 85 (73.3) 246 (49.4) 53 (41.4) 6 (1.3) 3 (1.6) 0.0 0.0 On-track 31 (3.6) 6 (5.2) 78 (15.7) 23 (18.0) 145 (31.0) 45 (24.6) 0.0 1 (3.7) Not on-track 75 (8.8) 13 (11.2) 125 (25.1) 40 (31.3) 196 (42.0) 90 (49.2) 30 (63.8) 11 (40.7) No tenure 23 (2.7) 4 (3.4) 23 (4.6) 2 (1.6) 18 (3.8) 9 (4.9) 0.0 0.0 available Missing 29 (3.4) 8 (6.9) 26 (5.2) 10 (7.8) 102 (21.8) 36 (19.7) 17 (36.2) 15 (55.6) Total 852(100.0) 116(100.0) 498 (100.0) 128 (100.0) 467(100.0) 183(100.0) 47(100.0) 27(100.0)

Table 8. Faculty Holding Physiology Degrees: Distribution by Rank and Ethnicity, 2001 Professor Associate Assistant Instructor Professor Professor No. % No. % No. % No. % American Indian or Alaskan Native (0.0) (0.0) 1 (0.2) (0.0) Asian or Pacific Islander 61 (6.3) 62 (9.9) 95 (14.6) 20 (27) Black, Not of Hispanic Origin 10 (1.0) 10 (1.6) 14 (2.2) (0.0) Mexican American or Chicano (Hispanic) 7 (0.7) 4 (0.6) 4 (0.6) (0.0) Puerto Rican (Hispanic) 4 (0.4) 3 (0.5) 3 (0.5) (0.0) Other Hispanic 15 (1.5) 9 (1.4) 13 (2.0) 3 (4.1) White, Not of Hispanic Origin 840 (86.8) 512 (81.8) 489 (75.1) 44 (59.5) Not Wish to Respond 1 (0.1) 2 (0.3) 5 (0.8) 3 (4.1) Missing 30 (3.1) 24 (3.8) 27 (4.1) 4 (5.4) Total 968 (100) 626 (100) 651 (100) 74 (100)

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more than 80% of US medical schools. the faculty members were female com- Table 9. Faculty Holding The FRS is used for annual reports on pared with 14% (n = 330) in 1989 and Physiology Degrees: medical school faculty, for policy stud- 16% (n = 361) in 1994. The represen- Distribution by Department ies, to provide standard and custom tation of women in each faculty rank reports to member institutions, as a increased relative to the earlier stud- No. % means of identifying and locating cur- ies. In 2001, women made up 12% of Basic Science rent faculty members, and as a professors, 20% of associate profes- Anatomy 108 4.6 recruitment service to assist medical sors, 28% of assistant professors, and Biochemistry 43 1.8 schools and selected institutions seek- 36% of instructors. However, as in the Microbiology 14 0.6 ing to appoint senior faculty. previous studies, women are much Pathology (BS) 34 1.4 less likely than their male cohorts to Pharmacology 140 5.9 Faculty Holding Degrees in be in tenure or tenure-track positions. Physiology 700 29.6 Physiology. The numbers and rank of Of the 454 women in faculty positions, Other Basic Science 112 4.7 faculty holding physiology degrees has 24% are in tenure positions and 12% Subtotal 1151 48.7 remained relatively stable since 1989 are in tenure-track positions. Of the (Table 6). In 2001, there were 2,345 1,867 men in faculty positions, 50% Clinical Science faculty members at US medical are in tenure positions and 14% are in Anesthesiology 116 4.9 schools holding degrees in physiology. tenure-track positions. As in 1994, the Internal Medicine 384 16.3 This was comparable to the number of 2001 data show that at every faculty Neurology 79 3.3 faculty holding PhD degrees in physi- rank, proportionately fewer women OBGyn 104 4.4 ology in 1989 and 1994. Of the 2,345 were tenured or on tenure-track. Pathology (CL) 35 1.5 PhD physiologists at US medical Racial/ethnic diversity among medi- Pediatrics 90 3.8 schools, 41% of physiologists held the cal school faculty holding degrees in Surgery 159 6.7 rank of Professor in 2001 compared physiology in 2001 (Table 8) showed Other CS 201 8.5 with 42% in 1994 and 38% in 1989. limited improvement in comparison to Subtotal 1168 49.4 Associate Professors accounted for diversity in 1989 and 1994. The over- 26% in 2001 and 28% in 1989 and all proportion of underrepresented Admin 14 0.6 1994 of the physiologists on faculty. minority physiologists (African- All others 15 0.6 Assistant Professors accounted for American, Native American, and 28% of faculty in 2001 and approxi- Hispanic) increased to 4% from 3% in None/Missing 15 0.6 mately 27% in 1989 and 1994. 1994 and 2% in 1989. Including Total 2363 100.0 Instructors comprised approximately Asian/Pacific Islanders in the analysis 3% of the faculty in the years studied. increases the percentage of minority In 2001, 47% of faculty holding a physiologists to 15% compared with (38%) and in 1994 (37%). degree in physiology had tenure and 12% in 1994 and 9% in 1989. PhD physiologists are increasingly an additional 14% were in tenure- Data were also compared on depart- employed in clinical science depart- track positions (Table 7). Both of these mental appointments and areas of ments. In 2001, 49% were employed in figures were less than reported in the specialty. In 2001, the percentage of clinical departments compared with 1994 study in which more than half of PhD physiologists employed in basic 43% in 1989 and 45% in 1994. As in the faculty had tenure and 17% were science departments decreased to 49% the earlier studies, the largest per- in tenure-track positions. (Table 9) from 53% in 1994 and 55% in centage of PhD physiologists was Gender diversity among faculty 1989. While the largest percentage employed in departments of internal with physiology degrees was improved was employed in physiology depart- medicine (16%). in 2001 compared with the two previ- ments (30%) in 2001, this was a small- In terms of specific physiology disci- ous studies. In 2001, 20% (n = 454) of er percentage than observed in 1989 (continued on page 188)

Table 10. Number of Faculty in Physiology Department by Sex, Rank, and Tenure Status, 2001 Professor Associate Professor Assistant Professor Instructor Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female No. (%) No. (%) No. (%) No. (%) No. (%) No. (%) No. (%) No. (%) Tenured 621(86.4) 88(85.4) 203 (58.2) 45 (43.7) 2 (0.6) 3 (2.0) 0.0 0.0 On-track 27 (3.8) 1 (1.0) 56 (16.0) 21 (20.4) 135 (38.8) 38 (24.8) 2 (5.0) 2 (5.6) Not on-track 28 (3.9) 8 (7.8) 54 (15.5) 22 (21.4) 117 (33.6) 69 (45.1) 21 (52.5) 17 (47.2) No tenure 25 (3.5) 1 (1.0) 14 (4.0) 5 (4.9) 11 (3.2) 8 (5.2) 3 (7.5) 1 (2.8) available Missing 18 (2.5) 5 (4.9) 22 (6.3) 10 (9.7) 83 (23.9) 35 (22.9) 14 (35.0) 16 (44.4) Total 719 (100) 103 (100) 349 (100) 103 (100) 348 (100) 153 (100) 40 (100) 36 (100)

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Table 11. Faculty in (mean = 1,868) (Table 5). In 2000, how- ment faculty positions held by women Departments of Physiology in ever, only 1,768 full-time faculty posi- increased between 1989 and 2001. In US Medical Schools: tions were filled, a decline from most 2001, women held 22% of faculty posi- Distribution by Discipline, years in the previous two decades. The tions (Table 12), up from 14% in 1989 2001 number of vacant positions decreased, and 17% in 1994 (15). In addition, a as well, falling from an average of 87 comparison of the data published in No. % in the 1980s to 64 in the 1990s. 1995 (15) to the data in Table 12 con- Anatomy 27 1.6 Volunteer positions increased by 18% firms that the representation of Biochemistry 280 17.0 during this period, from a mean of 390 women at all faculty ranks has Biology 59 3.6 during the 1980s to 459 during the increased over the decade. However, Biophysics 86 5.2 1990s; these typically are clinical women in physiology departments— Chemistry 42 2.5 department faculty in teaching roles. similar to women physiologists in all Endocrinology 28 1.7 Among faculty members with a departments—are much less likely Engineering 32 1.9 degree in physiology, approximately than their male cohorts to be in Genetics 16 1.0 41% held the rank of professor (Table tenure-track positions (Table 10). In Immunology 10 0.6 6). Similarly, of the faculty employed 2001, proportionately fewer women Microbiology 14 0.8 in departments of physiology, approxi- were tenured and more women were Neurobiology 41 2.5 mately 44% held the rank of professor not in a tenure-track position at every Nutrition 4 0.2 (Table 10). The majority of faculty faculty rank when compared with Pathology 8 0.5 members in departments of physiolo- male faculty members. At the assis- Pharmacology 117 7.1 gy in 2001 held the PhD (87%) or MD- tant professor level, 45% of women Physics 24 1.5 PhD (5%) degree (3). Only about 6% were in non-tenure-track positions Physiology 700 42.4 held an MD degree only. This distribu- compared with 34% of men; therefore, Psychology 39 2.4 tion is similar to that observed in both nearly half of women assistant profes- Zoology 31 1.9 1989 and 1994. More than half (52%) sors in physiology departments are in Other 92 5.6 of the faculty members in physiology non-tenure-track positions. Total 1650 100 departments had tenure in 2001, and Racial/ethnic diversity among facul- an additional 15% were in tenure- ty in physiology departments re- (continued from page 187) track positions (Table 10). mained unchanged in comparison to plines, in 2001 more than 68% of the As stated earlier, respondents to the 1994. The overall proportion of under- respondents stated that their area FRS survey are asked to indicate their represented minority faculty (African- was “physiology, general.” Neurophys- specific field of study or discipline American, Native American/Alaskan iology (8%), cardiovascular physiology (Table 11). Just over half of faculty Natives, and Hispanic) remained (5%), reproductive physiology (4%), members in departments of physiolo- unchanged at 5% of the faculty in and exercise physiology (2%) account- gy in 1989 (56%) and 1994 (53%) iden- departments of physiology (Table 13). ed for an additional 19% of medical tified themselves as “physiologists.” In Furthermore, Asians, Hispanics, and school physiologists. 2001, however, only 42% identified African-Americans are over-repre- themselves as “physiologists.” Other sented in Instructor positions com- Faculty in departments of physiology. disciplines commonly cited in 2001 pared with their total representation In 2001, the AAMC FRS included were biochemistry (17%), pharmacolo- on the faculty in departments of phys- information on 1,851 faculty members gy (7%), and biophysics (5%). In con- iology (Table 13). For example, where- with appointments in physiology trast, in 1994 biochemistry was identi- as Hispanics comprise 4% of the total departments in US medical schools. fied as the field of study for only 12% faculty in departments of physiology, The number of full-time faculty posi- of the individuals in departments of they account for 6% of the instructors. tions remained stable between the physiology. These groups are also concentrated 1980s (mean = 1,833) and 1990s The proportion of physiology depart- more in assistant professor and instructor positions than at higher Table 12. Number of Faculty in Physiology Department, by Sex and faculty level positions. Rank, 2001 Discussion Male Female No. % No. % Role of physiology in the medical cur- Professor 719 49.1 103 25.2 riculum. It is apparent that physiology Associate Professor 349 23.8 103 25.2 training plays a critical role in the Assistant Professor 348 23.8 153 37.4 education of future medical doctors Instructor 40 2.7 36 8.8 based on the Medical School Other 9 0.6 14 3.4 Graduation Survey conducted by the Missing 0 0.0 0 0.0 AAMC. Medical students felt that Total 1465 100 409 100 their physiology courses were critical

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in preparing for both their medical exams, particularly in the areas of the throughout the past two decades. studies and clinical clerkships. basic sciences, to assure that their Rather, growth of the number of PhD Despite this feedback, many academic training is adequate. Furthermore, it graduate students has been relatively medical centers have restructured the will be incumbent upon schools to flat, with a significant decrease in the medical school curriculum, effectively assure that, as contact hours are latter 1990s and into the new millen- reducing the number of instructional reduced, students effectively learn nium. At the same time, there has contact hours available for providing critical content knowledge and process been a significant increase in the medical students with training in skills in physiology. Toward this end, number of postdoctoral fellows in physiology. While physiology and a the APS and the Association of Chairs physiology. number of other basic science courses of Departments of Physiology have The specific reasons for a lack of have seen a reduction in hours, the developed Medical Physiology growth in the number of graduate stu- instructional hours devoted to anato- Learning Objectives, a consensus on dents in physiology are unknown. my and neurosciences has remained the physiological principles and con- However, there are several possibili- stable. Ernst Knobil (10) stated that cepts that are considered minimal and ties. First, undergraduate students physiology was “the basic science cen- essential for understanding mecha- interested in a research career may be tral to medicine” and data on two nisms of disease and body defenses increasingly unaware of the broad decades of medical school classes (7). research opportunities in physiology. agree, yet the allocation of instruction- It will also require, however, that There has been considerable focus in al hours suggests that medical school departments have faculty with a clear the media on biotechnology, biochem- curriculum committees do not. understanding of not only these basic istry, and genetics, leading students to Anatomical sciences appear to be concepts and principles, but also an the perception that these are the weighted more heavily, as evidenced ongoing knowledge of progress in the “best” fields in which to work. This by the retention of hours for anatomy fields of physiology so that important makes the current APS programs to and the addition of anatomically new findings can be incorporated into increase undergraduate participation based courses such as cell biology and the curriculum. Evidence from the in physiology research and to increase microanatomy in the medical school AAMC survey suggests that physiolo- public understanding of the benefits of curriculum. This restructuring has gy departments are, indeed, diversify- physiology research even more impor- been encouraged by the Liaison ing their faculty to include fewer tant (13). Committee for Medical Education “physiologists.” If those involved in Second, there may simply be (LCME) and by efforts to also include teaching medical physiology also decreased recruitment of graduate non-basic science courses in the cur- reflect that diversity, then the long- students in departments of physiology riculum. term effects of utilizing instructors and increased hiring of postdoctoral The long-term impact of this signifi- who are teaching “out-of-field” must be fellows. Extended postdoctoral posi- cant change in the medical curriculum monitored and assessed. Again, it will tions provide an individual with addi- is unknown. It constitutes an educa- be incumbent upon each school to tional training and opportunities for tional experiment with tremendous address this issue. research during a time of limited potential impacts, changing the basic opportunities for permanent positions, core knowledge of the new generation Education and training of PhD physi- while providing the employer with a of clinicians. Therefore, it is essential ologists. Unlike many other areas of highly trained and motivated collabo- that schools monitor the progress and life sciences, physiology has not rator. Third, it may be that fewer grad- achievement of students on Board enjoyed a growth of graduate students (continued on page 190)

Table 13. Number of Faculty in Physiology Department by Rank and Ethnicty, 2001 Professor Associate Assistant Instructor Professor Professor No.%No.%No.%No.% American Indian or Alaskan Native 0.0 2 0.4 1 0.2 0.0 Asian or Pacific Islander 45 5.5 51 11.3 83 16.6 18 23.7 Black, Not of Hispanic Origin 7 0.9 9 2.0 9 1.8 3 3.9 Mexican American or Chicano 4 0.5 2 0.4 5 1.0 0.0 (Hispanic) Puerto Rican (Hispanic) 2 0.2 3 0.7 4 0.8 2 2.6 Other Hispanic 20 2.4 12 2.7 11 2.2 3 3.9 White, Not of Hispanic Origin 714 86.8 350 77.4 354 70.7 38 50.0 Not Wish to Respond 24 2.9 14 3.1 18 3.6 5 6.6 Missing 7 0.9 9 2.0 16 3.2 7 9.2 Total 823 100.0 452 100 501 100 76 100

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(continued from page 189) areas such as biochemistry and molec- (16%), somewhat greater than the 14% uate students in departments of phys- ular biology are filling more positions in 1989 and 1994. Surgery depart- iology self-identify themselves as in departments of physiology. As noted ments accounted for 7% of the PhD “physiologists.” As physiology depart- in Table 11, 17% of the faculty in physiologists in 2001, a slight increase ments diversify their faculty, students departments of physiology in 2001 had from 5% in 1989 and 6% in 1994. The in physiology departments may be degrees in biochemistry, compared shift in employment of physiologists working in the lab of a biochemist, with 9% in 1989 and 12% in 1994. into clinical departments may reflect pharmacologist, or biophysicist…and As discussed earlier, one of the physiologists’ substantial understand- may self-identify themselves as such. implications of this shift is that the ing of clinical problems and their abil- Finally, it is possible, albeit less likely, faculty responsible for the teaching of ity to participate in the translational that prospective graduate students physiology to medical students is not research studies more common in clin- may perceive that academic positions as well versed in physiological princi- ical departments. This should also be are less available in physiology than ples. In addition, it makes it increas- viewed as an experiment in organiza- in other fields. ingly difficult for the faculty to offer tional management with departments The status of postdoctoral fellows is laboratory exercises designed to monitoring the benefits that PhD also a concern. The number of postdoc- emphasize physiological principles in physiologists bring to the departments toral fellows at US medical school the absence of faculty familiar with as well as their impacts on the physiology departments has increased the experimental procedures. Finally, research profile and graduate and significantly over the past two this shift in the composition of depart- medical student training in which the decades. Factors contributing to this ments of physiology may further con- department is involved. are, certainly, an increase in foreign tribute to the reduction of instruction- students and the decreasing number al hours available to teach physiology Diversity Issues. The number and pro- of vacancies in medical school physiol- to medical students. portion of women awarded physiology ogy departments (Table 5). However, Like the change in curriculum, the PhD degrees has remained fairly con- in contrast, the NSF reports no growth shift in faculty composition should be stant since 1991, despite the fact that in the number of physiology postdoc- viewed as an organizational experi- the number of students pursuing toral fellows overall, although the ment in progress. If the shift was graduate degrees in physiology (Table overall number of postdoctoral fellows made with specific objectives in 5) has decreased over the same time in biological sciences has increased by mind—to increase the level of period. Additionally, the percentage of 17% (18). Has the diversification of research funding—then an evaluation women with PhD degrees in physiolo- faculty in departments of physiology of the impact of the experiment should gy employed in US medical schools with the goal of increasing research be done. Are those faculty members has increased over this time period. In dollars led to an increase in the num- raising a disproportionately high 2001, 20% of the faculty was female ber of postdoctoral students at those amount of funding for their depart- compared with 14% in 1989 and 16% institutions and a decrease in the ments? Has the change in faculty com- in 1994. Similar increases were found number of graduate students in phys- position and expertise had impacts on in departments of physiology where iology? The data needed to address course content, teaching quality, and the percentage in 2001 was 22% com- this issue are not currently available, the preparedness of medical and grad- pared with 14% in 1989 and 17% in but the question is an important one uate students? Has it impacted the 1994. Unfortunately, whether the for both the future of physiology number of and type of students being female PhD physiologist was in a research and of physiology depart- trained by the department (e.g., grad- physiology department or in another ments. uate versus postdoctoral)? Has it medical school department, they were impacted the amount and type of more likely to be in a non-tenure-track Faculty at US medical schools. The research and teaching collaborations position than their male colleagues. data presented here provide some sup- among faculty within the department? However, proportionally more women port for the assertion that physiology These questions cannot be addressed on faculty are in professor positions in departments in medical schools are by national surveys, but they are 2001 than in 1994. diversifying their faculty in terms of important ones for each department to The increased participation of specific discipline. Approximately half consider. female physiologists on faculties may of PhD physiologists working in US The other half of PhD physiologists be reflective of commitment by admin- medical schools are affiliated with at US medical schools are employed in istrators and chairs to improve gender basic science departments (Table 9). clinical science departments. This rep- diversity in US medical schools and of However, only 30% of the PhD physiol- resents an increase compared with the increased availability of women with ogists employed in medical schools percentage employed in clinical physiology degrees. Recently, the were in physiology departments in departments in 1989 (43%) and in National Research Council of the 2001, down from approximately 38% 1994 (45%). Of those in clinical science National Academy of Sciences con- in 1989 and 1994. Data suggest that departments in 2001, the largest per- ducted an extensive study, comparing candidates from more highly funded centage was in internal medicine matched samples of men and women

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in a number of science fields, including While minorities experienced a slight- many minority undergraduate, gradu- biological sciences (14). They found ly increased representation in US ate, and postdoctoral students who that, even adjusting for differences in medical schools, they were unlikely to have participated in our programs. It the age structure of men and women be found in higher level academic posi- is hoped that these data will suggest in the sciences, “…men are still more tions. There was disproportionate rep- ways to improve these programs for likely to be tenured than women at resentation of minorities in assistant greater impact. any professional age. Although these professor and instructor positions. differences have declined over time, The results of the 2001 analysis sug- Conclusion they persist, especially in research gest that US medical schools and universities.…Some of the difference departments of physiology still have a This study suggests that physiology in women’s status in academia can be long way to go before the percentage of and physiologists remain strong with- explained by lower productivity, as minority scientists is increased to lev- in US medical schools, even though measured by publications. It seems els comparable to their levels in the their representation has shifted over clear, however, that difference in the general population. The fact that lev- the decade. While the instructional positions held by women are likely the els of minorities have not increased hours for physiology have declined, cause of lesser productivity, rather appreciably since the last analysis is medical students remain supportive of than the other way around” (p. 6). disappointing because efforts to the role physiology plays for their Therefore, if US medical schools are to encourage minority students to pur- medical training. Important changes see the continued increase in women sue research careers has been a signif- with specific objectives have been on faculties, it will be necessary, at icant interest of NIH and scientific made in both the medical school cur- minimum, to assure that they have societies like the American riculum and in the composition of access to tenure-track positions, com- Physiological Society. While such fed- departments of physiology, but it is not parable to that of their male col- erally funded programs as the NIH apparent that important evaluative leagues. Minority Access to Research Careers data are being gathered to assess the (MARC) and Minorities in Biomedical impact of these changes. Without Minorities in Physiology. As is appar- Research Studies (MBRS) have pro- assessment, whether or not these ent from a comparison of the data in vided extensive support for the partic- changes accomplish their goals will Tables 8 and 13 with the results pub- ipation of minorities in biomedical remain unknown. lished in 1995 (15), there has been lit- research, the effort has not translated Does the current success of the med- tle progress made to increase the to a significant increase in the partici- ical physiology teaching programs number and proportion of minority pation of minorities in physiology result from the retention of classically PhD physiologists in US medical research in academia. From the data trained physiologists in departments schools. This is most apparent in presented here, it appears that the of physiology to teach the physiology departments of physiology where the Federal programs did not significantly course? What is the impact of depart- percentage of underrepresented increase the number of physiologists mental recruitment of faculty trained minority faculty (African American, employed in US medical schools. It is in more reductionist approaches in Native American, and Hispanic) possible that PhD physiologists order to maintain the research fund- remained stagnant at 5%. Those trained through these programs have ing levels of the departments? What underrepresented minorities trained obtained employment in industry, will be the long-term impacts of in physiology and recruited to US research institutes, or other non-med- decreases in the number of PhD phys- medical school were more likely to find ical school environments. iologists employed in physiology employment outside of departments of The APS is currently conducting a departments and increases in the physiology, resulting in a small study to provide some insights into number finding positions in clinical increase in the percentage employed this issue. The APS’ efforts for increas- departments where they can con- to 4% in 2001 from 3% in 1994 and 2% ing the participation of minorities in tribute their knowledge to translation- in 1989. When Asians/Pacific Islan- physiology have focused on supporting al research programs associated with ders are included in the analysis, the student training at the graduate and clinical departments? Again, the data percentage representation in both the postdoctoral levels through the Porter needed to answer these important department of physiology and within Physiology Development Fellowships questions must be gathered and ana- the medical school is increased. Within and on encouraging the early develop- lyzed. departments of physiology, the per- ment of a professional network Women and, to a lesser extent, centage of underrepresented minori- through the Minority Travel Fellows minority PhD physiologists are better ties including Asians increased to 16% Program, with support from NIDDK represented in US medical schools in in 2001 from 12% in 1994 and 10% in and NIGMS. The APS survey of all 2001 than in 1994 or 1989. However, 1989. Within the medical school, the past participants in these programs is their contributions to the field are lim- percentage of underrepresented designed to gain insights into their ited by their overrepresentation in minority PhD physiologists, including long-term impacts and to gather infor- non-tenure-track positions. According Asians, increased to 15% in 2001. mation on the career paths of the (continued on page 192)

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(continued from page 191) 436, 1946. Physiol. Soc., 1958. to the National Research Council, it is 2. American Association of Medical 12. Hall, J. E. 74th President of APS. critical that the numbers of women Colleges. Personal communication, Al The Physiologist 44: 65, 74-79, 2001. and minorities on faculties and in Salas, Director, CurrMIT Project, 13. Horwitz, B. A. 75th President of tenure-track positions increase so that 2001. APS. The Physiologist 45: 87, 96-99, the overall scientific community can 3. American Association of Medical 2002. benefit from the critical diversity and Colleges. Personal communication, 14. Long J. S. From Scarcity to perspectives they bring (14). It is Hisashi Yamagata, Senior Research Visibility: Gender Differences in the imperative that the APS and the Associate, 2002. Careers of Doctoral Scientists and Federal government continue their 4. Anderson, M. B. Medical Education Engineers. Washington, DC: National efforts to actively recruit and retain in the United States and Canada Academy Press, 2001, http://www.nap. undergraduate and graduate students Revisited. Acad. Med. 68: S55-S63, edu/catalog/5363.html. into physiology research programs 1993. 15. Matyas, M. L., and Frank, M. and to encourage the hiring of women 5. Boron, W. F.The APS Strategic Plan Physiologists at US Medical Schools: and minorities into tenure-track posi- - A Vision for the New Millennium. Education, Current Status and Trends tions. The Physiologist 43: 71-74, 2000. in Diversity. The Physiologist 38: 1, 5- As stated by Knobil (10), 6. Burrelli, J.S. Growth Continued in 12, 1995. “Physiology … has been and continues 2000 in Graduate Enrollment in 16. Staub, N. C., Schultz, S. G., and to be the basic science central to Science and Engineering Fields. Frank, M. American Physiological medicine.” The physiology concepts National Science Foundation Data Society’s Strategic Plan. The and principles identified in Medical Brief, NSF 02-306, December 21, 2001. Physiologist 35: 37-43, 1992. Physiology Learning Objectives (7) 7. Carroll, R. G., Navar. L. G., & 17. National Science Board. Science form a solid foundation on which Blaustein, M. P. Medical Physiology and Engineering Indicators - 2002. future physicians build their knowl- Learning Objectives. Bethesda, MD: Arlington, VA: National Science edge of not only healthy and disease American Physiological Society, 2001, Foundation, 2002 (NSB-02-1). states, but the understanding of diag- http://www.the-aps.org/education/Med 18. National Science Foundation, nostic measures and diverse treat- PhysObj/medcor.htm. Division of Science Resources ments and of the elegance and wonder 8. Chien, S., Cherrington, A., Cook, J. Statistics. Graduate Students and of the living organism. To weaken that S., Metting, P., Raff, H., Valtin, H., Postdoctorates in Science and solid foundation by offering only a Young, D. B., and Yool, A. The Sun Engineering: Fall 2000. Arlington, VA: sampling of these key concepts taught Breaks Through the Clouds: A Bright National Science Foundation, 2002 by faculty with only a cursory knowl- Future for Physiology. A Report From (NSF 02-314, Project Officer, Joan S. edge of the principles and how to teach the Long-Range Planning Committee. Burrelli). them would hardly result in a robust The Physiologist 39: 375-388, 1996. 19. National Science Foundation, and sound medical education. While 9. DiBona, G. F. 73rd President of Division of Science Resources the questions raised here are not easi- APS. The Physiologist 43: 57, 66-70. Statistics. Science and Engineering ly answered, they are important. They 2000. Doctorate Awards: 2000. Arlington, assure that the future of medical edu- 10. Geibisch, G. H., Granger, J. P., VA: National Science Foundation, cation includes the strong foundation Greenleaf, J. E., Lydic, R. B., Mitchell, 2001 (NSF 02-305, Author, Susan T. that only physiology can provide for it. R. H., Nadel, E. R., Schultz, S. G., Hill). ❖ Wood, J. D., and Knobil, E. What’s Past 20. National Science Foundation, is Prologue. A “White Paper” on the Division of Science Resources Studies, References Future of Physiology and the Role of Science and Engineering Degrees, by the American Physiological Society in Race/Ethnicity of Recipients: 1989-97, 1. Adolph, E. F. Physiology in North It. The Physiologist 33: 161-180, 1990. NSF 00-311, Author, Susan T. Hill America, 1945: Survey by a 11. Gerard, R. W. Mirror to Physiology. (Arlington, VA 2000). Committee of the American A Self-Survey of Physiological Physiological Society. Fed. Proc. 3: 407- Sciences. Washington, DC. Am.

192 The Physiologist 155th Business Meeting Vol. 45, No. 4, 2002

Time: 5:30 PM, Tuesday,April 23, 2002 searchability, including content of 300 improved methods of preventing, Place: Ernest N. Morial Convention plus journals. The PIM series, which diagnosing, or treating disease. It Center, New Orleans, LA will appear in the Annals of Internal is also the transfer of clinical Medicine, will help link physiology insights into hypotheses that can I. Call to Order and medicine together. Hall praised be tested and validated in the The meeting was called to order at Dale Benos for his leadership as basic research laboratory. 5:37 PM by President John E. Hall, Chair of the APS Publications Translational research is bi-direc- who welcomed the members to the Committee. Hall said that the APS tional. 155th Business Meeting of the meetings have been enhanced in sev- Hall went on to say that the gap American Physiological Society. A eral ways. The first is by further devel- between the basic sciences and clinical booklet containing the agenda and a oping the “meeting within a meeting” medical is growing, according to the listing of all the APS award recipients concept at the Experimental Biology NIH, HHMI, AHA, ACS, and others. was distributed to those members pre- (EB) meetings. He also said the meet- He said that this growing gap may be sent. ings have gotten stronger by empow- due, in large part, to the declining ering the sections by allowing them to activity in clinical physiology and inte- II. Election of Officers create a “meeting within a meeting” grative physiology. This declining Executive Director Martin Frank for their section members. He also activity in integrative physiology is announced the results of the election said that the APS conferences have likely due to: 1) technological of officers that was conducted by mail been expanded to meet the needs of advances in molecular biology/ge- ballot. Frank stated that a total of the entire APS membership and they nomics and funding pressures have 1,416 ballots were cast. The member- highlight Physiological Genomics and attracted physiologists to be more ship elected John A. Williams, Translational Research. reductionist; 2) physiologists have University of Michigan, as President- The second goal of Hall’s term as often become indistinguishable from Elect (April 24, 2002-April 15, 2003). President was to strengthen the APS other basic scientists and, as a result, The two newly elected Councillors are sections, which he believes are the basic science departments are merg- Virginia Miller, Mayo Clinic and backbone of the Society. He said that ing; 3) PhD training programs usually Foundation, MN, and Charles the sections now have expanded don’t include pathophysiology, and Tipton, University of Arizona. They resources for the EB meetings. These sometimes very little physiology; and will serve a three-year term (April 24, resources include distinguished lec- 4) physiology departments may not be 2002-April 5, 2005) which will begin at tureships, featured topics, allocation of effectively serving as a bridge between the close of the Annual Meeting. They symposia slots, and funding for young the basic sciences and clinical are replacing Hannah Carey and Jo investigator awards. The APS sections research. Rae Wright. are also strengthened through com- The declining activity in clinical mittee representation on such com- physiology is due, in part, to: 1) a loss III. State of the Society mittees as the Section Advisory of role models and mentors for trans- Hall addressed the meeting and Committee (SAC), the Nominating lational research; 2) inadequate time spoke on the state of the Society. He Committee, Committee on Commit- for research in residency training pro- said that he was pleased with the con- tees, and the Liaison with Industry grams; 3) financial pressures (man- tinued growth of the Society’s mem- Committee. aged care); and 4) physical and intel- bership, and that the Society overall Hall’s third goal was to increase the lectual separation from the basic sci- was doing well. He then spoke about visibility of APS and the discipline of ences. Hall went on to say that basic his year as president of APS and of the physiology. To assist APS to increase and clinical research programs are no goals he had hoped to achieve during their visibility and that of physiology, longer conducted side by side in most his presidency. The first goal was to a media specialist and a media compa- academic medical centers. This sepa- further enhance the vitality and excel- ny were hired, and APS formed a new ration is leading to less interaction lence of the APS meetings and publi- Communications Committee. among physiologists and clinicians. cations. In the area of publications Together, they will be responsible for Because of declining activity in clini- there have been some innovative ideas informing the media and public about cal and integrative physiology, APS put into action, such as the APS online new developments in physiology and has established a Translational collection, the legacy data project, the contributions of APS and its members, Research Task Force. The goals of this High Wire Library of the Sciences and meetings, journals, awards programs, task force are to: 1) ensure that physi- Medicine project, and the Physiology and outreach efforts. ology re-establishes itself as a disci- in Medicine (PIM) Series. Through the His fourth goal was to develop a pline that links basic sciences and Legacy Data Project, APS journal con- “translational research” initiative. He clinical medicine, and 2) promote tent dating back to 1898 and continu- began his discussion by first defining interdisciplinary research that trans- ing forward will be scanned and post- the term “translational research.” lates advances in basic science to clin- ed online. The High Wire Library of Translational research is ical research. the Sciences and Medicine project is a the transfer of knowledge gained (continued on page 194) new web portal providing enhanced from basic research into new and

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(continued from page 193) preparing them for medical school. On Net (BEN) portal that includes APS, There are several objectives APS another question, 84.6% rated physiol- ASM, ESA, ASBMB, Science’s STKE hopes to achieve through the transla- ogy courses as good or excellent in and others. tional research initiative. The first is preparing them for medical clerk- Hall then updated the membership to highlight translational research in ships; on both of these questions, phys- on the financial situation of the APS meetings and publications. There iology was ranked higher than other Society. He said that APS is in good has been a call for translational basic science courses in order of shape, and the various programs, such research papers in the APS journals, importance. However, the number of as meetings and publications, are and the PIM series, which will appear course and contact hours for physiolo- doing well. in the Annals of Medicine, will also gy within the medical schools is Hall then thanked the APS staff, in include translational research arti- declining. Thus, the translational particular APS Executive Director cles. APS meetings will also be used to research initiative will also be used to: Martin Frank, Education Officer promote the initiative. For example, at 1) promote and facilitate the instruc- Marsha Matyas, Director of the EB meetings, translational tion of basic medical physiology by Publications Margaret Reich, Public research can be more greatly high- Physiology Departments; 2) promote Affairs Officer Alice Ra’anan, lighted by developing stronger pro- the instruction of physiology in the Membership Services Manager Linda gramming ties with the American clinical years and in postgraduate Allen, Director of Finance Robert Foundation for Medical Research medical education; 3) promote inclu- Price, Higher Education Programs (AFMR); encouraging cross-cutting, sion of pathophysiology in the medical Coordinator Melinda Lowy, and bench to bedside programming; spon- curriculum; and 4) promote inclusion Executive Assistant Linda Comley. soring workshops aimed at overcom- of pathophysiology and clinical Hall also thanked Past-President ing barriers to interdisciplinary research in Physiology PhD training Gerald DiBona and President-Elect research; and sponsoring workshops programs. Barbara Horwitz for all their help on career opportunities in translation- Hall said that there are several and support during his tenure. al research. Hall would like APS to strategies that will be employed by the In closing, Hall thanked the mem- sponsor at least one translational translational research initiative to bership for the opportunity to serve research conference a year and spon- achieve these objectives. Some of these the Society as its President and said sor/endorse symposia at other clinical strategies are to: 1) obtain more infor- that this is a “great time to be a phys- meetings (e.g., ASN, AHA, AGA). mation on the importance of physiolo- iologist.” The second objective of the initiative gy to students and clinicians; 2) be is to encourage physiologists to devel- more proactive in dealing with the V. Report on Membership op interdisciplinary teams that bridge USMLE and making sure that physi- molecular and cellular physiology, ology is well-represented; 3) obtain A. Summary of the Membership organ systems physiology, and clinical more information on careers in physi- Status research. Other objectives of the ology, especially the need for integra- President-Elect Barbara A. translational research initiative are tive physiologists; 4) work to get the Horwitz reported on the status of the to: 1) promote translational research ACDP/APS medical curriculum objec- Society membership. As of March 22, as a viable career for physiologists; 2) tives accepted; 5) build a template for 2002, the current membership of the increase the impact of physiology on a pathophysiology course (“Physiology Society is 10,915, of which 7,536 are the medical school curriculum, as well in Medicine Grand Rounds”); and 6) regular members, 39 are honorary as on postgraduate medical education; use the APS Archives for promoting members, 1,056 are emeritus mem- 3) promote training in integrative physiology/pathophysiology education. bers, 91 are affiliate members, and physiology; and 4) increase the visibil- The Archives contains material suit- 2,193 are student members. The ity of physiology as a discipline. able for all educational levels (K-12, Society also has 22 Sustaining As stated earlier, Hall said that he undergraduate, graduate/profession- Associate members. would also like to increase the impact al) and will develop a repository of of physiology on the medical school case histories, animations, figures, lec- B. Deaths Reported Since the curriculum, and on postgraduate med- tures, simulations, and links to addi- Last Meeting ical education. He said that physiolo- tional resources on the web. A scientif- Horwitz read the names of those gists often have little contact with ic review board has been established members whose deaths had been medical students after the first year, to review material for scientific accu- reported since the last meeting. The although both medical students and racy and to verify the appropriate use membership stood and observed a clinicians believe that the teaching of of animals. Material in the Archives is moment of silence in tribute to their physiology is important. In the 2001 searchable by title, author, subject deceased colleagues. AAMC Medical School Graduation matter, keywords, type of file, peda- questionnaire, 88.7% of the respon- gogy, medical learning objectives, as dents said that physiology courses well as other criteria. Also, the were important or very important in Archives is part of a larger BiosciEd

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VI. Awards and Presentations cantly from the APS. He also received B. Orr E. Reynolds Award the Honor Award from the EEP The Orr Reynolds Award, estab- A. Ray G. Daggs Award Section of the APS in 1993. Buskirk lished in 1985 in honor of the second Ray G. Daggs was the APS was Section Editor for the Executive Secretary-Treasurer, is pre- Executive Secretary-Treasurer from Environmental and Exercise sented for the best historical article 1956 until his retirement in 1972. In Physiology papers to the American submitted by a member of the Society. tribute to his devotion to the Society, Journal of Physiology and the Journal Members may receive the award only the Ray G. Daggs Award was estab- of Applied Physiology before editors once, and those members who have lished and is given annually to a phys- and associate editors were identified. advanced degrees in the history of sci- iologist for distinguished service to the He was section editor, editor, and edi- ence or medicine are not eligible. The Society and to the science of physiolo- tor-in-chief for Medicine and Science recipient receives $500 and expenses gy. The recipient receives $500 and in Sports and Exercise from 1973- to attend the Experimental Biology expenses to attend the Experimental 1988, where he remains Consulting meeting. Biology meeting. Hall was pleased to Editor. Buskirk also served on a large Hall was pleased to announce that announce that the recipient of the number of advisor panels and study the 2002 Reynolds Awardee is Gerard 2002 Ray G. Daggs Award is sections for NSF, AHA, NRC, USAF, P. Smith, Weill Medical College of Elsworth Buskirk, Pennsylvania NASA, and ONR, including four terms Cornell University, for his article enti- State University. on NIH study sections with two terms tled “Pavlov and Integrative In selecting Buskirk as this year’s as chair. Buskirk has published over Physiology.” recipient, the Daggs Award 245 scientific papers, books and book Committee noted that Buskirk has chapters. He has contributed signifi- C. Arthur C. Guyton Teacher of provided distinguished service to our cant scholarly work since 1957 in the the Year Award field and to the American areas of environmental and exercise, The Arthur C. Guyton Teacher of the Physiological Society over many years. mentoring more than 40 PhD stu- Year Award was established in 1993 He served as chairman of the dents. Since becoming Professor by the Teaching of Physiology Section Environmental and Exercise Emeritus in 1992, he has published a and supported by the W. B. Saunders Physiology (the EEP) Section of the number of papers and chapters, Company, publisher of Guyton’s APS from 1988-1991. He was a mem- including a chapter in the APS’s Textbook on Medical Physiology, used ber of the Association of Chairman of Handbook of Physiology entitled to educate generations of medical and Departments of Physiology from 1974- “Nutrition and exercise in adverse physiology students. The award is 1991, and as well, directed the Noll environments” in 1996. He continues given to an APS member who is a full- Laboratory of Human Performance to be active in APS. time faculty member of an accredited over these years. Buskirk has held a Congratulations to Elsworth college or university and involved in number of leadership positions for the Buskirk for a lifetime of achievement classroom teaching and not exclusive- American College of Sports Medicine and leadership in the science of physi- ly the teaching of graduate students in and has been the recipient of a num- ology and his service to The American a research laboratory. The recipient ber of the College’s awards, including Physiological Society and its member- receives $1,000 and expenses to the highest honorary award. The ship. attend the EB meeting. College’s membership derives signifi- (continued on page 196)

APS President John Hall present- President John Hall presenting President John Hall and William ing the Ray G. Daggs Award to the Orr E. Reynolds award to Schmitt presenting the Arthur C. Elsworth Buskirk. Gerard P. Smith. Guyton Teacher of the Year Award to John West.

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President John Hall presenting President John Hall presenting President John Hall presenting the Giles F. Filley Memorial the Giles F. Filley Memorial Award the Shih-Chun Wang Young Award to Claudette Marie St. to Mai-Lan Huynh. Investigator Award to Jeffrey Croix. Potts.

(continued from page 195) nize excellence in respiratory physiol- E. Shih-Chun Wang Young Hall introduced William Schmitt ogy and medicine. Two annual awards Investigator Award from the W.B. Saunders Company who are made to investigators who hold an As a result of a bequest from the presented the 2001 Guyton Teacher of academic rank no higher than assis- wife of Shih-Chun Wang, a memorial the Year Award to John West. West tant professor and are pursuing fund was established in 1998 to recog- studied the functioning of the lungs research in respiratory physiology and nize excellence in physiology. Shih- and respiration and pulmonary physi- medicine. Awards are made to APS Chun Wang was the Pfeiffer Professor ology in his early years. He currently members working in the United of Pharmacology at Columbia teaches at the University of States, who have demonstrated out- University and a long-standing mem- California, San Diego. In his courses, standing promise based on their ber of the APS. He was internationally he is able to integrate physiology and research program. recognized for his research contribu- medicine. He has been the recipient of Hall presented the 2002 awards to tions in the areas of neurophysiology the Kaiser Award, and was president Mai-Lan N. Huynh, University of and neuropharmacology with an of the American Physiological Society Colorado, and Claudette Marie St. emphasis on brainstem control mecha- 1984-1985. Croix, University of Pittsburgh. nisms. An award is made to an APS Each recipient received a $25,000 member working in the US who has D. Giles F. Filley Memorial check for use in his/her respective demonstrated outstanding promise Awards research program, a plaque, and reim- based on his/her research program. As a result of a bequest from the bursement of expenses to attend the Hall presented the 2002 Wang Award family of Giles F. Filley, a memorial Experimental Biology meeting. to Jeffrey T. Potts, Wayne State fund was established in 1993 to recog- University School of Medicine, Michigan.

President John Hall presenting the Lazaro J. Mandel President John Hall presenting the Arthur C. Young Investigator Award to James D. Stockand. Guyton Award for Excellence in Integrative Physiology to Simon C. Malpas.

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President John Hall and Glenn Reinhart presenting President John Hall and Glenn Reinhart presenting the Liaison With Industry Award to Darren Hoffman. the Liaison With Industry Award to Edward Lee.

Potts received a $12,000 check for demonstrated outstanding promise Arthur C. Guyton led to the establish- use in his research program, a plaque, based on his or her research program. ment in 1997 of an award to recognize and reimbursement of expenses to Each award is for $12,000 and is des- excellence in integrative physiology. attend the Experimental Biology ignated for the use of the awardee in One award is made annually to a reg- meeting. his/her research program. Hall pre- ular APS member who demonstrates sented the 2002 Mandel Award to outstanding promise based on his/her F. Lazaro J. Mandel James D. Stockand, University of research program in feedback, mathe- Young Investigator Award Texas Health Science Center at San matical modeling, and integrative As a result of a bequest from the Antonio. physiology. wife of Lazaro J. Mandel, a memorial Stockand received a $12,000 check Hall presented the 2002 Arthur C. fund was established in 1999 to recog- for use in his research program, a Guyton Award in Integrative nize excellence in epithelial or renal plaque, and reimbursement of expens- Physiology to Simon C. Malpas, The physiology. An annual award is made es to attend the Experimental Biology University of Auckland, New Zealand. to an investigator who holds an aca- meeting. Malpas received a $12,000 check for demic rank no higher than assistant use in his research program, a plaque, professor and is pursuing research in G. Arthur C. Guyton Award and reimbursement of expenses to epithelial or renal physiology. An for Excellence in Integrative attend the Experimental Biology award is made to an APS member Physiology meeting. working in the United States who has A donation to the Society in honor of (continued on page 198)

President John Hall presenting a President John Hall presenting a President John Hall presenting a plaque to Helen Raybould, outgo- plaque to Jeff Sands, outgoing plaque to Dee Silverthorn, outgo- ing chair of the Gastrointestinal chair of the Renal Section. ing chair of the Teaching of Section. Physiology Section.

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President John Hall presenting a President John Hall presented a President-elect Barbara Horwitz plaque to Hannah Carey, outgoing plaque and sailor’s cap to Gerald receives the gavel from President Councillor. DiBona, outgoing Past President. John Hall. (continued from page 197) I. Caroline tum Suden/ J. Procter & Gamble Professional H. Liaison With Industry Awards Frances Hellebrandt Opportunity Awards The Liaison With Industry Awards Professional Opportunity The Procter and Gamble Company, are given to the graduate student and Awards a multinational, technically-based the postdoctoral fellow submitting the Thirty-six awards were made possi- consumer products corporation, pro- best abstract describing a novel dis- ble by the bequests of Caroline tum vides support for the APS Professional ease model. This award is sponsored Suden and Frances Hellebrandt, who Opportunities Awards. The APS sec- by the Liaison with Industry Commit- were long-time members of the tions selected 12 predoctoral students tee. This is the third year these Society. Awards are open to graduate who are within 12-18 months of awards have been given. Hall and students or postdoctoral fellows who receiving a PhD degree and are pre- Glenn A. Reinhart, a representative present papers at the spring meeting. senting a paper as first author at the of the Liaison With Industry Commit- Recipients receive a $500 check for spring meeting. Paid registration and tee, presented the 2002 Liaison With travel to the Experimental Biology $500 checks were given to the Industry Awards to Graduate Student meeting, paid registration, and have awardees. APS Executive Director Darren S. Hoffman, University of access to the FASEB Placement Martin Frank presented the awards. Iowa, and Graduate Student Edward Service. Carole Liedtke, Chair of the Wolfgang Lee, Georgetown Women in Physiology Committee, pre- K. Minority Travel Fellowships University Medical Center. sented the awards. These Travel Fellowships for minor- ity physiologists, established in 1987, are open to advanced undergraduate, predoctoral, and postdoctoral stu-

President John Hall presenting the Walter B. Cannon Past President Gerald DiBona presenting the Henry Lecture Award to Allen Cowley. Pickering Bowditch Award to Pontus Persson.

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dents, who have obtained their under- Sands, Chair of the Renal Section; VII. Passing of the Gavel graduate education in Minority Dee U. Silverthorn, Chair of the Hall then turned the gavel over to Biomedical Research Programs Teaching of Physiology Section; and Barbara A. Horwitz, University of (MBRP) and MARC-eligible institu- Michael A. Matthay, Chair of the California, Davis, incoming President tions, as well as students in the APS Respiration Section, complete their of the American Physiological Society. Porter Physiology Development terms at the close of this meeting. Hall Horwitz thanked Hall on behalf of the Program. Minority faculty members at thanked them for their guidance and Society saying that the Society had the above institutions may also apply. leadership with the sections, and their been very fortunate having John Hall Funds are provided for travel and per help and dedication to the Society. as President. diem to attend the annual spring meeting. This program is supported by L. Recognition of Outgoing VIII. New Business the NIDDK and the NIGMS. The Councillors After President Hall completed his intent of this award is to increase par- Councillors Hannah V. Carey and presentation, APS member Gabriel ticipation of pre- and postdoctoral Jo Rae Wright will complete their Nahas took the floor and commented minority students in physiological sci- terms on Council at the close of the on Hall’s remarks. Nahas raised sever- ences. This year APS is pleased to pre- Experimental Biology 2002 meeting. al issues, including the idea that phys- sent 44 Minority Travel Fellowship Hall thanked them for their service on iology needs to be redefined. He also Awards. Council and their assistance to him, said that medicine is a science com- Hall then asked that all the young and recognized their dedication and posed of many arts, and that physiolo- investigator award recipients stand guidance to the Society. gy is one of these arts. Hall thanked and be recognized by the attending Hall then offered a special “Thank him for his comments. membership. You” to Past-president Gerald There being no new business, the DiBona. He thanked DiBona for his meeting was adjourned at 6:47 PM, K. Recognition of Outgoing help, leadership, and dedicated service April 23, 2002. ❖ Section Chairs to the Society, presenting him with a Helen Raybould, Chair of the plaque honoring his presidency. Barbara A. Horwitz, President-Elect Gastrointestinal Section; Jeff M.

APS Presidents Gather at EB ‘02

Front Row: William Dantzler, Stanley Schultz, John Hall, Bodil Schmidt-Nielsen, Barbara Horwitz, Vernon Bishop. Back Row: Walter Boron, John Williams, Gerald DiBona, John West, Jim Schafer, Shu Chien, Aubrey Taylor, Franklyn Knox, Gabriel Navar, David Bohr, Norman Staub.

199 The Physiologist Experimental Biology 2002 Vol. 45, No. 4, 2002

Marlene Cohen of Eli Lilly Company David Randall, Martin Frank, and Tim Burkholder presenting the presenting Phyllis Wise the FASEB Walter C. Randall Lecture Award to Adrian Morrison. Excellence in Science Award.

Dale Benos recognized outgoing publications com- Gary Kline, Sue Sabur, and Gil Ebner staffing the mittee members and editors at the Publications APS exhibit booth at EB ‘02. Banquet held at EB ‘02 in New Orleans. Pictured left to right are outgoing committee members Jim Schafer and Davis Manning, outgoing journal edi- tors Penny Hansen and John Hall, Margaret Reich, APS Director of Publications, and Dale Benos, APS Publications Chair.

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Graduate Students and Postdoctoral Fellows Receive Caroline tum Suden/Frances A. Hellebrandt Professional Opportunity Awards

Graduate students and postdoctoral fellows who were Prasad V. G. Katakam, Mayo Clinic first authors on an abstract submitted to Experimental Ollie Kelly, Emory Univ. Biology 2002 in New Orleans, LA were eligible to apply for Eric Lazartigues, Univ. of Iowa the Caroline tum Suden/Frances A. Hellebrandt Nathan LeBrasseur, Boston Univ. Professional Opportunity Award. The APS Women in Timothy Lindley, Univ. of Iowa Physiology Committee, chaired by Carole M. Liedtke, Maria Llinas Pias, Univ.of Mississippi Medical Center Case Western Reserve University, selected 36 awardees Samantha Louey, Monash Univ. from a pool of 105 applicants. Applicants were chosen based Sarah McCarter, Univ.of Western Ontario on the quality and novelty of their abstracts, and letters Donogh McKeogh, Oregon Health and Sciences Univ. written by the candidates describing their career goals, Shyamal Mehta, Medical College of Georgia research, and why they were particularly deserving of the Kevin Monahan, Penn State Univ./Milton S. Hershey award. Each awardee received $500, a certificate of recog- Medical Center nition, and complimentary registration for the EB 2002 Mohammad Newaz, Texas Southern Univ. meeting. Awards were presented during the APS Business David Rodenbaugh, Wayne State Univ. Meeting at EB 2002. Awardees were: Traci Taylor, Medical College of Georgia Diego Alvarez, Univ. of South Alabama College of Yingxiao Wang, Univ. of California, San Diego Medicine Yu Wang, Univ. of Nebraska Wendy Baltzer, Texas A&M Univ. Zheng Wu, Georgetown Univ. Srisaila Basavappa, Yale Univ. School of Medicine Christian Wunder, Univ. of Western Ontario Pamela Boyd, York Univ. Li Yang, Univ. of Southern California Robert Brock, Univ. of Western Ontario Dan Ye, Mayo Clinic Alison Dungey, Univ. of Western Ontario Yong-Chun Zeng, Univ. of Nebraska Scott Earley, Univ. of New Mexico Health Science Center Shao-Ling Zhang, Univ. of Monteal Paul Fadel, Univ. of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Xueying Zhao, Medical College of Georgia C. Michael Foley, Univ. of Missouri Matt Zimmerman, Univ. of Iowa Darren Hoffman, Univ. of Iowa Adrienne Stevens Zion, Columbia Univ. Venkateswarlu Karicheti, Albert Einstein College of Medicine

Caroline tum Suden/Frances Hellebrandt Professional Opportunity Awardees.

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Predoctoral Students Receive Procter & Gamble Professional Opportunity Awards at EB 2002

Once again, the APS has been able to recognize the valu- Neural Control & Autonomic Regulation Section able contributions of 12 predoctoral students to the science Lila P. LaGrange, University of Texas Health Science of physiology as a result of a generous contribution provid- Center at San Antonio ed by the Procter & Gamble Company. Students who were Renal Section first authors on an abstract submitted to EB 2002 in New Ahmed A. Elmarakby, Medical College of Georgia Orleans, LA were eligible to apply for the Procter & Gamble Respiration Section Professional Opportunity Award through one of the 12 sec- Kenneth J., Cavanaugh Jr., University of Pennsylvania tions of the Society. Award recipient selection was made by Teaching of Physiology Section the sections. Each awardee received $500, a certificate of Patti M. Thorn, University of Texas at Austin recognition, and complimentary registration for the Water & Electrolyte Homeostasis Section Experimental Biology meeting. They were presented their Keith DiPetrillo, Dartmouth Medical School awards at the APS Business Meeting at EB 2002. Awardees were: Cardiovascular Section Carol A. Witczak, University of Missouri-Columbia Cell & Molecular Section Kathryn Ault Ziel, University of South Alabama College of Medicine Central Nervous System Section Christopher D. Sharp, Louisiana State University Health Science Center Comparative Section Sierra R. Guynn, Creighton University School of Medicine Endocrinology & Metabolism Section Patrick T. Fueger, Vanderbilt University Environmental & Exercise Section Erwin A. Bautista, University of California, Davis Gastrointestinal Section Procter & Gamble Professional Opportunity Joseph G. Duman, University of California, Berkeley Awardees. APS Members Serve as Mentors to EB 2002 NIDDK/NIGMS Travel Fellows

The APS has awarded Travel Fellowships to minorities to just financial assistance, but professional guidance, as well. attend the Experimental Biology meeting each spring since The mentors who volunteered this year are much appreci- 1987. These travel awards are supported by the National ated for offering their time and expertise, especially the Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases numerous APS members who have made this contribution (NIDDK) and the National Institute of General Medical for many years in a row. Sciences (NIGMS). Awardees are provided with funds for Fellows and their mentors attended a closing luncheon at transportation, meals, lodging, and complimentary meeting EB to hear from guest speakers and to receive certificates registration. The APS Porter Physiology Development honoring their successful participation in the program from Committee reviews and selects applicants for this award. Martin Frank, APS Executive Director, and APS This year, 44 minority students and postdoctoral fellows President, John Hall. Fellows saw the luncheon as a wel- were selected from 54 applications to receive fellowships, come opportunity to compare notes on their scientific activ- enabling them to attend EB 2002 in New Orleans, LA. ities of the week. Former APS President L. Gabriel Travel Fellows in this APS program frequently cite the Navar, of Tulane University Medical School, spoke to the pairing of each Fellow with an APS member to serve as audience about what to expect and how to deal with being his/her mentor for the duration of the EB meeting as one of a minority student and later a faculty member when fol- the most valuable components of the fellowship. Mentors lowing their chosen career in physiology. offer guidance on appropriate sessions to attend, introduce The travel awards are open to graduate students, post- Fellows to other scientists, and provide career advice. This doctoral students, and advanced undergraduate students component helps Fellows to maximize their time and more from minority groups underrepresented in science (i.e., fully experience the many aspects of EB. Fellows often African Americans, Hispanics, Native Americans, and expressed their appreciation that the program provides not Pacific Islanders). Students must be US citizens or perma-

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nent residents. The specific intent of this award is to Ita T. Udosen, Texas Southern Univ. increase participation of pre- and postdoctoral minority Johana Vallejo, Univ. of Missouri, Columbia students in the physiological sciences. For more informa- Elizabeth K. Weihe, Mayo Foundation tion, contact the APS Education Office at 301-634-7132 or Ianthalatres Williams, Univ. of Alabama [email protected] or visit http://www.the-aps.org/edu- Jan Michael Williams, Medical College of Georgia cation/minority_prog/index.htm on the APS website. EB 2002 Mentors were: EB 2002 awardees were (*denotes NIGMS Fellow): Magdelena Alonso-Galicia, Merck Research James Patrick Abulencia, Johns Hopkins Univ. Laboratories Guy Alvarez, Colorado State Univ. Francisco Andrade, Case Western Reserve Univ. Erwin A. Bautista, Univ. of California Davis Mouhamed Awayda, Tulane Univ. Medical Center Robert Carter III, Univ. of North Texas Health Science Susan Barman, Michigan State Univ. Center Kathleen Berecek, Univ. of Alabama at Birmingham Whitney Daniels, Ursinus College Cesar Blanco, Univ. of Southern California Martin Farias III, Univ. of North Texas Health Science Eldon Braun, Univ. of Arizona Health Science Center Center Steve Britton, Medical College of Ohio Marcelo Febo, Univ. of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Hannah V. Carey, Univ. of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Karen Feng, Univ. of Arizona Medicine Patrizia Alizia Flores, New Mexico Highlands Univ. William M. Chilian, Medical College of Wisconsin *Billie J. Foote, Ft. Belknap College Parimal Chowdhury, Univ. of Arkansas Medical Science Gerald D. Frank, Vanderbilt Univ. School of Medicine John Cuppoletti, Univ. of Cincinnati College of Medicine Oliver I. Fregoso, Univ. of California, Santa Cruz Dipak Das, Univ. of Connecticut School of Medicine Jacob Garza, Texas A&M Univ., Kingsville Barbara E. Goodman, Univ. of South Dakota School of Daniel N. Gonzalez, Texas A&M Univ., Kingsville Medicine Lorie Ann Gonzalez, Texas A&M Univ., Kingsville Alan Hargens, Univ. of California-San Diego Jorge L. Gonzalez-Perez, Univ. of Puerto Rico Thomas C. Herzig, Uniformed Services Univ. of Health Earl G. Haley, Wright State Univ. Sciences Milton Hamblin, Meharry Medical College Cynthia Jackson, Univ. of Western Georgia *Justin Hawley, Ft. Belknap College Lauren Koch, Medical College of Ohio Mark J. Hernandez, Univ. of Missouri, Columbia James C. Leiter, Dartmouth Medical School Danielle L. Hughes, Wake Forest Univ. Michael Massett, Univ. of Rochester School of Medicine Allison A. Ivy, Meharry Medical College and Dentistry Nikki L. Jernigan, Univ. of New Mexico James B. Martins, Univ. of Iowa Jennifer L.T. Keeling, Univ. of California, Santa Cruz Evangeline Motley, Meharry Medical College Ollie Kelly, Emory Univ. C. Leo Ortiz, Univ. of California-Santa Cruz Johnalyn D. Lyles, Univ. of Maryland, Baltimore C. Subah Packer, Indiana Univ. School of Medicine Hector Macias, Univ. of California Nancy Pelaez, California State Univ., Fullerton Jennifer Marquez, Univ. of Arizona Aleksander S. Popel, Johns Hopkins Univ. School of Chastity N. McRae, Univ. of Alabama at Birmingham Medicine *Bethany NotAfraid, Ft. Belknap College Chi-Sang Poon, Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences Rudy M. Ortiz, Univ. of California Santa Cruz & Technology Maria Teresa Z. Paraz, Univ. of California Usha Raj, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center Michael F. Perrine, Univ. of New Mexico Health Science Deborah A. Scheuer, Univ. of Missouri, Kansas City Center Suresh C. Tyagi, Univ. of Mississippi Medical Center Steve J. Plane, Sr., New Mexico State Univ. Catherine Uyehara, Tripler Army Medical Center Kassandra Inez Rossiter, Univ. of California, Santa Cruz Alice R. Villalobos, Univ. of Rochester Raudel Sandoval, Univ. of Illinois Peter Wagner, Univ. of California-San Diego Edward G. Smith, North Carolina Central Univ. *Joseph Strike, Ft. Belknap College

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New Regular Members *Transferred from Student Membership Worku Abebe Chuan Hu* Timothy D. Mickleborough Medical College of Georgia Memorial Sloan-Kettering Univ. of Wales Inst., Cardiff, UK Damian Miles Bailey Cancer Ctr, NY Claire H. Mitchell Univ. of Glanorgan, UK Charles H. Hubscher Univ. of Pennsylvania Erwin A. Bautista* Univ. of Louisville, KY Alexander A. Mongin Univ. of California, Davis Judith Nicoll Hudson Albany Medical College, NY Yves Boirie Peninsula Med Sch, UK Holger Nillsson Human Nutrition Laboratory, Simon M. Hughes Univ. of Aarhus, Denmark France King’s College, London, UK Marie C. Nlend Claudia J. Brahler Ronald J. Johnson* Univ. of Miami, FL Univ. of Dayton, OH Pharmacia Animal Health, MI Zui Pan Susan V. Brooks Sheree M. Johnson* Univ. of Medicine and Dentistry, NJ Univ. of Michigan Howard Univ., DC Julian F.R. Paton Hua Cai Stephen M. Kajiura Univ. of Bristol, UK Emory Univ. School of Med., GA Univ. of California, Irvine Kevin Thomas Patton Chi-Hing C. Cheng Venkateswarlv Karicheti St. Charles Community College, MO Univ. of Illinois Millennium Pharmaceuticals Inc., MA Kathryn Phillips Kothapa N. Chetty Franz Kehl Jour. of Experimental Biol,UK Grambling State Univ., LA Julius-Maximilians Univ., Germany Sekhara P.M. Reddy James B. Claiborne Scot R. Kimball Johns Hopkins Univ., MD Georgia Southern Univ. Penn State Univ. John Robertson Laura A. Dada Landon S. King Westminster College, UT Northwestern Univ. Johns Hopkins Univ. Lewis P Rubin Arthur L. Devries David E. Kling Women and Infants Hosp., RI Univ. of Illinois Massachusetts General Hosp. Oscar Sacchi Gregory Mark Dick Deborah M. Kristan Univ. of Ferrara, Italy Univ. of Nevada Univ. of Idaho Christoph E. Schreiner Christopher G. Ellis Craig M Lilly Univ. of California, San Francisco Univ. of Western Ontario, Canada Brigham and Women’s Hosp., MA Ananda P. Sen Pauline L. Entin* Wen Liu Calyx Therapeutics Inc., CA Northern Arizona Univ. Mount Sinai Med. Ctr., NY Qi Shi* William B. Farquhar* James A. Logue Case Western Reserve Univ., OH HRCA Res & Training Inst., Boston, Univ. of Illinois Manabu Shibasaki* MA Anna Lysakowski Nara Women’s Univ., Japan Janet Lyn Fitzakerley Univ. of Illinois Jianliang Song Univ. of Minnesota, Duluth Bela Malik Geisinger Med. Ctr., PA C. Michael Foley* Emory Univ., GA Peter H.S. Sporn Univ. of Missouri Vladimir Marshansky Northwestern Univ., IL Lourdes A. Fortepiani Massachusetts General Hosp. Chengwen Sun Univ. of Mississippi Beatriz B. Matsubara Univ. of Florida Craig Gatto* Fac De Med. De Botucatu, Brazil Michael E. Symonds Illinois State Univ. Luiz S. Matsubara Univ. of Nottingham, UK Sandra R. Grabowski Fac De Med. De Botucatu, Brazil Thomas J. Thekkumkara Purdue Univ. John Patrick McCarthy Texas Tech Univ., HSC Solomon M. Hamilton Univ. of Alabama. Birmingham Francois Tiaho Oakwood College Lynnette P. McCluskey Univ. De Rennes I, France Xinbing Han Medical College of Georgia W. Martin Usrey Children’s Memorial Hosp., Chicago Stephen J. McGregor Univ. of California, Davis Pernille Bjorg Hansen Eastern Michigan Univ. Jose G. Venegas NIH, NIDDK James D. McLister Massachusetts General Hospital John Daniel Hatle Univ. of Utah Jeffrey Lawrence Ward Illinois State Univ. Meetha Medhora US Food and Drug Admin., MD Jean-Francois Hocquette Medical College of Wisconsin Wei Wei Nat’l Inst of Agronomic Res, France Albert Starr Academic Ctr, OR

204 The Physiologist Membership Vol. 45, No. 4, 2002

Thomas Weimbs Zhi-Zhang Yang Jian X. Zhang Cleveland State Univ. Medical College of Wisconsin Univ. of North Carolina Mary Elaine Wlodek Fu-Xian Yi Weiying Zhao Univ. of Melbourne, Australia Medical College of Wisconsin Univ. of Texas Southwestern Med. Christian Wunder Lindon Howard Young Ctr. Univ. of Wurzburg, Germany Philadelphia College Xueying Zhao Jin Xue of Osteopathic Med. Medical College of Georgia Yale Univ., CT Ming Yu Medical College of Wisconsin New Student Members Ken Abe Robert J. Brosnan Jamie Ann Cooper Georgetown Univ., DC Univ. of California, Davis Michigan State Univ. Alaeldein Abudabos David Avery Brown Cheryl A. Creelman Clemson Univ., SC Univ. of Colorado Univ. of Alaska, Anchorage James P. Abulencia Justin W. Brown Paul John Cribb Johns Hopkins Univ., MD East Carolina Univ., NC Victoria Univ., Australia David W. Adhoch Loan Thuy Bui Charles A. Darveau Louisiana State Univ. Queensland Univ. Tech, Australia Univ. of British Columbia, Canada Padmanabhan Anand Richard J. Burke Julia Devonish Brown Univ./Rhode Island Hosp. Kennesaw State Univ., GA St. Cloud State Univ. Udayan M. Apte Thomas E. Burkey Somer Lynn Doody Univ. of Louisiana, Monroe Kansas State Univ. Univ. of Utah Kiran K. Arise Veronica A. Campanucci David Edwards Tulane Univ., LA McMaster Univ., Canada Univ. of Florida Lori Ann Armstrong Bruno De Arruda Carillo Mohamed El Sawy Univ. of Florida Univ. Federal De Sao Paulo, Brazil Tulane Univ., LA Patricia Susan Armstrong Michael M. Carper Rolando R. Enoch Brock Univ., Canada Univ. of Kansas North Carolina Central Univ. Caroline V. Aylott Christina Marie Carruthers Carie S. Facemire Univ. of Scheffield, United Kingdom Bowling Green State Univ., OH Univ. of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Cari Azevedo Edward L. Carruthers Adrian Stuart Fairey Framingham State College, MA Bowling Green State Univ., OH Univ. of Alberta, Canada Oliver A. Badali Jason Robert Carter Qin Fang California State Univ., Northridge Michigan Technological Univ. Univ. of Nebraska Medical Center Ahmed A. Badr Chi-Sun Chang Pierre Jean Ferre California State Univ. National Taiwan Univ., Taiwan Ecole Nat’l Vet, France Jeremy Bamford Chiu Yueh Chen Terence Gan Univ. of Alberta, Canada National Cheng Kung Univ., Taiwan California State Univ. Supriya A. Bavadekar Liang Chen Fullerton/Loma Univ. of Mississippi Univ. of Toronto, Canada Jacob Garza School of Pharm. Evonne Chin Texas A&M Univ., Kingsville Carley Robin Benton Royal Veterinary College, UK Carla Geurts Univ. of Waterloo, Canada Kyung Hyun Choi Univ. of New Brunswick, Canada Aparna Bhaskar Univ. of Nebraska Medical Center Edward James Girard Univ. of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Eric Churchill Lackawanna College, PA Yan Bi Case Western Reserve Univ., OH Daniel N. Gonzalez Univ. of Michigan James Richard Churilla Texas A&M Univ., Kingsville Jana Bibova Florida International Univ. Lorie Ann Gonzalez Charles Univ., Czech Republic Mariana Cifuentes Texas A&M Univ., Kingsville Jonathan K. Bigrigg Rutgers Univ., NJ Melanie Dawn Goodman Brock Univ., Canada Syrlene Annette Clarke Univ. of Oklahoma Health Sci. Ctr. Christopher M. Bopp Long Island Univ., NY Ashraf Sherif Gorgey Univ. of South Carolina Denis George Colomb Univ. of Georgia Philippe Bourque Univ. of Oklahoma Health Sci. Ctr. Jennifer M. Green Univ. of New Brunswick, Canada Nicole L. Conaway Univ. of Nebraska Medical Center Univ. of Texas, Arlington

205 The Physiologist Membership Vol. 45, No. 4, 2002

Joshua A. Gregory Gargi Kundu Stephanie Misono Univ. of San Diego Louisiana State Univ. Harvard Medical School/Children’s Jodie Leanne Guy Alice Y. Kuo Hosp., MA Univ. of Leeds, United Kingdom Virginia Polytech Inst-State Univ. Shawnda Morrison Earl Gregory Haley Maros Kustar Univ. of New Brunswick, Canada Wright State Univ., OH Framingham State College, MA Tyler Moulton Richard Hamer Shani T. Lampley Framingham State College, MA North Carolina State Univ. Tuskegee Univ., AL Moustafa Bayoumi Moustafa Kent Chantz Hansen Shena Lynn Latcham Ohio State Univ. Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison Univ. of Missouri Monica H. Moya Belinda Arlene Hart Jennifer Ann Lepire New Mexico State Univ. Tuskegee Univ., AL Framingham State College, MA Subrata Nath Joey W. Hayward Li-Fu Li Florida International Univ. Grambling State Univ., LA Massachusetts General Hospital Ravi Nistala Tyson L. Hedrick Jia-Jun Liao Univ. of Iowa Harvard Univ., MA National Taiwan Univ., Taiwan Robert C. Noland Emily Ann Hellbach Pallavi B. Limaye East Carolina Univ., NC Xavier Univ., LA Univ. of Louisiana, Monroe Lourdes P. Norman Neali D. Hendrix Chuanchi Lin Pennsylvania State Univ. Univ. of Michigan Framingham State College, MA April Elizabeth Ochoa Chris W. Herman Mu-Eu Liu California State Univ., Northridge Michigan State Univ. National Taiwan Univ., Taiwan Robert E. Oliver Thomas L. Hilder Todd R. Luka Grambling State Univ., LA Univ. of North Carolina Tulane Univ., LA Serina Dawn Ortiz Marcono R. Hines, Jr. Kathleen C. Lundberg Univ. of California, Los Angeles North Carolina Central Univ. Case Western Reserve Univ., OH Mark Paciga Caroline Hodt Julie M. Malachinski Univ. of Western Ontario, Canada Norwegian Univ. Sports, Norway De Paul Univ., IL Vinay K. Parameswara Scott A. Holowachuk Victor J. Mamani Univ. of Texas Health Sci Ctr Mississippi State Univ. Univ. of Nac Mayor San Marcos, Peru Ghazaleh Parizi Ting-Ting Hong Airton L. Manoel Framingham State College, MA Univ. of Michigan Escola Paulista De Med., Brazil Chad Michael Paton Ying Huang Jznzhe Mao Univ. of Maryland Marshall Univ. School of Med Georgia State Univ. Alexander H. Penn Wim Huygens Chad David Markert Univ. of California, San Diego Katholieke Univ. Leuven, Belgium Ohio State Univ. Jessica Elise Peppler Juan P. Ianowski Constantine S. A. Markides Univ. of Hawaii McMaster Univ., Canada Univ. of Texas Medical Branch Jessica Perez Keshia L. Jackson Rodolfo Randy Martinez Univ. of Alabama, Birmingham Wright State Univ., OH Univ. of North Texas Hlth Sci Ctr Sharon Lynn Phaneuf Wen-Yih Jeng Benjamin Jason Mathis Univ. of Florida National Cheng Kung Univ., Taiwan Univ. of Texas, Austin Deepali A. Pitre Moltu Joseph Suzanne Duchai McAlear Ohio State Univ. Medical College of Wisconsin Univ. of Alabama, Birmingham Susan Patricia Phelps Mahesh Suresh Karandikar Joseph Matthew McClung California State Univ., Fullerton B J Medical College, India Univ. of South Carolina Steven Joe Plane Michael R. Kearney Kellie McCormick New Mexico State Univ. Univ. of Sydney, Australia Univ. of California, Davis Blakely Ann Plaster Abolfazl Khajavi Rad Marshall Douglas McCue Framingham State College, MA Univ. of Manchester, UK Univ. of California, Irvine Jennifer Lyn Pluznick Susan Elizabeth Kirkup Diana Medina Univ. of Nebraska Med. Ctr. Royal Veterinary College, UK New Mexico State Univ. Satyanarayana R. Pondugula Andor Joseph Kiss Marie C. Miller Kansas State Univ. Univ. of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign St. Louis Univ., MO Olga Potella Frederick Steven Korte Meredith Louise Miller Univ. of Missouri Univ. of Missouri Univ. of Texas, Austin Edward S. Potkanowicz Patricia L. Kultgen Benjamin F. Miller Kent State Univ., OH Univ. of North Carolina Univ. of California, Berkeley

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Rohit Ramchandra Kristine Skjoaas Saroja V. Voruganti Univ. of Auckland, New Zealand Kansas State Univ. Univ. of Texas, Austin Habib Moshref Razavi Kylie Sheree Smith Pavle Josip Vrljicak Univ. of Western Ontario, Canada Linus Pauling Inst, OR McGill Univ. Health Ctr, Canada Mark R. Rheault Wook Song Michael J. Wacker McMaster Univ., Canada Texas A&M Univ. Univ. of Kansas Scott Robert Richmond Sandy L. Spann Christine Gail Wagner Univ. of Kansas Grambling State Univ., LA Auburn Univ. College of Vet. Med., AL Ernest Ricks Sorachai Srisuma Qianben Wang Grambling State Univ., LA Johns Hopkins Univ., MD Univ. of Maryland, Baltimore Karen Lynn Riska Jonathan A.W. Stecyk Elizabeth K. Weihe St. Cloud State Univ., MN Simon Fraser Univ., Canada Mayo Clinic, MN Dianne Louise Robinson Lukasz Struzik Jin-Fu Wen California State Univ., Fullerton Univ. of Toronto, Canada Jeonbug National Univ., Korea Melvin Louis Robinson II Nicole Stupka Jay M. Weitzner Alcorn State Univ. Univ. of Melbourne, Australia Southern Connecticut State Univ. Regina Mary Rochefort Liga Svanks Corey C. Wiggins Framingham State College, MA Framingham State College, MA Alcorn State Univ., MS Jacqueline B. Rojas Marta Szaszak Sarah B. Wilkinson Curtin Univ. of Technology, Australia Semmelweis Univ., Hungary McMaster Univ., Canada Andrew G.J. Rosenberger Nathaniel J. Szewczyk Heather L. Wilson Univ. of Guelph, Canada Univ. of Pittsburgh, PA Univ. of Saskatchewan, Canada Kevin P. Russeth Stanley A. Tan Jason J. Winnick Univ. of Minnesota, Duluth Oakcreast Health Res Inst, CA Ohio State Univ. Venkata S. Sabbisetti Chris Kyle Taylor Brian Lee Wolfe Univ. of Louisiana, Monroe Creighton Univ. Med. Sch., NE Bloomsburg Univ., PA Jennifer Ellen Salem Jian Teng Patti Lynn Wright Case Western Reserve Univ. Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison Univ. of South Alabama Arpana Arvind Sali Linda J Teplitz Guan-Hsun Wu Univ. of Kentucky Univ. of Illinois, Chicago National Taiwan Univ., Taiwan Glaucio Scremin Errol L.M. Thomson Ruwei Xu Pennsylvania State Univ. Health Canada, Canada Prince Henry’s Inst., Australia Michael T. Sellix Vanessa I. Toney Shu-Chuan Yang Florida State Univ. Brown Univ., RI Inst. of Neuroscience, Taiwan Joshua Taylor Selsby Christopher Torrens Maxim V. Zakhartsev Univ. of Florida Univ. of Southhampton, UK Univ. of Antwerp, RUCA, Belgium Aubie Kay Shaw Meghna Trivedi Nicholas A. Zane Univ. of Minnesota, Duluth Univ. of Houston, TX Washington and Jefferson College, PA Satoshi Shiojima Ming-Ho Tsai Yu Joy Zhao Nat’l Ctr Child Hlth & Devel., Japan Nat’l Cheng-kung Univ., Taiwan Loma Linda Univ., CA Trevor Jay Silvernail Kedar S. Vaidya Xiangjian Zheng Univ. of North Carolina, Chapel Hill Univ. of Louisiana, Monroe Medical College of Georgia Aerial L. Singleton Leamon Viveros Beiyan Zhou New Mexico State Univ. Texas A&M Univ. Northwestern Univ, IL. Lisa Ann Skinner Justin C. Voog Mary E. Zimmer Univ. of British Columbia, Canada Minnesota State Univ. Univ. of British Columbia, Canada Yi Zuo Northwestern Univ., IL

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Cardiovascular The Cardiovascular Section .edu, Fax: 937-775-3769. Deadline is The Young Investigator Award is Young Investigator Award ($500) is November 22, 2002. intended for members, but not neces- designed to entice submission of The Cell and Molecular sarily fellows, of the Cardiovascular abstracts to the Experimental Biology Physiology Young Investigator Section of the APS who have received meetings from junior investigators Awards ($500) will be given to two a PhD, MD, DSc, DVM, or DDS degree and to aid them in their travel expens- successful candidates for work per- with an academic rank or equivalent es. To be eligible, the investigator formed while in the first through third not higher than that of Assistant must be within 10 years of receiving postdoctoral year or medical residen- Professor who have already made a his/her PhD or MD degree and have cy. Applicants must be first author on substantive independent contribution submitted a first-authored abstract to an abstract submitted to the and hold future promise but are not, a Cardiovascular Section topic catego- Experimental Biology meeting. The as yet, well established. The nomina- ry (see Physiology topic category list trainee or their mentor must be a tion package, to be sent to the Chair of under the heading “Cardiovascular member in good standing of the APS, the Awards Committee of the APS CV Section”). Abstracts from eligible indi- with a primary affiliation in the Cell Section, should consist of a letter of viduals will be judged by the and Molecular Physiology section. nomination, a seconding letter (prefer- Cardiovascular Section Awards Members of the CAMP Steering ably from someone outside of the nom- Committee and a total of up to nine Committee will review all applica- inee’s institution), and a CV of the each year which are judged to be the tions. Winners will be announced, and candidate. most meritorious will be awarded. awards presented, at the Cell and The Berne Distinguished Eligible individuals are requested to Molecular Section Banquet at the EB Lectureship award is presented to a Email a copy of their submitted meeting. Applicants must complete scientist who is a Fellow of the abstract to the Chair of the the Student Award Certificate form Cardiovascular Section of the APS, Cardiovascular Section Awards and have the mentor submit a brief who has made outstanding prior con- Committee: Irving G. Joshua at (e.g. half-page) letter describing why tributions to cardiovascular research, [email protected], to the trainee is deserving of the award. and whose current research is particu- arrive by November 22, 2002. Email or Fax a copy of the submitted larly interesting, such that the presen- abstract, the Student Award tation of this work would be expected Cell and Molecular Physiology Certification form, and letter to Peter to contribute to further interest in the The Cell and Molecular Physiol- K. Lauf, MD, Email: peter.lauf@wright CV Section meeting. This award is in ogy Student Awards ($300) are .edu, Fax: 937-775-3769. Deadline is honor of one of the most distinguished available for up to two pre-doctoral November 22, 2002. members of the Cardiovascular candidates, depending on applicant Section, Robert M. Berne. The nomina- pool. One award will be given for work Central Nervous System tion package, to be sent to the Chair of done while enrolled as a medical or The Central Nervous System the Awards Committee of the APS CV graduate (doctoral or masters) stu- (CNS) Section Van Harreveld Section, should consist of a letter of dent. A second award is reserved for Memorial Award ($300) will be pre- nomination, one or more seconding let- undergraduate researchers. Appli- sented by the CNS Section to recog- ters (preferably from someone outside cants must be first author on an nize outstanding research in neuro- of the nominee’s institution), and a CV abstract submitted to the Experimen- science by a graduate student or post- of the candidate. tal Biology meeting. The student or doctoral fellow. The recipient must be The Carl J. Wiggers Award is pre- their mentor must be a member in first author on an abstract presented sented to a scientist who is a Fellow of good standing of the APS, with a pri- at the meeting. Mail copy of the sub- the Cardiovascular Section of the APS, mary affiliation in the Cell and mitted abstract and the completed who has made outstanding and lasting Molecular Physiology section. APS Award Certification Form to Dr. contributions throughout his/her Members of the CAMP Steering Susan M. Barman, Department of career to cardiovascular research, and Committee will review all applica- Pharmacology & Toxicology, Michigan who will bring broader and more tions. Winners will be announced, and State University, East Lansing, MI international representation to the CV awards presented, at the Cell and 48824-1317. Deadline for receipt of Section meetings. This award is in Molecular Section Banquet at the EB application is December 6, 2002. honor of the Cardiovascular Section’s meeting. Applicants must complete The Young Investigator Award founder, Carl J. Wiggers. The nomina- the Student Award Certificate form of the Central Nervous System tion package, to be sent to the Chair of and have the mentor submit a brief Section provides at least two awards the Awards Committee of the APS CV (e.g. half-page) letter describing why of $500 each and complimentary Section, should consist of a letter of the trainee is deserving of the award. advance registration fees for recogni- nomination, one or more seconding let- Email or Fax a copy of the submitted tion of meritorious research by young ters (preferably from someone outside abstract, the Student Award investigators who participate in the of the nominee’s institution), and a Certification form, and letter to Peter annual Experimental Biology meet- CV of the candidate. K. Lauf, MD, Email: peter.lauf@wright ing. To qualify for this award, the

208 The Physiologist Awards Vol. 45, No. 4, 2002

applicant must have received a PhD or young investigator presenting a paper Endocrinology & Metabolism Section other professional degree within the in the “Scholander Award” Session. To (see Physiology topic category list past 10 years and must present a be eligible, applicants must submit under the heading “Endocrinology & poster or talk at the Experimental their abstract to the Scholander Metabolism Section”), and be certified Biology Meeting. The subject matter of Award Session topic category (see by his/her advisor as being eligible for this presentation can be any topic Physiology topic category list under such an award. A copy of your abstract related to the central or peripheral the heading Comparative Section, submission and a completed APS nervous system. Applications are topic category #1063-APS), be first Award Certification Form should be reviewed and rated by the CNS author on the abstract, and be not mailed to Charles Lang, Department Section Awards Committee. To apply more than five years past the highest of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, for this award, the applicant should degree. Mail a copy of your abstract Pennsylvania State Univ. College of submit four copies of the abstract (or a submission and completed APS Award Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033-0850. paragraph describing his/her research Certification Form to Linda Allen, Deadline for application is November if it is to be presented in a Sympo- Meetings Department, APS, 9650 13, 2002. sium), and a letter indicating the nov- Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20814- elty of the research project described 3991; Fax: 301-634-7241. Environmental and Exercise in the abstract, the year he/she Physiology received a degree, his/her current posi- Endocrinology and Metabolism The Environmental and Exer- tion, and whether he/she is a member Research Award of the cise Physiology Section Honor of the APS. Membership in the APS is Endocrinology and Metabolism Award recognizes a previous or cur- not required but is highly recommend- Section (certificate plus cash prize, rent primary member who has made ed. Mail these items to the: Dr. Susan depending on funds available) is significant research contributions to M. Barman, Department of Pharma- intended to recognize graduate stu- the scientific advancement of environ- cology & Toxicology, Michigan State dent, resident or postdoctoral fellow mental, exercise, or thermal physiolo- University, East Lansing, MI 48824- who presents the best abstract for gy while enhancing the educational 1317. Deadline for receipt of applica- research in the area of endocrinology objectives of the section. The recipient tion is January 25, 2003. and metabolism at the Experimental receives a plaque, a check for $1,250, Biology Meeting. Applicants must be reimbursement of the registration fee, Comparative Physiology first author on a submitted abstract and the opportunity to discuss his/her The Comparative Section Young and should mail a copy of the abstract, research as the featured speaker at Investigator Award ($500) will pro- the completed Award Certification the annual EEP Section Banquet. vide three travel awards for recogni- Form, and a letter from the sponsor of The Environmental & Exercise tion of meritorious research by young the abstract indicating the training Physiology (EEP) Section investigators who participate in the status of the individual to Charles Gatorade Young Investigator Experimental Biology meeting. Lang, Department of Cellular & Award ($600 plus registration and Candidates must have completed their Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania EEP Banquet ticket) is presented to a PhD within the past 10 years, be a State Univ. College of Medicine, pre-doctoral graduate student whose member of APS, and must present a Hershey, PA 17033-0850. Abstracts investigation in either environmental, talk or poster at the Experimental will be judged for scientific content by exercise, or thermal physiology has Biology meeting. The subject matter a committee comprised of the E&M been designated by the Steering can be any topic that deals with com- Section members. The successful can- Committee as an outstanding example parative physiology. Applicants should didate will be notified approximately of experimental research. The recipi- submit their abstract, abstract sub- 30 days prior to the Experimental ent must be first author on a submit- mission confirmation page, a one-page Biology Meeting and will be presented ted abstract to the EEP Section topic CV, and a one-page summary of the award during the Endocrinology & category (topic category numbers research accomplishments and goals Metabolism Section Business 1088-APS through 1098-APS), certi- via email to: Stan Lindstedt, PhD, Meeting. Deadline for application is fied by his/her advisor as being eligi- Chair of the Comparative Section November 13, 2002. ble for such an award, answer a ques- ([email protected]) by Novem- The Endocrinology & Metabolism tionnaire from the Steering Commit- ber 20, 2002 for review by the Section Section Young Investigator Award tee, one who has not received an Steering Committee. The winners will ($500) is presented to one or more pre- advanced degree at the date of the be notified by email before March 1, doctoral graduate students whose abstract deadline, and be present at and the award will be presented at the investigations in endocrinology and the EEP Section Awards Banquet. A Comparative Section Business metabolism physiology has been des- copy of your abstract submission and a Meeting during the EB meeting. ignated by the Steering Committee as completed APS Award Certification The Comparative Physiology being an example of meritorious Form should be mailed to Kenneth Section Scholander Award ($200) research. The recipient must be first Baldwin, Department of Physiology & will be presented to an outstanding author on a submitted abstract to the (continued on page 210)

209 The Physiologist Awards Vol. 45, No. 4, 2002

(continued from page 209) lent that is relevant to the physiologi- Nominations consist of a cover letter Biophysics, University of California, cal missions of the US Armed Forces. outlining the candidate’s qualifica- Irvine, CA 92697. Deadline for appli- Applicants must have received their tions for the award and his/her cur- cation is November 13, 2002. advanced degree within four years of riculum vitae. The EEP Section Gatorade the abstract submission date and The Gastrointestinal Physiology Beginning Investigator Award must be first author on an abstract Section Student Prize ($500) is ($750 plus registration and EEP submitted to an APS EEP Section designed to challenge and reward Banquet ticket) is presented to a post- topic category (topic category numbers trainees who are engaged in gastroin- doctoral fellow or its equivalent whose 1088-APS through 1098-APS). The testinal research. Two awards will be investigation in either environmental, award recipient must attend the EEP made at the Experimental Biology exercise, or thermal physiology has Section Awards Banquet to receive the Meeting. One will be given for work been designated by the Steering cash prize and certificate. A copy of done while enrolled as a doctoral or Committee as an outstanding example your abstract submission and a com- medical student. A second award will of experimental research. The recipi- pleted APS Award Certification Form be given for work performed during ent must be first author on a submit- should be mailed to Kenneth Baldwin, the first through third postdoctoral ted abstract to the EEP Section topic Department of Physiology & Bio- years or during a medical residency. category (topic category numbers physics, University of California, In order to be considered, the appli- 1088-APS through 1098-APS), answer Irvine, CA 92697. Deadline for appli- cant must be first author on an a questionnaire from the Steering cation is November 13, 2002. abstract submitted for the meeting Committee, have received their The EEP Section Graduate and either the applicant or sponsor advanced degree within four years of Student Military Physiology must be a member of APS. A copy of the date of the abstract deadline, and Award ($600) recognizes outstanding the submitted abstract, accompanied be present at the EEP Section Awards research in either environmental, by the signed and completed APS Banquet. A copy of your abstract sub- exercise, or thermal physiology by a Award Certification Form should be mission and a completed APS Award graduate student that is relevant to sent to Hugh Nellans, GI Certification Form should be mailed to the physiological missions of the US Pharmacology & Oral Drug Delivery, Kenneth Baldwin, Department of Armed Forces. Applicants must be Abbott Laboratories, Dept 46V, Bldg Physiology & Biophysics, University of first author on an abstract submitted AP9, 100 Abbott Park Road, Abbott California, Irvine, CA 92697. Deadline to an APS EEP Section topic category Park, IL 60064-6122 to arrive on or for application is November 13, (topic category numbers 1088-APS before January 3, 2003. 2002. through 1098-APS). The award recipi- The Gastrointestinal Section The EEP Section Recognition ent must attend the EEP Section Young Investigator Awards will Award ($500) is presented to one or Awards Banquet to receive the cash provide travel support ($500) for more pre-doctoral graduate students prize and certificate. A copy of your junior investigators to participate in whose investigations in either envi- abstract submission and a completed the annual Experimental Biology ronmental, exercise, or thermal physi- APS Award Certification Form should meeting. To be eligible for the award, ology has been designated by the be mailed to Kenneth Baldwin, the investigator must be within 10 Steering Committee as being an Department of Physiology & years of receiving a higher degree example of meritorious research. The Biophysics, University of California, (PhD, MD or DVM), and must submit recipient must be first author on a Irvine, CA 92697. Deadline for appli- an abstract to a Gastrointestinal submitted abstract to the EEP Section cation is November 13, 2002. Section topic category. To apply for the topic category (topic category numbers award, applicants should submit their 1088-APS through 1098-APS), and be Gastrointestinal abstract and a brief statement of certified by his/her advisor as being The Abbott Distinguished research accomplishments by eligible for such an award. A copy of Research Award for Excellence in January 10, 2003 by Email to your abstract submission and a com- Gastrointestinal Physiology recog- Matthew Grishamn, Chair of the GI pleted APS Award Certification Form nizes a scientist who has carried out Section Steering Committee at mgr- should be mailed to Kenneth Baldwin, highly meritorious research in gas- [email protected]. Department of Physiology & trointestinal or liver physiology. The Biophysics, University of California, recipient receives a commemorative Liaison With Industry Award Irvine, CA 92697. Deadline for appli- plaque, a $750 award, and presents an The Liaison with Industry cation is November 13, 2002. award lecture at the section’s annual Committee Novel Disease Model The EEP Section Military business meeting/reception. The recip- Award ($500/graduate student; Physiology Award for Beginning ient is chosen by the Gastrointestinal $800/postdoctoral fellow) will be Investigators ($750) recognizes out- Section Steering Committee. The sec- granted to the graduate student and standing research in either environ- tion membership is encouraged to sub- postdoctoral fellow submitting the mental, exercise, or thermal physiolo- mit nominations, which should be sent best abstracts describing a novel dis- gy by a postdoctoral fellow or equiva- to the Steering Committee Chair. ease model. The model can be cellular

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or in vivo but should clearly empha- research in a field of neural control mation at (http://www.the-aps.org/ size the potential utility of the system and autonomic regulation. Junior fac- sect_groups.htm). for future research related to a disease ulty members are particularly encour- The Aventis Pharmaceutical process. This award is sponsored by aged to apply for this award. To apply, Excellence in Renal Research the Liaison with Industry Committee. the investigator must submit a first- Awards are sponsored by Aventis A copy of the submitted abstract, authored abstract to any appropriate Pharmaceutical and designed to pro- accompanied by the signed and com- neural control topic of the mote and develop excellence in pleted Award Certification Form Experimental Biology meeting. Award research pertaining to molecular, cel- should be sent to Linda Allen, criteria will be based on current work lular, or organ mechanisms involving Membership Services, APS, 9650 reflected in the abstract and overall the kidney. Awards are presented to Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20814- contributions to the field. A copy of the two categories of students: predoctoral 3991 to arrive on or before November abstract and a CV from the investiga- students (including graduate students 18, 2002. tor must be received by December 1, and medical students) and postdoctor- 2002 by the Member-at-Large of the al fellows. Award recipients must be Neural Control and Autonomic NCAR Steering Committee, Robin first authors on an abstract submitted Regulation Davisson, Assistant Professor, to a Renal Physiology topic category The Michael J. Brody Young Department of Anatomy and Cell (see Physiology topic category list Investigator Award of the APS Biology, University of Iowa, 1-570 under the heading “Renal Section”) for Neural Control and Autonomic BSB, Iowa City, IA, 52242. The programming at the Experimental Regulation Section ($500), sponsored abstracts will be judged by the NCAR Biology Meeting. Prior to the meeting by Merck & Co., recognizes a promis- Steering Committee and the most a first level of evaluation is conducted ing young investigator who has made meritorious applications will be based on the submitted abstract; a a significant research contribution to awarded. subset of abstracts are further judged the understanding of neural control during oral presentation at the meet- and autonomic regulation. The award Renal ing. Award winners are announced at is open to graduate students (post- The Robert W. Berliner Award the annual Renal Dinner held in con- candidacy exams), postdoctoral fel- for Excellence in Renal junction with the meeting. Students lows, and clinical fellows who present Physiology, sponsored by Abbott and fellows are strongly urged to par- and are first author on an abstract at Laboratories, is given to an outstand- ticipate in the award process. Mail Experimental Biology. Either the ing senior researcher and educator in completed Award Certification Form applicant or the abstract sponsor must renal physiology. The recipient and a copy of the submitted abstract be a member of APS. Applicants must receives $1,000 plus reimbursement to Ed Inscho, Chair, Renal Section mail a copy of the submitted abstract, for travel expenses incurred during Awards, Medical College of Georgia, the completed APS Award Certifica- the Experimental Biology meeting. Department of Physiology, 1120 15th tion Form, a list of publications, a one- The award winner is also acknowl- St., Augusta, GA 30913-3000. Email: page summary and evaluation of edged at the Renal Dinner. [email protected] research contributions, written by the The Young Investigator Award Applications are due on the abstract applicant, and a cover letter signed by for Excellence in Research, spon- deadline. both the applicant and sponsor indi- sored by AstraZeneca, recognizes an The Renal Section of the APS will cating the date, or expected date, of outstanding young investigator, less provide at least two awards ($500 highest degree. The deadline for than 41 years old, or less than 15 each) for recognition of meritorious receipt of applications is November years beyond receipt of his/her first research by young investigators 20, 2002. Send applications to Jeanne doctoral degree. Research topics quali- (junior faculty) who participate in the L. Seagard, Research Service 151, VA fying consideration include any area of annual Experimental Biology Medical Center, 5000 West National renal physiology, pathophysiology, or Meeting. To qualify for this award, the Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53295. hypertension. A nominee for renal applicant must have finished postdoc- The Neural Control and physiology is required to have pub- toral work, may not be a senior faculty Autonomic Regulation (NCAR) lished original work in the American member, i.e. may not have a faculty Young Investigator Awards will Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiolo- rank of Associate or Full Professor, provide travel support ($500) to junior gy or similar journal during the pre- and may not have won this award in investigators to present meritorious ceding four years. The recipient previous years. Candidates should research at the annual Experimental receives $1,000 plus reimbursement either be an author on an abstract Biology Meeting. To be eligible, the for travel expenses incurred during submitted to the EB meeting, or agree investigator must have a PhD, MD, or the Experimental Biology meeting. to submit a late-breaking abstract if other professional degree with an aca- The award winner is also acknowl- they did not submit one originally and demic rank or equivalent not higher edged at the Renal Dinner. A candi- they are selected for this award. than that of Assistant Professor and date should refer to the current Applications will be reviewed and conduct either basic or clinical Section Chair’s updated contact infor- (continued on page 212)

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(continued from page 211) excellence in classroom teaching over at the business luncheon of the Water rated by the Renal Section Awards a number of years at the undergradu- and Electrolyte Homeostasis Section Committee. To apply for this award, ate, graduate, or professional levels, to a young investigator (less than 40 please submit a copy of the submitted commitment to the improvement of years old) who has made important abstract or a note agreeing to do so if physiology teaching within the candi- contributions to our understanding of selected, and a note indicating your date’s own institution, and contribu- the integrative aspects of cardiovascu- current position. If you plan to submit tions to physiology education at the lar, renal, and neuroendocrine physiol- an abstract only if selected for this local community, national or interna- ogy in health and/or disease. The award, please include a note explain- tional levels. Each nominee must be recipient of the award will present a ing this decision. Alternatively, Renal nominated by a member of APS. The short lecture on his/her research dur- Section members may nominate can- nominator is responsible for complet- ing one of the scientific sessions of the didates for this award by submitting ing application materials and forward- Experimental Biology meeting and the above items. Membership in the ing six copies to the chairperson of the will be invited to publish a manuscript APS is not required, but awardees will Award Selection Committee. The on this presentation in the American be encouraged to join if they are not award winner is announced at the Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, members. The awards will be present- APS Business Meeting at the Integrative & Comparative Physiology. ed at the annual Renal Dinner during Experimental Biology meeting. The Any member of the APS in good stand- the EB meeting. Send these items by Teacher of the Year receives a plaque, ing may apply or be nominated for the December 15, 2002 to the Chair of an honorarium of $1,000, and expense award. Applications are reviewed by the Renal Section Award Committee, reimbursement of up to $750 to attend the Awards Committee of the Water Ed Inscho, Chair, Renal Section the meeting. The awardee is requested and Electrolyte Homeostasis Section Awards, Medical College of Georgia, to write an essay on his/her philoso- and should include a curriculum vitae Department of Physiology, 1120 15th phy of education for publication in The of the nominee, a brief one-page sum- St., Augusta, GA 30913-3000. Email: Physiologist. mary and analysis of the research con- [email protected] The Teaching of Physiology Section tributions of the nominee, a complete ($500) will provide two travel awards list of publications, and two letters of Respiration for outstanding posters presented in nomination from members of the APS. The Julius Comroe, Jr. Travel the Teaching Poster Sessions at The Water & Electrolyte Award of the Respiration Section Experimental Biology 2003. To qualify Homeostasis Section Young ($500) was established to increase for this award, the applicant must be Investigator Travel Award ($500) support for new investigators and first author on the poster, and age 40 will provide support for travel expens- enhance their involvement in the or under OR within 10 years of receiv- es for junior investigators to attend Respiration Section of APS with origi- ing the PhD or MD. Applicants must the annual Experimental Biology nal presentations of their scientific also be APS regular, affiliate, or stu- Meeting. To be eligible, the investiga- work at the annual meeting. To be eli- dent members. Abstracts will be tor must be either a pre-doctoral stu- gible for the award, applicants must reviewed and rated by the Teaching dent or within ten years of receiving submit a copy of the submitted Section Steering Committee. All his/her PhD or MD degree. Applicants abstract, accompanied by the signed poster abstracts must be formally sub- must be first author on an abstract and completed Award Certification mitted to EB by the abstract deadline submitted to an APS Water & Form to Linda Allen, Membership deadline. To apply for this award, Electrolyte Homeostasis Section topic Services, APS, 9650 Rockville Pike, please send a copy of your abstract category (see physiology topic list Bethesda, MD 20814-3991 to arrive on submission and a completed APS under the heading “Water and or before November 18, 2002. Award Certification Form to Penelope Electrolyte Section”). The WEH The Section Steering Committee A. Hansen, PhD, Memorial University Steering Committee will judge the also acts as the review body for the Faculty of Medicine, St. John’s, NF, abstracts. Applicants are requested to Giles F. Filley Memorial Awards for Canada A1B 3V6, Fax 1-709-777-6576. send a copy of their submitted Excellence in Respiratory Physiology Deadline for receipt of the application abstract to Tom Lohmeier, and Medicine. is November 8, 2002. Department of Physiology & Bio- physics, Univ. of Mississippi Medical Teaching of Physiology Water and Electrolyte Center, 2500 North State Street, The Arthur C. Guyton Physiolo- Homeostasis Jackson, MS 39216-4505, Fax: 601- gy Teacher of the Year Award is The Young Investigator Award 984-1817; Email: tlohmeier@physiolo- sponsored by the W. B. Saunders in Regulatory and Integrative gy.umsmed.edu by December 2, Company. A nominee must be a full- Physiology was established to 2002. ❖ time faculty member of an accredited encourage young investigators to con- college or university and be a member tinue research careers in cardiovascu- of the APS. The Selection Committee lar, renal, and neuroendocrine integra- will look for independent evidence of tion. The award is presented annually

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Experimental Biology 2003 April 11-15, San Diego, California Physiology InFocus Physiological Implications of Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress Organizer: Barbara Horwitz, University of California, Davis

General Overview and Physiological Relevance Oxidative Stress: Cardiovascular Consequences

Emerging Concepts in Oxidative and Nitrosative Oxidative Stress: Pulmonary Consequence Signaling Section Distinguished Lectureships

August Krogh Distinguished Lectureship of the Horace W. Davenport Distinguished Lectureship of the APS Comparative Physiology Section APS Gastrointestinal Section Lecturer: Peter Scheid, Ruhr University, Bochum, Germany Lecturer: Jeffrey I. Gordon, Washington University Title: The Goose of the Himalaya and Central Title: TBD Chemosensitivity; New Ideas From an Old Problem Hugh Davson Distinguished Lectureship of the Carl Ludwig Distinguished Lectureship of the APS Cell & Molecular Physiology Section APS Neural Control & Autonomic Regulation Section Lecturer: Roger Tsien, University of California, San Diego Lecturer: John H. Coote, University of Birmingham, UK Title: TBD Title: The Significance for Circulatory Control of the Paraventricular Nucleus Joseph Erlanger Distinguished Lectureship of the APS Central Nervous System Section Carl W. Gottschalk Distinguished Lectureship of the Lecturer: Fred H. (Rusty) Gage, The Salk Institute APS Renal Section Title: Regulation and Function of Adult Neurogenesis Lecturer: William J. Arendshorst, University of N. Carolina Title: TBD Julius H. Comroe, Jr. Distinguished Lectureship of the APS Respiration Section Claude Bernard Distinguished Lectureship of the Lecturer: John B. West, University of California, San Diego APS Teaching of Physiology Section Title: Thoughts on the Blood-Gas Barrier Lecturer: John D. Bransford, Vanderbilt University Title: TBD Robert M. Berne Distinguished Lectureship of the APS Cardiovascular Section Edward F. Adolph Distinguished Lectureship of the Lecturer: Eric O. Feigl, University of Washington APS Environmental & Exercise Physiology Section Title: Berne’s Adenosine Hypothesis of Coronary Blood Lecturer: Jere Mitchell, University of Texas Flow Control Southwestern Medical School Title:TBD Solomon A. Berson Distinguished Lectureship of the APS Endocrinology & Metabolism Section Ernest H. Starling Distinguished Lectureship of the Lecturer: Christopher B. Newgard, Duke University APS Water & Electrolyte Homeostasis Section Title: Mechanisms of Fuel-Stimulated Insulin Secretion Lecturer: Friedrich C. Luft, Humboldt University, Berlin and How They Fail in Diabetes Title: The Role of Genetic Models in Elucidating Cardiovascular Reflex Regulation

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Societal Lectures The Walter B. Cannon Memorial Award Walter C. Randall Lecture on Biomedical Ethics Shu Chien, University of California, San Diego TBD Henry Pickering Bowditch Award Lecture Paul Kubes, University of Calgary

Section-Sponsored Symposia Modulation of Respiratory Motoneurons From Molecules The Teacher as an Educational Researcher to Behavior Joel Michael and Dee Silverthorn Albert J. Berger Caveolin Regulation of Endothelial Function Epithelial-Neuronal Interactions Underlying Bladder Richard D. Minshall and Asrar B. Malik Gene-Regulation and Sensory Function Functional Proteomics: Applications to the Lori A. Birder Cardiovascular System Life to Death Decisions and the Fate of Apoptotic Cells Peipei Ping John A. Cidlowski Transgenic Models of Heart Failure Therapeutics Redox Signaling of Angiogenic Response in the Heart J. David Port Dipak K. Das and Nilanjana Maulik Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Hypoxia Recent Advances in the Study of Hexose Transport Proteins Nanduri Prabhakar and Jon Klein Ronaldo Ferraris The Chronobiology Environment of Mammals Molecular Regulation of Nitric Oxide Synthase Activity Roberto Refinetti Jeffrey Garvin and Jennifer Pollock Gap Junctional Hemichannels: Physiology Physiology in Medicine: Renal and Cardiovascular and Pathophysiology Physiology Luis Reuss and Lisa Ebihara John E. Hall and Dale J. Benos Magnetic Resonance: Unique Non-Invasive Insights Role of the Transcription Factor, TonEBP/NFAT5 Into the Physiology of Exercise Maurice Burg and Joseph Handler Russ Richardson and Mark Olfert Genomics of Angiogenesis and the Microcirculation The Renin-Angiotensin System and Development Jay B. Hoying James C. Rose and Charles Rosenfeld Caveolar Domains in Cell Signaling Flow/Stretch-Regulated Membrane and Ion Transport Paul A. Insel in Epithelia Thin Filament Regulation of Muscle Contraction Lisa Satlin and Gerard Apodaca J-P. Jin The History and Physiology of High Altitude The Function and Regulation of Mitochondrially Produced Decompression Sickness Nitric Oxide in Cardiomyocytes Suzanne Schneider and Michael R. Powell Anthony J. Kanai and James Peterson Neurogenic Hypertension Novel Ca2+ Signaling Mechanisms in Vascular Myocytes: Alan Sved Cyclic ADP-Ribose, Ryanodine Receptors and Remodeling of the Brain Underlies the Success of Behavioral Therapies for Motor Dysfunction Ca2+-induced Ca2+ Release Edward Taub Pin-Lan Li and Cornelis Van Breeman Mechanisms for Contractile Depression in Heart Failure Subcellular Organization of Second Messenger Signaling Richard A. Walsh and Kenneth R. Chien in Cells of the Cardiovascular System Non-Arterial Circulations: The Dark Side Ron Lynch of Cardiovascular Biology Redox Regulation of Renal Function and Arterial Pressure Steve Warburton and Tobias Wang R. Davis Manning, Jr. and Ai-Ping Zou The Identities of Estrogen Receptors Mediating Regulation of Ion Channel Structure and Function Nongenomic Effects by Reactive Oxygen Nitrogen Intermediates Cheryl S. Watson Sadis Matalon and Douglas C. Eaton New Roles for Ammonia in Renal Ion Transport The Pons: A Critical Component in Respiratory Control I. David Weiner and L. Lee Hamm Donald R. McCrimmon

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Section-Sponsored Featured Topics

Muscle Fatigue Wiggers Award Featured Topic: Nitric Oxide William T. Ameredes and the Cardiovascular System Tissue Response to Ischemic Injury: Adaptative Alan Lefer and Rengenerative Strategies Neurohumoral Control of Body Fluid Volume David P. Basile and Arterial Pressure Integrated Cell Systems T. Lohmeier James Bassingthwaighte Causes and Consequences of pH Variability in Vertebrates Developmental Plasticity of Respiratory Control Lynn Hartzler Ryan W. Bavis AstraZeneca Young Investigator Featured Topic Evolution of Vascular Regulation From the Neonate Jeffrey Miner to the Aging Adult: Mechanisms and Functional Is it the Physiology, the Students, or is it Me? Consequences Reflections on the Classroom Matthew Alan Boegehold Harold Modell Central Neurons and Efferent Pathways Controlling Trafficking of Membrane Transporters in the GI Tract Thermoregulation and Beyond Jack A. Boulant and Kazuyuki Kanosue Curtis Okamoto Cardiovascular Physiology: From Bench to Classroom Comparative Aspects of the Hormonal Responses Richard Bukoski and Charles Seidel to Metabolic Demands Development of Excitation-Contraction Coupling Rudy M. Ortiz in the Embryonic Heart: From Simplicity to Complexity Identifying Genes and Targets in Cardiovascular Tony L. Creazzo Autonomic Pathophysiological States Oxidant Mechanisms in Neural Regulation Julian Paton of Cardiovascular Function Regulation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Phenotype: Robin L. Davisson Contractile versus Proliferative Berne Lecture Featured Topic: Berne’s Adenosine Usha Raj Hypothesis of Coronary Blood Flow Control Hypertension (Starling Distinguished Lectureship Eric O. Feigl Featured Topic) Therapeutic Potential of Hypothermia: Bridging the Gap Richard Roman Between Clinical and Basic Thermoregulatory Research Insights on Renal Function and Blood Pressure Control Christopher Gordon and Michael Dae From Genetically Manipulated Animals Functional Brainstem Anatomy: Can We Tell Richard Roman Cardiovascular and Respiratory Neurons Apart? The Molecular Physiology of HCO-3 Transport Paul Gray Michael Romero and Mark O. Bevensee The Lung—A Very Special Place for Dendritic Cells The History and Physiology of High Altitude Gabriele Grunig Decompression Sickness Interaction Between Histone Acetylation and DNA Suzanne Schneider and Michael R. Powell Methylation New Insights on Neuro-Immune Interactions Alessandro Guidotti in Autonomic Regulation Intermittent Hypoxia: Physiological and Genomic Yvette Tache Consequences Hypoxic Metabolic Response: Autoregulation, Gabriel Haddad Acclimation and Adaptation Glial/Neuronal Bi-directional Signaling Glenn Tattersall Glenn Hatton Arteriogenesis and Collateralization Preconditioning of Myocardium Against Infarction Joseph L. Unthank Franz Kehl Regulation of Ion Transporter Trafficking Epithelial Anion Channels: Structure, Form, Function Wenhui Wang Kevin Kirk and Catherine Fuller The Regulation of Sympathetic Nerve Activity Structure and Regulation of Epithelial in Chronic Heart Failure Na and K Channels Irving Zucker Thomas R. Kleyman and Douglas C. Eaton Reflex Regulation of Airway Function and Breathing Lu-Yuan Lee and Brendan Canning

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Cross Sectional Symposia AT-1 and AT-2 Receptors: Antagonists in Cellular Action? Neuron-Glial Interactions in Nervous System Function Colin Sumners and Meredith Hay Joseph S. Erlichman Lineage Specific Programming of Stem Cells into Tissues Peroxisome Proliferator-Activiated Receptors (PPARs) Qais Al-Aqwati Youfei Guan and Curt Sigmund Mitochondria Regulation of Cell Function Jahar Bhattacharya Guest Society Symposia and Lectures

American Federation for Medical Research The Microcirculatory Society (MCS) (AFMR) The Landis Award Lecture Oxidative Stress, Antioxidant Supplementation TBA and Diabetes MCS President’s Symposium: Mechanisms Emmanuel C. Opara of Microvascular Dysfunction in Diabetes Everything Old is New Again: Thyroid Hormone Paul F. McDonagh and the Failing Heart MCS Young Investigator’s Symposium Carlin S. Long Jefferson C. Frisbee and David W. Stepp The Biology of Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: A Bench to Bedside Review Society for Experimental Biology and Bryan R. Haugen Medicine (SEBM) Building Better Bone: Sex Genes and Drugs Career Planning for Experimental Biology, Biomedical Thomas L. Clemens and Physician Scientists Kenneth L. Barker Biomedical Engineering Society (BMES) Understanding Protein Unfolded States: Implications for Folding, Function, Evolution and Disease Rohit V. Pappu

Workshops and Special Symposia Refresher Course on Muscle Physiology Understanding and Applying Critical George Ordway and Robert Hester Translational Assays Frontiers of Intravital Microscopy: Glenn Reinhart and Chahrzad Montrose-Rafizadeh Crossroads of Physiology and Pathology Peer Review and Publication in APS Journals Michael S. Goligorsky Dale Benos Science and the Media Careers in Physiology Symposium: The Drug Discovery Andrea Gwosdow Process: Opportunities for Physiologists Methods to Detect Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress John H. “Wick” Johnson and James M. Norton Matthew B. Grisham and Joe Granger Presentation Skills NHLBI Program for Genomic Applications: Carole M. Liedtke, Siribhinya Benyajati, and Joan Background for Physiologists Lakoski Anne Kwitek-Black

Experimental Biology 2003

Experimental Biology 2003 will be held from The online submission form will be available April 11-15, 2003 in San Diego, CA. (Note the in early fall at http://www.faseb.org/meet- change from the original dates!) The Abstract ings/eb2003. Check this site often for Submission Deadline is November 13, 2002. updates and deadline information.

216 The Physiologist Publications Vol. 45, No. 4, 2002

Find Full-Text Articles, Free and Fast In the February 2002 issue of The Physiologist (1), we introduced the new portal site of the HighWire Library of the Sciences and Medicine (HWLSM), which allows you to search all of Medline plus 300 journals’ full- text at once—including all the APS journals, of course! In this issue, we begin a series of short articles high- lighting important tools or features of this new site. The new site is at http://highwire.stanford.edu. The search results page in the new HWLSM contains much more infor- mation and many more functions than other sites’ search result pages. In this article we’ll look at how the page helps you spot the full-text articles to which you can get immediate, online access. Take a look at the search result for “high altitude respiration” and notice the text under the journal cover next to each citation. You’ll see that HWLSM now tells you which articles are: free to you because your institution has purchased a subscription and pro- vides access for you free because the publisher has made the article free to anyone on the internet available for purchase: you can pay with a credit card and get the full text immediately online. If there is no indication under the cover image, then you will need your own personal subscription to gain access . . . or maybe a trip to the library! As always, readers of HWLSM- based full-text articles also get free access to most of the full-text of arti- cles that are cited in over 300 other HWLSM-based journals, whether or not you or your institution have a sub- scription. So from any APS journal article, you can link immediately to cited articles if they say [Full Text] in the online reference section. HWLSM hopes these accessibility indicators will help busy researchers select articles for which they can be assured of getting full-text access online. If you are interested in know- ing which HWLSM-based journals (continued on page 218)

217 The Physiologist Publications Vol. 45, No. 4, 2002

(continued from page 217) And even when the full-text article In the next issue we’ll look at some your institution has subscribed to, is not online, the [Abstract] link that is of the other features of the search click on [Institutional Subscriptions] available will give you access to more result page that will help you speed on the new HWLSM home page; if you than just the abstract. For example, your literature review. are interested in which journals make you can see a list of full-text articles back articles free to the world, click on that have cited that article, and link to Reference [Free Back Issues] on the home page; those articles easily. So there’s a good 1. Frank, M. Creating a Better and if you are interested in which reason to visit the abstract page on Mousetrap. The Physiologist, 45(1), 3, journals’ articles are available via the HWLSM site even if you think you February 2002. online purchase, click on [Pay Per might have already seen the abstract View] on the home page. in PubMed.

Marder New Editor of Journal of Neurophysiology

Eve Marder is the Victor and Academy of Arts and Sciences, and a Gwendolyn Beinfield Professor of trustee of the Grass Foundation. She Neuroscience in the Biology was the Forbes Lecturer at the MBL Department and Volen Center for in 2000 and the Einer Hille Lecturer Complex Systems at Brandeis at the University of Washington in University. Marder received her PhD 2002. in 1974 from UCSD, and subsequently Marder has studied the dynamics of conducted a one-year postdoc at the small neuronal networks using the University of Oregon and then a crustacean stomatogastric nervous three-year postdoc at the Ecole system. Her work was instrumental in Normale Superieure in Paris, France. demonstrating that neuronal circuits She became an assistant professor in are not "hard-wired" but can be recon- the Biology Department at Brandeis figured by neuromodulatory neurons University in 1978, and was promoted and substances to produce a variety of to professor in 1990. During her time outputs. Together with Larry Abbott, (Photo credit: D. Marder) at Brandeis University, Marder has her laboratory pioneered the “dynamic been instrumental in the establish- Eve Marder clamp.” Marder was one of the first ment of both undergraduate and grad- Experimental Biology, and Journal of experimentalists to forge long-stand- uate programs in neuroscience. Comparative Physiology. Marder has ing collaborations with theorists and Marder has served on the editorial served on numerous study sections has for almost 15 years combined board of the Journal of Neurophysiol- and review panels for the NIH, NSF, experimental work with insights from ogy since 1989. For almost six years and other funding agencies. She also modeling and theoretical studies. Her she was a reviewing editor for the has served on the Council for the work today focuses on understanding Journal of Neuroscience. Additionally, Society for Neuroscience, Council of how stability in networks arises she now sits on the editorial boards of the Biophysical Society, and several despite ongoing channel and receptor Physiological Reviews, Journal of APS committees. turnover and modulation, both in Neurobiology, Journal of Comparative Marder is a Fellow of the American developing and adult animals. ❖ Neurology, Current Biology, Current Association for the Advancement of Opinion in Neurobiology, Journal of Science, a Fellow of the American

Moving? If you have moved or changed your phone, fax, can also be changed by visiting the Members or email address, please notify the APS Only portion of the APS website at Membership Office at 301-530-7171 or fax to http://www.the-aps.org. 301-571-8313. Your membership information

218 The Physiologist Publications Vol. 45, No. 4, 2002

Brown New Editor of American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology

Dennis Brown, Professor of He currently coaches his younger Medicine at Harvard Medical School daughter’s team and is hoping for the and Director of the Program in same level of success. By the time this Membrane Biology at Massachusetts biographical sketch appears, the General Hospital, Boston, will succeed World Cup will be over and the fate of Kim Barrett as the Editor-in-Chief of his beloved England team will have the American Journal of Physiology, been sealed. Cell Physiology, on July 1, 2002. Born Finally, his plans for the Cell in Grimsby, a small fishing port on the Physiology section of the journal are East coast of England, he obtained his simple—to make it the number one PhD from the School of Biological place to publish physiologically-rele- Sciences at the University of East vant cell biology. The focus of the jour- Anglia in Norwich in 1975, in the area nal will be on cell signaling (hormone- of the hormonal control of glycogen Dennis Brown receptor interactions, cell-matrix metabolism. He moved to Geneva, interactions, pH and Ca++ signaling Switzerland later in the same year to has placed him at the forefront of etc.), intracellular events that result work in the Department of research aimed at integrating cell from these signals (including vesicle Morphology under the guidance of the biology with physiology, particularly trafficking, cytoskeletal modulation, renowned cell biologist Lelio Orci. with respect to renal epithelial cells. signal transduction cascades, gene After working for a few weeks on pan- The roles in protein trafficking of regulation etc.), and the ultimate cel- creatic islets, a fortuitous collabora- phosphorylation events, the cytoskele- lular response at the physiological tion drew his attention to the role of ton and accessory coat proteins on level (membrane transport/ion chan- microtubules in vesicle trafficking, transport vesicles are central themes nel function, secretion, cell division, secretion, and Golgi organization. of his research. He is most well-known apoptosis, migration, contraction etc.). Based on this work, he developed his for his studies on the intracellular The composition of the new team of continuing interest in epithelial cell trafficking and recycling of aquapor- Associate Editors reflects this push structure, membrane function, and ins in collecting duct principal cells, towards cell signaling (Paul Insel, vesicle/protein trafficking, and he and proton pumps in renal intercalat- University of California, San Diego) learned many of the imaging and ed cells, but his studies have also and its consequences in muscle cells immunolabeling techniques that are addressed similar questions related to (Bill Gerthoffer, U. Nevada), vascular applied in his research. Living and a variety of membrane proteins and tissue (Kathy Griendling, Emory working in Geneva also provided him cell types. Indeed, current studies in Univ.), and epithelial cells (Jennifer with the opportunity to become fluent the Program in Membrane Biology use Stow, U. Brisbane). Continued empha- in French, a skill which he has used to an integrated in vitro and in vivo sis will be placed on transport process- give native language research semi- approach to address the regulation of es and molecular interactions in a nars in Montreal and Paris, albeit epithelial cell transport processes variety of mammalian and alternative with a Swiss accent. While in Geneva, throughout the urogenital tract. He experimental systems (Kathy he was promoted to the permanent has been an Editorial Board member Sweadner, MGH; Seth Alper, Beth position of Chargé de Recherche, and and Associate Editor for both AJP- Israel/Deaconess; Kevin Strange, could indeed have spent the rest of his Renal and AJP-Cell Physiology over Vanderbilt). The inclusion of Jenny research life in Switzerland. However, the past several years, and was the Stow from Brisbane, Australia also a meeting with Dennis Ausiello (then Carl Gottschalk Distinguished reflects a need and a desire to attract Chief of the Renal Unit and now Chief Lecturer at the Experimental Biology more submissions and interest from of Medicine at the MGH) at an epithe- meeting in Washington in 2000. He is her part of the World, and to give the lial transport meeting in the mountain currently also on the Editorial Boards journal more International impact. resort of Arolla in Switzerland, per- of the Journal of the American Society The composition of the modified edito- suaded him that exciting opportuni- of Nephrology and the Journal of rial board will also emphasize the ties for academic and personal growth Histochemistry and Cell Biology. aims outlined above. Dr. Brown is existed in the USA. After patiently In addition to his work in the scien- excited by the possibility of building waiting for a green card, his wife and tific arena, Brown is a soccer fanatic on the excellent work of his predeces- two children moved across “The Pond” and coached his son’s select travel sors Dale Benos and Kim Barrett, and to Boston in December 1986. team to five Massachusetts State working with his team of talented Since then, his work on the regula- Championships and three USA Region Associate Editors to push the journal tion of membrane protein recycling I Championships in the mid-1990’s. to still greater heights. ❖

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APS Presents Awards at 53rd Annual International Science and Engineering Fair The 53rd Annual International Department of Physiology and (“Zinc Induces Apoptosis in Tumor Science and Engineering Fair (ISEF) Biophysics at the University of Cells by Activating Caspases in a was held in Louisville, KY, on May 12- Louisville School of Medicine. Unique Manner: Implications for 18, 2002. Sponsored by Intel, this The APS First Place Award of Tumor Therapy”); Sam Adler year’s ISEF featured over 1,200 out- $1,000 went to Jennifer Oakley Golden, a senior at John Jay High standing high school science students Tshorn, a senior at John Jay High School in Katonah, NY (“Ciliary from the US and 37 other countries. School in Katonah, NY. Jennifer’s pro- Neurotrophic Factor: A Possible Students competed individually or as ject, “Action of Indole-3 carbinol in Regulator of Reg Gene Expression in teams in 14 different categories, Breast Cancer,” also was the overall the Pancreas”); Irena Ilieva including behavioral and social sci- winner in the Medicine and Health Yambolieva, a senior at East Wooster ences, biochemistry, computer science, category. Philippe Andre Bouchard High School in Reno, NV engineering, gerontology, and won the APS Second Place Award of (“Endothelium-derived Relaxing medicine and health. In addition to $500 with his project entitled, “The Factors in Canine Pulmonary and the Grand Awards presented by the Role of Osteopontin Gene Expression Mesenteric Arteries”); Sue Si Chen,a Intel Foundation and five other orga- on the Vasoprotective Effects of junior at Cordova High School in nizations, Special Awards were given Estrogen on Vascular Injury.” Philippe Cordova, TN (“Nuclear Factor-kB and by 93 scientific, professional, industri- is a sophomore at The Altamont Pro-inflammatory Mediators in the al, educational, and governmental School in Birmingham, AL. There was Infarcted Heart”); Crystal Mary-Lou organizations in the form of scholar- a tie for the APS Third Place Award Pinto, a senior at Francis Libermann ships, tuition grants, summer intern- between two students from Catholic High School in Toronto, ships, scientific field trips, and equip- Pennsylvania. Elizabeth Katherine Ontario, Canada (“Antioxidants: ment grants. As is our tradition, the Tronsor, a junior at Ephrata Senior Effects on Microglial Neurotoxicity”); APS presented Special Awards in the High School in Ephrata, PA, was cho- and Ankita C. Baxi, a junior at form of cash prizes and student mem- sen from the Biochemistry category Houston High School in Germantown, berships to select finalists with the for her project, “Quercitin, A Nitric TN (“Expression of Constitutively best projects in the physiological sci- Oxide Inhibitor in Raw 264.7 Cells.” Active Oncogene, c-Src, Disrupts Cell- ences, including cellular physiology, Megan Clarke Roberts is a junior at cell Adhesion”). animal physiology, and neurophysiology. Carlisle High School in Carlisle, PA Next year’s Intel ISEF will be held The judging team was led by and was selected for her project, in Cleveland, OH on May 11-17, 2003. George Ordway from the “Effect of FGFR and EFGR Antibodies The one-day judging for APS Special Department of Physiology at The on the Growth Rate of HL-60 Cells.” Awards is always an interesting, University of Texas Southwestern Elizabeth and Megan each received rewarding, and enlightening experi- Medical Center at Dallas, and includ- $500. ence for APS members who partici- ed APS members from Louisville and In addition to the four award win- pate. For those in the Cleveland area, Lexington, KY. David Randall and ners, the APS also recognized six other please consider joining the APS Daniel Richardson from the students in the form of a one-year stu- Special Awards judging team for the Department of Physiology at the dent membership in the APS and sub- 2003 Intel ISEF. If interested, please University of Kentucky College of scriptions to The Physiologist and contact Marsha Matyas in the APS Medicine joined Andrew Roberts, News in Physiological Sciences. These Education Office (mmatyas@the- Dale Schuske, Frederick Miller, outstanding science students were: aps.org). ❖ Richard Stremel, Ayotunde Xiaolong Zhou, a senior at Miami Adeagbo, and Jeff Falcone from the Palmetto Senior High in Miami, FL

George Ordway presents APS awards to Jennifer APS Judges (from left): Frederick Miller, Andrew Tshorn, Philippe Bouchard, Elizabeth Tronsor, and Roberts, Ayotunde Adeagbo, Daniel Richardson, Megan Roberts. George Ordway, Dale Schuske, Jeff Falcone, and David Randall.

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2001 Undergraduate Summer Research Fellows Experience at EB The APS Undergraduate Summer of those 10 presented a total of nine Univ.) Research Host: Celia D. Research Fellowship (UGSRF) pro- poster presentations, which were pro- Sladek (Chicago Medical School); gram was developed in 1999 by the grammed into the regular scientific Sanjana T. Karim (Davidson APS Career Opportunities in portion of the EB program. The 10 stu- College), Research Host: Abu B. Al- Physiology Committee to attract qual- dents attended an orientation session Mehdi (Univ. of Pennsylvania); ity students into physiology graduate that is designed to acquaint them with Michael A. Llewellyn (Oregon State programs. The fellowships are given to each other and to orient them to the Univ.), Research Host: Thomas J. 12 students each year to work in the EB meeting. Roberts (Oregon State Univ.); Manus laboratory of an APS member for three The 2001 APS Undergraduate M. Patten (Syracuse Univ.), Research months during the summer. Many of Summer Research Fellows were Host: John M. Russell (Syracuse these students have not had the expe- Jennifer L. Barone (Williams Univ.); Sunita Puri (Yale Univ.), rience of conducting physiological College), Research Host: Steven Research Host: Darrell P. Neufer research. At the end of the fellowship, Swoap (Williams College); Kush R. (Yale Univ.); Vikram J. Vaz (Harvard students are given the opportunity to Desai (Univ. of Illinois, Urbana- College), Research Host: Charles A. attend the Experimental Biology (EB) Champaign), Research Host: Dorothy Czeisler (Harvard Univ. Medical meeting the following year to experi- A. Hanck (Univ. of Illinois, Chicago); School); Francisco C. Villafuerte ence a large scientific meeting. Many Helen M. Eddy (Acadia Univ.), (Universidad Peruana Cayetano present posters based on their Research Host: Rene J. L. Murphy Heredia), Research Host: Carlos research. (Acadia Univ.); Jewel A. Jessup Monge (Universidad Peruana This year at EB 2002 in New (Salem College), Research Host: Cayetano Heredia); and Daniel S. Wu Orleans, LA, 10 of the 12 2001 UGSRF Debra I. Diz (Wake Forest Univ.); (Cornell Univ.), Research Host: Klaus students attended the meeting. Eight Roger Kapoor (George Washington W. Beyenbach (Cornell Univ.). 2002 Undergraduate Summer Research Fellows Announced The APS Council has approved the following student applications for 2002 Undergraduate Summer Research Fellowship program.

Student Research Host Taslima Bhuiyan, Columbia University Rae Silver, Columbia University Susan Canny, Stanford University Michael J. Caplan, Yale University LaToya D. Carson, Pennsylvania State University Donna H. Korzick, Pennsylvania State University Matthew H. Collins, Furman University Jennifer S. Pollock, Medical College of Georgia Dawn M. Grimes, University of Missouri, Kansas City Tina Hines, University of Missouri, Kansas City Jennifer L. Hageman, University of Colorado, Boulder Rodger Kram, University of Colorado, Boulder Lisa Kang, Loyola University at Chicago Eugene B. Chang, University of Chicago Kaly Kao, University of California, Berkeley John G. Forte, University of California, Berkeley Benedict J. Kolber, University of Dayton Carissa M. Krane, University of Dayton Lucila A. Martinez, Columbia University Rae Silver, Columbia University Michelle Llander Ofreneo, St. Louis University Barrie P. Bode, St. Louis University Michael David Thompson, Washington University Jeffrey Gidday, Washington University Medical School

APS Sustaining Associate Members The Society gratefully acknowledges the contributions received from Sustaining Members in support of the Society’s goals and objectives. Abbott Laboratories Harvard Apparatus Procter & Gamble Co. ADInstruments Janssen Research Foundation Rhone-Poulenc Rorer Astra Arcus USA, Inc. Eli Lilly and Company W. B. Saunders Company Axon Instruments, Inc. The Mack Printing Group Schering-Plough Res. Inst. Berlex Biosciences Merck and Company, Inc. G. D. Searle and Company Gould, Inc. Nycomed, Inc. SmithKline Beecham Pharm. The Gatorade Company Pfizer, Inc. The Grass Foundation Pharmacia and Upjohn, Inc.

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Physiology Insights: Fellowships for Undergraduate Faculty The Physiology Insights Fellowship Rebecca Sheller, Southwestern Penelope Hansen, all members of Program for undergraduate faculty at University in Georgetown, TX; Casey the APS Undergraduate Collections two- and four-year colleges was insti- A. Shonis, Bloomsburg University in Development Group. tuted by APS in 1996. For the past sev- Bloomsburg, PA; and Susan O. van Fellows also have the opportunity to eral years, APS has supported this Loon, Our Lady of Holy Cross College discuss among each other matters of program, which allows undergraduate in New Orleans, LA. common interest and to offer sugges- faculty to attend the Experimental The Physiology Insights program tions to APS staff for program Biology (EB) meeting by providing includes a luncheon and workshop for improvement. Fellows participate in complimentary registration. The pro- fellows that address special issues of the regular scientific session, special gram is designed to attract under- importance to two- and four-year sessions, and exhibits as well. graduate educators who live in a undergraduate educators. This year’s Up to 15 fellowships will be made three- or four-state region surround- workshop was entitled “Online Models available to regional undergraduate ing the meeting site. and Tools for Transforming Physiology educators for Experimental Biology This year at the EB 2002 meeting in Teaching and Learning.” Topics cov- 2003 in San Diego, CA. The deadline New Orleans, LA, five undergraduate ered included the APS Archive of for applications for 2003 will be faculty members received the fellow- Teaching Resources, BioSciEd Net Friday, March 28. Details about the ship to attend the meeting. These portal, and other valuable online program can be found at http://www. included Susan L. Edwards, Georgia resources. Speakers for the workshop the-aps.org/education/PhysInsts/insi- Southern University in Statesboro, were Robert G. Carroll, Chair of the info.html. ❖ GA; Martha Sette, Technical College of APS Education Office, and Barbara the Lowcountry in Beaufort, SC; E. Goodman, William R. Galey, and APS Archive of Teaching Resources

The APS Archive of Teaching teaching tools/materials that you are Physiology Society (HAPS) meeting (a Resources (http://www.apsarchive.org) developing that would benefit from new BEN partner); the Council on continues to grow with the recruit- feedback from your colleagues Undergraduate Research meeting in ment of a variety of new learning anything educational related to New London, CT; and the objects from educators all over the physiology, pathophysiology, or clinical International Congress of country. To date, about 40 items have physiology Pathophysiology in Budapest. Look for been received for the Archive from APS along with the other BiosciEd us at upcoming presentations at the various sources. Net (BEN) partners are pleased to APS Conference on “The Power of However, more material is still announce the launch of the BEN por- Comparative Physiology: Evolution, needed. Please consider submitting tal site (http://www.biosciednet.org) Integration and Application” in San material that you have developed to July 1. Through the BEN portal, edu- Diego, CA; the Society for use to make your teaching more effec- cators will be able to access the teach- Advancement of Chicanos and Native tive. These can be ing archives of not only APS but also Americans in Science in Anaheim, CA; lecture or course outline or American Association for the the regional HAPS Conference in PowerPoint lecture slides that is par- Advancement of Science, American Arnold, MD; the National Association ticularly effective with your students Society for Microbiology, Ecological of Biology Teachers in Cincinnati, OH; problems or cases you’ve written for Society of America, Science’s Signal and the Sixth Annual Meeting of the your classes Transduction Knowledge International Association of Medical diagram(s) that you’ve created to Environment, American Society for Science Educators in Guadalajara, illustrate a specific pathway or process Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mexico. that seems to clarify it for your students and Society of Toxicology, as well as By submitting learning objects that simulations or videos you have others. you have developed, you can help your developed Presentations about the Archive, colleagues in their efforts to find the web sites you have discovered that including submitting objects and best tools for introducing their stu- have valuable information for your searching for objects, have been made dents to the exciting discipline of teaching at the Human Anatomy and physiology. ❖

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evolution of the US laboratory animal amendments changed the name of the “IACUC 101”at EB 02; welfare system and the role played by law and extended USDA regulation the IACUC. The post-World War II ori- beyond cats and dogs to include non- EB 03 Follow-on Planned gins of animal welfare oversight go human primates, rabbits, guinea pigs, back to 1950. The US had begun and hamsters. The 1970 amendments Some 60 scientists participated in a increasing its investment in biomedi- also granted the USDA discretion to four-hour symposium on the workings cal research after World War II, and in regulate other species of warm-blood- of the Institutional Animal Care and 1950, five Chicago-area veterinarians ed vertebrates used in research. (One Use Committee (IACUC) that was at research facilities began discussing area of continuing controversy has offered as part of Experimental ways to enhance science by improving been whether this provision permitted Biology 2002. “Everything You Ever the care provided to laboratory ani- or required the USDA to regulate lab- Wanted to Know About the IACUC mals. By 1953 this group was publish- oratory rats and mice, as well as birds. But Were Afraid to Ask” was organized ing proceedings of its discussions and That controversy has been resolved for by the APS Animal Care and incorporated itself as the Animal Care now with the approval of the 2002 Experimentation Committee (ACE) Panel (ACP). farm aid bill, which amends the AWA with support from the NIH Office of In 1952, the National Academy of to exclude these species.) Laboratory Animal Welfare (OLAW). Sciences established the Institute of The 1985 AWA amendments made The session was co-sponsored by the Laboratory Animal Resources (ILAR). sweeping changes to the regulations, American Society for Pharmacology Both ILAR and the ACP were address- requiring facilities that use covered and Experimental Therapeutics, ing animal welfare issues 15 years species to designate an institutional American Society for Nutritional before there were any federal over- official and to establish an IACUC to Sciences, American Association of sight laws. The ACP appointed an conduct program oversight and review Immunologists, American Association Animal Facilities Certification all proposed research, educational, or of Anatomists, and the Federation of Committee that developed into the testing activities. American Societies for Experimental independent accrediting body now Matthews recounted the history of a Biology. known as AAALAC. In 1963, the ACP parallel system of oversight for the A similar program entitled “IACUC sought NIH funding to develop a care and use of laboratory animals 101 for Scientists” is planned for EB Guide for Laboratory Animal that developed within the Public 2003 in San Diego. That symposium Facilities and Care, which evolved into Health Service (PHS). The PHS is part will take place on Friday, April 18, the Guide for the Care and Use of of the Department of Health and 2003, from 1-5 pm. Further informa- Laboratory Animals (Guide), a docu- Human Services and serves as the tion and a registration form will be ment periodically updated by ILAR parent organization to such agencies included in the EB 2003 Call for and published by the National as the National Institutes of Health Papers. Research Council. The Animal Care (NIH) and the Centers for Disease “Everything You Ever Wanted to Panel itself continued to grow and in Control and Prevention (CDC). In Know About the IACUC” was moder- 1967 was reconstituted as the 1971, the NIH formalized a policy ated by ACE Committee Chairman American Association for Laboratory requiring humane treatment of ani- John Stallone. It was adapted from the Animal Care (AALAS). mals based upon the requirements of popular “IACUC 101” series and Matthews explained that the 1966 the Guide. This policy was formally offered working scientists an overview Laboratory Animal Welfare Act (later adopted by the PHS as a whole in of the IACUC process. The program known as the Animal Welfare Act) 1973 and was subsequently revised in also included several opportunities to established the first federal animal 1979. In 1985, Congress adopted legis- pose questions to representatives from care standards. It set a handful of lation reauthorizing NIH programs OLAW, USDA’s Animal and Plant minimum standards that applied to known as the Health Research Health Inspection Service (APHIS)- the areas where dogs and cats intend- Extension Act. This legislation includ- Animal Care, and the Association for ed for research were housed. It also ed a provision making the PHS Policy Assessment and Accreditation of required facilities to maintain records on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animal Care (AAALAC) on the dogs and cats they purchased. Laboratory Animals part of the frame- International. An electronic version of The legislation came about after a work of laws governing the NIH and this article with links to these organi- 1966 Life magazine article, required henceforth that all PHS- zations and other materials related to “Concentration Camps for Dogs,” that funded research involving vertebrate this symposium are available on the described how dealers treated animals animal species be conducted according APS website at http://www.the- that were to be sold to research. to the PHS Policy. The elements of the aps.org/pub_affairs/IACUC. The Animal Welfare Act was amend- PHS Policy largely paralleled the AWA Monte Matthews, who is the ed in 1970, 1976, 1985, and 1990, grad- in requiring the appointment of an Director of the Office of Veterinary ually expanding the number of animal institutional official and the establish- Services and Animal Care at the species covered and the breadth of ment of an IACUC, although the com- University of Oregon, described the welfare requirements. The 1970 (continued on page 224)

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(continued from page 223) aps.org/pub_affairs/IACUC. not prescribe its frequency or intensi- position and mandates of the IACUC Greene recommended that the ty. Richard Van Sluyters, OD, PhD, a differed somewhat from that specified IACUC take responsibility for compli- Professor of Optometry and IACUC by the AWA. ance issues so that the veterinarian Chair from the University of In many ways, 1985 was a water- and animal care staff can focus on ani- California, Berkeley, who was repre- shed because it was also the year that mal care and facilitating research. She senting AAALAC, noted that investi- the US Government Principles for the referred participants to the statement gators at his institution are asked to Utilization and Care of Vertebrate on Adequate Veterinary Care on the take a training refresher course at Animals Used in Testing, Research, website of the American College of least every five years. This require- and Training were adopted. These Laboratory Animal Medicine ment is typically fulfilled through nine principles apply to all federally (http://www.aclam.org). periodic seminars given to each funded activities involving animals. Stallone reviewed the basics of pro- department by the attending veteri- Molly Greene of the University of tocol review requirements as required narian. Jodie Kulpa, DVM, of the Texas Health Science Center at San under the AWA, PHS Policy, and US APHIS Animal Care staff at USDA Antonio (UTHSCSA) discussed the Government Principles. He provided a recommended that training should be function and responsibilities of the series of issues to be addressed, offered in a variety of lectures, work- IACUC. Greene has been with UTH- IACUC approval criteria and ques- shops, hands-on clinics and online SCSA since 1986 and currently serves tions that should be answered to the courses tailored to areas where as the Director of the Department of IACUC’s satisfaction before a protocol researchers want and need further Academic Support. Her talk described is approved. He provided two hand- information. The website http://www. key components of effective animal outs developed by Greene to assist iacuc.org was recommended as a care and use programs. She empha- IACUCs. The first was a side-by-side resource because it provides a list of sized that an effective program com- comparison of the respective Protocol training programs and model policies. plies with federal, state and local laws Review Content Requirements of the The panel was asked whether there and regulations, can assure the public AWA regulations, PHS Policy, the are ethical standards in place for of quality animal care, minimizes the Guide, and the US Government research involving animal exercise. At burden on research teams, and facili- Principles. The second was a model the moment, the only standard tates scientific research. Protocol Review Checklist Greene regarding exercise is the AWA require- Greene detailed the responsibilities designed to help IACUCs make cer- ment that dogs be provided with of the various “team members,” includ- tain that the protocol has addressed opportunities to exercise. AAALAC’s ing the Institutional Official, IACUC all relevant issues satisfactorily. Van Sluyters indicated that it is members, IACUC staff, attending vet- (These documents are also available important for scientists involved in erinarian, and researchers, staff, and on the APS website at the URL indi- specific types of research to provide students. Greene said that the mem- cated above.) written guidelines that IACUCs can bership of an IACUC should represent The question-and-answer sessions use when reviewing protocols. Garnett the research and teaching strengths of between talks covered a wide range of said that OLAW is interested in sup- the institution. topics. One questioner wanted to know porting the development of such The ultimate purpose of IACUC how to determine when significant guidelines, as is the National Academy review is to protect the continued use and unexpected animal loss has of Sciences, possibly in the form of an of animals in research. Sometimes, occurred that should be reported to ILAR committee report similar to the however, issues arise between investi- OLAW or USDA. OLAW Director Guide. gators and the IACUC, and it is impor- Nelson Garnett, DVM, explained that Another question that provoked a tant to handle them in ways to mini- although it is difficult to give detailed lively interchange involved protocols mize conflict. For example, Greene rec- guidance, it is generally expected that for animal models that cause pain and ommended that when the IACUC asks institutions with PHS Assurances will distress. The questioner was con- an investigator to modify a protocol report cases where an approved activ- cerned about instances in which the prior to its approval, it should cite the ity has to be suspended or when there attending veterinarian has decided to pertinent section of regulation or poli- has been an instance of serious non- euthanize an animal without notifying cy in its response to the investigator. compliance with the PHS Policy or a the investigator so the data were lost Greene provided a handout on deviation from the NRC Guide that and the animal’s life was wasted. Protocol Review Process Require- result in the preventable deaths of Andrea Barnes, DVM, of the APHIS ments listing the responsibilities of animals. Animal Care staff commented that the the IACUC under the AWA and the Training requirements were also issue may be one of specifying a PHS Policy and identifying the sec- discussed. Garnett noted that training humane end point for the experiment, tions of regulation or policy containing should be oriented toward the activi- and pilot studies may be needed to the various requirements. This docu- ties an individual engages in. The refine or define that end point. Barnes ment is available electronically on the requirement for training specifies that pointed out that the animal study pro- APS web site at http://www.the- training must be available but does posal serves as a contract between the

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principal investigator and the animal advisors who worked in secrecy. the new department, which would care staff so it is important to indicate Implementing legislation to create the then provide funds for the NIH and what are the end points for each group Department of Homeland Security CDC to carry out the designated tasks. of animals and to spell out whether was submitted to Congress on June “Funding transfers are likely to be the investigator is to be notified before 18, and President Bush asked accompanied by a re-allocation of and animals are euthanized. Van Sluyters Congress to expedite its passage so redistribution according to different noted that veterinarians have an obli- that the new agency would be in place research priorities,” Rich wrote. “If gation to euthanize animals that are by the anniversary of the September there is no reallocation, such intera- suffering so provisions should also be 11 attacks. gency transfers are pointless and will made about how to proceed if the lab In the areas of civilian biodefense only add transaction costs and delay personnel are unavailable. Greene research and public health response, to performing the research.” Rich con- underscored the need for the IACUC the plan calls for transferring some cluded by noting that FASEB mem- to ensure that these procedures have 300 government workers and $4 bil- bers “share [the] belief that enhanced been established before animal use lion to the new department. Some con- federal coordination and oversight is begins. ❖ cerns have arisen about how the new essential to protect all Americans from department will affect on-going infec- bioterrorism, but we are concerned tious disease research. Analysts that the proposed structural research believe that $1.7 billion of the biode- changes, however well-meaning, President Proposes fense research and civilian response might well be counter-productive.” budget will be drawn from funds the The Department of Homeland Homeland Security administration originally proposed for Security could also affect biomedical bioterrorism research activities at the research through the proposed trans- Department National Institute for Allergy and fer of the USDA’s Animal and Plant Infectious Diseases. In addition, the Health Inspection Service (APHIS) to section of the proposed legislation that the proposed Security Division of President Bush has proposed the deals with chemical, biological, radio- Border and Transportation Security. creation of a cabinet level Department logical and nuclear countermeasures The transfer is intended to improve of Homeland Security to improve the includes the following language: the effectiveness of APHIS efforts to nation’s ability to defend itself against “With respect to any responsibilities safeguard US agriculture from exotic terrorist threats. The new agency carried out through the Department of invasive pests and diseases. However, would bring together nearly 170,000 Health and Human Services under it is unclear what impact the transfer federal employees and $37.5 billion in this subsection, the Secretary [of would have on other aspects of APHIS domestic security programs from vari- Homeland Security], in consultation operations, including its responsibility ous government agencies. The four with the Secretary of Health and to enforce the Animal Welfare Act reg- primary missions of the new depart- Human Services, shall have the ulations. ❖ ment would be chemical, biological, authority to establish the research radiological, and nuclear countermea- and development program, including sures; information analysis and the setting of priorities.” infrastructure protection; border and FASEB President Bob Rich pointed Bioterror Protection Bill transportation security; and emergen- to two troubling aspects of this plan in cy preparedness and response. Some a June 24 letter to House Energy and of the changes proposed under this Signed Commerce Committee Chairman W.J. massive reorganization would affect “Billy” Tauzin. While “supporting the agencies that fund and oversee On June 12 President Bush signed efforts of the Congress and the biomedical research. into law a $4.6 billion bioterrorism bill Administration to provide adequately “The President’s most important job (Public Law 107-188). The law autho- for homeland defense against future is to protect and defend the American rizes funds to purchase stockpiles of acts of terrorism,” Rich expressed con- people,” the White House said in a vaccines and antibiotics, mandates cern about the efficacy of taking a “top statement explaining the proposal. increased protection of the food sup- down” approach to research on poten- “America needs a single, unified home- ply, and authorizes grants to the tial infectious agents of bioterrorism. land security structure that will states for emergency preparedness “The risk is that a ‘top down’ approach improve protection against today’s against bioterror attacks. The legisla- to research might preclude the discov- threats and be flexible enough to help tion had virtually unanimous support ery and development of new under- meet the unknown threats of the in Congress. The conference report standings of infectious agents,” Rich future.” The details of the sweeping passed the House by a vote of 425-1 wrote. proposal were closely guarded until and passed the Senate by a vote of 98- Rich also questioned the proposal to President Bush announced it in a 0. transfer major elements of the HHS June 6 televised address. The plan had research and public health portfolio to (continued on page 226) been developed by a handful of trusted

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(continued from page 225) animals as an element in its Basic Kunast, a member of the pro-environ- The measure requires the Law or constitution. The lower house mentalist Green party that backed the Department of Health and Human of parliament approved the measure language, insisted that it would not Services (DHHS) to develop a list of on May 17, with 543 lawmakers sup- place animals above humans. “People biological agents or toxins that pose a porting it, 19 lawmakers voting remain the most important,” she said threat to public health and safety, and against it, and 15 abstaining. The after the lower house voted to approve to update the list every two years. upper house of parliament followed the amendment. However, questions Individuals who handle these materi- suit on June 21. remain concerning how the courts will als must register with the Secretary of Switzerland passed a similar interpret the language and how per- HHS. DHHS must submit these amendment in 1992, allowing animals ceived conflicts between the interests names to the Attorney General for to be recognized before the law as of humans and animals will be background checks and keep a beings rather than things. resolved. Kunast was also quoted com- database of registered persons and The German constitutional amend- menting, “Work is not stopping. It is materials. ment followed a decade of debate and just beginning.” ❖ Funds were also authorized for the will require federal courts in that Centers for Disease Control and nation to weigh animal protection Prevention to upgrade its scientific against other considerations, such as equipment and laboratories and for scientific and religious freedom. Until Congressional DHHS to award grants to health pro- this year, conservative legislators fessions schools and programs to opposed the amendment on the Appropriations Season relieve shortages of health profession- grounds that it might damage German als needed to prepare for bioterrorism research. However, opinion shifted Heats Up or other public health emergencies. sharply after Germany’s highest court The new law also provides new dismissed a court challenge to Muslim Congress is lagging behind schedule penalties for causing the disruption of slaughter practices. Muslim law to finish the 13 spending bills that or physical damage to animal research requires butchers to slaughter ani- fund the federal government. Further and agricultural facilities. It also mals without first stunning them. By delays are expected as the issue of makes conspiring to commit “animal contrast, German animal welfare laws Homeland Security takes center stage enterprise terrorism” a criminal are based on the belief that it is more as the top priority for Congress. offense. The law establishes penalties humane to stun animals prior to To date, the House has passed two for actions that result in economic slaughter. The court refused to inter- FY 2003 spending bills and four other damages, serious bodily injury, and vene in this case because freedom of House bills are scheduled for full com- death. Crimes that cause economic religion was enshrined in the Basic mittee action by the middle of July. damages of up to $10,000 are subject Law, while protection for animals was However, the bills that fund most to fines and/or a prison term of up to 6 not. biomedical research, such as the Labor months. Actions that cause economic The amendment added the words HHS and VA-HUD appropriations damages of $10,000 or more are sub- “and animals” to a clause in the Basic bills, likely will not come up before the ject to fines and/or a prison term of up Law that obliges the state to respect August recess. These bills, particular- to three years. In both instances, those and protect the dignity of “life.” This ly the Labor HHS, are large, involve convicted of the crimes may be passage was previously interpreted as numerous controversial issues and required to pay restitution for the referring only to human life. The take time to pass. damage caused. Crimes against ani- amended language now reads, “The In the Senate, Senate mal enterprises that result in serious state takes responsibility for protect- Appropriations Chairman Robert bodily injury may be punished with ing the natural foundations of life and Byrd (D-WV) indicated that he fines and/or a prison term of 20 years, animals in the interest of future gen- intends to move all 13 annual appro- and crimes that result in a death may erations.” priations bills through his committee be punished by fines and/or imprison- Some scientists are concerned about before the August recess. Currently ment for life. ❖ the implications of this language for only two bills, FY 2003 Interior and their work. The BBC reported that one Military Construction, have made it German organization called the out. Society for Health and Research said However, Senate Republicans are Germany Writes Protection that the amendment would create threatening to hold up appropriations legal insecurity in research and educa- bills. Senate Majority Leader Trent tion because it opens the door to court for Animals Into its Lott (R-MS) said he would protest bills challenges of animal research as well that far exceed President Bush’s bud- as moves by the government to Constitution get request by loading them down restrict certain research. with amendments. ❖ Germany has included protection of Consumer Affairs Minister Renate

226 The Physiologist Public Affairs Vol. 45, No. 4, 2002

enterprise, the NSF has the ability to agreement he arranged was his final NSF Doubling Effort balance the research and education attempt to debate the issue on the dollars needed to achieve both of these Senate floor: “It is up to others to Gets Boost goals.” ❖ decide how to pursue [cloning legisla- tion]. I don’t have time to keep coming The effort to put the National back to this issue.” Science Foundation’s (NSF) budget on Brownback has not given up on try- a five-year doubling path is gaining Senate Avoids Cloning Vote ing to ban all forms of cloning. Late in momentum in the 107th Congress. the evening of June 13, he attempted On May 3, 2002, leadership from the In early June, a major Senate floor to offer an amendment to an unrelated House Science Committee, including debate on all forms of cloning legisla- bioterrorism insurance bill. His Chairman Sherwood Beohlert (R-NY), tion was averted. Cloning opponent amendment would have blocked the Ranking Member Ralph Hall (D-TX) Senator Sam Brownback (R-KS) issuance of patents for cloned human and physicist Vernon Ehlers (R-MI) declined an offer by Senate Majority beings or the technology to produce circulated a “Dear Colleague” letter Leader Thomas Daschle (D-SD) to them. This effort failed after the asking House members to show sup- have his legislation brought to the Senate voted to remove all amend- port for a $5.5 billion appropriation for Senate floor for a vote. ments that had nothing to do with the NSF in FY 2003. This would be a Late last year, Senator Daschle bioterrorism insurance from the bill. $720 million increase over the agen- offered Senator Brownback a chance Subsequently Senator Brownback cy’s FY 2002 level and $479 million to bring his bill to the floor for a vote indicated he would no longer try to more than the Bush administration’s later in the year in exchange for not persuade the US Senate to pass a bill request. This effort fueled the move- trying to attach it to the FY 2002 outlawing all human cloning. Instead, ment to pass authorization legislation. Labor Health and Human Services, he says he will work to win congres- On June 6, 2002, advocates for dou- Education and Related Agencies sional approval for a two-year morato- ❖ bling the NSF’s budget achieved a vic- appropriations bill. Under Senator rium on such work. tory when the House of Daschle’s offer Representatives overwhelmingly (397- there would be 25) voted to pass H.R. 4664 the three full days of “Investing in America’s Future Act.” debate on various The bill now moves to the Senate for pieces of cloning consideration. legislation, includ- This legislation, which will reautho- ing Senator rize NSF programs, calls for doubling Brownback’s legis- the NSF’s budget over five years with lation. a series of 15% increases. The first In early June, step would be a funding level of $5.5 Senator Brown- billion for fiscal year (FY) 2003. While back rejected this authorizing legislation does not actu- offer. He felt that ally fund federal agencies, it does pro- under the agree- vide strong justification for particular ment his legisla- funding levels for a program. tion would be put During the House floor debate on in a position to fail the bill, Representative Ehlers noted while cloning pro- that “National Science Foundation ponents Senators funding has fallen behind that of other Arlen Specter (R- major federal research agencies, and PA) and Diane we are not third among nations in our Feinstein’s (D-CA) spending of basic research.” legislation would Representative Connie Morella (R- pass. Senators MD) echoed Representative Ehlers’ Specter and Fein- remarks: “If we expect the technologi- stein’s legislation cal advances we have achieved in bans reproductive recent years to continue, we must fund cloning but not the the underpinning science and engi- use of cloning tech- neering more robustly. In addition, we niques for research must provide adequate resources to and to develop produce the next generation of scien- therapies. tists and engineers. As the premier Senator Daschle supporter of the overall scientific indicated that the

227 The Physiologist People & Places Vol. 45, No. 4, 2002

William F.Ganong Named Endocrine Society’s 2002 Distinguished Educator Awardee APS Member William F. Ganong, presented at ENDO 2002, the 84th first edition of a textbook, Review of DSC, MD, former Chair of the Annual Meeting of The Endocrine Medical Physiology. The book has Department of Physiology at the Society, June 19-22, in San Francisco. been frequently revised and updated University of California, San Ganong, the Lange Professor of and the 20th edition appeared in 2001. Francisco, has been named the winner Physiology Emeritus at UCSF, was It has been translated into 17 lan- of the Endocrine Society’s 2002 chairman of the department from guages and has sold over two million Distinguished Educator Award. 1970 to 1987. His research focused pri- copies and has had a major influence This award, which is presented in marily on the neuroendocrinology of on biology and medicine students recognition of exceptional achieve- aldosterone regulation, a field to internationally. ❖ ment as an educator in the discipline which he made major contributions. of endocrinology and metabolism, was In 1963, Dr. Ganong published the

Keren M. Abberton recently accept- Robert Carter has affiliated with the Anthony G. Durmowicz recently ed a position with the Department of US Army Research Institute of associated with the Department of Microsurgery, Bernard O’Brien Environmental Medicine, Thermal Pediatrics, Washington University Institute, Fitzroy, Australia. Previ- and Mountain Medicine Division, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO. ously, Abberton was associated with Natick, MA. Prior to his new position, Prior to his new position, Durmowicz the Department of Pharmacology and Carter was with the Department of was with the Department of Pediatrics Physiology, University of Rochester Physiology, University of North Texas Pulmonology, University of Utah Medical Center, Rochester, NY. Health Science, Forth Worth, TX. School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT.

Jordi Altimiras has moved to James Liberal Costantin has affili- Alan Gelperin recently joined Sweden to accept a position with the ated with the Department of Ion Biology Computation Research, Biology Department, Linkopings Works, Molecular Devices Corpora- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Universitet, Linkoping, Sweden. tion, Sunnyvale, CA. Costantin for- Philadelphia, PA. Previously, Gelperin Formerly, Altimiras was with the merly was associated with the was with Biology Computation Department of Sciences, Saude Department of Molecular and Cellular Research, Bell Labs Lucent, Murray University Beira Interior, Covilha, Biology, University of California, Hill, NJ. Portugal. Berkeley, CA. Michael Paul Godard has joined the Nigel M. Bagnall has affiliated with Kevin P. Davy has joined the Department of Health, Sport & the Leicester Warwick Medical School, Department of Physiology and Bio- Exercise Science, University of University of Warwick, Coventry, physics, University of Mississippi Kansas, Lawrence, KS. Formerly, United Kingdom. Previously, Bagnall Medical Center, Jackson, MS. Davy Godard was associated with the was with the Department of previously was with the Department Department of Sports Medicine, Physiology, University of Birming- of Health and Exercise Science, University of Southern Maine, ham, Birmingham, UK. Colorado State University, Fort Gorham, ME. Collins, CO. LeAnn Blomberg has joined the Roy D. Goldfarb has a new position Department of Germplasm and Christophe Depre accepted a posi- of Professor of Physiology and Gamete Physiology, United States tion with Cell Biology, Cardiovascular Medicine with the Department of Department of Agriculture, Agricul- Research Institute, University of Medicine, Section of Cardiology, tural Research Services and the Medicine and Dentistry, Newark, NJ. University of Medicine and Dentistry, Animal and Natural Resources Previously, Depre was with the Camden, NJ. Goldfarb had been with Institute, Beltsville, MD. Prior to her Cardiovascular Research Institute, the Department of Medicine, Section new commitment, Blomberg was asso- Hackensack University Medical of Cardiology, Rush Presbyterian, St. ciated with the Lung Biology Center, Hackensack, NJ. Luke’s Medical Center, Chicago, IL. Laboratory, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC. Robert Jason Durand has moved to Vallie Michelle Holloway accepted the Division of Health and Perfor- a position with the Burn Shock & Matthew J. Campen recently affili- mance Enhancement, Pennington Trauma Institute, Loyola University ated with the Toxicology Division, iomedical Research Center, Louisiana Medical Center, Maywood, IL. Prior to Lovelace Respiratory Research State University, Baton Rouge, LA. her new post, Holloway was with the Institute, Albuquerque, NM. Campen Prior to his new appointment, Durand Department of Pharmacology, Florida was with the Department of was affiliated with the Department of A&M University College of Pharmacy Pulmonary Medicine, Johns Hopkins Physiology, Tulane University Health and Pharmaceutical Science, Talla- University, Baltimore, MD. Science Center, New Orleans, LA. hassee, FL.

228 The Physiologist People & Places Vol. 45, No. 4, 2002

Charles J. Homcy is currently the Formerly, Reed was with the US Air affiliated with Venture Investments, President of Research and Develop- Force European Office of Aerospace S.R. One, Limited, Glaxo SmithKline, ment, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Research & Development, London, West Conshohocken, PA. Inc., Cambridge, MA. Homcy formerly England. was Executive Vice President, Edward E. Soltis has affiliated with Research and Development, COR Jose D. Rojas has moved to the the Department of Physiology and Therapeutics, South San Francisco, CA. Department of Cell and Molecular Neuroscience, Medical University of Physiology, Yale University School of South Carolina, Charleston, SC. Soltis Mika B. Jekabsons is a Postdoctoral Medicine, New Haven, CT. Prior to his was formerly with College Pharmacy, Fellow currently affiliated with Buck new position, Rojas was with the Western University Health Science, Institute, Novato, CA. Previous to his Department of Physiology, Texas Tech Pomona, CA. new affiliation, Jekabsons was associ- University Health Science Center, ated with the Dunn Human Nutrition Lubbock, TX. Arlene A. Stecenko recently moved Unit, Medical Research Council, from the Center for Lung Research, Wellcome Trust, Cambridge, England. Carl Saab accepted a position with Vanderbilt University School of the Department of Neurology, Yale Medicine, Nashville, TN, and affiliated Raouf A. Khalil has joined VA Boston University VA Medical Center, West with the Department of Medicine, Healthcare-Research, Harvard Medi- Haven, CT. Formerly, Saab was with Emory University, Atlanta, GA. cal School, W. Roxbury, MA. Khalil was the Department of Neuroscience, previously associated with the University of Texas Medical Branch, Anthony Cecil Steyermark has Department of Physiology and Galveston, TX. transferred from the Department of Biophysics, University of Mississippi Physiology, University of California, Medical Center, Jackson, MS. Richard C. Schaeffer is currently Los Angeles and affiliated with the associated with the Department of Department of Biology, University of W. Michael King moved from the Research Services, VA Medical Center, St. Thomas, St Paul, MN. Department of Neurology, University Tucson, AZ. Schaeffer previously had of Mississippi Medical Center, been with the Department of Vascular Jiping Tang has accepted a position Jackson, MS. King joined the Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer with the Department of Molecular and Department of Otolaryngology, Center, San Diego, CA. Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, University Health Sciences Center, MI. Louis Simchowitz has become Shreveport, LA. Prior to her new affil- Director, Fellowship Office, National iation, Tang was associated with the Anne Apperly Knowlton recently Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Department of Physiology and affiliated with the Department of Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD. Biophysics, Jackson, MS. Cardiovascular Medicine, University Simchowitz was formerly with the of California, Davis, CA. Prior to her Office of Grant & Education Program, Michael Keith Wilkerson has affili- new position, Knowlton was with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, ated with the Department of Department of Cardiology, Baylor Chevy Chase, MD. Pharmacology, University of Vermont, College of Medicine, VA Medical Burlington, VT. Prior to his new affili- Center, Houston, TX. Mark Slivkoff has accepted the posi- ation, Wilkerson was with the tion of Professor of Physiology, Medi- Department of Health and Stephen J. Kopp has accepted the cal University of the Americas, San Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, position as Provost, Ohio University, Pedro, Belize, Central America. College Station, TX. Athens, OH. Kopp was previously Slivkoff had previously been associat- Dean, College of Health Professions, ed with the Department of Biomedical Wenliang Zhou has joined the Renal Central Michigan University, Mt. Engineering, Arizona Health Sciences Unit, Massachusetts General Pleasant, MI. Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, Hospital, Harvard Medical School, AZ. Charlestown, MA. Zhou was formerly Gerald D. Larson has joined the with the Department of Surgery, Health and Exercise Science Louis C. Smith recently accepted the Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. Department, MidAmerica Nazarene position as Project Leader of ADViSYS University, Overland Park, KS. Larson Inc, The Woodlands, TX. Smith was Adrienne Steven Zion has moved to was formerly with the Department of formerly Director, Preclinical Product the Biobehavioral Sciences, Columbia Nursing, University of Missouri, Development, Valentis, Inc., The University Teachers College, New Kansas City, MO. Woodlands, TX. York, NY. Prior to her new position, Zion was with the Bronx VA Medical Ronald D. Reed has recently joined Philip L. Smith was formerly the Center, Spinal Cord Damage the Department of Biology, European Senior Investigator, Drug Delivery Research, Bronx, NY. ❖ Office Aerospace Research and Systems, Glaxo SmithKline, Development, USAF Academy, CO. Collegeville, PA. Smith is currently

229 The Physiologist News From Senior Physiologists Vol. 45, No. 4, 2002

Letter to Novera Herbert to the situation, I came to the conclu- cern two subjects: one is undergradu- Spector sion that it was about time when I ate teaching, the other is family life of should spend more time doing things I two professionals. It is a highly per- Virendra B. Mahesh writes: “Thank really enjoy and give up those that are sonal view, based on my 56 years of you for the letter of January 11, 2002 burdensome. I was in an excellent marriage combined with professional congratulating me on my 70th birth- position to initiate change, which is partnership. day in April this year. In response to inevitable in the long run, at my pace “As to undergraduate teaching, your request, I am giving you, hereby, and under conditions of my choosing. there can be no argument that it must details of my retirement, how the deci- And finally, I was in an excellent posi- be first-rate, if in subsequent studies a sion was reached and what I am doing tion to negotiate resources that would student should do well in graduate now. make my future goals feasible. courses and conduct good research. To “The elimination of a designated “I therefore, decided to retire as that effect there are excellent text retirement age in academic life cre- Regents Professor and Chairman, books and other teaching aids that ates both exciting opportunities as Department of Physiology and should give the undergraduate the well as challenges. The opportunity is Endocrinology at the Medical College necessary ammunition to learn the the chance to continue to be produc- of Georgia in 1999. I still follow my life subject well. However, most under- tive and creative and not be compelled long interests to the fullest. As graduates are young individuals not to retire prematurely. The challenge is Regents Professor and Chairman well-equipped to distinguish essential to identify the appropriate time of Emeritus, I still teach, mentor and col- information from details. An experi- retirement. The possibility of staying laborate in research. I, thus, continue enced lecturer can help the student to too long on the job or forced to retire to participate in the most attractive integrate concepts regarding the func- because of decreased productivity or part of research, that is identifying tion of individual organs in relation to due to becoming non-competitive in key questions, generating hypotheses, the body as whole. In my opinion, it is the field should be avoided. This is designing experiments and evaluating in this area where formal lectures are important because the academic envi- results. I leave grant writing, fund important. The additional advantage ronment flourishes only with the con- raising, and laboratory management of formal lectures in a professional fac- stant infusion of new ideas and new to my collaborators. I still participate ulty is the latitude to allow the teach- approaches. Most importantly, the as ad hoc member of NIH study sec- er to tailor the course to the specific transition should be made with grace tions, although not as frequently as I needs of a given discipline in the and dignity. am asked to do. I am serving as editor- health sciences. “The decision for me was a particu- in-chief, of the premier journal in the “As to the family life of two profes- larly difficult one as I really enjoyed field of reproduction, Biology of sionals, I feel very strongly that if the what I was doing with the exception of Reproduction from July 1, 1999 to union is to succeed, rights and duties administrative responsibilities. I was June 30, 2004. In addition, I served as need to be responsibly assessed by at the Medical College of Georgia for councillor and member of the Steering both partners before marriage. 40 years and for the last 27 years Committee of the Section of Adherence to commitments is particu- served as the chairman of my depart- Endocrinology and Metabolism of the larly important if the partners intend ment (Department of Endocrinology American Physiological Society from to have children. Even if everything is 1972-1986 and Department of 1999 to 2001. I am currently a mem- planned ahead of time, there will be Physiology and Endocrinology 1986- ber of the Joint Program Committee of unforeseen situations where flexibility 1999). I had been funded continuously the American Physiological Society will be of essence and willingness to as principle investigator for the last 39 representing the Section of substitute for one another sheer years by NIH (my first NIH R01 start- Endocrinology and Metabolism for a necessity. To run careers as scientists ed nine months after my initial three-year term (2001 to 2004). I go to and parents is demanding, but noth- appointment) and held a NIH all major scientific meetings in my ing is ever achieved without sacrifice. research-training grant for 35 years. I area of interest and retain an office at Boys and girls have a right to have had served on three regular and sev- the Medical College of Georgia.” their mommy and daddy around; par- eral ad hoc NIH study sections includ- ents have the duty to respect those ing being chair for several since 1975. Letters to Michael Barany rights by dividing their quality time I had mentored 11 MS students, 25 and by sharing not only household PhD students and 59 postdoctoral fel- Otakar V. Sirek writes: “I am no responsibilities, but also the upbring- lows and had over 400 peer-reviewed longer involved in teaching and ing of their children. I realize that research publications. I was still research, but have developed my long- each family has to make suitable active professionally in all aspects of standing interest in classical music, adjustments, depending on the type of academic life and my institution was particularly in opera. Nevertheless, on employment, age of their offspring and anxious for me to continue my my mind are some reflections on the other circumstances, but to me, the appointment. past that I would like to share with my basic principle is undeniable: children “After giving considerable thought younger colleagues. My thoughts con- need both parents if they are to grow

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up as balanced individuals. In this 1948. factor associated with actin, which respect, I can present some creden- “As for mechanism of relaxation, I resembled tropomyosin, was responsi- tials, in that both my wife and I were guessed that it might be the removal ble for the Ca2+ sensitivity. The pro- teaching and doing research all our of Ca2+ ion from the actoyosin system, tein factor was then found to consist of adult lives and succeeded to bring up but the results of my experiments two components; one was classical four children, now adults, who have showed no parallelism between Ca2+- tropomyosin and the other a new pro- good family lives and careers to be depriving activities of various chelat- tein having a strong Ca2+ binding proud of. At the end of the day, I can ing agents and their relaxing activi- capacity, named troponin (1965). Thus say, ‘Yes, challenging it was, but also ties. Disappointed by these results, I it was established that the contractile extremely rewarding.’” joined Professor Fritz Lipmann’s labo- system underlying physiological con- ratory at the Rockefeller Institute in traction is composed of four proteins, Setsuro Ebashi writes: “Thank you 1958. I was inclined to convert to enzy- i.e., two contractile proteins, myosin for your congratulatory notes for my mology under Professor Lipmann, but and actin, and two regulatory pro- 80th birthday. he advised me to continue my own teins, tropomyosin and troponin, and “After graduation from the muscle research. I followed this valu- the present view of the molecular University of Tokyo, School of able advice, and one day, having reex- mechanism of contraction-relaxation Medicine in 1944, I served the Navy as amined my previous results obtained cycle was reached. a surgeon for two years and then in Japan, I found a serious mistake in “Looking back, I was fortunate to started scientific research in the my previous calculations: after correc- have great teachers, Professor Department of Pharmacology in the tion there was a precise parallelism Kumagai, who enthusiastically guided University of Tokyo under the guid- between the two activities! At this me toward the scientific research and ance of Professor Hiroshi Kumagi, in point I was convinced about the Ca2+- always encouraged me warmly, and whose laboratory I had spent much depriving nature of the relaxing factor, professor Lipmann, who gave me time as an undergraduate and enjoyed and indeed, I could demonstrate that invaluable advice and suggestions.” its stimulating and comfortable atmo- the factor strongly takes up Ca2+ from sphere. Professor Kumagai, gave me the medium in the presence of ATP. In Richard V. Andrews: “Please accept the theme ‘electrophysiology of smooth the meantime, the factor was shown my thanks to you and the Committee muscle,’ but I eventually converted to electronmicroscopically to consist of on Senior Physiologists for remember- biochemical approach after I read and fragmented sarcoplasmic reticulum. I ing my 70th birthday with congratula- was deeply impressed by the book could also demonstrate that a minute tions. Also, please accept my apology ‘Chemistry of Muscular Contraction by amount of Ca2+ is necessary for the for being so remiss about answering; I Albert Szent-Gyorgyi. I was especially contractile reaction induced by ATP of was away from my home and office attracted by the demonstration of well-washed Ca2+-free natural acto- during January until now. ATP-induced contraction of glycerol- myosin system. In order to prove this, “I retired from full-time teaching and research in 1997. I could not fore- treated psoas muscle fibers in this I had to exert all possible efforts to cast continuing laboratory research on book, but soon noticed that fibers avoid the contamination of Ca2+ from wild-caught small mammals because shortened never be elongated even reagents or exuded from glassware of of the hanta virus scare, which made after removal of ATP. This is quite dif- the day. From these results, a clear animal care committee’s and facilities ferent, for example, from acetyl- picture of the excitation-contraction less than enthusiastic. While I contin- choline-induced contraction of living coupling could be drawn for the first ued field surveys of wild mouse and muscle, where the removal of acety- time: the shuttle movement of Ca2+ vole abundance for two years, choline quickly results in relaxation. from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to prospects for gaining financial support Inquiring into this puzzling fact, I the contractile system and vice versa found in 1952 that the relaxation are dim, so that I have no further cause contraction and relaxation, plans for formal research. I continued could be induced by adding muscle respectively. some part-time teaching of medical extract to the contracted fiber togeth- “Coming back to Japan from New and nursing students as emeritus er with ATP. However, soon it was York, I then inquired into the basis of Professor until this past year, but gave realized that the same experiment 2+ Ca sensitivity of the actomyosin those duties to younger faculty as a had already been done more than a system. A clue was in the fact that part of their career development. I year ago, and, therefore, I had no sci- actomyosin composed of myosin and a now enjoy the freedom that retirement entific priority. This was not my disap- certain preparation of actin was insen- provides for leisure travel. pointment but an encouragement and 2+ sitive to Ca . At first I thought that “I would like to remind younger I pursued the active principle in the denaturation of actin might be respon- physiologists that the tradition of our 2+ extract, relaxing factor, and in 1955 sible to the Ca insensitivity and discipline transcends important identified it as the microsome fraction started to examine various actin grounding in technical skills and of muscle, first isolated by Kielly and preparations. However, I finally seeks to explain integrative function Meyerhof as granular-MgATPase in reached the conclusion that a protein (continued on page 232)

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(continued from page 231) “I officially retired six years ago, but my life when physiological questions of the whole. Participation in the this blessed condition seems to have dominated it, may be some of histori- advancement of our science not only wrought little or no change in the cal interest, so here they are. requires designing and executing well- sense of importance, and even urgen- “After the trauma of World War II, controlled experiments, but also cy, that one feels towards the growing those of us in clinical work in most dis- encourages transmission of the excite- edifice of science. We dare not fail to ciplines had a natural interest in ment of discovery to each new genera- engender in younger minds a passion- physiology. Chest physicians were pre- tion of students. Both personal ate curiosity and an imagination suffi- occupied with problems of managing involvements in advancement of our cient to kindle their commitment to all tuberculosis (their traditional bread science, and in the nurture of stu- that is great and good in the scientific and butter), and were not interested in dents, bring lasting personal satisfac- method. Reflecting on major changes trying to design tests of lung function, tion. wrought in the national medical nor in lung physiology. I can recall the “Once again, thank you for your let- research scene over the past 40 years, amazement with which we learned ter of congratulations.” there is a cause for deep and growing about the fundamental work on gas concern that research training, and exchanged (the alveolair air equation W. Ross Adey writes: “I am indeed the culture of research accomplish- for example) and lung mechanics that honored by the invitation of the ment, have stifled the burning thorn of has come out of the wartime research Members of the Senior Physiologists personal discontent that should be the in the US Air Force and Navy. My Committee to mark the occasion of my creative option of all young minds postgraduate year in 1952 with Julius 80th birthday with a brief description entering on a research career. Comroe in Philadelphia sharpened my of my current activities and my philo- “Graduate students are assigned a perception of the many interesting sophic approach to research and project that is typically a segment of physiological questions that remained thinking. their advisor’s grand vista. They may to be investigated; and established my “The actual day of my 80th birthday not deviate to ask creative ‘what if’ lifelong friendship with Robert Forster passed like all previous working days, questions. They emerge from the and Ward Fowler. Academic medicine chrysalis of their training, bearing a with its usual tangled web of challeng- in Britain was stagnating, which is ing basic science, clinical evaluations, parchment to the professional market why I followed my mentor, Ronald and the inevitable bureaucracies that place, affirming proficiency in certain Christie to McGill in 1956. I remember have become the uninvited handmaid- techniques, but in no way proclaiming that I took an oscilloscope and camera ens of all our science. the arrival of that precious citadel of a with me, as we were using this for the “The long term focus of my research creative mind. Carl Djerassi’s novel, first measurements of lung compli- interests continues to seek answers to Cantor’s Dilemma, might well be ance. I also took an Astrup P the intrinsic organization of tissues, required reading for us all. CO2 apparatus, and we were one of the and how communication between cells “May I conclude with an emergent first groups managing respiratory fail- may set tissue thresholds for extrinsic thought from my own research experi- ure with knowledge of the arterial and intrinsic stimuli determined by ence. Formal instruction in physics, their ensemble behavior, as they theoretical and applied, has become PCO2. Our work on lung function was “whisper together” in a range of faint the weakest link for the majority of greatly stimulated by the development and private languages. those entering on a career in medical of external counting and the use of “Increasingly, experimental evi- research. It begins at the high school Xe133; and those I recruited, particu- dence points in this direction from level. We now discern biological orga- larly Joseph Milic-Emili and Peter actions of physical agents, including nization based in physical processes at Macklem, were destined to add many gravitational fields, ionizing radiation, the atomic level, beyond the realm of dimensions to our understanding of and extrinsic and intrinsic nonioniz- chemical reactions in the exquisite lung function. At this time, I estab- ing electromagnetic fields; and by fabric of biomolecules. Without a ver- lished a close intellectual relationship interactions of imposed nonionizing satility in biophysics that matches with the Department of Physiology at electromagnetic fields with hormonal their typical knowledge in molecular Dartmouth, under the leadership of regulatory mechanisms. There is the biology and biochemistry, none may the late Marsh Tenney. I had had an salutary observation, challenging to cross this threshold to the cutting exercise treadmill constructed in us all, that the human auditory edge of key areas in future medical Bart’s in London (maybe the first in a threshold involves a hair cell vibration research. hospital?), and brought this with me to of 10-11 meters, or about the diameter “Thank you for the great privilege of the Royal Victoria Hospital in of a single hydrogen atom. But by an submitting these personal reflections.” Montreal. Our studies of exercise dif- as yet unknown mechanism, the ear fusing capacity there brought me into suppresses the vastly larger noise of David V. Bates writes: “Many thanks close contact with those, mainly in its thermal atomic and molecular col- for reminding me so gracefully that Scandinavia, interested in exercise physiology. lisions, functioning as an almost ‘per- my 80th birthday was fast approach- “The invitation to become Chairman fect’ amplifier close to 0 degree K. ing. My recollections of that period of

232 The Physiologist News From Senior Physiologists Vol. 45, No. 4, 2002

of the Department of Physiology at of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, levels of air pollutants in Southern McGill meant that I gave up my clini- who had been interested in the respi- Ontario. After I retired in 1987, I con- cal responsibilities, but in exchange I ratory mechanics of blowing wind tinued this research interest, in which acquired new research space. This I instruments. I am still involved; last year I began devoted to building a Perspex expo- “In 1972, I was invited to move to co-editing a newsletter on health and sure chamber to define the effects of the University of British Columbia air pollution with a colleague (a low concentrations of ozone of the lung and to double the size of the medical lawyer) in Washington DC. We have if it was breathed during exercise. One school. At this point I left the physio- been very much encouraged by the highlight of my career as a physiolo- logical scene, though I continued to warm reception given to our first gist was the task of organizing the keep in touch with the many friends I issue. Respiratory Dinner at the had made during that period. Five “I have never regretted the 22 years International Physiology Congress in years of that (more than three times in which I participated in the develop- Washington DC in 1968. This was held the current ‘half-life’ of US Deans of ment of our understanding of lung at the Mayflower Hotel, with a prior Medicine in that era I think), brought physiology; the field has, of course, reception at the National Geographic me to 1977, when I returned to clinical moved on, but I like to think that this Society headquarters. At the dinner, bedside teaching and developed a occurred because, during that period, Wallace Fenn (whose birthday it was), research program in Environmental we did our work so well. What word of Julius Comroe, Andre Cournand, and Epidemiology; this led to one of the wisdom would I like to pass on? Ronald Christie were all at the same first ‘time series’ studies of the associ- Knowledge is indivisible.” ❖ table. Music was provided by a distin- ation between hospital admissions for guished group, including the first horn acute respiratory disease and daily

233 The Physiologist Positions Available Vol. 45, No. 4, 2002

Postdoctoral Position in neering or applied mathematics Postdoctoral Positions Cardiovascular Neurophysiology: approaches is highly preferred. An-NIH funded postdoctoral fellow- Required skills include expertise in at Postdoctoral Fellow-Pathology ship is available immediately to inves- least one scientific programming lan- Division: Postdoctoral positions are tigate synaptic mechanisms regulat- guage. Eligible candidates for this available at Stokes Research Institute ing the excitability of autonomic cell position must be citizens or non-citi- of The Children’s Hospital of groups in the hypothalamic paraven- zen nationals of the US. The position Philadelphia (CHOP). S/He will study tricular nucleus (PVN). Experience in is available immediately and will be the functions of chaperone proteins in the use of electrophysiologic tech- initially limited to a one-year term. the immune system. Projects include: niques (extra/intracellular recording, The appointment may be continued chaperones role in antigen receptors whole-cell patch clamp) is required for two more years, depending upon selection, control of receptor expres- and familiarity with fluorescent imag- mutual agreement and availability of sion and chaperone-mediated antigen ing, immunohistochemistry and/or in the funds. Applicants should Email presentation (see Immunity, 13:433; situ hybridization is desirable. A com- their resume, list of publications, and JCB, 152:705, JMB, 313:1023, Nature, petitive salary and benefits package is contact details of three references to 370:373). Successful candidates available. Send a CV and a list of three Dr. James Bassingthwaighte, Depart- should have an MD/PhD degree and referees to: Glenn M. Toney, ment of Bioengineering, University of strong background in any of the rele- Department of Physiology - 7756, Washington, Box 357962, Seattle WA vant disciplines. Skills in some of the University of Texas Health Science 98195-7962. [EEO] following is preferred: molecular biolo- Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd gy, transgenic and knockout mice, cell Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229- biology, protein biochemistry and 3900; Tel: 210-567-4372; Email: Postdoctoral Fellows: The tumor immunology. Please submit a [email protected]. [EEO/AA] Department of Medicine, Division of CV, a statement of research interests, Nephrology of New York Medical and the names and contact informa- College invites applications from indi- tion for three references to Dr. Yair Postdoctoral Position: The viduals with a strong background in Argon, The Children’s Hospital of Department of Bioengineering at the physiology, cell and molecular biology Philadelphia, 802 Abramson Research University of Washington is looking of the kidney, and/or vascular biology Center, 3516 Civic Center Boulevard, for a postdoctoral research candidate to join the newly organized Renal Philadelphia, PA 19104, Email: to join the group on Computational Research Institute. Three positions [email protected]. and Integrative Bioengineering within are currently available for postdoctor- the National Simulation Resource al fellows. These positions will provide Facility.The candidate will be involved an opportunity to work on projects Postdoctoral Position: NIH-funded in the development and analysis of related to the biology of nitric oxide, postdoctoral position available imme- cardiac metabolic systems analysis, renal injury, adhesion molecules and diately to study the rapid neurophysi- and to a lesser extent, biological signal endothelial dysfunction. This newly ological actions of steroids in hypotha- transduction, and gene regulatory net- developed institute is also seeking to lamic neurons. Project involves whole- works. Information about the pro- recruit MDs/PhDs or both with experi- cell patch recording using infrared- grams and projects can be found at ence in protein chemistry.Applications DIC videomicroscopy in hypothalamic http://nsr.bioeng.washington.edu and from individuals with a strong back- slices and single-cell RT-PCR to iden- http://www.physiome.org. The avail- ground in bone marrow stem cell tify cellular transcripts. Candidate able position is funded by an annual research are invited to apply. Please must have a MD and/or PhD degree stipend from a NIH/NHLBI Cardio- send letters of application and cur- and a strong background in neuroen- vascular Training Grant. Current lev- riculum vitae to: Peter M. Brown, docrinology with experience in whole- els of funding range from $31,092 to Director, Human Resources, New York cell patch recording, signal transduc- $48,852/year depending on experi- Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595; tion and molecular biology. Salary is ence. We are looking for someone with Email: [email protected], Fax: commensurate with experience a computational science or bioengi- 914-594-4309. according to NIH guidelines. neering background who has experi- Candidates should send CV and ence and interests in integrative biolo- names of three references to Dr. gy research. An ideal candidate will Postdoctoral Fellow/Research Martin J. Kelly, Department of have an interdisciplinary training Associate Positions: Two positions Physiology & Pharmacology, Oregon with a strong background in computa- are available for study of molecular Health & Science Univ., Portland, OR tion and in mammalian biology, and cellular mechanisms of plasma 97201. Fax: 503-494-4352, Email: kel- emphasizing metabolism. Experience membrane protein recycling in epithe- [email protected]. [AA/EOE] in network analysis methods, control lial cells. Studies will focus on molecu- theory, and the analysis of signaling lar characterization of proteins associ- processes and networks using engi- ating with and regulating the Rab11

234 The Physiologist Positions Available Vol. 45, No. 4, 2002

family of small GTPases. Research Institute/NC10, The Cleveland Clinic, and state; a record of successful fiscal approaches include proteomic and 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH management and academic creden- structural characterization, regulated 44195, USA. Fax: 216-444-9404, tials suitable for a senior faculty over-expression as well as knockout Email: [email protected]. appointment. Applications: The search and transgenic mouse models. All Postdoctoral Position: Department has begun and will continue until the work funded by multiple NIH grants. of Physiology, University of Tennessee position is filled, ideally in early fall Salary levels commensurate with Health Science Center. NIH-funded 2002. Confidential inquiries and experience. Send CV to James position immediately available to requests for a Position Specification Goldenring, MD, PhD, Department of study the regulation and physiological may be directed to the consultant Surgery and the Vanderbilt-Ingram functions of local and global calcium assisting the search committee, E. Kay Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University signaling and ion channels in arterial Dawson, by Email (preferred) at School of Medicine, CC-2306 MCN, smooth muscle cells. Required qualifi- [email protected], Tel: 503-292- 1161 21st Ave. S., Nashville, TN cations include a PhD or MD in 4889. Applicants should submit a 37232-2733 or Email: jim.golden- Physiology or a related field. cover letter responsive to the Position [email protected]. Experience with patch clamp electro- Specification, a curriculum vitae, and physiology, confocal microscopy and/or the names of five references to the calcium imaging preferred. Send cur- search committee chair, Dr. Misha Postdoctoral Fellow or Junior riculum vitae and names and address- Pavel, OGI School of Science & Faculty: Position applications are es of three references to Jonathan H. Engineering, 20000 NW Walker Road, invited for NIH-funded positions for Jaggar, PhD, Department of Physiolo- Beaverton, OR 97006-8921. [EO/AA] two research projects. The first will gy, University of Tennessee Health focus on the role of the SNARE mem- Science Center, 894 Union Avenue, brane fusion machinery in epithelial Memphis, TN 38163, USA. [EEO/AA] Assistant Professor of Anatomy cell polarity and polarized membrane and Cell Biology: A tenure track trafficking. The second will focus on position in the newly renovated the function of polycystin-1, a protein Academic Positions Department of Anatomy and Cell affected in polycystic kidney disease Biology is available. Candidates must (PKD) that is one of the most common have a PhD, MD, or equivalent, post- inherited diseases. For information Chair, Department of Biomedical doctoral experience, and an active about the focus of the lab and publica- Engineering: Oregon Health & research program with current or a tions, see: http://www.lerner.ccf.org/ Science University (OHSU) high potential for attracting external cellbio/weimbs/. Enthusiasm about announces a new department of support. Although individuals in a science, and experience in molecular Biomedical Engineering and a search variety of research areas will be con- biology and/or cell biology are for its first chair. Responsibilities: sidered, preference will be given to sci- required. Highly qualified candidates Develop a unique focus for research entists engaged in research concern- may be recruited at the “Research and training; recruit outstanding fac- ing molecular medicine, cell and devel- Associate” or “Project Scientist” level ulty and students; develop interdisci- opmental biology, molecular neurobiol- (equivalent to Lecturer or Research plinary educational programs; build ogy or cancer. The successful candi- Assistant Professor) which is a semi- collaborative linkages with the larger date will be expected to participate in independent position enabling the University; foster partnerships with a team-taught course for professional candidate to submit his/her own grant the regional biotech community; students such as Gross Anatomy, applications. The Cleveland Clinic’s secure external programmatic funding Histology, Cell and Molecular Biology, Lerner Research Institute provides an and encourage technology transfer Developmental Biology or Neurosci- outstanding interactive environment and commercialization of research dis- ence and a graduate course in their for biomedical research with state-of- coveries. Qualifications: A strong area of expertise. For more informa- the-art support facilities and competi- background in engineering or another tion, visit our web site at http://www. tive salaries and benefits. For further quantitative science and relevant uiowa.edu/~anatomy/. Interested indi- information, see http://www.lerner.ccf. experience within a biomedical field; a viduals should send a CV, bibliogra- org/. This project will provide a broad record of success as an independent phy, a brief statement of research and range of training in cutting-edge cell scholar; an entrepreneurial spirit; teaching experience, plus the names of biological methodology in an exciting capacity to represent the department three references to: Dr. Mary J.C. and expanding field of basic research. effectively to external constituencies; Hendrix, Head, Department of Interested applicants should send familiarity with commercializing Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of their CV with a summary of research intellectual property, a commitment to Medicine, The University of Iowa, experience, list of publications and translational research and successful Iowa City, IA 52242. [EEO/AA] Women names of references by Email or Fax technology transfer; an understanding and minorities are encouraged to to: Thomas Weimbs, PhD, Department of a research university’s role in the apply. of Cell Biology, Lerner Research economic development of its region (continued on page 236)

235 The Physiologist Positions Available Vol. 45, No. 4, 2002

(continued from page 235) chemistry, biochemistry, or related below. Though the two project coordi- field. Two years of research laboratory nators will share responsibility for the experience required. Please submit a two protocols, the senior project coor- Research Positions Resume and the names and contact dinator will have primary responsibil- information for three references to Dr. ity for SEAD 2, and the assistant pro- Yair Argon, The Children’s Hospital of ject coordinator will have primary Research Technician I: Research Philadelphia, 802 Abramson Research responsibility for SEAD 3. A major Technician I position is available at Center, 3516 Civic Center Boulevard, efficiency will be gained by combining Stokes Research Institute of The Philadelphia, PA 19104, Email: the recruitment efforts for SEAD 2 Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia [email protected] or Fax: and 3. Senior Research Coordina- (CHOP). S/He will participate in a 215-590-4644. Reference ID#57 on all tor: A Licensed nurse practitioner will planned research project by perform- correspondence. be recruited and trained to help devel- ing research protocols with direct op and implement the protocol. The guidance and close supervision by the senior research coordinator will par- program director and/or senior techni- Research Associate Positions: We ticipate in the implements of the pro- cal personnel. S/He needs a special- are interested in enthusiastic candi- tocol for SEAD 2 and 3, but will have ized education in the biological or dates in the area of skeletal muscle primary responsibility to ensure the chemical sciences, is required to exer- physiology for postdoctoral fellowships completion of SEAD 2. The nurse cise discretion and judgement in exe- in the Molecular Imaging Research practitioner will collaborate with Drs. cution, and interpretation of experi- Center at Michigan State University. Bernbaum, Tershakovec, and ments and of data derived. Project(s) This is a well-funded program in the Weinzimer in the development of the will include studying the functions of area of skeletal muscle physiology, protocol and manuals, and will be chaperone proteins in the immune metabolism and gene expression. We trained in the accurate completion of system. Successful candidates should seek candidates with interests in both the Ballard examinations. It is neces- have a Bachelor’s degree in biology, basic and applied research that will sary to utilize a nurse practitioner in chemistry, biochemistry, or related employ molecular techniques and/or this position, due to the skills recruit- field. Entry level training position. non-invasive techniques (fluorescence ed to complete a physical examination. Please submit a Resume and the microscopy, magnetic resonance imag- The nurse practitioner will collaborate names and contact information for ing or spectroscopy, muscle mechanics with the assistant research coordina- three references to Dr. Yair Argon, The etc) to evaluate the effects of metabol- tor to recruit participants from collab- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, ic stress and changes in the pattern of orating practices and the Hospital of 802 Abramson Research Center, 3516 activity on muscle function and the the University of Pennsylvania nurs- Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, phenotypic expression of proteins. A ery, and will schedule and complete PA 19104, Email: yargon@midway. PhD in physiology, biochemistry or a the examinations and collection of uchicago.edu or Fax: 215-590-4644. related discipline is required. This is appropriate samples. The nurse prac- Reference ID#57 on all correspon- an annual fixed term appointment titioner will coordinate the organiza- dence. renewable upon mutual agreement. tion of collected data, and will partici- Start date September 30th, 2002 and pate in weekly research team meet- review of applications immediately ings. Though this project will require a Research Technician III: Research and continue until the position is relatively small amount of time for Technician III position is available at filled. Interested applicants should actual examination of subjects and Stokes Research Institute of The send a CV, copies of recent publica- data collection, the majority of the Children’s Hospital of Philadel- tions and the names and contact infor- research coordinators time will be phia(CHOP). S/He will participate in a mation for three references to: Robert spent on subject recruitment, interac- planned research project by perform- Wiseman, PhD, Department of tion with participating practices, qual- ing research protocols with direct Physiology, Michigan State University, ity assurance procedures, and data guidance and close supervision by the East Lansing, MI. 48824. Questions management. The research coordina- program director and/or senior techni- can be directed via email rwise- tor will devote 100% effort to the pro- cal personnel. S/He needs a special- [email protected]. ject. Assistant Project Coordina- ized education in the biological or tor: A nurse/assistant project coordi- chemical sciences; is required to exer- nator who will be responsible for pri- cise discretion and judgement in exe- Research Specialists are needed for mary data collection activities and for cution, and interpretation of experi- a new research effort being conducted day-to-day operations of the program ments and of data derived. Project(s) at The Children’s Hospital of will be recruited. The assistant project will include studying the functions of Philadelphia. Research coordina- coordinator will participate in organi- chaperone proteins in the immune tors: For the combined SEAD 2 and zation and recruitment efforts for system. Successful candidates should SEAD 3 protocols, the project staff will SEAD 2 and 3, but will have primary have a Bachelor’s degree in biology, share responsibility as described responsibility to coordinate the imple-

236 The Physiologist Positions Available Vol. 45, No. 4, 2002

mentation of SEAD 3. The coordinator required. Candidates must have an until filled, but all materials must be will travel among primary care sites to outstanding record of research received by September 30, 2002 to be aid in the recruitment of subjects, achievement and will be expected to assured of full consideration. The complete the collection of biological develop a strong research program in University of California, Davis, is an samples and proper transport to The exercise physiology. Particular atten- affirmative action/equal opportunity Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, tion will be afforded candidates who employer with a strong institutional and will also oversee the proper ship- have an integrative perspective and commitment to the development of a ping of biological materials from the employ mechanistic approaches to climate that supports equality of Children’s Hospital to CODA. The address important issues in exercise opportunity and respect for differ- assistant project coordinator will col- physiology, especially as related to ences. laborate with the Project Coordinator muscle physiology/adaptation to exer- to organize the recruitment participa- cise, and to candidates who would tion of children in both SEAD 2 and 3. strengthen current campus initiatives Electrophysiologist: Key scientist The individual to be recruited for this on genomics, mouse biology, aging or in the Biology group; will help formu- position will have a background in gender-related responses to exercise. late and lead projects within the pediatrics, clinical care and research, The successful candidates will be group. Will spend the majority of and have the skills necessary to com- expected to teach undergraduate and his/her time conducting experiments. plete the sample collection. The pro- graduate level courses in exercise biol- Must have expertise in electrophysiol- ject coordinator will devote 100% ogy and participate fully in the teach- ogy as well as cell biology and/or effort to the project. Interested, quali- ing and advising programs coordinat- molecular biology. Responsibilities: fied candidates are requested to for- ed by the Divisions of Biological Designing and conducting experi- ward their credentials to Sciences and Graduate Studies. ments in ion channel electrophysiolo- [email protected]. [EOE] Applications should include 1) curricu- gy along with data analysis and pre- lum vitae (with Email address), 2) sentation. Will also design and con- statement of current and proposed duct experiments involving cell biolo- Exercise Physiologist: The Division research interests, 3) three relevant gy (i.e. development of stable cell of Biological Sciences, University of reprints, 4) statement of teaching lines) and/or molecular biology (i.e. California, Davis, invites applications experience/interests, 5) names, tele- gene cloning and expression) depend- and nominations for two positions in phone numbers, and addresses (postal ing on expertise. Requirements: PhD exercise physiology. These tenure- and Email) of at least three refer- in Neurobiology, Physiology or equiva- track positions may be at the ences, and 6) candidates should also lent; at least four years postdoctoral Assistant Professor, Associate Profes- arrange to have their reference letters experience. For confidential considera- sor or Professor level, as appropriate mailed directly to the Committee tion: Howard Adamsky, Senior to the candidate’s qualifications. These Chair. All materials should be sent to Recruiter, Scion Pharmaceuticals positions will be in the Exercise Charles A. Fuller, Chair, Exercise http://www.scionpharma.com, 200 Biology Program, with the possibility Biology Search Committee, Exercise Boston Avenue, Suite 3600, Medford, of a joint appointment in the UC Davis Biology Program, University of MA 02155; Tel: 781-391-1900 x6111; School of Medicine. A PhD (or equiva- California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, Email: howardadamsky@scionphar- lent) and postdoctoral experience is CA 95616-8674. Closing date: open ma.com. ❖

Advertise your job vacancy to over 10,000 members and subscribers! Ads are accepted for either positions available or posi- (http://www.the-aps.org/careers/car_pos_avail.htm), the tions wanted under all categories. The charge is only $75. following items are needed: a copy of the ad, the name of a All ads are also posted on the APS Career Opportunity contact person, and either a purchase order number, cred- Web page immediately upon receipt until the deadline has it card number (with expiration date and name of card- past. holder) or billing address. Send the information to Linda If you would like to have your ad listed in The Comley (Email: [email protected]; Tel: 301-634-7165; Physiologist or on the APS Career Opportunities Web page Fax: 301-634-7242).

237 The Physiologist Book Review Vol. 45, No. 4, 2002

history of the USSR and US space pro- measurements of the amplitude of car- Gravity and the Lung: grams. Readers of the Journal of diogenic oscillations in CO2 concen- Applied Physiology enjoyed a longer tration in expired gas after breath- Lessons from Microgravity version of the section on the Soviet hold. Both ventilation and perfusion Lung Biology in Health and Disease, program that appeared in the October, inhomogeneities are reduced under Vol. 160. 2001 issue of that Journal. In Chapter micro-G conditions, but not by much. G. Kim Prisk, Manuel Paiva, and John 2, Glaister reviews the work done in a Twenty years ago, this would have B. West (Editors). centrifuge at Farnborough in the been a surprising result, but in light of NY: Marcel Dekker, 2001, 383 pp., 1960’s and 1970’s. the data on nongravitational inhomo- illus., index, $175.00. In Chapter 3, Estenne provides a geneities that have appeared over the ISBN: 0-8247-0570-X. well-organized and clearly-written last decade, this result is confirma- review of the effect of gravity on the tional. Non-gravitational inhomogene- At this point, any book on real phys- chest wall. He notes that on board the ity of perfusion is given its due in iology is welcome, and here we have Spacelab, FRC was observed to be 15% Chapter 7 by Hlastala, Robertson, and one on an interesting aspect of respi- lower than the preflight standing Glenny. ratory physiology. Volume 160 in the value. This observation is consistent In Chapter 10, Buckey describes the Lenfant series addresses questions with observations during parabolic effect of gravity on central venous about the effect of gravity on the res- flights, and he concludes that the net pressure (CVP). CVP had been expect- piratory system. The editors, Kim effect of gravity in the standing posi- ed to be higher in micro-G because of Prisk, Manuel Paiva, and John West tion is inspiratory. It seems strange an expected shift of fluid to the thorax. were investigators in the Spacelab that at this date we have no solidly In fact, CVP was found to be lower in program, which ended in 1998. They established value of the gravitational micro-G. Buckey discusses possible designed many of the experiments force on the rib cage. Two noteworthy explanations for this result, and this that were done in orbit, and they ana- papers on this subject have appeared discussion raises a number of interest- lyzed and interpreted much of the since the chapter was written. One, by ing questions about the determinants data that were obtained. In addition, a Loring, et al. (J Appl Physiol 90: 2141- of intrathoracic and blood pressures. number of studies of respiratory 2150, 2001), gives the best estimate of Another aspect of this question is dis- mechanics during parabolic flights this force near FRC, and the other, by cussed in a chapter on control of venti- have accrued over the last decade. Bettinelli, et al. (J Appl Physiol 92: lation by Prisk. He notes that the dif- This book draws on the information 709-716, 2002), indicates that the ference between the response of venti- obtained from the Spacelab program gravitational forces on the chest wall lation to hypoxia in micro-G and and on centrifuge and parabolic flight depend strongly on lung volume. standing1-G is similar to the differ- studies. The objective of the authors is Paiva and Prisk, in Chapter 4, and ence between supine 1-G and standing to use data obtained in hyper- and Prisk, in Chapter 6, describe data on 1-G, and he suggests that both are due micro-G conditions to shed light on the ventilation and perfusion inhomo- to differences in blood pressure at the effects of normal gravity on respirato- geneities, respectively. Both chapters carotid bodies. ry function. begin with brief reviews of classical The book also includes chapters on The book begins with an enjoyable ideas about the effects of gravity. The the effects of gravity on aerosol trans- review by West of the history of chapter on ventilation focuses on the port, gas exchange, exercise and gas thought on the effects of gravity on slope of phase III during multi-breath exchange, fluid balance in the lung, respiration. He begins by tracing the washin maneuvers and ignores data and decompression sickness. The history of ideas about the effect of on concentration vs. breath number. broad range of topics that are covered gravity on the lung and chest wall, The interpretation of these data yield in the book illustrates the fact that beginning with the work of Orth at the qualitative information about the gravity and hence, posture, play a role end of the 19th century and the work mechanisms that contribute to in many aspects of respiratory physi- ❖ of Orsos, Wirz, and Rohrer in the first nonuniform ventilation, but no quanti- ology. part of the 20th century.Then he gives tative estimate of the magnitude of a short history of the use of cen- ventilation inhomogeneity. Tests of Theodore A. Wilson trifuges and parabolic flight trajecto- perfusion inhomogeneity in hyper- Minneapolis, Minnesota ries, and this leads to a section on the and micro-G conditions are limited to http://www.the-aps.org Have you checked out the APS web site cial calls for papers in the APS Journals lately? Catch up on the latest in what’s and APS Award Application deadlines. The going on within the Society. Don’t miss spe- information is updated frequently.

238 The Physiologist Book Review Vol. 45, No. 4, 2002

Corrigenda: A Book Review of The impact on baroreflex regulation of One may of course argue about the Autonomic Nervous System in Health blood pressure. Studies as long ago as appropriateness of the labels used for and Disease was published in the the 1960’s described circulatory effects the distinctive roles of these two limbs June 2002 , Vol. 45 (3) issue of The of encased carotid sinuses and success of the autonomic nervous system, but Physiologist without the reviewer’s of “baropacing” for chronic clinical clearly there is scientific foundation name. The reviewer was J.A. Armour, hypertension (9). for the concept of differential regula- Dalhousie University. The Physiolo- Analogously, although animal stud- tion of the adrenomedullary hormonal gist regrets this error. ies support the assertion that and sympathetic nervous systems in The Autonomic Nervous System in angiotensin II exerts “cardioaug- humans. Health and Disease menter” effects by modifying popula- The Reviewer argues that David S. Goldstein tions of intrinsic cardiac neurons, I am epinephrine exerts significant effects Monticello, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc., unaware of clinical research support on total vascular resistance but not by 2001, 618 pp., illus., index, $195.00. for such an effect of angiotensin II-or, decreasing arteriolar resistance. This ISBN: 0-8247-0408-8. for that matter, for the existence of seemingly paradoxical statement does functionally important intrinsic car- not fit with the clinical research liter- To the Editor: diac neurons in humans. On the con- ature. Studies using intra-arterial trary, the bradycardic effect of system- infusion of epinephrine have shown I am writing about the review of my ically administered angiotensin II in that in humans, epinephrine marked- book, The Autonomic Nervous System conscious humans provided the basis ly and unequivocally decreases fore- in Health and Disease.(1)” The review for the original description, by Smyth, arm vascular resistance, (8) and rela- appeared without by-line in Volume 45 Sleight, and Pickering in 1969, of their tively small increments in circulating No. 3, pp. 164-165, of The Physiologist. well accepted clinical method of mea- epinephrine levels are associated with My thanks to you for publishing the suring baroreflex-cardiovagal gain, by decreased total peripheral resistance review, and to the Reviewer for the injection of vasoactive drugs with lit- (7). time and effort spent writing it. I also tle or no direct acute effects on heart Concerning autonomic regulation of thank the Reviewer for several com- rate (14). gastrointestinal function, the text plimentary comments, but I do wish to The concept proposed in the book reflects accurately the poor current respond to some criticisms. that the sympathetic nervous and fund of knowledge about components As noted correctly by the Reviewer, adrenomedullary hormonal systems of the autonomic nervous system that the book strives to convey concepts to play different roles in the body econo- actually regulate gastrointestinal a general audience, especially to clini- my conflicts with that of a unitary function and how they are coordinat- cal researchers and practitioners in “sympathoadrenal system,” promul- ed. The presentation does not negate the nascent discipline of neurocardiol- gated by Cannon in the early 20th cen- in any way the potential importance of ogy. Most of the literature about cen- tury and still widely accepted. The this contribution. An example of such tral interactions regulating sympa- Reviewer seems to view the notion of deficiency in knowledge is the source thetic and parasympathetic nervous different functions, labeled for didactic of dopamine produced in the gastroin- system outflows, and about central convenience as “housekeeping” and testinal tract. In humans, most of neural interactions underlying “distress,” as without scientific foun- dopamine production and metabolism responses to stresses, has consisted of dation. The text goes into some detail, take place not in the brain, not in the studies in anesthetized animals. Few however, in citing and analyzing the sympathetic nervous system, and not organizing concepts have emerged relevant literature. For instance, psy- in the adrenal medulla, but in mesen- from a plethora of phenomenological chologically distressing situations teric organs. (4) Surely locally pro- data, and one may reasonably ques- preferentially increase adreno- duced dopamine must play a role in tion the relevance of such studies to medullary secretion, as indicated by autonomic regulation of gastrointesti- issues of human health and disease. plasma epinephrine levels, whereas nal function, but this role remains For instance, the Reviewer dislikes the adjustments to challenges to home- largely mysterious. concept of splinting of baroreceptors in ostasis such as to orthostasis, meal The Reviewer objects to concepts arterial walls as a cause of baroreflex ingestion, exposure to decreased envi- that would distinguish “goals” of low- inactivation. The literature in animals ronmental temperature, and mild pressure and high-pressure barorecep- emphasizes much more plastic adjust- exercise preferentially increase sym- tor systems. Researchers have dis- ments in baroreflex function, and the pathetic neural outflows, as indicated agreed about this for many years, and discussion in the book could well have by plasma norepinephrine levels. (2) the discussion notes the difficulty of presented this mass of experimental Conversely, sedation preferentially the problem, especially as applied to information in a more balanced way. attenuates adrenomedullary respons- human health and disease. The pre- Nevertheless, from the point of view of es to real-life distressing situations in sentation does not justify the severe a clinical neurocardiologist, I would humans, a finding reported by our and inappropriate accusation of “mis- guess that chronic atherosclerotic group more than 15 years ago (3) and information.” changes do indeed have an important replicated several times since then. (continued on page 240)

239 The Physiologist Book Review Vol. 45, No. 4, 2002

(continued from page 239) In summary, in critiquing this book 7. Goldstein DS, Dionne R, Sweet J, Regarding catecholamine produc- the Reviewer seems to have drawn Gracely R, Brewer HB, Jr., Gregg R, et tion in the heart, animal literature heavily from a wealth of animal liter- al. Circulatory, plasma catecholamine, about ventricular interstitial cate- ature and, in so doing, failed to consid- cortisol, lipid, and psychological cholamine content does not put into er adequately the main stated purpos- responses to a real-life stress (third doubt—and if anything confirms—the es of the book, which are to present molar extractions): effects of diazepam validity of clinical findings based on principles of neurocardiology, teach sedation and of inclusion of tracer kinetic approaches for assess- integrative physiology, foster testing epinephrine with the local anesthetic. ing cardiac presynaptic sympathetic of mechanistic and experimental ther- Psychosom Med 1982;44:259-272. function, using local rates of entry of apeutic hypotheses, help understand 8. Grossman E, Chang PC, Hoffman norepinephrine, dihydroxyphenylgly- neurocardiologic disorders, and A, Tamrat M, Goldstein DS. Evidence col, and dihydroxyphenylalanine into improve the management of patients for functional a2-adrenoceptors on the venous drainage. The important with dysautonomias. Time will tell vascular sympathetic nerve endings in modification by Kopin and co-workers whether the book moves the field for- the human forearm. Circ Res in 1998 (11) bears particular mention ward toward these goals. ❖ 1991;69:887-897. in this regard. 9. Kezdi P, editor. Baroreceptors and As an example of “varied and some- David S. Goldstein Hypertension. Oxford, UK: Pergamon; times fanciful conclusions,” the 1967. Reviewer cites the statement that References 10. Kolman BS, Verrier RL, Lown B. coronary artery occlusion is less likely Effect of vagus nerve stimulation upon to lead to ventricular fibrillation if 1. DeSilva RA, Verrier RL, Lown B. excitability of the canine ventricle. Am psychological distress is minimized, The effects of psychological stress and J Cardiol 1976;37:1041-1045. presumably because an extensive vagal stimulation with morphine on 11. Kopin IJ, Rundqvist B, Friberg P, enough infarct would precipitate ven- vulnerability to ventricular fibrilla- Lenders J, Goldstein DS, Eisenhofer tricular fibrillation anyway. Studies by tion (VF) in the conscious dog. Am G. Different relationships of spillover Verrier, Lown, and others, however, Heart J 1978;95:197-203. to release of norepinephrine in human provide substantial evidence in sup- 2. Dimsdale JE, Moss J. Plasma cate- heart, kidneys, and forearm. Am J port of a role of acute emotional dis- cholamines in stress and exercise. Physiol 1998;275:R165-R173. tress in lowering the threshold for JAMA 1980;243:340-342. 12. Lombardi F, Verrier RL, Lown B. ventricular fibrillation (13). The text 3. Dionne RA, Goldstein DS, Wirdzek Relationship between sympathetic does draw inferences here from stud- PR. Effects of diazepam premedication neural activity, coronary dynamics ies of coronary occlusion in animals, and epinephrine-containing local and vulnerability to ventricular fibril- (1, 10, 12) but an abundance of indi- anesthetic on cardiovascular and plas- lation during myocardial ischemia and rect clinical literature would be consis- ma catecholamine responses to oral reperfusion. Am Heart J 1983; tent with those inferences, as dis- surgery. Anesth Analg. 1984;63:640- 105:958-965. cussed in the text. 646. 13. Lown B, Verrier RL. Neural activ- Finally, the Reviewer argues that 4. Eisenhofer G, Aneman A, Friberg P, ity and ventricular fibrillation. N Engl the text overdraws contrasts between Hooper D, Fandriks L, Lonroth H, et J Med 1976;294:1165-1170. reductionism and homeostatic think- al. Substantial production of 14. Smyth HS, Sleight P, Pickering ing, since understanding neurocardio- dopamine in the human gastrointesti- GW. Reflex regulation of arterial pres- logic syndromes requires both nal tract. J Clin Endocrinol Metab sure during sleep in man: quantitative approaches. I share the hope and 1998;42:374-377. method of assessing baroreflex sensi- expectation that the future of medical 5. Goldstein DS. On the dialectic tivity. Circ Res 1969;24:109-121. science will see the merging of these between molecular genetics and inte- perspectives. This is the essence of grative physiology: Toward a new what I call “scientific integrative medical science. Perspectives Biol Med medicine” (5). Perhaps the text should 1997;40:505-515. have focused more on the need for 6. Goldstein DS. The Autonomic “synthesis” rather than the present Nervous System in Health and dialectic. Disease. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker, Inc.; 2001.

240 The Physiologist Books Received Vol. 45, No. 4, 2002

Blaustein’s Pathology of the Female CRC Series in Exercise Physiology. illus., index, $119.95. Genital Tract, 5th Edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC, 2002, 226 pp., ISBN: 0-8493-2389-4. Robert J. Kurman, (Editor). illus., index, $99.95. New York: Springer-Verlag, 2002, ISBN: 0-8493-0458-X. Perceptual Learning. 1391 pp., illus., index, $189.00. Manfred Fahle and Tomaso Poggio ISBN: 0-387-95203-9. In Vivo Optical Imaging of Brain (Editors). Function. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2002, 455 Exercise and Stress Response: The Ron D. Frostig (Editor). pp., illus., index, $65.00. Role of Stress Proteins. Methods & New Frontiers in ISBN: 0-262-06221-6. Marius Locke and Earl G. Noble Neuroscience (Editors). Boca Raton, FL: CRC, 2002, 259 pp., Announcements APS Establishes Virendra B. Mahesh Award Fund The American Physiological Society Experimental Biology meeting in the is pleased to announce the establish- area of Endocrinology. The ment of the Virendra B. Mahesh Endocrinology and Metabolism Award Fund to promote the career Section of the American Physiological development of young investigators Society will initiate the Virendra B. pursuing research in the area of Mahesh Program at the EB ‘04 meet- Endocrinology. The award will be pre- ing. The award recipient will receive a sented to the graduate student or check in the amount of $1,000 and a postdoctoral fellow submitting the certificate of recognition. ❖ best abstract to the annual Virendra B. Mahesh

13th Annual Computed Body Tomography for the Technologist 2002 This meeting presents a comprehen- ral and multidetector CT scanning, of Medicine takes responsibility for sive review and update of the current learning how to optimize CT scanning the content, quality and scientific role of Computed Body Tomography techniques for more accurate diag- integrity of this CME activity. for the CT Technologist with an noses in the head, chest and abdomen, The Johns Hopkins University emphasis on Spiral (Helical) CT and learning how to optimize scanning School of Medicine designates this the multidetector CT technology. The techniques to improve patient educational activity for a maximum of lectures are designed to present the throughput and exam efficiently, 23 hours in category 1 credit toward material from both an anatomic and learning more about the newest CT the AMA Physician's Recognition pathologic approach with emphasis on applications, including 3D CT, CT Award. Each physician should claim CT technique and optimization of angiography, virtual colonoscopy and only those hours of credit that he/she scanning protocols. Recent advances cardiac imaging, and learning about actually spent in the activity. in CT application, including multide- multislice CT and its advantages over The American Registry of Radiologic tector CT, CT angiography, and three- standard spiral CT. Technologists recognizes Category 1 dimensional imaging will be Participants will expand their for Category A credit for the radiolog- addressed. The role of CT compared to knowledge in: normal anatomy and ic technologist. other imaging modalities, both from a pathology, CT scanning techniques Dates: October 24-27, 2002 cost-effective standpoint and from bet- and protocols, CT technology, recent Location: Flamingo Hotel, Las ter clinical management, will be dis- advances and future trends in the Vegas, NV cussed and addressed during the vari- field, new CT clinical applications, spi- Price: $495. ous lectures. After attending the meet- ral (Helical) CT and multidetector CT, Contact information: Office of ing, the technologist will have a better and CT 3D Workstations Continuing Medical Education Johns understanding of the current state-of- The Johns Hopkins University Hopkins University School of the-art of CT and will be aware of the School of Medicine is accredited by the Medicine Turner 20, 720 Rutland changes that are taking place in clini- Accreditation Council for Continuing Avenue, Baltimore, Maryland 21205- cal CT scanning today. Medical Education to sponsor continu- 2195. Tel: 410-955-2959; Fax: 410-955- Course objectives include improving ing medical education for physicians. 0807 or Email: [email protected]. ❖ understanding of the principles of spi- The Johns Hopkins University School

241 The Physiologist Announcements Vol. 45, No. 4, 2002

Pediatric Allergy and Immunology for the Practitioner 2002

This course is designed as a compre- lems for the caretaker. Tel: 410-955-2959; Fax: 410-955-0807, hensive update on pediatric allergy Date: September 13-14, 2002 Email: [email protected]; Web: and immunology for the practicing Johns Hopkins University School of http://www.med.jhu.edu/cme physician. All lectures will be clinical- Medicine ly oriented and extensive audience Contact: Office of Continuing participation will be encouraged. Medical Education; Johns Hopkins Special emphasis will be placed on the University School of Medicine, Turner diagnosis and management of com- 20, 720 Rutland Avenue, Baltimore, mon allergic and immunologic prob- MD 21205-2195.

National Board of Medical Examiners Call for Nominations 2003 John P.Hubbard Award

The National Board of Medical and/or measurement techniques; or one of the criteria and is to be accom- Examiners invites nominations for the · personal contributions to basic or panied by the nominee’s current cur- 2003 John P. Hubbard Award. This applied research in the creation or riculum vitae and any other relevant award recognizes individuals who improvement of assessment methodol- information that would be useful to have made a significant contribution ogy; or the Award Committee. These materi- to the assessment of professional com- · accomplishment in improving the als must be received no later than petency and educational program quality of evaluation at an organiza- September 6, 2002. The Award development at any level along the tional level; or Committee will select finalists. continuum of medical education and · contributions through the education Nominators of finalists may be asked delivery of health care. or mentoring of students, colleagues, to submit additional information. It is expected that the successful fellows, or graduate students, to fur- Direct all materials or inquiries to: candidate will have demonstrated out- ther progress in evaluation 2003 Hubbard Award Committee, standing achievement in one or more A letter of nomination is to be sub- National Board of Medical Examiners of the following areas: mitted from a primary sponsor specifi- 3750 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA · a substantial record of fostering the cally addressing the nominee’s 19104. Tel.: 215-590-9648; Email: development of evaluation methods achievements in relation to at least [email protected]. ❖

Generalist Physician Faculty Scholars Program Nominations Invited for Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Program Nominations are invited for the Grants will be made to sponsoring Advisory Committee. Nominations are Generalist Physician Faculty Scholars institutions to help cover the scholars’ made by the deans of four-year, fully Program. salary and research costs. The accredited United States medical Funded by The Robert Wood Foundation seeks scholars pursuing schools. Application packets can be Johnson Foundation, the program research on topics of relevance to gen- downloaded from the following web offers career development awards to eralism, including, among other sub- site: http://www.gpscholar.uthscsa.edu/ outstanding junior faculty in medical jects, medical education, health ser- gpscholar/FacultyScholars/becoming.h school departments/divisions of gener- vices research, and primary care. tml. al internal medicine, family practice, Scholars have a unique opportunity Deadline for Nominations: and general pediatrics. The to receive career and research mentor- September 20, 2002. Foundation will grant up to 15 four- ing from leading academicians who This program will no longer accept year awards of $300,000 in 2003. serve on the program’s National new scholars after 2004. ❖

242 The Physiologist Announcements Vol. 45, No. 4, 2002

Burroughs Wellcome Fund 2003 Clinical Scientist Awards in Translational Research

The Burroughs Wellcome Fund con- standing of the mechanisms of disease holding the rank of professor are inel- ducts its Clinical Scientist Awards in as well as to new methods of diagnos- igible. Translational Research program to ing, treating, and preventing disease. Candidates must be nominated by support established independent BWF is interested particularly in their dean or department chair. physician-scientists who are dedicated supporting investigators who will Applications must be approved by an to translational research—the two- bring novel ideas and new approaches official responsible for sponsored pro- way transfer between work at the lab- to translational research. Proposed grams (generally from the grants oratory bench and treatment of activities may draw on the many office, office of research, or office of patients. The program is intended to recent advances in the basic biomedi- sponsored programs) at the degree- help reduce grantees’ general clinical cal sciences—including such fields as granting institution. Candidates responsibilities, freeing more time for biochemistry, cell biology, genetics, should contact one of these offices for them to pursue the vital link between immunology, molecular biology, and information about the nominating pro- basic and clinical research. The pro- pharmacology—that provide a wealth cess at the institution. gram aims to identify and reward of opportunities for studying and alle- The 2003 Clinical Scientist Awards proven mentors and to increase their viating human disease. in Translational Research brochure capacity to train the next generation Candidates must have an MD or contains important information about of investigators skilled in translation- MD-PhD degree and hold an appoint- the program, guidelines, selection pro- al research. ment or joint appointment in a sub- cess, terms, and application instruc- The program’s goal is to foster the specialty of clinical medicine. tions. The brochure is available for development and productivity of (References to “MD” and “PhD” include viewing and printing via PDF established independent physician- all types of medical and scientific doc- (Portable Document Format) scientists who will strengthen transla- toral degrees.) In exceptional circum- (http://www.bwfund.org/translation- tional research, through their own stances, non-MD candidates will be al_clinical_awards.htm). studies as well as their mentoring of considered if their work is likely to The deadline for receipt of all appli- physician-scientist trainees. The contribute significantly to the clinical cation materials by BWF is 4 p.m., awards are intended to give recipients enterprise; these candidates must hold September 3, 2002. BWF will inter- the freedom and flexibility to explore an appointment or joint appointment view selected finalists; candidates will fundamental scientific questions, to in a clinical department. be notified by mid-January 2003 about apply the resulting knowledge at the Candidates must be academic inves- interviews and BWF will conduct the bedside, and to bring insights from the tigators at the late assistant professor interviews in early February. The clinical setting back to the laboratory or associate professor level, holding a awards will be announced in March for further exploration. These efforts, tenure-track or equivalent position, at and will begin on July 1, 2003. ❖ it is hoped, will lead to better under- the time of application. Individuals

Physiology in Perspective Walter B. Cannon Memorial Lecture Award The Cannon Memorial Lecture honors Walter B. travel and per diem expenses and is invited to submit a Cannon, President of the Society from 1913-1916 and one manuscript for consideration of publication in one of the of the century’s most distinguished physiologists. The ple- Society’s journals. nary lecture is presented annually by a distinguished Nominations for the Cannon Lecture Award should be physiologic scientist, domestic or foreign, at the spring adequately documented to demonstrate the candidate’s meeting on a subject that addresses some aspect of the contributions to physiology. A curriculum vitae should concept of homeostasis as enunciated in Cannon’s classic accompany the letter of support describing the nominee’s work, The Wisdom of the Body. The lecture, sponsored by achievements. Submit nominations by October 1 to: The the Grass Foundation, is selected by the APS President APS Cannon Lecture Award, 9650 Rockville Pike, with the consent of Council. Bethesda, MD 20814-3991. The recipient receives an honorarium of $4,000 plus

243 The Physiologist Scientific Meetings & Congresses Vol. 45, No. 4, 2002

September 4-8 September 29-Oct.2 56th Annual Meeting and Symposium of the Society 15th Annual Congress of the European Society of of General Physiologists on "Trafficking of Intensive Care Medicine, Barcelona, Spain. Transporters", Woods Hole, MA. Information: Society of Information: ESICM Congress Secretariat, 40 Avenue General Physiologists, Tel: 508-540-6719; Fax: 508-540- Joseph Wybran - 1070 Brussels - Belgium; Tel.: 32-2-559- 0155; Email: [email protected]; Internet: http://www.sgpweb.org. 03-55; Fax: 32-2-527-0062; Email: [email protected]; Internet: http://www.esicm.org. September 6-9 3rd International Workshop: Mechano-Electric October 1-4 Feedback and Cardiac Arrhythmias, Oxford, UK. STADY III - International Symposium on Signal Information: Peter Kohl, MD, PhD, RSRF, Head, Cardiac Transduction in Health and Disease, Tel Aviv, Israel MEF Lab, University Laboratory of Physiology, Parks Information: Professor Zvi Naor, Department of Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK. Fax: +44-0-1865-272-554; Biochemistry, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv 69978, email: [email protected]. Israel. Tel.: +972-3-6409032 or 6417057; Fax: +972-3- 6406834; Email: [email protected] or stady2002@uni- September 12-15 tours.co.il. 4th World Congress on Stress, Edinburgh, Scotland. Information: Northern Networking Ltd., Congress Central October 9-13 Office, 813 South Street, Glasgow G14 0BX, Scotland, UK. The 10th World Congress on Psychiatric Genetics, Tel: +44-0-141-954-4441; Fax: +44-0-141-954-2656; Email: Brussels, Belgium. Information: Internet: http://www. [email protected]; Internet: http://www.stress- wcpg2002.be. conf.co.uk/ October 16-19 September 14-18 Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology (CSEP) European Respiratory Society (ERS) Annual Annual Scientific Conference, St. John's, Congress, Stockholm, Sweden. Information: ERS Newfoundland, Canada. Information: Scott MacKinnon, Headquarters, 1, boulevard de Grancy, CH - 1006 Tel: 709-737-8807; Email: [email protected]; Lausanne. Tel: +41-21-613-02-02; Fax: +41-21-617-28-65; Internet: http://www.mun.ca/~dbehm/csep.htm. Email: [email protected]; Internet: http://www.ersnet.org. October 19-23 September 18-20 28th Annual Meeting of the American Society for Physiome 2002-70eme Reunion De La Societe De Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics, Opryland Physiologie, L'Hotel Gouverneur de Sainte-Foy, Hotel, Nashville, TN. Information: ASHI, 17000 Quebec, Canada. Information: Dr. E. Rousseau, Commerce Parkway, Suite C, Mt. Laurel, NJ 08054; Tel: Department de Physiologie et Biophysique, Faculte de 856-638-0428; Fax: 856-439-0525; Email: [email protected]; Medecine, Universite de Sherbrooke, J1H 5N4 Sherbrooke, Internet: http://www.ashi-hla.org. QC, Canada; Tel: +819-564-53-06; Fax: +819-564-53-99; Email: [email protected]; Internet: http://phys- October 20-23 iome2002.chus.qc.ca. Vinsalud 2002 - Chile Wine and Health International Congress, Crowne Plaza Hotel, Santiago, Chile September 19-24 Information: Internet: http://www.vinsalud2002.cl 7th International Symposium on Dendritic Cells, Bamberg, Germany. Information: Internet: http://www. October 27-29 dc2002.de/ 12th World Congress of the International Society for Brain Electromagnetic Topography (ISBET), Naples, September 20-24 Italy. Information: ISBET 2002 Organising Committee, 24th Annual Meeting of the American Society for Dept. of Psychiatry, Univ. of Naples SUN, Largo Madonna Bone and Mineral Research, San Antonio, TX. delle Grazie, 80138 Naples, Italy, Tel: +39-081-5666512; Information: ASBMR, 2025 M St., NW, Ste. 800, Fax: +39-081-5666523, Email: [email protected], Washington, D.C. 20036-3309; Tel: 202-367-1161; Fax: 202- Internet: http://www.isbet2002.it. 367-2161; Email: [email protected]; Internet: http://www.asbmr.org. November 18-21 Genomics on Target: From Function to Validation, September 23-25 Sheraton Boston Hotel, Boston, MA. Information: 3rd World Chinese Congress of Digestology, China Genomics on Target, 1037 Chestnut Street, Newton Upper Information: Lian-Sheng Ma, President of WCCD, PO Box Falls, MA 02464; Tel: 617-630-1300; Fax: 617-630-1325; 2345, Beijing 100230 China. Fax: 0086-65891893; Email: Internet: http://www.genomicsontarget.com [email protected]

244

An APS Intersociety Meeting

The Power of Comparative Physiology: Evolution, Integration, and Application

San Diego, California August 24-28, 2002

The Power of Comparative Physiology: Evolution, Integration and Application August 24-28, 2002—Town & Country Resort & Convention Center, San Diego, CA

TIME SUNDAY, AUGUST 25 MONDAY, AUGUST 26 TUESDAY, AUGUST 27 WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 28

8:00-9:00 AM 1.0 Plenary Lecture 13.0 Plenary Lecture 25.0 Plenary Lecture 40.0 Plenary Lecture G. Somero A. Cossins J.B. West R.B. Huey

14.0 DNA Microarrays: 26.0 Phylogenetic 41.0 Developmental 2.0 The Power of Applications to Approaches to Physiology: Plasticity and Integration Comparative Physiology Understanding Constraints G. Lauder, Chair A. Gracey, Chair Physiological Evolution D.T. Manahan/S.C. T. Garland, Jr., Chair Hand, Cochairs

3.0 Polar Molecular 15.0 Homeostasis of 27.0 The Comparative 42.0 Physiological and Biology: Proteins and Essential yet Toxic Metals Physiology of Carbonic Genetic Responses to Enzymes at their Lower M. Grosell/N. Bury, Anhydrase Environmental Stress Temperature Extremes Cochairs K. Gilmour/S.F. Perry, G. Hofmann/M. Feder, D. Petzel, Chair Cochairs Cochairs

4.0 Integration of Motor 16.0 Linking Muscle 28.0 The Influence of 43.0 Acclimatization to 9:00 AM-1:00 PM Function: Mechanisms Genes to Structure and Comparative Physiology Hypoxia: Supply versus that Reduce Energy Cost Physiology, a on Engineering: Neuro- Demand Strategies and/or Enhance Comparative Approach muscular Biological F.L. Powell, Chair Performance A. El Haj/ I. Johnston, Inspiration toward the A.A. Biewener, Chair Cochairs Design of Artificial Muscle and Robots R. Full, Jr., Chair

5.0 Cellular and 17.0 Mitochondrial 29.0 Relaxed 44.0 Regulation of Molecular Responses to Responses to Homeothermy Vertebrate Renal Depressed Metabolism Environmental and P. Frappell/P. Butler, Function: a Comparative and Low Temperature Physiological Challenge Cochairs Approach H. Carey/G. Florant, C. Moyes, Chair W.H. Dantzler/E.J. Cochairs Braun, Cochairs

6.0 Neuropeptides 18.0 Diving: Where have 30.0 Host-parasite Integrating Physiological We Been, Where are We Interactions: a Processes in Going? Comparative Approach Invertebrates: an M.A. Castellini, Chair G. Filk, Chair Evolutionary and D.R. Jones/P.J. Butler, Comparative Approach Cochairs K.H. Hoffman, Chair

Poster Session & Social Poster Session & Social Poster Session & Social Poster Session & Social Sponsored by the: Sponsored by the: Sponsored by the: Sponsored by the: Comparative Physiological and Journal of Experimental American Journal of 2:30-5:30 PM Biochemistry and Biochemical Zoology Biology Physiology: Regulatory, Physiology Journal Journal Integrative and Comparative Physiology

Birch Aquarium Social 49.0 Scholander Award Evening Scripps Institute of Banquet featuring Evening Free Evening Free Events Oceanography Barbara Block 6:00-10:00 PM 6:00-10:00 PM

2002 APS Intersociety Meeting The Power of Comparative Physiology: Evolution, Integration, and Application

APS Council

President Past President President Elect Barbara A. Horwitz, Ph.D. John E. Hall, Ph.D. John A. Williams, M.D., Ph.D.

Kim E. Barrett, Ph.D. Joseph R. Haywood, Ph.D. Virginia M. Miller, Ph.D. Douglas C. Eaton, Ph.D. Steven C. Hebert, M.D. Charles M. Tipton, Ph.D.

ex officio Members

Dale J. Benos, Ph.D. Robert G. Carroll, Ph.D. Celia D. Sladek, Ph.D. Mordecai P. Blaustein, M.D. Martin Frank, Ph.D. Curt D. Sigmund, Ph.D.

Conference Organizing Committee

James W. Hicks, Ph.D. (Chair)

Albert Bennett, Ph.D. Steven C. Hand, Ph.D. Stephen C. Wood, Ph.D. Barbara Block, Ph.D. Donald C. Jackson, Ph.D.

Acknowledgements:

The Intersociety Meeting Organizing Committee and The American Physiological Society gratefully acknowledge financial support provided through unrestricted educational grants from:

National Science Foundation U.S. Army Medical Research Acquisition Activity U.S. Department of the Navy, Office of Naval Research Thomas Maren Foundation American Journal of Physiology: Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Journal Journal of Experimental Biology Physiological and Biochemical Zoology Journal

GENERAL INFORMATION

Location: Student Registration: Town & Country Resort and Convention Center, 500 Any student member or regularly matriculated student Hotel Circle North, San Diego, California 92108, working toward a degree in one of the biomedical telephone: 800-772-8527 or 619-291-7131, Fax: 619-291- sciences is eligible to register at the student rate. 3584. Nonmember postdoctoral fellows, hospital residents and interns, and laboratory technicians do not qualify as APS Registration Desk: students. A Student identification card must be Town & Country Resort and Convention Center Atlas presented at the time of registration. Foyer.

On Site Registration Hours: Guest Registration: Saturday, August 24 2:00 PM – 9:00 PM Nonscientist, spouse or guest registrants may register for Sunday, August 25 7:00 AM – 4:00 PM a fee of $75. The guest registration fee includes entry into Monday, August 26 7:30 AM – 4:00 PM the Exhibit Hall, Opening Reception, Poster Session Tuesday, August 27 8:00 AM – 3:00 PM Socials and the Scholander Banquet. Guest Registrants Wednesday, August 28 8:00 AM – 3:00 PM may not attend symposia or lectures.

On Site Registration Fees: The registration includes entry into all scientific sessions Press: and exhibits, the Opening Reception, Scholander Press badges will be issued at the APS Conference Banquet, and daily Poster Session Socials. Registration Desk (located in the Atlas Foyer) only to members of the working press and freelance writers Type Fee bearing a letter of assignment from an editor. Member $310 Representatives of allied fields (public relations, public Retired APS Member $200 information, public affairs, etc.) may register as Nonmember $360 nonmembers in the registration area. Postdoctoral $250 Student $200 Spouse $75 Audio/Video Taping of Sessions: Audio or video taping of sessions is not permitted without Payment Information: prior and written approval of the The American Registrants may pay by check, money order or credit card Physiological Society and Conference Organizing (VISA, Master Card, or American Express). Checks and Committee Chair. money orders must be payable to The American Physiological Society and drawn on a United States bank. Your name and full address should be typed or printed Individuals Requiring Assistance: clearly on your check. Registrants with questions regarding special housing, transportation and auxiliary requirements should contact the APS Meeting Office, 9650 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Member Registration: Maryland 20814-3998, telephone, 301-530-7010. This Official guest society members may register at member meeting is accessible to all people. rates provided they supply proof of their membership. Certification of membership may be provided in the form of a copy of the membership identification card or letter Continuing Medical Education (CME) Credit: from the guest society headquarters. Official Guest The Federation of American Societies for Experimental societies are: American Physiological Society, Australian Biology (FASEB) is accredited by the Accreditation and New Zealand Society for Comparative Physiology Council for Continuing Medical Education to sponsor and Biochemistry, Canadian Society of Zoologists, continuing medical education for physicians. Category I European Society of Comparative Physiology and CME credits will be offered at this meeting. CME Biochemistry, German Society of Zoologists, Society for Experimental Biology, and The Society for Integrative application forms will be available at the Conference and Comparative Biology. Registration Desk. For the purposes of continuing medical education credits toward the American Medical Association Physician’s Recognition Award, the APS Postdoctoral Registration Conference: The Power of Comparative Physiology: Any person who has received a Ph.D. degree in Evolution, Integration and Application is jointly physiology or a related field within four years of this sponsored by FASEB. There is a $35 application fee, meeting and as attested by the department head may payable upon submission of the form. For more register at the postdoctoral rate. A statement signed by information, contact the FASEB Office of Scientific the department head must be presented at the time of registration. Meetings and Conferences at 301-530-7010.

GENERAL INFORMATION

Program Objective: The Birch Aquarium—the interpretive center for The goal of this meeting is to bring together comparative Scripps Institution of Oceanography—is a unique and biologists who utilize a diversity of approaches including stimulating facility with a spectacular setting overlooking molecular, cellular, organ and organismal physiology/ biochemistry, functional morphology, biomechanics and the Pacific Ocean. The mission of the Birch Aquarium, in biophysics, ecology and evolutionary biology to understand brief, is to 1) provide ocean science education through physiological processes and traits. The meeting will highlight creative exhibits and programs; 2) interpret Scripps accomplishments that have occurred since the last large Institution of Oceanography research, emphasizing the comparative meeting and, more importantly, will provide a inter-disciplinary nature of the science used to study the forum to showcase new directions and approaches. Earth; and 3) to promote conservation through education

The specific aims of this conference include: 1) to and research. To lean more about the Aquarium visit their convene an internationally recognized interdisciplinary web site at: http://aquarium.ucsd.edu/index.html. group of investigators to explore the rapid changes that TICKETS MUST BE PURCHASED IN ADVANCE. comparative physiology has undergone as a result of the incorporation of a variety of new tools and technologies into the discipline; 2) to promote widespread participation Scholander Lecture and Award Banquet—Wednesday, of young scientists through a travel award program and; August 28, 6:00 PM, Grand Ballroom—All registrants are 3) to interest new investigators and students in pursuing invited to attend the Wednesday evening banquet research using comparative approaches to understand featuring the Scholander Lecturer, Barbara Block, physiological processes and traits. Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University who will present a talk entitled “The Fire Inside: Saving Atlantic Bluefin Tuna”. Prior to the lecture there will be a Target Audience: presentation of the Scholander Award winner. A cash bar This meeting is intended for all scientists and reception is scheduled at 6:00 PM followed by dinner at professionals from different fields who share an interest in 7:00 PM. Each registrant must pick-up a learning how advances in the field can aid in the study of complimentary dinner coupon by 10:00 AM on comparative biology. Monday, August 26th at the APS Conference Registration desk.

Message Center: The message board will be located in the Atlas Foyer. San Diego Area: Attendees should check for messages daily. Please Local information including locations of attractions, suggest that callers who wish to reach you during the day accommodations, shopping and dining are available on leave a message with the APS Conference Registration the San Diego Convention & Visitors Bureau website: Desk during registration hours: 619-291-3584 and ask for http://www.sandiego.org. the APS Conference Registration Desk in the Atlas Foyer.

Social Events: Weather: San Diego enjoys beautiful weather year round with an Opening Reception—Saturday, August 24, 7:00-9:00 average daily temperature of 70°. PM, Tiki Hut Pavilion, poolside—Start the meeting off under the stars, munching and talking to colleagues at the famed Town & Country Resort Tiki Hut. Airline Reservations: United Airlines and US Airways are the official co- Afternoon Poster Session Socials—Sunday through carriers for the meeting. Special discounted rates can be Wednesday, 2:30-5:30 PM, Lower Level, Exhibit Hall— obtained by contacting the appropriate airline and referencing the identification code listed: The poster sessions have been designed to enhance United Airlines: 800-521-4041, meeting ID code: 592SV participation and interaction by featuring beer and wine US Airways: 877-874-7687, Gold File Number: with light snacks. 20122236

Reception at Birch Aquarium at Scripps—Separate- Car Rental: purchase event; cost $50—Monday, 6:00-10:00 PM, 2300 Alamo Rent-a-Car has been appointed the official car Expedition Way, La Jolla—Join us for a light dinner, cash rental company for the meeting. Special discounted rates bar and networking with your colleagues on Monday, have been extended to all participants. Reservations may August 26, 6:00-10:00 PM. Shuttle buses will depart the be made by calling 800-732-3232. Be sure to identify yourself as an APS meeting attendee and refer to Group Resort at 5:30 PM. Ticket price includes entrance fee. ID #964592 and request rate code GR.

DAILY SCHEDULE

11:20 2.6 Mathematical and Mechanical SATURDAY, AUGUST 24 Modeling: Insights into Organismal Func- tion. Sanjay Sane, Univ. of California, Berkeley. ONSITE REGISTRATION SAT. 2:00 PM-9:00 PM—ATLAS FOYER. Part III. Integrating across species

OPENING RECEPTION 11:45 2.7 Paleontology, Physiology, and the SAT. 7:00-9:00 PM—TIKI HUT PAVILLION. Use of Phylogeny to Study the Evolution of Vertebrate Locomotion. Stephen M. Gatesy, Brown Univ.

SUNDAY, AUGUST 25 12:10 2.8 Biophysics of Avian Structural Coloration: Insights from a Comparative Analysis. Richard Prum, Univ. of Kansas.

Plenary Lecture 12:35 2.9 Comparative Analysis and Phy- 1.0 AN INTEGRATED VIEW OF PROTEIN logeny as Tools for Testing Physiological ADAPTATION: FROM THE Hypotheses about the Evolution of Endo- SEQUENCE TO THE “SOUP” thermy in Fishes. Kathy Dickson, SUN. 8:00-9:00 AM—TOWN & COUNTRY RM. California State Univ., Fullerton. Speaker: George Somero, Stanford Univ., Hopkins Marine Station. Symposium Symposium 3.0 POLAR MOLECULAR BIOLOGY: PROTEINS AND ENZYMES AT THEIR 2.0 THE POWER OF INTEGRATION LOWER TEMPERATURE EXTREMES SUN. 9:00 AM-1:00 PM—TOWN & COUNTRY RM. SUN. 9:00 AM-1:00 PM— SAN DIEGO RM.

Chair: George Lauder Chair: David Petzel

Part I: Integrating Across Levels of Analysis 9:00 3.1 The Expression of Myoglobin in Hemoglobinless Antartic Fish. Bruce Sidell, 9:00 2.1 Genomics and Physiology: Inte- Univ. of Maine. grative Studies of metabolism and Growth in Larvae. Donal Manahan, Univ. of 9:30 3.2 Antifreeze Proteins in Artic and Southern California. Antarctic Fishes. Arthur DeVries, Univ. of Illinois. 9:25 2.2 Endothermy in Fish: Thermogene- sis, Ecology and Evolution. Barbara 10:00 3.3 Evolution of AFGP Gene in Northern Cod Fish. Chris Cheng, Univ. of Illinois. Block, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford Univ. 10:30 3.4 Warm-Acclimation of Antarctic Trematomus bernacchii Decreases Gill Na/K- 9:50 2.3 Selection Experiments: A Unique ATPase 3-Subunit Isoform Protein Expression Tool for Integrating Morphology, Physiol- without a Change in Isoform mRNA ogy and Behavior. Ted Garland, Univ. of Expression. Sierra Guynn, Creighton Univ. California, Riverside. 11:00 Break Part II. Integrating across disciplines 11:15 3.5 A Structural Basis of Protein Cold- 10:15 2.4 Genetics and Comparative Physiol- Adaptation in Antarctic Fish? Craig Marshall, ogy: New Approaches to Understanding the Univ. of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.

Genetic Basis of Functional Traits. 11:45 3.6 Metabolic Rate Adjustments to Polar Michelle Riehle, Univ. of California, Irvine. Cold: Whole Animal Phenomena-Molecular Explanations? Hans Pörtner and Magnus 10:40 2.5 Hydrodynamics and Comparative Lucassen, Alfred Wegner Inst. for Polar & Physiology: Quantifying Fluid Motion to Marine Res., Bemerhaven, Germany. Understand How Animals Swim. George Lauder, Harvard Univ. 12:15 3.7 The Nature of Antarctic Fish Bio- diversity. Joseph T. Eastman, Ohio Univ. 11:05 Break

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Symposium Symposium 4.0 INTEGRATION OF MOTOR 5.0 CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR FUNCTION: MECHANISMS THAT RESPONSES TO DEPRESSED REDUCE ENERGY COST AND/OR METABOLISM AND LOW ENHANCE PERFORMANCE TEMPERATURE SUN. 9:00 AM-1:00 PM—GOLDEN WEST RM. SUN. 9:00 AM-1:00 PM—CALIFORNIA RM.

Chair: Andrew A. Biewener Supported by an unrestricted educational grant from the United States Department of the Navy, 9:00 4.1 Are the Functional Dynamics of Office of Naval Research. Muscle Constrained by Architecture? Andrew A. Biewener, Harvard Univ. Chairs: Hannah Carey and Gregory Florant 9:30 4.2 Diverse Mechanical Functions in a Single Muscle: How Muscles Change 9:00 5.1 Introduction. Hannah Carey, Function for Different Locomotor Demands. Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison. Annette M. Gabaldón, Oregon State Univ. 9:05 5.2 The Impact of Post-Genome Science on Comparative Physiology: Model 10:00 4.3 Multiple Mechanical Functions of Species and ‘Bespoke’ Solutions. Andrew Muscles in Running Birds. Richard L. Cossins, Univ. of Liverpool, U.K. Marsh, Northeastern Univ. 9:30 5.3 Gene Expression Profiling of 10:30 4.4 Patterns in Form, Muscle Function Aging and its Retardation by Caloric and Performance in Fish. John Altringham, Restriction. Tomas Prolla, Univ. of Leeds Univ. U.K. Wisconsin, Madison.

11:00 4.5 Varying Dynamics of Muscle 9:55 5.4 Molecular Determinants of the Function in Relation to Locomotor Perform- Hibernating Phenotype. Sandra Martin, ance. Anna Ahn, Concord Field Station, Univ. of Colorado Sch. of Med. Harvard Univ. 10:20 5.5 Mammalian Hibernation through 11: 30 4.6 Scaling of Insect Flight Muscle Ef- the Eyes of mRNA and Protein Expression ficiency. Graham Askew, Univ. of Leeds, Profiling. Matthew Andrews, Univ. of U.K. Minnesota, Duluth.

12:00 4.7 Linking Muscle Function to Spring- 10:45 5.6 Insulin Signaling Pathways in Like Behavior of the Legs During Locomotion. Mammalian Hibernators. Gregory Florant, Claire Farley, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder. Colorado State Univ.

12:30 4.8 Coordination, Muscle Work, and 11:10 5.7 Cellular Metabolic Responses to Efficacy in Human Vertical Jumping. Hypoxia: Role of Mitochondria as the Maarten Bobbert, Free Univ. of Cellular Site of O2 Sensing. Paul Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Schumacker, Univ. of Chicago.

11:45 5.8 Stress-Induced Signaling Pathways Associated with Depressed Metabolism and Low Temperature. Hannah Carey, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madision.

Don’t Forget to 12:10 Enhanced Antioxidant Activity in the Longest-Living Rodent Species (Hetero- Pick-up your cephalus glaber). Timothy O’Connor, City College of New York, CUNY (11.10). complimentary Banquet Ticket 12:25 Evidence for a Cryoprotective Protein in Freeze-Tolerant Larvae of the Goldenrod by 10:00 AM, Monday!! Gall Fly, Eurosta solidaginis. Nancy Pruitt, Colgate Univ. (11.4).

12:40 Discussion

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Symposium Posters 6.0 NEUROPEPTIDES INTEGRATING 7.0 SCHOLANDER/SICB/SEB AWARD PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES IN COMPETITION INVERTEBRATES: AN EVOLU- SUN.—EXHIBIT HALL, LOWER LEVEL TIONARY AND COMPARATIVE APPROACH Posters on display 8:00 AM – 7:00 PM SUN. 9:00 AM-1:00 PM —RM. Authors in attendance 2:30-5:30 PM

Board # Chair: Klaus H. Hoffmann 1 7.1 Plasma membrane rafts of rainbow trout are subject to thermal acclimation. J. 9:00 6.1 New Tricks From Old Animals: K. Zehmer, A. M. Sanchez and J. R. The Generation and Interpretation of Hazel. Arizona State Univ., Tempe. Positional Information in Hydra. Thomas Bosch, Univ. of Kiel, Germany. 2 7.2 The heat shock response in gastro- pods (Genus Tegula): from promoters to 9:30 6.2 Worms: Neural Simplicity and intertidal zonation. L. Tomanek. Stanford Neuropeptide Complexity. Aaron Maule, Univ., Pacific Grove. Queen’s Univ. of Belfast, UK. 3 7.3 Effect of intermittent hypoxia on the estuarine teleost, Gillichthys mirabilis. 10:00 6.3 Modulation of Neuropeptide Re- N.M. Aguilar. Univ. of California, Irvine. ceptors by Gene-Related Peptides and Acid 4 7.4 Neurotransmitter receptors in NOS- pH. Paul Benjamin, Univ. of Sussex, expressing neurons of the rat glosso- Brighton, UK. pharyngeal nerve. V.A. Campanucci, M. Zhang and C.A. Nurse. McMaster Univ., 10:30 6.4 Post-Translational Modifications of Hamilton, Canada. the CHH/MIH/GIH Family of Sinus Gland Neuropeptide Hormones. Evolutionary Im- 5 7.5 Variation in oxygen sensitivity in plications. Alberto Huberman, S. Zubirán insects of different size and age. K.J. Natl. Inst. of Med. Sci. and Nutrition, Greenlee and J.F. Harrison. Arizona State Mexico City, Mexico. Univ., Tempe. 6 7.6 Regulation of the cardiovascular 11:00 6.5 Effects of Adipokinetic Hormones system of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) on Reproduction in Insects. Matthias W. during severe hypoxia at three acclimation Lorenz, Univ. of Bayreuth, Germany. temperatures. J.A.W. Stecyk and A. Farrell. Simon Fraser Univ. 11:30 6.6 Expression and Structure-Function 7 7.7 Evaluation of Na+, K+ Cl- and H+ Studies of Locust ITP: an Antidiuretic transport across the apical membrane in Neuropeptide Related to Several Major Malpighian (renal) tubule cells of Rhodnius Crustacean Hormones. John Phillips, Univ. prolixus. J.P. Ianowski and M.J. of British Columbia. O'Donnell. McMaster Univ.

12:00 6.7 Insect Adipokinetic Hormones: 8 7.8 The effects of amino acids on ion Release and Integration of Flight Energy transport and fluid secretion in the Metabolism. Dick Van der Horst, Utrecht Malpighian tubules of Rhodnius prolixus. Univ., The Netherlands. M.H. Hazel and M.J. O'Donnell. McMaster Univ. 12:30 6.8 Insect Allatostatin: Evolutionary 9 7.9 Reduced GFR during gold Trends and Multifunctional Tasks. Klaus acclimation of freeze-tolerant Cope's gray H. Hoffmann and Gerd Gaede, Univ. of treefrog helps to conserve circulating Bayreuth, Germany and Univ. of Cape cryoprotectant glycerol. J.C. West and Town, South Africa. D.L. Goldstein. Wright State Univ. 10 7.10 Osmoregulation in avian nectari- vores: an integrative approach. T.J. McWhorter, C. Martinez del Rio and B. Pinshow. Univ. of Arizona, Univ. of Wyoming and Ben-Gurion Univ. of the Negev, Israel.

DAILY SCHEDULE Board# Board# 11 7.11 Saluretic actions of acutely ele- 23 7.23 Fiber type composition in the vated vasopressin in fasting northern swimming muscles of harbor seals (Phoca elephant seals. R.M. Ortiz, C.E. Wade, vitulina). R.R. Watson and R.W. Davis. C.L. Ortiz and F. Talamantes. Univ. of Texas A&M Univ., Galveston. California, Santa Cruz and NASA-Ames 24 7.24 Chemosensitivity during sleep in Res. Ctr. the juvenile harbour seal (Phoca vitulina 12 7.12 Elimination of plant toxins: an richardsi). L.A. Skinner and W.K. explanation for dietary specialization in Milsom. Univ. of British Columbia. mammalian Herbivores? J.S. Sorensen- 25 7.25 A longitudinal study of oxygen Forbey, C.A.S. Turnbull and M.D. store development in nursing harbor seal Dearing. Univ. of Utah. pups. C.A. Creelman, J.M. Burns and 13 7.13 Photoperiod-induced weight loss in J.F. Schreer. Univ. of Alaska and Univ. of lemmings is due to an increase in energy Waterloo, Canada. expenditure. M.S. Johnson, M.L. Blaylock 26 7.26 Does titin contribute to the muscle and T.R. Nagy. Univ. of Alabama, spring? T.E. Reich, P. Keim and S.L. Birmingham. Lindstedt. Northern Arizona Univ. 14 7.14 Shunting in alligators: does it make 27 7.27 Biochemistry of steller sea lion a difference? M.N. Gardner and D.R. muscle as it relates to development of dive Jones. Univ. of British Columbia. physiology. J.P. Richmond, J.M. Burns, 15 7.15 Function of the hammerhead shark L.D. Rea. Univ. of Alaska and Alaska Dept. cephalofoil. S.M. Kajiura. Univ. of of Fish & Game, Anchorage. California, Irvine. 28 7.28 Ontogeny of diving bradycardia in 16 7.16 Effects of feeding on strong ions bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). and blood gases in Varanus exanthematicus. S.R. Noren. Univ. of California, Santa Cruz. L. Hartzler, A F. Bennett and J.W. Hicks. 29 7.29 Hypothalamic thermosensitivity Univ. of California, Irvine. and body temperature set-point changes in 17 7.17 The effects of pregnancy on hypoxic squirrels. G.J. Tattersall andW.K. ventilation and oxygen consumption in the Milsom. Univ. of British Columbia. lizard, Tiliqua rugosa. S. Munns and C. 30 7.30 Species and developmental dif- Daniels. Univ. of Adelaide, Australia. ferences in respiratory cold tolerance: hiber- 18 7.18 Swimming effects on metabolic nator versus non-hibernator. B. Zimmer recovery from anoxia in turtles. D.E. and W.K. Milsom. Univ. of British Warren and D. C. Jackson. Brown Univ. Columbia. 19 7.19 Molecular cloning of multi-drug 31 7.31 Oxygen delivery problems may resistant (MDR) transporter cDNAs in the reduce jumping performance in larger cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni. M.R. locusts. S.D. Kirkton, G.S. Timmins, D. Rheault, M. O'Donnell and C. Donly. Hartung, J.A. Niska and J.F. Harrison. McMaster Univ. and Agriculture and Agri- Arizona State Univ. and Univ. of New Food Canada. Mexico. 20 7.20 Comparative effects of the 32 7.32 Cardiovascular changes induced by anesthetics brevital and isofluorane on voluntary and mechanical ventilation in full cardiovascular function in the turtle. V.I. term emu embryos (Dromaius novaehol- Toney, S.J. Warburton, D.C. Jackson, S. landiae). E.M. Dzialowski, S.J. Carney and T. Wang. Brown Univ., New Warburton, J.L. Black and W.W. Mexico State Univ., Tougaloo Col., Burggren. Univ. of North Texas, Denton Providence, RI and Aarhus Univ., Denmark. and New Mexico State Univ. 21 7.21 Does chronic hypoxia during 33 7.33 Proteins in plastic and population postnatal development elicit long-lasting variation in egg production in grasshoppers. changes in chemosensitivity in rats? R.W. J.D. Hatle and S.A. Juliano. Illinois State Bavis, E.B. Olson, Jr., E.H. Vidruk and Univ. G.S. Mitchell. Univ. of Wisconsin, 34 7.34 Molecular chaperone activity in Madison. ectothermic animals: temperature sensitivity 22 7.22 Metabolic indicators in harbor seal of Hsc70 orthologues from perciform fishes. muscle tissue. L.K. Polasek and R. Davis. S.P. Place and G.E. Hofmann. Arizona Texas A&M Univ., Galveston. State Univ.

DAILY SCHEDULE Board# Board# 35 7.35 Acclimation-induced variability in 46 7.46 Exercise studies of mudskippers. the activation of heat shock transcriptional H.J. Lee, B.E. Simmons, J.M. Fenger, J.B. factor HSF1 in the goby Gillichthys Graham. UCSD. mirabilis: implications for ecological plasti- 47 7.47 Sex vs. parthenogenesis: increased city in the heat shock response. B.A. capacity for sustained locomotion at low Buckley and G.E. Hofmann. Arizona State temperature in parthenogenetic geckos. M. Univ. Kearney, R. Wahl, and K. Autumn. Univ. 36 7.36 Acclimation of eurythermality: a of Sydney, Australia and Lewis & Clark comparative analysis of cardiac and neural Col., Portland, OR. thermal tolerance in porcelain crabs from 48 7.48 Allometric cascade: a multiple- different thermal habitats. J.H. Stillman. causes model of body mass effects on Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford Univ. metabolism. C.A. Darveau, R.K. Suarez, 37 7.37 Metabolic adjustments to seasonal R.D. Andrews and P.W. Hochachka. cold exposure in juvenile green turtles. A.L. Univ. of British Columbia, Univ. of Southwood, C.A. Darveau and D.R. California, Santa Barbara and Univ. of Jones. Univ. of British Columbia. Alaska, Seward. 38 7.38 Index of biological compensation 49 7.49 Steady swimming muscle dynamics of temperature (Z-approach). M.V. of the shortfin mako shark (Isurus Zakhartsev, H.O. Portner and R. Blust. oxyrhincus) and the leopard shark (Triakis Univ. of Antwerp, Belgium and Alfred semifasciata). J. Donley and R.E. Wegener Inst. for Polar & Marine Res., Shadwick. Scripps Inst. of Oceanography Bremerhaven, Germany. and UCSD. 39 7.39 Muscular adaptation to cold 50 7.50 Determination of mechanical equi- exposure increases energetic cost of valent of heat and functional capacity of locomotion in monodelphis domesticaa metabolism of body. Y. Cinar. Univ. of A. mammal lacking brown adipose tissue. P.J. Izzet Baysal, Duzce, Turkey. Schaeffer and S.L. Lindstedt. Washington 51 7.51 Cognitive influence on the physio- Univ. and Northern Arizona Univ. logy of diving in harbour seals (Phoca 40 7.40 Gene expression and cold adaptive vitulina). S.J. Thornton, G. Weingartner, phenotypes in Caenorhabditis elegans. P. R.D. Andrews, A. Zelichowska, P.W. A. Murray, A.Y. Gracey and A.R. Hochachka. Univ. of Otago, Dunedin, New Cossins. Univ. of Liverpool, U.K. Zealand and Univ. of British Columbia. 41 7.41 Downregulated protein synthesis 52 7.52 The oxidatively-stressed seal. during mammalian hibernation: active and D.M. Bailey, B. Davies, T.P. Johnson, passive mechanisms. F. Van Breukelen G.W. Davison, I.S. Young and M.A. and S.L. Martin. Univ. of Colorado, Fedak. Univ. of Glamorgan, UK, Queen's Denver. Univ. Belfast and The Sea Mammal Res. 42 7.42 Sequence mutations in teleost Unit, St. Andrews, UK. cardiac troponin C that are permissive of cardiac function at low temperatures. T.E. Gillis, C.D. Moyes and G.F. Tibbits. Simon Fraser Univ. and Queens Univ. Posters 43 7.43 Snake venom: prey digestion from 8.0 THE POWER OF INTEGRATION the inside out? M.D. McCue. Univ. of SUN.—EXHIBIT HALL, LOWER LEVEL California, Irvine. 44 7.44 Strategies of digestion: effects of Posters on display 8:00 AM – 7:00 PM age and diet quality on digestive efficiency Authors in attendance 2:30-5:30 PM and mean retention time in harbor seals. S.J. Trumble and M.A. Castellini. Univ. Board # of Alaska, Fairbanks. 53 8.1 Digestive enzyme activity in herbivorous and carnivorous prickleback 45 7.45 Electrophysiological properties of 2+ fishes (Teleostei:Stichaeidae): ontogenetic the L-type Ca current in cardiomyocytes from Pacific mackerel and Bluefin tuna. and phylogenetic effects. D.P. German, H.A. Shiels, J. Blank, A.P. Farrell, and M.H. Horn and A.Gawlicka. California B.A. Block. Univ. of Leeds, UK and State Univ., Fullerton. Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford Univ.

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Board# Posters 54 8.2 Histochemistry and enzyme histo- 9.0 POLAR MOLECULAR BIOLOGY chemistry of the digestive system in herbi- PROTEINS AND ENZYMES AT THEIR vorous and carnivorous prickleback fishes LOWER TEMPERATURE EXTREMES (Teleostei: Stichaeidae). A. Gawlicka, SUN.—EXHIBIT HALL, LOWER LEVEL M.H. Horn and K.H. Kim. California State Univ., Fullerton. Posters on display 8:00 AM – 7:00 PM Authors in attendance 2:30-5:30 PM 55 8.3 What does it take to be a herbi- vore? Gut structure and function in three Board # species of new world silverside fishes 62 9.1 Changes in gill basolateral (Teleostei: Atherinopsidae) with different membrane composition and Na+K+ ATPase diets. M.H. Horn, A. Gawlicka, E.A. activity in Arctic char Salvelinus alpinus Logothetis, A.M. Jones, J.W. Cavanagh, exposed to seawater. J.S. Bystriansky and D.P. German and C.T. Freeman. J.S. Ballantyne. Univ. of Guelph. California State Univ. Fullerton, North Carolina Aquarium, Wilmington and 63 9.2 Osmoregulation and freezing Colorado State Univ. avoidance in fertilized eggs of the antarctic naked dragon fish Gymnocraco acuticeps. 56 8.4 Simulation of the 6000-km M. Marjanovic, B. Lawrence, N. Wright, migration run of European eel shows J. Carlson and A.DeVries. Eastern Illinois remarkably low energy costs. V. Van Univ., Charleston and Univ. of Illinois, Ginneken, E. Anthonissen and G. Van Urbana-Champaign. den Thillart. Evol. & Ecol. Sci., Leiden, The Netherlands. 64 9.3 Do high rates of protein degrada- tion partially explain low growth rates in 57 8.5 Lactate processing in endothermic antarctic limpets? K.P. Fraser, A. Clarke fishes: gluconeogenic enzyme activities in and L.S. Peck. British Antarctic Survey, fast glycolytic myotomal muscle and liver of Cambridge, UK. tunas and the short-fin mako shark. J.M. Backey, S. Paul and K.A. Dickson. 65 9.4 Calcium binding of parvalbumin is California State Univ., Fullerton. conserved at normal physiological temp- eratures in antarctic and temperate teleost 58 8.6 Decrease in the degree of hyper- fishes. T.S. Moerland, J.R. Erickson and kalemia caused by an acute lactic acid B.D. Sidell. Florida State Univ., Tallahassee infusion. K.S. Kamel, S. Cheema-Dhadli, and Univ. of Maine, Orono. C. Chong, M.A. Shafiee and M.L. Halperin. St. Michael's Hospital, Univ. of 66 9.5 Structure function studies of lens Toronto. crystallins from cold adapted antarctic notothenioid fishes. A.J. Kiss and A. 59 8.7 Temperature and the chemical DeVries. Univ. of Illinois, Urbana- composition of poikilotherms. H.A. Champaign. Woods, W. Makino, J. Cotner, S. Hobbie, J.F. Harrison, K. Acharya, J.J. Elser. 67 9.6 Pancreatic expression of antifreeze Univ. of Texas, Austin, Univ. of Minnesota, protein is a common mechanism in all St. Paul and Arizona State Univ., Tempe. antifreeze-producing fish to prevent intestinal freezing. J. Logue and C.C. 60 8.8 May we translate physiological Cheng. Univ. of Illinois, Urbana- data of rat mud therapy studies to human? Champaign. S. Korobov. Lermontovskii Clin. Sanatorium, Odessa, Ukraine. 68 9.7 The physiological cost of temp- erature adaptation in marine ectotherms. A. 61 8.9 Measuring lean, fat and total body Clarke and K.P.P. Fraser. British masses of migrant birds with dual-energy X- Antarctic Survey and Cambridge, UK. ray absorptiometry. C. Korine, I.G. Van Tets, S. Daniel and B.Pinshow. Ben- 69 9.8 Substrate specificity and structure Gurion Univ. of the Negev and Blaustein of fatty Acyl CoA synthetase from Inst. for Desert Res., Israel. notothenioid fishes. T.J. Grove and B.D. Sidell. Univ. of Maine, Orono.

70 9.9 Mechanisms of LDH adaptation to seasonal temperature change in cod (Gadus morhua). M.V. Zakhartsev and R. Blust. Univ. of Antwerp, Belgium.

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Posters Board # 10.0 INTEGRATION OF MOTOR 81 10.11 In vivo length changes of the rat FUNCTION MECHANISMS THAT rectus femoris and vastus lateralis during REDUCE ENERGY COST AND/OR treadmill locomotion. R.J. Monti and A.A. ENHANCE PERFORMANCE Biewener. Harvard Univ. SUN.—EXHIBIT HALL, LOWER LEVEL 82 10.12 Temperature-dependent plasticity Posters on display 8:00 AM – 7:00 PM of aerodynamic design in Drosophila: Authors in attendance 2:30-5:30 PM implications for kinematics and free-flight ability. S.P. Roberts, M.R. Frazier, S.D. Board # Kirkton and J.F. Harrison. Univ. of 71 10.1 Is the anterior, axial position of the Nevada, Las Vegas, Univ. of Washington red myotomal muscle in tunas associated and Arizona State Univ. with an increased locomotor performance? 83 10.13 Effects of load type and air C.A. Sepulveda, J.B. Graham, K.A. temperature on the energetics of load Dickson and H.E. Dowis. UCSD and carriage in the honeybee, Apis mellifera. California State Univ., Fullerton. J.F. Harrison, E. Okoroh, E. 72 10.2 Thunniform swimming: muscle Feuerbacher, J.H. Fewell and S.P. dynamics and mechanical power production Roberts. Arizona State Univ., Univ. of by aerobic fibers of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus California, Berkeley and Univ. of Nevada albacares). R.E. Shadwick, D.A. Syme Las Vegas. and S.L. Katz. Scripps Institution of 84 10.14 Forms of locomotion in the moon Oceanography and Univ. of Calgary. snail, Euspira lewisii. (Mollusca: gastro- 73 10.3 Manipulation of center of mass poda). G.B. Bourne, P.R. Spackman, M. position in trotting quadrupeds. D. Lee. S. Newel. Univ. of Calgary. Univ. of Utah. 85 10.15 Metabolite diffusion in giant 74 10.4 Hind limb joint kinetics of the muscle fibers of the spiny lobster Panulirus horse during jumping. D.J. Dutto, D.F. argus. G.S. Adams, S.T. Kinsey and T.S. Hoyt, S.J. Wickler, E.A. Cogger and H.M. Moerland. Univ. of North Carolina, Clayton. California State Poly. Univ., Wilmington and Florida State Univ. Pomona and Michigan State Univ. 86 10.16 Gender difference in running 75 10.5 EMG activity in forelimb and hind speed: humans versus horses and dogs. limb muscles during level and incline P.L. Entin, D.A. Prante and E.E. Entin. trotting in the horse. D.F. Hoyt, S.J. Northern Arizona Univ. and Aptima, Inc., Wickler, K.L. De La Paz and E.A. Woburn, MA. Cogger. California State Poly. Univ., 87 10.17 Withdrawn. Pomona. 88 10.18 The evolution of tendon: morph- 76 10.6 Time of contact and muscle strain ology and material. A. Summers. Univ. of rates do not explain the energetics of the California, Irvine. walk-trot transition in horses. D.A.J. Johnsen, D.F. Hoyt, E.A. Cogger and S.J. Wickler. California State Poly. Univ., Pomona. 77 10.7 Mitochondria are calcium sinks in Posters rodent extraocular muscle. F.H. Andrade 11.0 CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR and C.A. McMullen. Case Western Reserve RESPONSES TO DEPRESSED Univ. METABOLISM AND LOW 78 10.8 Fascicle strain in an architecturally TEMPERATURE complex muscle in running birds. J.A.Carr, SUN.—EXHIBIT HALL, LOWER LEVEL C. Buchanan, D.J. Ellerby, H. Henry and Posters on display 8:00 AM – 7:00 PM R.L. Marsh. Northeastern Univ. Authors in attendance 2:30-5:30 PM 89 10.9 Mechanical function of a “hamstring” muscle in running guinea fowl. Board # D.J. Ellerby, R.L. Marsh, C. Buchanan, J. 89 11.1 Pharmacological anoxia and true Carr and H. Henry. Northeastern Univ. anoxia result in two different whole-cell 80 10.10 The effects of incline on the three- NMDAR current responses in cortical dimensional hindlimb kinematics of the neurons from the western painted turtle. L. arboreal lizard, Chamaeleo calyptratus. Buck and D. Shin. Univ. of Toronto. T.E. Higham and B.C. Jayne. Univ. of Cincinnati.

DAILY SCHEDULE

Board # Poster 90 11.2 Stable isotope changes during fasting in pinnipeds. K.A. Hobson, V.K. 12.0 NEUROPEPTIDES INTEGRATING Stegall and L. Rea. Prairie and Northern PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES IN Wildlife Res. Ctr., Saskatoon and Alaska INVERTEBRATES: AN EVOLU- Dept. of Fish & Game, Anchorage. TIONARY AND COMPARATIVE 91 11.3 Changes in the apoptotic pathway APPROACH in intestinal epithelial cells during hiber- SUN.—EXHIBIT HALL, LOWER LEVEL nation. C.C. Fleck and H.V. Carey. Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison. Posters on display 8:00 AM – 7:00 PM Authors in attendance 2:30-5:30 PM 92 11.4 Evidence for a cryoprotective protein freeze-tolerant larvae of the golden- Board # rod gall fly, Eurosta solidaginis. N.L. 99 12.1 Topical application of an insect Pruitt. Colgate Univ. neuropeptide on crickets (Gryllus bima- 93 11.5 Partial links between the seasonal culatus). M.W. Lorenz. Univ. of Bayreuth, acquisition of cold tolerance and desiccation Germany. resistance in the Goldenrod Gall Fly Eurosta 100 12.2 Interaction of molluscan cardio- solidaginis. N.C. Ruehl, J.B. Williams active neuropeptides. R.B. Hill, D.D. and R.E. Lee, Jr. Miami Univ., Oxford, Brooks, T.J. Fort, L.P. Collis and H. OH. Huddart. Univ. of Rhode Island, Kingston, 94 11.6 Consequences of starvation on Univ. of Central Lancashire, UK, Univ. of metabolic rate and life history traits in the Puerto Rico and Lancaster Univ., UK. nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans. W.A. Van Voorhies. New Mexico State Univ. 95 11.7 Proteomic analysis of brain and heart proteins in a hibernating mammal. K.P. Russeth, C.M. Walker, M.M. Tredrea and M.T. Andrews. Univ. of Minnesota, Duluth. 96 11.8 Out cold: protein expression in Going to the liver of golden-mantled ground squirrels. E. Birch Aquarium Epperson and S.L. Martin. Univ. of Colorado Hlth Sci. Ctr. and Sch. of Med., Monday night? Denver. 97 11.9 Neuroendocrine control of You MUST have hibernation in mammals: role of the HPA axis. A.K. Shaw, C. Watschke, M.M. a ticket to Tredrea and M. Andrews. Univ. of board the bus Minnesota, Duluth. and to gain 98 11.10 Enhanced antioxidant activity in the longest-lived rodent species entry into the (Heterocephalus glaber). B. Andziak, R. aquarium Buffenstein and T.P. O'Connor. City College of New York. Buses Depart 5:30 PM, Monday front entrance

DAILY SCHEDULE

MONDAY, AUGUST 26 Symposium 15.0 HOMEOSTASIS OF ESSENTIAL YET TOXIC METALS MON. 9:00 AM-1:00 PM—SAN DIEGO RM. Plenary Lecture Supported by the Society for Experimental Biology 13.0 THE IMPACT OF POST-GENOME SCIENCE ON COMPARATIVE Chairs: Martin Grosell and PHYSIOLOGY: MODEL SPECIES Nicolas Bury AND BESPOKE SOLUTIONS MON. 8:00-9:00 AM—TOWN & COUNTRY RM. 9:00 Opening Remarks.

Speaker: Andrew Cossins, 9:10 15.1 How Copper Enters Cells: Roles of Univ. of Liverpool. High Affinity Copper Transporters in Physiology and Development. Dennis Thiele, Univ. of Michigan.

Symposium 9:40 15.2 Heavy Metal Uptake and Seques- 14.0 DNA MICROARRAYS: APPLICATIONS tration in Lobster Hepatopancreatic Epi- TO COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY thelial Cells and their Organelles. Gregory MON. 9:00 AM-1:00 PM—TOWN & COUNTRY RM. Ahern, Univ. of North Florida.

Chair: Andrew Gracey 10:10 15.3 Copper Homeostasis in Telost Fish. Martin Grosell, The August Krogh Inst., 9:00 Introduction. Denmark.

9:05 14.1 The Molecular Cascade Linking Cd 10:40 15.4 Physiology, Toxicology, and Homeo- Toxicity to Piscine Developmental Abnor- stasis of Silver in Fish and Aquatic Inverte- malities. Peter Kille, Cardiff Univ. brates. Chris M. Wood, McMaster Univ.

9:40 14.2 Metabolism and Microarray An- 11:30 15.5 Molecular Control of Zinc Trans- alysis of Cardiac Gene Expression. Doug port in Fish. Christer Hogstrand, King's Crawford, Univ. of Missouri. Col. London, UK.

10:15 14.3 Genomics Approaches for Under- 12:00 15.6 Uptake and Regulation of Iron in standing Adaptation. Anthony Long, Univ. Telost Fish. Nicolas Bury, King's Col., of California, Irvine. London, UK.

10:50 Break 12:30 15.7 Bioavailability and Cellular Proces- sing of Zinc in Fish Using in vivo and in 11:15 14.4 Gene Expression Associated with vitro Approaches. Ronny Blust, Univ. of Diurnal Temperature Cycling in the Annual Antwerp, Belgium. Killfish Austrofundulus Limnaeus. Jason Podrabsky, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford Univ. Symposium 16.0 LINKING MUSCLE GENES TO 11:50 14.5 Expression Profiling During Ther- STRUCTURE AND PHYSIOLOGY, A mal and Hypoxic Acclimation in Common COMPARATIVE APPROACH Carp. Andrew Gracey. Univ. of Liverpool, MON. 9:00 AM-1:00 PM—GOLDEN WEST RM. UK. Chairs: Alicia El Haj and Ian Johnston 12:25 14.6 A Common Gene Expression Pro- gram in the Response of Yeast Cells to 9:00 16.1 Single Molecule Analysis and the Diverse Environmental Changes. Audrey Myosin Family of Molecular Motors. Gasch, Lawrence Berkeley Natl. Lab. James Spudich, Stanford Univ.

9:30 16.2 Effect of Temperature Acclimation on Structure and Thermal Stability of Myosin Isoforms in Carp Fast Skeletal Muscle. Shugo Watabe, Univ. of Tokyo.

DAILY SCHEDULE 10:00 16.3 Genes Regulating Muscle Growth 11:05 Break in Telost Fish and their Responses to Temperature Change. Ian A. Johnston, 11:45 17.6 Role of Nitric Oxide and Mito- Gatty Marine Lab., Univ. of St. Andrews, U. chondria in Control of Firefly Flash. June Aprille. Univ. Richmond. 10:30 16.4 Molecular Determinants of Cardiac Na+-Ca2+ Exchanger Temperature Depend- 12:10 17.7 Energy Metabolism and Insect ence. Glen F. Tibbits, Simon Fraser Univ. Flight. Raul Suarez, Univ. of California, Santa Barbara. 11:00 Break 12:35 17.8 Mitochondrial Structure and 11:15 16.5 Linking Temperature Related Function in Relation to Exercise. Hans Shifts in Muscle Genotype and Phenotype to Hoppeler, Univ. of Berne, Switzerland. Whole Animal Physiology and Performance: A Crustacean Model. Alicia J. El Haj, Keele Univ., UK.

11:45 16.6 Alternative Splicing, Muscle Con- Symposium traction and Intraspecific Variation of 18.0 DIVING: WHERE HAVE WE BEEN Dragonfly Flight Muscle. James Marden, AND WHERE ARE WE GOING? Pennsylvania State Univ. MON. 9:00 AM-1:00 PM—PACIFIC BALLROOM

Cochairs: Michael A. Castellini, David R. 12:15 16.7 An Integrative Analysis of Myosin Jones and Patrick J. Butler Function. Sanford I. Bernstein, San Diego State Univ. 9:00 18.1 Introduction. Michael A. Castellini, Univ. of Alaska, Fairbanks. 12:45 Discussion

9:05 18.2 Diving Bradycardia: Reflexes, Re- flexes Everywhere but No Time to Stop and Symposium Think? David R. Jones, Univ. of British 17.0 MITOCHONDRIAL RESPONSES TO Columbia. ENVIRONMENTAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CHALLENGE 9:30 18.3 Behavioral Influences on Diving MON. 9:00 AM-1:00 PM—CALIFORNIA RM. Energetics in Penguins. Rory P. Wilson, Univ. of Kiel, Germany. Chair: Chris Moyes 10:00 18.4 The Effect of Behavior on Phys- 9:00 17.1 Origins of Variation in Mito- iological Dive Capacity in Marine Mam- chondrial Content of Vertebrate Muscle. mals: What Lies Beneath. Terrie M. Chris Moyes, Queen’s Univ. Williams, Univ. of California, Santa Cruz.

9:25 17.2 Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen 10:30 18.5 Physiology and Behavior of Free- Species Production. Anne Murphy, MitoKor Diving Penguins. Paul J. Ponganis, Scripps Inc., San Diego. Inst. of Oceanography, UCSD.

9:50 17.3 Mitochondrial Mechanisms in Cell 11:00 18.6 The Development of Diving Ability Death. John Lemasters, Univ. North Caro- in Pinnipeds. Jennifer M. Burns, Univ. of lina, Chapel Hill. Alaska.

10:15 17.4 Role of Mitochondrial Reactive 11:30 18.7 The Balance Between Hypoxia and Oxygen Species in Signaling in Endothelial Aerobic Metabolism in Seals During Diving. Cells Undergoing Mechanical Strain. Paul Randall W. Davis, Texas A&M Univ., Shumacker, Univ. of Chicago. Galveston.

10:40 17.5 Mitochondria: a Comparative 12:00 18.8 The Energetics of Diving and the Perspective on the Proton Leak and Question of Metabolic Depression. Russel Membrane Bilayer. Anthony Hulbert, D. Andrews, Univ. of Alaska, Fairbanks. Univ. of Wollongong, Australia. 12:30 18.9 Diving Into the Future. Patrick J. Butler, Univ. of Birmingham, U.K.

DAILY SCHEDULE

Posters Poster 19.0 SCHOLANDER/ SICB/SEB AWARD 21.0 HOMEOSTASIS OF ESSENTIAL YET COMPETITION TOXIC METALS MON.—EXHIBIT HALL, LOWER LEVEL MON.—EXHIBIT HALL, LOWER LEVEL

Posters on display 8:00 AM – 7:00 PM Posters on display 8:00 AM – 7:00 PM Authors in attendance 2:30-5:30 PM Authors in attendance 2:30-5:30 PM

See session 7.0 for full listing. Board # 57 21.1 Transcriptome and proteome responses to zinc in fish. S. Balesaria, C.N. Glover and C. Hogstrand. King's College, London UK. Posters DNA MICROARRAYS: APPLICATIONS 58 21.2 Investigation of putative trans- 20.0 porters responsible for zinc transport in the TO COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY fish gill. A. Qiu and C. Hogstrand. King's MON.—EXHIBIT HALL, LOWER LEVEL College, London, UK. Posters on display 8:00 AM – 7:00 PM 59 21.3 Long-term kinetic measurements of Authors in attendance 2:30-5:30 PM intracellular free zinc using the fluorescent probe FluoZin-3. F.A.R. Muylle, D. Board # Adriaensen, W. De Coen, J. Timmermans 53 20.1 Down-regulation of metabolism in and R. Blust. Univ. of Antwerp, Belgium. fish exposed to hypoxia and starvation. C.Y. Hung, D.J. Randall and R.Kong. 60 21.4 Copper accumulation and metal- City Univ. of Hong Kong. lothionein induction in three freshwater fish during sublethal copper exposure. G. De 54 20.2 Evolution of desiccation resistance in laboratory populations of Drosophila. Boeck, T.T.H. Ngo, K. Van Campenhout Physiological and molecular mechanisms. and R. Blust. Univ. of Antwerp, Belgium. C.H. Vanier and A.G. Gibbs. Univ. of Arizona. 55 20.3 Loading states modulate skeletal muscle gene profile. M. Flück, S. Posters Schmutz, M. Wittwer, M. Mayet-Sornay, 22.0 LINKING MUSCLE GENES TO D. Desplanches and H. Hoppeler. Univ. of STRUCTURE AND PHYSIOLOGY, Berne, Switzerland and Univ. of Lyon, A COMPARATIVE APPROACH France. MON.—EXHIBIT HALL, LOWER LEVEL

56 20.4 Proteome analysis of rainbow trout Posters on display 8:00 AM – 7:00 PM liver proteins: molecular responses to altered Authors in attendance 2:30-5:30 PM diet. S. Martin, F. Medale, S. Kaushik and D. Houlihan. Univ. of Aberdeen, UK Board # and INRA, St. Pee Sur Nivelle, France. 62 22.1 Variation in heavy chain myosin 56A 20.5 Production of a bespoke cDNA genes between stenothermal and eury- clone set for transcript screening of mam- thermal crustaceans: a link between pheno- malian hibernation. D. Williams, A. typic plasticity and genotype. J. Rock, Gracey, S. Martin and A. Cossins. Univ. N.M. Whiteley, J.M. Holmes, J.L. of Liverpool, UK and Univ. of Colorado Magnay, S.J. McCleary, S.Beech, G. Sch. of Med., Denver. Goldspink and A.J. El Haj. Univ. of Wales, Keele Univ., and Univ. of London, UK. 63 22.2 Myosin heavy chain isoform distri- bution and expression in lobster skeletal muscles. S. Medler, D.L. Mykles. Colorado State Univ., Ft. Collins. 64 22.3 Kinetic differences between Drosophila muscle types: the fast wild type myosin versus a slow embryonic isoform expressed in Drosophila indirect flight muscle. D.M. Swank, S.I. Bernstein, D. W. Maughan. Univ. of Vermont and San Diego State Univ.

DAILY SCHEDULE

Board # Board # 65 22.4 Force generation and shortening 74 23.8 RNA Synthesis and transcript velocity in canine extraocular and limb stability in mitochondria from embryos of muscle fibers. P.J. Reiser, M.P. Vitucci Artemia franciscana under conditions of and J.A. Morrison. Ohio State Univ. anoxia-induced quiescence. B.D. Eads and 66 22. 5 Ca2+ transients activate calcineurin/ S.C. Hand. Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, NFATc1 and initiate fast-to-slow transform- Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge. ation. G.Gros, N. Hanke, R.J. Scheibe, J.D. Meissner and H.-P. Kubis. Med. Hochschule Hannover, Germany.

Posters 24.0 DIVING: WHERE HAVE WE BEEN AND WHERE ARE WE GOING? Posters MON.—EXHIBIT HALL, LOWER LEVEL 23.0 MITOCHONDRIAL RESPONSES TO Posters on display 8:00 AM – 7:00 PM ENVIRONMENTAL AND Authors in attendance 2:30-5:30 PM PHYSIOLOGICAL CHALLENGE MON.—EXHIBIT HALL, LOWER LEVEL Board # 75 24.1 Diving experience and the aerobic Posters on display 8:00 AM – 7:00 PM Authors in attendance 2:30-5:30 PM dive capacity of muskrats: does training produce a better diver? R.A. MacArthur Board # and K.L. Campbell. Univ. of Manitoba. 67 23.1 Preliminary characterization of a 76 24.2 The functional significance of the monocarboxylate transporter in isolated cardiovascular dive response to routine cardiac mitochondria from Bufo marinus. diving in the harbor seal Phoca vitulina. J.M. Duerr. George Fox Univ., Newberg, N.M. Elliott, R.D. Andrews and D.R. OR. Jones. Univ. of British Columbia. 68 23.2 Mechanisms of energy conservation 77 24.3 Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and in the liver of the overwintering frog, Rana behavior: what are divers doing at the surface? temporaria. E. Court and R. Boutilier. L.A. Cornick and M.A. Castellini. Univ. of Univ. of Cambridge, UK. Alaska, Fairbanks. 69 23.3 Effects of temperature, magnesium 78 24.4 Identifying prey ingestion based on and quinine on mitochondrial proton leak in blubber levels of 20:1ω11 and 22:1ω11 fatty teleost fishes. A.G. Rosenberger and J.S. acids in free-ranging Steller sea lions Ballantyne. Univ. of Guelph. (Eumetopias jubatus). L.D. Rea. Alaska Dept. 70 23.4 Intracellular PO2 is not an of Fish & Game, Anchorage. important modulator of tissue oxygen 79 24.5 Can terrestrial models of “body consumption above the P of myoglobin in 50 condition” be applied to a marine mammal? mouse skeletal muscle in vivo. D.J. M.A. Castellini, B. Fadely, J.M. Castellini, Marcinek, W.A. Ciesielski, K.E. Conley S.J. Trumble and T. Mau. Univ. of Alaska, and K.A. Schenkman. Univ. of Fairbanks and Natl. Marine Mammal Lab., Washington and Children's Hosp. and Seattle. Regional Med. Ctr., Seattle. 80 24.6 Muscle blood flow and heart rate 71 23.5 Changes in mitochondrial oxidative during sleep apnea in elephant seals. T. phosphorylation during insect metamorpho- Knower, D.H. Levenson and P.J. sis. M.E. Chamberlin. Ohio Univ. Ponganis. UCSD. 72 23.6 Partial compensation of proton permeability in mitochondria and inner 81 24.7 Seasonal and short-term effect of membrane liposomes from thermally ac- temperature on metabolic rate of the climated trout. M.F. Gerrits and J.R. loggerhead turtle, Caretta caretta. S. Hazel. Arizona State Univ. Hochscheid, F. Bentivegna and J.R. Speakman. Stat. Zool. Anton Dohrn, 73 23.7 Bioenergetics of diapause in en- Naples, Italy and Univ. of Aberdeen, UK. cysted embryos of the brine shrimp Artemia franciscana. J.A. Reynolds, J.A. Covi and 82 24.8 Fetal lung development in the elephant reflects the adaptations required for S.C. Hand. Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge. snorkeling in adult life. J.B. West, Z. Fu, A.P. Gaeth and R. V. Short. UCSD and Univ. of Melbourne, Australia.

DAILY SCHEDULE

Board # Symposium 83 24.9 Aerobic capacity in the skeletal 26.0 PHYLOGENETIC APPROACHES TO muscles of Weddell seals: key to longer UNDERSTANDING PHYSIOLOGICAL dive durations? S.B. Kanatous, R.W. EVOLUTION Davis, R. Watson, L. Polasek, T.M. TUES. 9:00 AM-1:00 PM—TOWN & COUNTRY RM. Williams and O. Mathieu-Costello. Univ. of Texas Southwestern Med. Ctr., Dallas, Chair: Theodore Garland, Jr. Texas A&M Univ., Galveston, Univ. of California, Santa Cruz and UCSD. 9:00 26.1 Introduction. Theodore Garland, 84 24.10 Overcoming buoyancy: surface Jr. Univ. of California, Riverside. descent in thick-billed murres (Uria lomvia). J.L. Hamilton. Brown Univ. 9:05 26.2 What are Phylogenies and Why do 85 24.11 The reflex control of heart rate they Matter? Wayne P. Maddison, Univ. during diving in lesser scaup ducks. K. of Arizona. Borg and D.R. Jones. Univ. of British Columbia. 9:30 26.3 Phylogenetically Based Statistical 86 24.12 Heart rate, rate of oxygen con- Methods: When, Why, and How to Use sumption and abdominal temperature during Them. Theodore Garland, Jr., Univ. of diving in macaroni penguins. J.A. Green, California, Riverside. P.J. Butler, T.J. Woakes and I.L. Boyd. Univ. of Birmingham and Univ. of St. 9:55 26.4 What are the Appropriate Tests of Andrews, UK. Mechanistic and Historical Explanations for 87 24.13 Can diving optimality models Evolutionary Patterns? Kellar Autumn, predict adjustments in the diving behaviour Lewis & Clark Col., Portland, OR. of tufted ducks? L. Halsey, P. Butler and T. Woakes. Univ. of Birmingham, UK. 10:20 26.5 A Phylogenetic Perspective on the Evolution of Vertebrate Surfactants. 88 24.14 Factors influencing the proximate Christopher B. Daniels, Univ. of Adelaide, composition of milk in a sub-polar otariid, Callorhinus ursinus. M. E. Goebel and D. Australia. P. Costa. NOAA/Antarctic Ecosystem Res. Div. and Univ. of California, Santa Cruz. 10:45 Break

89 24.15 Voluntary underwater submergence in 10:55 26.6 Using Phylogenies to Understand conscious rats activates pre-sympathetic the Evolution of Function and Behavior in brainstem nuclei. P. McCulloch. Midwestern Univ. Lizards. Duncan J. Irschick, Tulane Univ.

90 24.16 Antioxidant protection in marine 11:20 26.7 The Evolution of Complex birds and mammals. T. Zenteno-Savín, R. Systems: Oxygen Secretion in the Eye and Elsner and P.J. Ponganis. Ctr. de Invest. Swim Bladder of Fishes. Michael Biol. del Noroeste, La Paz, Mexico, Univ. of Alaska, Fairbanks and UCSD. Berenbrink, The Univ. of Liverpool.

11:45 26.8 Use of Phylogenetic Information to Understand the Evolution of Anuran Thermal Biology. Carlos Arturo Navas, TUESDAY, AUGUST 27 Univ. of São Paulo, Brazil.

Plenary Lecture 12:10 26.9 Evolutionary Physiology of Larks 25.0 INSIGHTS INTO RESPIRATORY along Temperature and Moisture Gradients. MECHANICS: LESSONS FROM THE Joe Williams, Ohio State Univ. ELEPHANT TUES. 8:00-9:00 AM—TOWN & COUNTRY RM. 12:35 26.10 Evolutionary Physiology of Habitat Transitions. Carol E. Lee, Univ. of Wisconsin, Speaker: John B. West, UCSD Madison.

DAILY SCHEDULE

Symposium Symposium 27.0 THE COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 28.0 THE INFLUENCE OF COMPARATIVE OF CARBONIC ANHYDRASE PHYSIOLOGY ON ENGINEERING: TUES. 9:00 AM-1:00 PM—SAN DIEGO RM. NEUROMUSCULAR BIOLOGICAL Supported by an unrestricted educational grant INSPIRATION TOWARD THE DESIGN from the Thomas Maren Foundation. OF ARTIFICIAL MUSCLE & ROBOTS TUES. 9:00 AM-1:00 PM—GOLDEN WEST RM. Cochairs: Katie Gilmour and Steve F. Perry Chair: Robert Full, Jr.

9:00 27.1 A Comparative Approach to 9:00 28.1 Inspiration from Comparative Phys- Carbonic Anhydrase: The Work of Tom iology in the Design of Artificial Muscles, Maren. Erik R. Swenson, Univ. of Skeletons and Control Systems. Robert J. Washington. Full, Univ. of California, Berkeley.

9:30 Carbonic Anhydrases in an Autotrophic Animal, the Symbiotic Tubeworm Riftia 9:30 28.2 The Components of Muscle Power pachyptila. Marie-Cecile De Cian, CNRS- Output. Robert K. Josephson, Univ. of UPMC Britany, France. (32.5) California, Irvine.

9:45 27.2 Environmentally Mediated Expres- 10:00 28.3 Facilitating Control Using Intelli- sion of Carbonic Anhydrase in the Gills of gent Mechanics in Animals and Machines. Euryhaline Crustaceans. Raymond P. Reinhard Blickhan, Friedrich-Schiller- Henry, Auburn Univ. Univ., Jena, Germany.

10:15 Comparative Analysis of Carbonic Anhydrase in the Midgut of Different 10:30 28.4 The Myosin Heavy Chains: The Species of Mosquito Larvae: Do Different Design of an Evolutionarily Constrained Species Regulate their Midgut pH by the Molecular Motor. Richard Lieber, UCSD Same Mechanism? Maria del Pilar and VA Med. Ctr., San Diego. Corena, Univ. of Florida. (32.1) 11:00 Break 10:30 27.3 Comparative Molecular Physiology and Evolution of Vertebrate Carbonic 11:15 28.5 Intelligent Transtibial Prostheses Anhydrases. Bruce Tufts, Queen’s Univ. with Muscle-Like Actuators. Glenn K.

11:00 27.4 The Critical Role of Carbonic Klute, VA Rehab R&D Ctr. Seattle and Anhydrase in Calcium Homeostasis and Univ. of Washington. Water Absorption in Marine Teleost Fish. Rod Wilson and Martin Grosell, Univ. of 11:45 28.6 Electro Active Elastomers as Arti- Exeter, UK and Univ. of Copenhagen, ficial Muscle. Roy Kornbluh, SRI Denmark. International, Menlo Park, CA.

11:15 27.5 Comparative Physiology of 12:15 28.7 Dynamic Locomotion and Ener- Pulmonary Carbonic Anhydrase. Erich K. getics of RHEX, A Six-Legged Robot. Stabenau and Thomas A. Heming, Bradley Univ., Peoria and Univ. of Texas Martin Buehler, McGill Univ. Med. Branch, Galveston.

11:45 27.6 Physiological Functions of Extra- cellular Carbonic Anhydrases in Different Locations—Theoretical and Experimental Evidence. Gerolf Gros, Hannover Med. Hochschule, Germany.

DAILY SCHEDULE Symposium 10:00 30.2 Avian Coccidiosis: A host-Parasite 29.0 RELAXED HOMEOTHERMY Relationship to be Restored. Arno N. TUES. 9:00 AM-1:00 PM—CALIFORNIA RM. Vermeulen, Intervet International BV, Boxmeer, The Netherlands. Cochairs: Peter Frappell and Pat Butler 10:45 30.3 Tick Modulation of Host Immunity: Immunobiology, Genomics, and 9:00 29.1 Relaxed Homeothermy in Hiber- Proteomics. Francisco Alarcon-Chaidez, nating Mammals. Brian Barnes, Univ. of Univ. of Connecticut Hlth. Ctr. Alaska, Fairbanks. 11:30 30.4 The Pathophysiology in Piscine and 9:30 29.2 Body Temperature and Metabolic Mammalian Haemoflagellate Diseases. Rate During Natural Hypothermia in Mam- Patrick T.K. Woo, Univ. of Guelph. mals. Gerhard Heldmaier, Philipps Univ., Marburg, Germany. 12:15 30.5 Physiological Stress and Disease Resistance. Gert Filk. Univ. of Nijmegen, 10:00 29.3 Relaxed Homeothermy in Bats. The Netherlands. John Speakman, Univ. of Aberdeen, UK.

10:30 29.4 Regulated Decrease in Body Tem- Posters perature (Anapyrexia) in Birds when 31.0 PHYLOGENETIC APPROACHES Migrating and Foraging at Sea. Pat Butler, TO UNDERSTANDING Univ. of Birmingham, UK. PHYSIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION TUES.—EXHIBIT HALL, LOWER LEVEL 11:00 29.5 Behavioural Heterothermia. Peter Frappell, La Trobe Univ., Australia. Posters on display 8:00 AM – 7:00 PM Authors present posters 2:30-5:30 PM 11:30 29.6 The Role of Hyperthermia in the Water Economy of Birds and Mammals. Board # Irene Tieleman, Univ. of Groningen, The 1 31.1 Interpopulational differences in be- Netherlands. havior and exercise physiology in an anuran species. F.B. Oliveira and C.A. Navas. Univ. 12:00 Hypothalamic Thermosensitivity and Body of São Paulo, Brazil. Temperature Set-point Changes in Hypoxic 2 31.2 An objective ancestry test for fossil Squirrels. Glenn Tattersall, Univ. of Oulu, bones. J.A. Mastropaolo. California State Finland. (7.29) Univ., Huntington Beach. 3 31.3 A discussion of the "comparative 12:15 Fasting-induced Shallow Hypothermia in method" and the mechanisms of correlated Birds: Effect of Repeated Fasts. Esa evolution. W.I. Lutterschmidt and G.M. Hohtola, Univ. of British Columbia. (34.5) Sanford. Sam Houston State Univ., Huntsville, TX.

4 31.4 Delta-9-Desaturase—a complex Symposium evolutionary tale? H. Evans, A.R. Cossins and 30.0 HOST-PARASITE INTERACTIONS: A A. Gracey. The Univ. of Liverpool, UK. COMPARATIVE APPROACH 5 31.5 The phylogeny of paenungulates: a TUES. 9:00 AM-1:00 PM—PACIFIC BALLROOM clue from bile salt composition. L.R. Hagey. Zoological Society of San Diego. Supported by the Society for Experimental 6 31.6 Reproductive constraints on Biology adaptive differences in escape performance among guppy populations. C.K. Chair: Gert Filk Ghalambor and D.N. Reznick. Univ. of California, Riverside. 9:00 Welcome and Introduction. 7 31.7 Rapid evolutionary changes in 9:15 30.1 New Developments in our Under- endurance and sprint speed in Tropidurus standing of Host-Parasite Interactions sister species: relationships with morphol- Between the Salmon Louse, Lepeophteirus ogy and physiology. T. Kohlsdorf, R.J Salmonis and its Hosts. Stewart C. ames, R.S. Wilson and C.A. Navas. Univ. Johnson, National Research Council, of Sao Paulo, Brazil, Coventry Univ., Coventry, Halifax, Nova Scotia. UK and Univ. of Antwerp, Belgium.

DAILY SCHEDULE Board # 18 32.5 Carbonic anhydrases in an auto- 8 31.8 Aerobic capacity of South Ameri- trophic animal, the symbiotic tubeworm can stingless bees. O.l. Françoso Jr. and Riftia pachyptila. M. De Cian, X. Bailly, S. J.E.P.W. Bicudo. Univ. of São Paulo, Boulben, J. Strub, A. Van Dorsselaer and Brazil. F. H. Lallier. CNRS-UPMC, Britany, 9 31.9 Post-hatching yolk consumption France and CNRS-ULP, UMR, Strasbourg, and stored energy reserves in hatchling France. snapping turtles, Chelydra serpentina. M. S. Finkler and B.T. Kressley. Indiana Univ., Kokomo. 10 31.10 Metabolic costs of egg production: Posters evidence for energy reallocation? F. Vezina 33.0 THE INFLUENCE OF COMPARATIVE and T.D. Williams. Simon Fraser Univ. PHYSIOLOGY ON ENGINEERING: 11 31.11 Effects of meal type on NEUROMUSCULAR BIOLOGICAL postprandial calorigenesis in Python INSPIRATION TOWARD THE DESIGN molurus. M.D. McCue, A.F. Bennett, and OF ARTIFICIAL MUSCLE AND J. W. Hicks. Univ. of California, Irvine. ROBOTS TUES.—EXHIBIT HALL, LOWER LEVEL 12 31.12 Stomach pH and the cost of gastric digestion for the Burmese python. S.M. Posters on display 8:00 AM – 7:00 PM Secor. Univ. of Alabama, Tuscaloosa. Authors present posters 2:30-5:30 PM

13 31.13 Evolution of water conservation Board # mechanisms in Drosophila Species. A.G. 19 33.1 Biologically inspired self-evolving Gibbs. Univ. of Arizona. interfaces for the warfighter mission. P. Gao, C. Harvey, S. Narayanan, L. Rothrock, C. Phillips, P. Smith, M. Haas, W. Nanry, S. Ogan, M. Buck, M. Posters 32.0 THE COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY Deckard, A. Darisipudi, A. Seth and M.G. OF CARBONIC ANHYDRASE Wheatly. Wright State Univ., Ohio State TUES.—EXHIBIT HALL, LOWER LEVEL Univ., Air Force Res. Lab. & Air Force Institute of Tech., Dayton. Posters on display 8:00 AM – 7:00 PM Authors present posters 2:30-5:30 PM 20 33.2 Contribution of cytological studies of the intrinsic nerve plexus of the rat heart Board # to the conception of artificial cardiac pace- 14 32.1 Comparative analysis of carbonic makers. J. Moravec and M.L. Moravec. anhydrase in the midgut of different species INSERM, Bron, France. of mosquito larvae: do different species regulate their midgut pH by the same 21 33.3 Modulation of power output in mechanism? M. del Pilar Corena, J.K. cockatiels. T.L. Hedrick, B.W. Tobalske Nayar, J.W. Knight, H. Zhong, C. Brock, and A.A. Biewener. Harvard Univ. and C. Tu, T.J. Seron, and P.J. Linser. The Univ. of Portland. Whitney Lab., St. Augustine, FL, Univ. of Florida, Florida Med. Entomology Lab., 22 33.4 Dynamic properties of isolated Vero Beach, PHEREC-FAMU, Panama City gecko setal arrays. S. Sponberg, A. and Univ. of Florida, Gainesville. Gassett, W. Hansen and K. Autumn. 15 32.2 Oyster Carbonic Anhydrase. M.G. Lewis & Clark Col., Portland, OR. Hamilton amd M. Amatulli. Fordham Col. 23 33.5 Voltage clamping with digital at Lincoln Ctr., New York. signal processor based feedback control. J. 16 32.3 The distribution and physiological Wu, R.B. Hill, L.P. Collis and Y. Sun. significance of carbonic anhydrase in fish Univ. of Rhode Island, Kingston. gills. K.M. Gilmour and S.F. Perry. Carleton Univ. and Univ. of Ottawa. 24 33.6 The scaling of damping: importance for control. A.M. Peattie, M.S. 17 32.4 Quantitation and expression of larval aedes aegypti midgut carbonic Garcia, A.D. Kuo, T. Libby, K. Meijer, anhydrase. T.J. Seron, J.D. Ochrietor, P.C. Wang and R.J. Full. Univ. of and P.J. Linser. Univ. of Florida and The California, Berkeley and Univ. of Michigan. Whitney Lab, St. Augustine.

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Board # Board # 25 33.7 Compliant damped legs of 34a 34.10 Bigeye thresher sharks possess arthropods inspire the design of robot legs. large orbital retina mirabilia and have a wide D.M. Dudek, X. Xu, M.R. Cutkosky and thermal niche. K.C. Weng and B.A. Block. Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford Univ. R.J. Full. Univ. of California, Berkeley and Stanford Univ.

Posters Posters 35.0 BIOCHEMICAL ADAPTATIONS 34.0 RELAXED HOMEOTHERMY TUES.—EXHIBIT HALL, LOWER LEVEL TUES.—EXHIBIT HALL, LOWER LEVEL Posters on display 8:00 AM – 7:00 PM Posters on display 8:00 AM – 7:00 PM Authors present posters 2:30-5:30 PM Authors present posters 2:30-5:30 PM Board # Board # 35 35.1 Comparison of plasma and red 26 34.1 Does natural hypothermia improve blood cell fatty acids as predictors of diet in the five performance of muskrats? A.G. captive harbor seals. T.L. Mau, M.A. Hindle, R.W. Senkiw and R.A. Castellini and J.M. Kennish. Univ. of MacArthur. Univ. of Manitoba. Alaska, Fairbanks and Univ. of Alaska, 27 34.2 Hibernating black bears retain Anchorage. skeletal muscle protein and strength. T.D. 36 35.2 Effects of early nutritional sup- Lohuis, P.A. Iaizzo and H.J. Harlow. plementation of linoleic acid on memory. Univ. of Wyoming and Univ. of Minnesota, V.M. Holloway, F. Close, E. Oriaku and Minneapolis. M. Soliman. Loyola Med. Ctr. and Florida 28 34.3 Effects of pyrogen-induced fever A&M Univ. on peak metabolic rates in the nine-banded 37 35.3 Numbers, longevity and dynamics armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus). J.G. of the free pulmonary macrophages (FRMs) Holmes. Univ. of New Orleans. in the chicken and the rat. L.N. Nganpiep 29 34.4 Functional significance of cold- and J.N. Maina. Univ. of the induced fever. P. Boily, F.M. Knight. Witwatersrand, Parktown, South Africa. Univ. of New Orleans and Univ. of the 38 35.4 A further look into the Cheng- Ozarks, Clarksville, AR. Prusoff equation for determination of 30 34.5 Fasting-induced shallow hypothermia dissociation constants. H.C. Cheng. in birds: effect of repeated fasts. E. Hohtola, T. Aventis Pharmaceuticals Inc. Pilto, M. Laurila and S. Saarela. Univ. of 39 35.5 Fatty acid metabolism of rainbow Oulu, Finland. trout: different preferential metabolism of 31 34.6 Body temperature profiles palmitate and oleate. J. Weber, G. Brichon associated with muscle activity and strength and G. Zwingelstein. Univ. of Ottawa and retention in hibernating black bears. H.J. Univ. of Lyon, France. Harlow, T.D. Lohuis and P.A. Iaizzo. 40 35.6 Putative convergent evolution of Univ. of Wyoming and Univ. of Minnesota. A4-lactate dehydrogenase in Chromis 32 34.7 Torpor upregulates UCP2 and species (Pomacentridae) from across the UCP3 in mouse tissues. N. Stephens, G. pacific: evidence for key sites in Garber, H. Akeda-Yamazaki, P.D. biochemical adaptation to temperature. Neufer, and S. Swoap. Williams Col., G.C. Johns and G.N. Somero. Stanford Williamstown, MA, John B. Pierce Lab. Univ., Pacific Grove. Fndn. and Yale Univ. 41 35.7 Alterations in hepatic metabolism 33 34.8 Thermal liability in the smallest of sulfur-amino acids by ethanol in rats. marine mammal, the sea otter (Enhydra Y.C. Kim, S.K. Kim, Y.S. Jung, Y.R. lutris. L. Yeates and T.M. Williams. Univ. Chae and J. M. Seo. Seoul National Univ., of California, Santa Cruz. Republic of Korea. 34 34.9 Metabolic depression, temperature regulation and pregnancy in hibernating black bears. O. Toien, J. Blake, D. Grahn, H.C. Heller, D.M. Edgar and B.M. Barnes. Univ. of Alaska, Fairbanks, Stanford Univ. and Hypnion Inc., Worcester, MA.

DAILY SCHEDULE Board # Board # 42 35.8 Sugar preferences and enzyme 50 36.4 The relationship between body activities in a frugivorous bird, the yellow- temperature, heart rate and rate of oxygen vented bulbul. I.G. van Tets, A.K. Green, consumption in Rosenberg’s goanna T.J. McWhorter and B. Pinshow. Ben- (Varanus rosenbergi) at various levels of Gurion Univ. of the Negev, Israel, Univ. of activity. T.D. Clark, P.J. Butler and P.B. Wisconsin, Madison and Univ. of Arizona. Frappell. La Trobe Univ., Melbourne, 43 35.9 Purification and characterization of Australia and Univ. of Birmingham, UK. alanine racemase from the muscle of black 51 36.5 Correlations between energy tiger prawn Penaeus monodon. H. Abe and metabolism, thermal environment, and N. Yoshikawa. Univ. of Tokyo. activity in anuran amphibians from genus 44 35.10 Cortisol metabolism and inter- scinax (Amphibia / Hylidae). J.E. Carvalho, population variation in glycolytic enzyme F.R. Gomes, C.R. Bevier and C.A. Navas. expression. P.M. Schulte and L. Univ. of São Paulo, Brazil and Colby Col., DeKoning. Univ. of British Columbia and Waterville, ME. Univ. of Waterloo, Canada. 52 36.6 Modification of the physiological 45 35.11 Responses to and tolerance of stress response in green sturgeon, acipenser medirostris: the influence of time of day and temperature extremes differ among phosphoglucose isomerase genotypes in a temperature. S.E. Lankford, T.E. Adams montane leaf beetle. E.P. Dahlhoff and and J.J. Cech, Jr. Univ. of California, N.E. Rank. Santa Clara Univ. and Sonoma Davis. State Univ., Rohnert Park, CA. 53 36.7 Direct observation of cooling in 46 35.12 Effects of temperature on cerebral arterial blood in pigeons, Columba locomotory performance of two species of livia. T.F. Gallegos and M.H. Bernstein. California willow beetles. D.M. McMillan, New Mexico State Univ., Las Cruces. N.E. Rank, D.J. Irschick and E.P. 54 36.8 Diet and the evolution of Dahlhoff. Santa Clara Univ., Sonoma State thermoregulatory energetics in the woodrats Univ., Rohnert Park, CA and Tulane Univ. Neotoma albigula (a generalist) and Neotoma stephensi (a specialist). J.D. McLister, J.S. Sorensen-Forbey and M.D. Dearing. Univ. of Utah. 55 36.9 Measuring temperatures and heat Posters flux from dolphins in the eastern tropical 36.0 TEMPERATURE AND pacific: is thermal stress associated with THERMOREGULATION chase and capture in the tuna purse-seine fishery? D.A. Pabst, W.A. McLellan, E.M. TUES.—EXHIBIT HALL, LOWER LEVEL Meagher, A.J. Westgate, M.D. Scott and Posters on display 8:00 AM – 7:00 PM K. Forney. Univ. of North Carolina, Authors present posters 2:30-5:30 PM Wilmington, Duke Univ., Inter-American Tropical Tuna Commission, La Jolla and Board # National Marine Fisheries Service, Santa 47 36.1 Toxin ingestion: a behavioral Cruz. adaptation of mammalian herbivores to 56 36.10 Comparative physiology of heat cold? L.O. Santos, J.S. Sorensen-Forbey, production and its response to dehydration: J.D. McLister and M.D. Dearing. Univ. of is it connected to habits and habitats? A. Utah. Haim, N. Palgi and S. Koon. Univ. of 48 36.2 Behavioral thermoregulation in the Haifa–Oranim and Kiryat Tivon, Israel. amphibious purple shore crab Hemigrapsus nudus. I.J. McGaw. Univ. of Nevada. 49 36.3 Active regulation of brain temperature in yellowfin tuna. K.E. Korsmeyer and R.W. Brill. Hawaii Pacific Univ., Kaneohe and National Marine Fisheries Service, Honolulu.

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Posters Board # 37.0 HEART AND CIRCULATION 67 37.11 Delayed depolarization of the cog- TUES.—EXHIBIT HALL, LOWER LEVEL wheel valve and pulmonary-to-systemic shunting in alligators. D.A. Syme, K. Posters on display 8:00 AM – 7:00 PM Gamperl and D.R. Jones. Univ. of Authors present posters 2:30-5:30 PM Calgary, Memorial Univ. of Newfoundland,

Board # and Univ. of British Columbia. 57 37.1 Cardiovascular responses of the 68 37.12 Regulation of systemic resistance terrestrial hermit crab Coenobita clypeatus and changes in blood flow distribution in the to changes inbody position. C.S. Knehr red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta) during and C.L. Reiber. Univ. of Nevada, Las anoxic submergence. J.A.W. Stecyk, J. Vegas. Overgarrd, T. Wang and A. Farrell. 58 37.2 The effect of continuous and Simon Fraser Univ. and Aarhus Univ., intermittent exercise and temperature on Denmark. ghost crab heart rate. R.B. Weinstein and 69 37.13 Molecular diagnostic in long QT M.F. Eleid. Univ. of Arizona. syndrome in Mexican patients. H.M. 59 37.3 Endothelial cells from the eel, Barajas, A.G. Ramírez, A. Cordero, R. Anguilla rostrata, a system to study the Bloise and S. Priori. Univ. of Guadalajara- response to environmental changes. R.A. CUSUR, Mexico, IMSS, Guadalajara, and Garrick, B.R. Woodin, R.L. Cox and J.J. Inst. of Molec. Cardiol., Pavia, Italy. Stegeman. Fordham Univ. at Lincoln 70 37.14 Kidney of giraffes: hypertensive Center, NY and Woods Hole Oceanographic ruminants. N.S.R. Maluf. Cleveland, OH. Inst. 71 37.15 Cardiac hormone as a protection 60 37.4 Effect of temperature on the against volume overload. V. Tervonen, O. sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase from Vuolteenaho and M. Nikinmaa. Univ. of tuna hearts. A.L. Fernandez, J.M. Turku, Finland and Univ. of Oulu, Finland. Morrissette, J.M. Blank and B.A. Block. Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford Univ. 2+ 61 37.5 Measurement of Ca release transients in cardiac myocytes of tuna and mackerel using confocal microscopy. J.M. Posters Morrissette, S.H. Thompson and B.A. 38.0 RESPIRATION AND ACID-BASE Block. Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford TUES.—EXHIBIT HALL, LOWER LEVEL Univ. 62 37.6 Vascular anatomy of skipjack tuna Posters on display 8:00 AM – 7:00 PM gills. H. Dewar, J.B. Graham, R.W. Brill Authors present posters 2:30-5:30 PM

and K.R. Olson. Pfleger Inst. of Environ. Board # Res., Oceanside, CA, Scripps Inst. of 72 38.1 Laplace’s law and the alveolus: a Oceanography, UCSD, Natl. Marine Fisheries misconception of anatomy and a Service, Southwest Fisheries Sci. Ctr., Honolulu misapplication of physics. H. Prange. and Indiana Univ. Sch. Med., Notre Dame. Indiana Univ., Bloomington. 63 37.7 Transvascular and intravascular 73 38.2 Comparison of oxygen carrying fluid transport in rainbow trout. K.R. capacity of a new perfluorocarbon (PFC) Olson, D.W. Kinney and D.W. Duff. blood substitute in rats breathing room air or Indiana Univ. Sch. Med., Notre Dame. 100% Oxygen. R.M. Kiral, R.W. Nicora 64 37.8 The β adrenergic receptor system and D.P. Evitts. Synthetic Blood of the rainbow trout. T.W. Moon, J. International Inc., Costa Mesa. Nickerson, S.G. Dugan and G. Drouin. 74 38.3 Avian intrapulmonary chemo- Univ. of Ottawa. receptors: role of L-type calcium channels in 65 37.10 The importance of preload on CO2 sensing. S.X. Egan and S. C. cardiac performance in bullfrogs and turtles. Hempleman. Northern Arizona Univ., S.J. Warburton, D.C. Jackson, V.I. Toney Flagstaff. and T. Wang. New Mexico State Univ., 75 38.4 Central glutamatergic control of Brown Univ., and Aarhus Univ., Denmark. cardioventilatory function in catfish. M.L. 66 37.9 Stretched dog and pig femoral Burleson, J. Turesson, M. Hedrick and L. arteries relax to acetylcholine through Sundin. Univ. of Texas, Arlington, different endothelium-dependent mediators. Goteborg Univ., Sweden and California N.E. Woodley and J.K. Barclay. Ohio State Univ, Hayward. Northern Univ., and Univ. of Guelph.

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Board # Board # 76 38.5 Function of the postpulmonary 85 39.3 Gill Na+/H+ exchangers (NHE) in septum in lung ventilation in Varanus. T. marine and freshwater adapted fish. J.B. Owerkowicz and J.W. Hicks. Harvard Claiborne, S.L. Edwards, D. Gunning, N. Univ. and Univ. of California, Irvine. Hair, B. Wall and A.I. Morrison-Shetlar. 77 38.6 Pre-exercise inhalation of Georgia Southern Univ., Statesboro. nedocromil sodium (an inflammatory/mast 86 39.4 Regulatory volume decrease and cell stabilizer) does not mitigate exercise- increase in northern fur seal red blood cells. induced arterial hypoxemia in thoroughbred H. Fujise, K. Nishiki, T. Fukuoka and K. horses. M. Manohar, T.E. Goetz, S. Kohyama. Azabu Univ., Sch. of Vet. Med., Humphrey and T. DePuy. Univ. of Illinois, Sagamihara, Japan and Izu-Mito Sea Urbana-Champaign. Paradise, Numazu, Japan. 78 38.7 The physiology of overwintering in 87 39.5 Localization and molecular charac- the common snapping turtle (Chelydra terization of the crayfish NCX. L.M. serpentina) and the softshell turtle (Apalone Stiner, Z. Zhang, P.Gao and M.G. spinifera). S.A. Reese, D.C. Jackson and Wheatly. Wright State Univ. G.R. Ultsch. Univ. of Alabama, Tuscaloosa and Brown Univ. 79 38.8 Anemia: a basis for the cost of reproduction? T.D. Williams, W. Challenger, J. Christians, M. Evanson WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 28 and F. Vezina. Simon Fraser Univ. 18 80 38.9 Cutaneous CO (and thus O2) diffusing capacity decreases in response to Plenary Lecture dehydration in the toad, Bufo Woodhouseii. 40.0 PATTERNS OF SUCCESS AND OF W. W. Burggren and T. Z. Vitalis. Univ. DEATH IN HIMALAYAN of North Texas, Denton and GeneMax MOUNTAINEERING Pharmaceuticals Inc., Vancouver, Canada. WED. 8:00-9:00 AM—TOWN & COUNTRY RM.

81 38.10 Effects of chronic cold and Speaker: Raymond B. Huey, submergence on blood oxygen transport in Univ. of Washington. hibernating map turtles. L.A. Maginniss, S. A. Ekelund and G. R. Ultsch. DePaul Univ. and Univ. of Alabama, Tuscaloosa. 82 38.11 Modulation of periodic breathing Symposium by altered patterns of lung inflation in an 41.0 DEVELOPMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY: amphibian, Bufo marinus. S.G. Reid and PLASTICITY AND CONSTRAINTS N.H. West. UCSD and Univ. of WED. 9:00 AM-1:00 PM–TOWN & COUNTRY RM. Saskatchewan. Cochairs: Donal T. Manahan and Steven C. Hand Posters 39.0 OSMOTIC AND IONIC 9:00 41.1 Dual Purpose Genes and the Re- REGULATION unification of Physiology and Development. TUES.—EXHIBIT HALL, LOWER LEVEL Robert E. Maxson, Univ. of Southern California, Norris Hosp. Posters on display 8:00 AM – 7:00 PM Authors present posters 2:30-5:30 PM 9:30 41.2 Physiology of Marine Invertebrate Board # Development: Starvation Survival and 83 39.1 Fluorescent measurement of cal- Metabolic Regulation. Donal T. Manahan, cium transport in crustacean cells. F.P. Univ. of Southern California. Zanotto, M.G.W. Wheatly, P. Chavez- Crooker and G.A. Ahearn. Univ. of São 10:00 41.3 Temporary Suspension of Develop- Paulo, Brazil, Wright State Univ., Univ. de mental Programs: Requirements and Mech- Antofagasta, Casilla, Chile, and Univ. of anisms for Surviving Environmental Stress. North Florida. Steven C. Hand, Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge. 84 39.2 Expression of PMCA3 mRNA and protein in crustacean during molting. P. 10:30 41.4 Functional Ontogeny of the Gao, L. Kelly, Z. Zhang and M.G. Circulatory System in Fish. Bernd Pelster. Wheatly. Wright State Univ. Univ. of Innsbruck, Austria.

DAILY SCHEDULE 11:00 41.5 Patterns of Gene Expression During 11:55 42.9 Evolved Thermotolerance and the Insect Diapuse. David L. Denlinger, Ohio Expression of Heat Inducible Genes in State Univ. Thermally Adapted Escherichia coli. Michelle Riehle, Univ. of California, Irvine. 11:30 41.6 Developmental Constraints on the Evolution of Physiological Systems. Timothy 12:20 42.10 Ecological Consequences of J. Bradley, Univ. of California, Irvine. Environmental Stress and Stress Resistance: Diving into Comorant Evolution from the 12:00 41.7 Oxygen Regulation in Crustacean Cretaceous to the Present. Warren Porter, Development. Nora Terwilliger, Oregon Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison. Inst. of Marine Biology, Univ. of Oregon.

Symposium 43.0 ACCLIMATIZATION TO HYPOXIA: Symposium SUPPLY VS DEMAND STRATEGIES 42.0 PHYSIOLOGICAL AND GENETIC WED. 9:00 AM-1:00 PM, GOLDEN WEST RM. RESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS Chair: Frank L. Powell WED. 9:00 AM-1:00 PM—SAN DIEGO RM. 9:00 43.1 Comparative Physiology of Ac- Chairs: Gretchen Hofmann and climatization to Hypoxia. Frank L. Powell, Martin Feder UCSD.

9:00 42.1 Introduction. Environmental Stress: A 9:30 43.2 Interactions of Thermal, Metabolic Multifaceted Concept in Integrative Physiology. and Respiratory Control in Hypoxic Gretchen Hofmann, Arizona State Univ. Homeotherms. William K. Milsom, Univ. of British Columbia. 9:05 42.2 Adaptation to Stressful Conditions in Drosophila: Insights from a Broad and 10:00 43.3 Physiological Signals and Compar- Multifaced Approach. Ary Hoffmann, La ative Responses to Decreased Oxygen Supply. Trobe Univ., Australia. Donna F. Boggs, Eastern Washington Univ.

9:30 42.3 Heat Shock Proteins and the Stress 10:30 Break Response: Transcriptional Regulation of HSP Genes. Martin E. Feder, Univ. of 10:45 43.4 Effects of Hypoxia on Gene Expres- Chicago. sion: Evolutionary Origins and Functional Significance. Randall S. Johnson, UCSD. 9:55 42.4 Genomic Response of Yeast to Anaerobiosis. Kurt Kwast, Univ. of 11:15 43.5 Molecular Mechanisms of Oxygen Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. Sensing and Apoptosis in Mammalian Cells. Navdeep S. Chandel, Northwestern. 10:20 42.5 Intracellular Osmotic Stress Signal- ing in Euryhaline Telosts: Role of 14-3-3. 11:45 43.6 Metabolic Responses to Intermittent Dietmar Kültz, Whitney Labs, Univ. of and Chronic Hypoxia in Fishes. Nancy M. Florida. Aguilar, White Mountain Res. Station, UCSD and Univ. of California, Irvine. 10:45 42.6 Adaptations to Anhydrobiosis: Lessons from Nature. John Crowe, Univ. of California, 12:15 Break Davis. 12:30 Regulation of Systemic Resistance and 11:10 42.7 Corticosterone and Inclement Changes in Blood Flow Distribution in the Weather: Mechanisms underlying Adaptive Red-eared Slider (Trachemys scripta) during Behavioral Responses in Mountain Birds. Anoxic Submergence. Jonathan Anthony Creagh Breuner, Univ. of Texas, Austin. William Stecyk, Simon Fraser Univ. (37.12) 11:35 42.8 The Scale of Stress: Time and Topography on Wave-Swept Shores. Mark 12:35 Does Chronic Hypoxia During Postnatal Denny, Stanford Univ. Development Elicit Long-Lasting Changes in Chemosensitivity in Rats? Ryan W. Bavis, Univ. of Wisconsin. (7.21)

DAILY SCHEDULE 12:40 Neurotransmitter Receptors in Nos-Expressing Posters Neurons of the Rat Glossopharyngeal Nerve. 45.0 DEVELOPMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY: Veronica Andrea Campanucci, McMaster PLASTICITY AND CONSTRAINTS Univ. (7.4) WED.—EXHIBIT HALL, LOWER LEVEL

Posters on display 8:00 AM – 7:00 PM 12:45 Hypoxia Regulation of Gene Expression in Authors present posters 2:30-5:30 PM Crustaceans: A Potential HIF-1 System. Jennifer Mary Head, Oregon Institute of Board # Marine Biology, U. Oregon. (47.14) 1 45.1 Ontogeny of the cutaneous perme- ability barrier in hatchling king snakes. 12:50 Variation in Oxygen Sensitivity in Insects of H.B. Lillywhite, J.G. Menon, G.K. Menon and M.C. Tu. Univ. of Florida, William Different Size and Age. Kendra J Paterson Univ. of New Jersey, California Greenlee, Arizona State Univ. (7.5) Academy of Sci., San Francisco and National Taiwan Normal Univ., Taipei.

2 45.2 The ontogeny of energy consump- tion in leatherback and olive ridley marine turtle hatchlings. T.T. Jones, R.R. Reina Symposium and P.L. Lutz. Florida Atlantic Univ., Boca 44.0 REGULATION OF VERTEBRATE Raton and Drexel Univ. RENAL FUNCTION: A COMPARTIVE 3 45.3 Plasticity and constraints of grunion APPROACH developmental timing. K.L. Martin, E.A. WED. 9:00 AM-1:00 PM—CALIFORNIA RM. Smyder and A.J. Walker. Pepperdine Univ.

Cochairs: William H. Dantzler and 4 45.4 Oxygen consumption and tem- Eldon J. Braun perature in larvae of the Antarctic starfish Odontaster validus. L.S. Peck and E. 9:00 Introduction. Prothero-Thomas. British Antarctic Survey, Cambridge, UK. 9:05 44.1 Regulation of Renal Blood Flow 5 45.5 Changes in blood chemistry during and Glomerular Filtration. Stanley Yokota, hypoxic exposure in embryos of the West Virginia Univ. Sch. of Med. domestic chicken. D.A. Crossley II and J.W. Hicks. Univ. of California, Irvine. 9:35 44.2 Regulation of Proximal and Distal 6 45.6 Comparative locomotor function in Tubule. William H. Dantzler, Univ. of turtles: can species differences in adult Arizona. motor patterns be traced to juveniles? R.W. Blob, E.L. Scanga, M.W. Westneat. 10:05 44.3 Regulation of Water Movement. Clemson Univ. and Field Museum, Chicago. Hiroko Nishimura, Univ. of Tennessee. 7 45.7 Non-skilled motor behavior lateralization during the early postnatal 10:35 44.4 Regulation of Nitrogen Excretion. Patrick J. Walsh, Univ. of Miami. development in white rats. M. Erlikh and A. Vol'nova. St.-Petersburg State Univ., 11:05 Break Russian Federation. 8 45.8 Molt cycle changes in tissue- 11:20 44.5 Regulation of Renal and Lower specific abundance of cryptocyanin and Gastrointestinal Function: Role in Fluid and hemocyanin mRNA in the dungeness crab, Electrolyte Balance. Eldon J. Braun, Univ. Cancer magister. N.B. Terwilliger, D.W. of Arizona. Towle and M. Ryan. Oregon Inst. of Marine Biology, Univ. of Oregon and Mt. 11:50 44.6 Regulation of Salt Gland and Renal Desert Island Biol. Lab., Salsbury Cove, Interactions. Maryanne Hughes, Univ. of ME. British Columbia. 9 45.9 Developmental expression and actions of corticotropin-releasing hormone in tadpoles of Xenopus laevis. G.C. Boorse, K.A. Glennemeier and R.J. Denver. Univ. of Michigan.

DAILY SCHEDULE

Board # Board # 10 45.10 Effect of photoperiod and mela- 18 46.8 Deleterious effects of mild tonin on growth and development of overwintering temperatures on survival and neonatal gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus). potential fecundity of rose-galling Diplolepis S.B. Chaplin, T.L. Kelly and S.C. wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). R.E. Lee, O'Connell. Univ. of St. Thomas, St. Paul, MN. Jr., J.B. Williams and J.D. Shorthouse. Miami Univ., Oxford, OH and Laurentian

Univ., Sudbury, Canada. 19 46.9 Cross-tolerance in tidepool sculpins (Oligocottus maculosus): a strategy for life Posters in the intertidal zone. A.E. Todgham and 46.0 PHYSIOLOGICAL AND GENETIC G.K. Iwama. Univ. of British Columbia and RESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS National Research Council, Halifax, Nova WED.—EXHIBIT HALL, LOWER LEVEL Scotia. 20 46.10 Modulation of the stress response: Posters on display 8:00 AM – 7:00 PM Authors present posters 2:30-5:30 PM effects of breeding stage, season and relationship to nest abandonment. O.P. Board # Love, F.Vezina, and T.D. Williams. Simon 11 46.1 Phosphoserine and other unusual Fraser Univ. osmolytes in deep-sea vesicomyid bivalves: 21 46.11 Recent thermal history altered the correlations with depth. P.H. Yancey, J. thermal resistance and Hsp70 accumulation Fiess, H. Hudson, J. Hom and C. Kato. in tissues of the tidepool sculpin Whitman College, Walla Walla, WA and (Oligocottus maculosus) under acute heat JAMSTEC, Yokosuka, Japan. stress. K. Nakano and G.K. Iwama. Univ. 12 46.2 Environmental salinity reduction of British Columbia and National Research leads to increased abundance of Na+/K+/2Cl- Council, Halifax, Nova Scotia. cotransporter mRNA in gills of the blue crab 22 46.12 Extreme resistance to desiccation Callinectes sapidus. D.W. Towle, P. and microclimate related differences in cold- Peppin and D. Weihrauch. Mt. Desert hardiness of overwintering gall wasps Island Biol. Lab., Salsbury Cove, ME and (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) on roses in southern Univ. of Illinois, Chicago. Canada. J. Williams, J.D. Shorthouse and 13 46.3 Recovery of water, ion content, and R.E. Lee, Jr. Miami Univ., Oxford, OH, energy stores following desiccation in Laurentian Univ., Sudbury, Canada. Drosophila melanogaster. D.G. Folk and 23 46.13 Influence of thermal stress on rates T.J. Bradley. Univ. of California, Irvine. of protein synthesis and metabolism in an 14 46.4 Pelvic skin blood flow and water intertidal crustacean. N.M. Whiteley and uptake in toads, Bufo alvarius. A.L. Viborg L.S. Faulkner. Univ. of Wales, Bangor, and S.D. Hillyard. August Krogh Institute U.K. Univ. of Copenhagen, Denmark and Univ. 24 46.14 CO2 release pattern in female Culex of Nevada, Las Vegas. tarsalis and effect of age, flight, egg 15 46.5 Paracellular permeability and production and blood-feeding. E.M. Gray. chemosensory function of toad skin. S.D. Univ. of California, Irvine. Hillyard and E.H. Larsen. Univ. of 25 46.15 Physiological and behavioral sensi- Nevada, Las Vegas, August Krogh Institute tivity to environmental stressors measured and Univ. of Copenhagen, Denmark. by changes in fish guild structure in 16 46.6 The role of NaK ATPase and V urbanized streams. D.S. Millican, W.I. type H ATPase in ion transport in euryhaline Lutterschmidt and B. Deal. Sam Houston mosquito larvae. M.L. Patrick and S.S. State Univ. and Construction Engineering Gill. Univ. of California, Riverside. Res. Lab., Champaign, IL. 17 46.7 Species-specific variation in sulfide 26 46.16 Urine composition in water stressed physiology between closely related vesicomyid cricetid rodents: sodium oxalate. I. clams. S.K. Goffredi and J.P. Barry. Vatnick, C. Korine, I. van Tets and B. Monterey Bay Aquarium Res. Inst., Moss Pinshow. Widener Univ., Chester, PA and Landing, CA. Ben-Gurion Univ. of the Negev, Israel.

DAILY SCHEDULE

Board # Board # 27 46.17 Characterization of very-low 36 46.26 Stressor-dependent regulation of density lipoprotein particle size during avian heat shock response in Zebrafish, Danio egg production. K.G. Salvante, M. rerio S. Airaksinen, C.M.I. Råbergh, A. Wallowitz, R.L. Walzem and T.D. Palomäki, A. Lahti, L. Sistonen, M. Williams. Simon Fraser Univ. and Texas Nikinmaa. Turku Centre for Biotechnology A&M Univ., College Station. and Univ. of Turku, Finland. 28 46.18 Molecular basis of angiogenetic 37 46.27 A Comparative study examining disturbances in Baltic salmon early mortality the utility of Hsp70 mRNA and protein in syndrome. K.A. Vuori, A. Soitamo, P.J. red blood cells as bio-indicators of acute and Vuorinen and M. Nikinmaa. Univ. of chronic temperature stress in the thermo- Turku, Finland and Finnish Game and sensitive brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). Fisheries Res. Inst., Helsinki, Finland. S.G. Lund, M.E.A. Lund and B.L. Tufts. 29 46.19 Neonates of the common map turtle Queen's Univ., Kingston, ON, Canada. (Graptemys geographica) overwinter 38 46.28 A Role for Hsp90 in the estrogenic terrestrially in northern Indiana: does response of juvenile rainbow trout hatchling cold hardiness influence (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to ß-Estradiol and 4- geographic distribution? P.J. Baker, J.P. Nonlyphenol. S. Currie and D.L. Chaput. Costanzo and R.E. Lee, Jr. Miami Univ., Mount Allison Univ., Sackville, NB, Oxford, OH. Canada. 30 46.20 Cold hardiness and desiccation 39 46.29 Phenostasis and patterns of growth: resistance in hatchling Emydoidea a framework from which to interpret blandingii. S.A. Dinkelacker, J.P. adaptive capacity. J.M. Szewczak. Univ. of Costanzo and R.E. Lee, Jr. Miami Univ., California, White Mountain Research Oxford, OH. Station, Bishop. 31 46.21 Are physical factors facilitating 40 46.30 Basal metabolic rate may not be marine species invasions? C.E. Braby, G. related to body composition. H.I. Ellis and N. Somero. Stanford Univ., Pacific Grove. J.R. Jehl, Jr. USCD and Smithsonian Inst., 32 46.22 Characterization of oxidative stress Washington, D.C. in Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants lacking superoxide dismutase. K.M. O'Brien, R.P. Dirmeier, M.M. Engle and R.O. Poyton. Univ. of Colorado, Boulder. 33 46.23 Fluorescein transport in malpighian Posters tubules of the cricket, Acheta domesticus: 47.0 ACCLIMATIZATION TO HYPOXIA: affinity and specificity characteristics. R.M. SUPPLY VS. DEMAND STRATEGIES WED.—EXHIBIT HALL, LOWER LEVEL Kauffman, A.K. Jenner and D.S.G. Neufeld. Eastern Mennonite Univ., Posters on display 8:00 AM—7:00 PM Harrisonburg, VA. Authors present posters 2:30—5:30 PM

34 46.24 Physiological responses, desaturase Board # activity and fatty acid composition in 41 47.1 Intracellular pH regulation of rainbow milkfish (Chanos chanos) under cold trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) hepatocytes: acclimation. S. Hsieh and C. Kuo. hypoxia stimulates sodium/proton exchange. E. National Pingtung Univ. of Sci. and Tech., Rissanen, A. Tuominen, A. Bogdanova and Taiwan. M. Nikinmaa. Univ. of Turku, Finland and Univ. of Zurich, Switzerland. 35 46.25 The pathway to heat acclimation: does HIF-1 plays a role? A lesson from C. 42 47.2 Depression of lipolysis in CARP; a possible hypoxia protection mechanism. G. elegans mutants. M. Horowitz, H. Jiang, van den Thillart and G. Vianen, J. J. Powell-Coffman, Z. Bromberg, J. Zaagsma. Leiden Univ., and the Univ. of Shleir, M. Treinin. The Hebrew Univ., Groningen, Netherlands. Jerusalem, Israel; Iowa State Univ.

DAILY SCHEDULE

Board # Board # 43 47.3 Hypoxia induces gross-morpho- 54 47.14 Hypoxia regulation of gene logical changes in crucian carp gills. J. expression in crustaceans: a potential HIF-1 Sollid, P. De Angelis, K. Gundersen and system. J.M. Head and N.B. Terwilliger. G.E. Nilsson. Institute of Biology, Oslo, Oregon Institute of Marine Biol., Univ. Norway and Institute of Pathology, Oslo, Oregon, Charleston. Norway. 55 47.15 HIF-1alpha, erythropoietin and 44 47.4 Effect of hypoxia on fish: what adaptation to excessive erythrocytosis. M. role(s) does apoptosis play? W.L. Poon Gassmann. Univ. of Zurich, Switzerland. and D. Randall. City Univ. of Hong Kong. 56 47.16 Acute and long-term neuropro- 45 47.5 Developmental plasticity in tadpole tective responses to hypoxia in snail shrimp: cardiac and respiratory responses to neurons. P. Donohoe, E. Court and R. chronic hypoxic exposure. C.L. Reiber and Boutilier. Univ. of Cambridge, U.K. S. Harper. Univ. of Nevada, Las Vegas. 57 47.17 Microcalorimetric evidence of an 46 47.6 Effect of reproductive state and oxyconformism in tissue metabolism of hypoxia on cardiovascular responses in the mammalian neonates. D. Singer, A. Ince grass shrimp Palaemonetes pugio. L.A. and B. Hallmann. Univ. of Würzburg and Jones, J.A. Guadagnoli and C.L. Reiber. Univ. of Göttingen, Germany. Univ. of Nevada, Las Vegas. 47 47.7 Metabolic and thermal acclimation to hypoxia in rats. S. Lacefield and D.F. Boggs. Eastern Washington Univ.

48 47.8 2,3-DPG changes in horses, mules Posters and burros with exposure to altitude. M.J. 48.0 REGULATION OF VERTEBRATE Hurson, H.M. Greene, J.M. Szewczak and S.J. Wickler. California State Polytechnic RENAL FUNCTION: A Univ. and UCSD, Bishop. COMPARATIVE APPROACH WED.—EXHIBIT HALL, LOWER LEVEL 49 47.9 Respiratory consequences of mouthbrooding and hypoxia in coral reef Posters on display 8:00 AM – 7:00 PM fish. G.E. Nilsson and S. Ostlund-Nilsson. Authors present posters 2:30-5:30 PM Univ. of Oslo, Norway. Board # 50 47.10 Effects of hypoxia and epinephrine 58 48.1 Sipping human, gulping camel: the on erythrocytes of high-altitude acclimated story behind future sweat. M.L. Halperin, pigeons, Columba livia. E.S. Quintana and D.Z. Cherney, P.S. Aujla, D.N. Glick and M.H. Bernstein. New Mexico State Univ., M.A. Shafiee. St. Michael's Hospital, Univ. Las Cruces. of Toronto. 51 47.11 Properties of skeletal muscle in 59 48.2 Endothelin inhibits NaCl transport mice with an inherited capacity for hypoxic across the fish gill by release of nitric oxide exercise tolerance. G.S. Adams, J.D. and prostaglandin E. D.H. Evans and P.M. Luedeke, M.H. Ernst, R.D. McCall and Piermarini. Univ. of Florida. S.T. Kinsey. Univ. of North Carolina, Wilmington. 60 48.3 Redistribution of body water and salt tolerance in wild ducks. M. R. Hughes and 52 47.12 Amino acid sequences of the embryonic globin chains of a marsupial, the D.C. Bennett. Univ. of British Columbia. tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii). R.A. 61 48.4 Distribution and possible function Holland, K.H. Gill, R.M. Hope, D. of aquaporin water channels in amphibian Wheeler, S.J. Cooper and A.A. Gooley. skin. D.R. Powers, P.W. Gramenz, T.L. Univ. of New South Wales, MacQuarie Baker and D.J. Kimberly. George Fox Univ., Adelaide Univ., South Australian Univ., Newberg, OR. Museum, Adelaide and Proteome Systems 62 48.5 Comparison of renal and salt gland Limited, NSW, Australia. function in three species of wild ducks. 53 47.13 Inhibition of hypoxic pulmonary D.C. Bennett and M.R. Hughes. Univ. of vasoconstriction reduces high altitude British Columbia. pulmonary edema in rats. J.T. Berg, S. 63 48.6 Renal structure and function in Ramanathan and E.R. Swenson. Univ. of Notomys alexis and Mus musculus Hawaii, Honolulu and Univ. of Washington. domesticus. J.R. Roberts and L.J. Gordge. Univ. of New England, NSW, Australia.

DAILY SCHEDULE

Board # Plenary Lecture 64 48.7 A novel, non-invasive electro- 49.0 SCHOLANDER AWARD BANQUET physiological technique for analysis of LECTURE organic cation transport by isolated cells and WED.—8:00 PM, GRAND BALLROOM tissues. M.J. O'Donnell and M.R. Rheault. McMaster Univ. Title: The Fire Inside: Saving Atlantic Bluefin Tuna. 65 48.8 Contribution of cytoskeletal elements to rapid fluid transport in insect malpighian tubules. J.H. Spring and R. Hazelton- Speaker: Barbara Block, Hopkins Marine Station, Robichaux. Univ. of Louisiana, Lafayette and Stanford Univ. Louisiana State Univ., Eunice. 66 48.9 Cell-to-lumen taurine efflux during net secretion by primary monolayer cultures of flounder renal epithelium. S. Benyajati and J.L. Renfro. Univ. of Oklahoma Hlth. Sci. Ctr. and Univ. of Connecticut.

The Power of Comparative Physiology: Evolution, Integration and Application Abstracts of Invited and Contributed Presentations

SUNDAY 1.0 Plenary Lecture: George Somero ...... 285 2.0 The Power of Integration...... 285 3.0 Polar Molecular Biology: Proteins and Enzymes at their Lower Temperature Extremes...... 288 4.0 Integration of Motor Function: Mechanisms that Reduce Energy Cost and/or Enhance Performance...... 290 5.0 Cellular and Molecular Responses to Depressed Metabolism and Low Temperature ...... 293 6.0 Neuropeptides Integrating Physiological Processes in Invertebrates: and Evolutionary and Comparative Approach...... 295 7.0 Scholander/SICB/SEB Award Competition (Posters)...... 297 8.0 The Power of Integration (Posters) ...... 305 9.0 Polar Molecular Biology: Proteins and Enzymes at their Lower Temperature Extremes (Posters)...... 307 10.0 Integration of Motor Function: Mechanisms that Reduce Energy Cost and/or Enhance Performance (Posters) ...... 309 11.0 Cellular and Molecular Responses to Depressed Metabolism and Low Temperature (Posters)...... 312 Neuropeptides Integrating Physiological Processes in Invertebrates: and Evolutionary and 12.0 Comparative Approach (Posters) ...... 313

MONDAY 14.0 DNA Microarrays: Applications to Comparative Physiology...... 314 15.0 Homeostasis of Essential Yet Toxic Metals ...... 315 16.0 Linking Muscle Genes to Structure and Physiology, A Comparative Approach...... 318 17.0 Mitochondrial Responses to Environmental and Physiological Challenge...... 320 18.0 Diving: Where Have We Been and Where are we Going? ...... 322 20.0 DNA Microarrays: Applications to Comparative Physiology (Posters) ...... 325 21.0 Homeostasis of Essential Yet Toxic Metals (Posters)...... 326 22.0 Linking Muscle Genes to Structure and Physiology, A Comparative Approach (Posters) ...... 327 23.0 Mitochondrial Responses to Environmental and Physiological Challenge (Posters) ...... 328 24.0 Diving: Where Have We Been and Where are we Going? (Posters) ...... 329

TUESDAY 25.0 Plenary Lecture: John B. West...... 332 26.0 Phylogenetic Approaches to Understanding Physiological Evolution...... 332 27.0 The Comparative Physiology of Carbonic Anhydrase ...... 335 28.0 The Influence of Comparative Physiology on Engineering: Neuro-Muscular Biological Inspiration Toward the Design of Artificial Muscle and Robots ...... 337 29.0 Relaxed Homeothermy...... 339 30.0 Host-Parasite Interactions: A Comparative Approach...... 341 31.0 Phylogenetic Approaches to Understanding Physiological Evolution (Posters) ...... 342 32.0 The Comparative Physiology of Carbonic Anhydrase (Posters)...... 345 33.0 The Influence of Comparative Physiology on Engineering: Neuro-Muscular Biological Inspiration Toward the Design of Artificial Muscle and Robots (Posters)...... 346 34.0 Relaxed Homeothermy (Posters) ...... 347 35.0 Biochemical Adaptations (Posters) ...... 349 36.0 Temperature and Thermoregulation (Posters) ...... 351 37.0 Heart and Circulation (Posters)...... 352 38.0 Respiration and Acid-Base (Posters) ...... 356 39.0 Osmotic and Ionic Regulation (Posters) ...... 358

WEDNESDAY 40.0 Plenary Lecture: Raymond B. Huey ...... 359 41.0 Developmental Physiology: Plasticity and Constraints...... 359 42.0 Physiological and Genetic Responses to Environmental Stress...... 362 43.0 Acclimatization to Hypoxia: Supply vs Demand Strategies ...... 365 44.0 Regulation of Vertebrate Renal Function: A Comparative Approach ...... 367 45.0 Developmental Physiology: Plasticity and Constraints (Posters)...... 369 46.0 Physiological and Genetic Responses to Environmental Stress (Posters) ...... 371 47.0 Acclimatization to Hypoxia: Supply vs Demand Strategies (Posters) ...... 376 48.0 Regulation of Vertebrate Renal Function: A Comparative Approach (Posters)...... 379 49.0 Scholander Award Banquet Lecture: Barbara Block...... 381

AUTHOR INDEX...... 383

The Power of Comparative Physiology: Evolution, Integration and Application AUTHOR INDEX

A C F Heldmaier, G., 29.2 Abe, H., 35.9 Campanucci, V., 7.4 Farley, C., 4.7 Heming, T.A., 27.5 Adams, G., 10.15, 47.11 Carey, H., 5.1, 5.8 Feder, M., 42.3 Henry, R., 27.2 Aguilar, N., 7.3, 43.6 Carr, J., 10.8 Filk, G., 30.5 Higham, T., 10.10 Ahearn, G., 15.2 Carvalho, J., 36.5 Finkler, M., 31.9 Hill, R., 12.2 Ahn, A., 4.5 Castellini, M., 18.1, 24.6 Fleck, C., 11.3 Hillyard, S., 46.5 Airaksinen, S., 46.26 Chamberlin, M., 23.5 Florant, G., 5.6 Hindle, A., 34.1 Alarcon-Chaidez, F., 30.3 Chandel, N., 43.5 Flück, M., 20.3 Hobson, K., 11.2 Altringham, J., 4.4 Chaplin, S., 45.10 Folk, D., 46.3 Hochscheid, S., 24.7 Andrade, F., 10.7 Cheng, C., 3.3 Françoso Jr., O., 31.8 Hoffmann, A., 42.2 Andrews, M., 5.5 Cheng, H., 35.4 Frappell, P., 29.5 Hoffmann, K., 6.8 Andrews, R., 18.8 Cinar, Y., 7.50 Fraser, K., 9.3 Hofmann, G., 42.1 Andziak, B., 11.10 Claiborne, J., 39.3 Fujise, H., 39.4 Hogstrand, C., 15.5 Aprille, J., 17.6 Clark, T., 36.4 Full, R., 28.1 Hohtola, E., 34.5 Askew, G., 4.6 Clarke, A., 9.7 Holland, R., 47.12 Autumn, K., 26.4 Corena, M., 32.1 Holloway, V., 35.2 Cornick, L., 24.3 G Holmes, J., 34.3 Hoppeler, H., 17.8 Cossins, A., 5.2, 13.0 Gabaldon, A., 4.2 Horn, M., 8.3 B Court, E., 23.2 Gallegos, T., 36.7 Horowitz, M., 46.25 Backey, J., 8.5 Crawford, D., 14.2 Gao, P., 33.1, 39.2 Hoyt, D., 10.5 Bailey, D., 7.52 Creelman, C., 7.25 Gardner, M., 7.14 Hsieh, S., 46.24 Baker, P., 46.19 Crossley II, D., 45.5 Garland, Jr., T., 2.3, 26.1, Huberman, H., 6.4 Balesaria, S., 21.1 Crowe, J., 42.6 26.3 Huey, R., 40.0 Barajas, H., 37.13 Currie, S., 46.28 Garrick, R., 37.3 Hughes, M., 44.6, 48.3 Barnes, B., 29.1 Gasch, A., 14.6 Hulbert, A., 17.5 Bavis, R., 7.21 Gassmann, M., 47.15 Hung, C., 20.1 Benjamin, P., 6.3 D Gatesy, S., 2.7 Hurson, M., 47.8 Bennett, D., 48.5 Dahlhoff, E., 35.11 Gawlicka, A., 8.2

Benyajati, S., 48.9 Daniels, C., 26.5 German, D., 8.1

Berenbrink, M., 26.7 Dantzler, W., 44.2 Gerrits, M., 23.6 Berg, J., 47.13 Darveau, C., 7.48 Ghalambor, C., 31.6 I Bernstein, S., 16.7 Davis, R., 18.7 Gibbs, A., 31.13 Ianowski, J., 7.7 Bidani, A., De Boeck, G., 21.4 Gillis, T., 7.42 Irschick, D., 26.6 Biewener, A., 4.1 De Cian, M., 32.5 Gilmour, K., 32.3 Blickhan, R., 28.3 Denlinger, D., 41.5 Goebel, M., 24.14 Blob, R., 45.6 Denny, M., 42.8 Goffredi, S., 46.7 J Block, B., 2.2, 34.10, 49.0 DeVries, A., 3.2 Gracey, A., 14.5 Johns, G., 35.6 Blust, R., 15.7 Dewar, H., 37.6 Gray, E., 46.14 Johnsen, D., 10.6 Bobbert, M., 4.8 Dickson, K., 2.9 Green, J., 24.12 Johnson, S., 30.1 Boggs, D., 43.3 Dinkelacker, S., 46.20 Greenlee, K., 7.5 Johnson, R., 43.4 Boily, P., 34.4 Donley, J., 7.49 Gros, G., 22.5, 27.6 Johnson, M., 7.13 Boorse, G., 45.9 Donohoe, P., 47.16 Grosell, M., 15.3 Johnston, I.A., 16.3 Borg, K., 24.11 Dudek, D., 33.7 Grove, T., 9.8 Jones, D., 18.2 Bosch, T., 6.1 Duerr, J., 23.1 Guynn, S., 3.4 Jones, T., 45.2 Bourne, G., 10.14 Dutto, D., 10.4 Jones, L., 47.6 Bowles, V., Dzialowski, E., 7.32 Josephson, R., 28.2 Braby, C., 46.21 H Bradley, T., 41.6 Hagey, L., 31.5 Braun, E., 44.5 E Haim, A., 36.10 K Breuner, C., 42.7 Eads, B., 23.8 Halperin, M., 48.1 Kajiura, S., 7.15 Buchanan, C., 10.17 Eastman, J., 3.7 Halsey, L., 24.13 Kamel, K., 8.6 Buck, L., 11.1 Egan, S., 38.3 Hamilton, M., 32.2 Kanatous, S., 24.9 Buckley, B., 7.35 El Haj, A., 16.5 Hamilton, J., 24.10 Kauffman, R., 46.23 Buehler, M., 28.7 Ellerby, D., 10.9 Hand, S., 41.3 Kearney, M., 7.47 Burggren, W., 38.9 Elliott, N., 24.2 Harlow, H., 34.6 Kille, P., 14.1 Burleson, M., 38.4 Ellis, H., 46.30 Harrison, J., 10.13 Kim, Y., 35.7 Burns, J., 18.6 Entin, P., 10.16 Hartzler, L., 7.16 Kinsey, S., 10.15 Bury, N., 15.6 Epperson, E., 11.8 Hatle, J., 7.33 Kiral, Ph.D, R., 38.2 Butler, P., 18.9, 29.4 Erlikh, M., 45.7 Hazel, M., 7.8 Kirkton, S., 7.31 Bystriansky, J., 9.1 Evans, H., 314 Head, J., 47.14 Kiss, A., 9.5 Evans, D., 48.2 Hedrick, T., 33.3 Klute, G., 28.5

AUTHOR INDEX

Knehr, C., 37.1 Monti, R., 10.11 Reich, T., 7.26 Todgham, A., 46.9 Knower, T., 24.6 Moon, T., 37.8 Reid, S., 38.11 Toien, O., 34.9 Kohlsdorf, T., 31.7 Moravec, J., 33.2 Reiser, P., 22.4 Tomanek, L., 7.2 Korine, C., 8.9 Morrissette, J., 37.5 Reynolds, J., 23.7 Toney, V., 7.20 Kornbluh, R., 28.6 Moyes, C., 17.1 Rheault, M., 7.19 Towle, D., 46.2 Korobov, S., 8.8 Munns, S., 7.17 Richmond, J., 7.27 Trumble, S., 7.44 Korsmeyer, K., 36.3 Murphy, A., 17.2 Riehle, M., 2.4, 42.9 Tufts, B., 27.3 Kültz, D., 42.5 Murray, P., 7.40 Rissanen, E., 47.1 Kwast, K., 42.4 Muylle, F., 21.3 Roberts, J., 48.6 V Roberts, S., 10.12 van Breukelen, F., 7.41 Rock, J., 22.1 van den Thillart, G., 47.2 L N Rosenberger, A., 23.3 Van der Horst, D., 6.7 Lacefield, S., 47.7 Nakano, K., 46.11 Ruehl, N., 11.5 van Ginneken, V., 8.4 Landeira Fernandez, A., Navas, C.A., 26.8 Russeth, K., 11.7 van Tets, I., 35.8 37.4 Nganpiep, L., 35.3 Van Voorhies, W., 11.6 Lankford, S., 36.6 Nilsson, G., 47.9 Vanier, C., 20.2 Lauder, G., 2.5 Nishimura, H., 44.3 S Vatnick, I., 46.16 Lee, C., 26.10 Noren, S., 7.28 Salvante, K., 46.17 Vermeulen, A., 30.2 Lee, H., 7.46 Sane, S., 2.6 Vezina, F., 31.10 Lee, D., 10.3 Santos, L., 36.1 Viborg, A., 46.4 Lee, Jr., R., 46.8 O Schaeffer, P., 7.39 Vuori, K., 46.18 Lemasters, J., 17.3 O'Brien, K., 46.22 Schulte, P., 35.10 Lieber, R., 28.4 O’Connor, T., 11.10 Schumaker, P., 5.6 W Lillywhite, H., 45.1 O'Donnell, M., 48.7 Secor, S., 31.12 Walsh, P., 44.4 Logue, J., 9.6 Oliveira, F., 31.1 Sepulveda, C., 10.1 Warburton, S., 37.10 Lohuis, T., 34.2 Olson, K., 37.7 Seron, T., 32.4 Warren, D., 7.18 Long, A., 14.3 Ortiz, R., 7.11 Shadwick, R., 10.2 Watabe, S., 16.2 Lorenz, M., 6.5, 12.1 Owerkowicz, T., 38.5 Shaw, A., 11.9 Watson, R., 7.23 Love, O., 46.10 Shiels, H., 7.45 Weber, J., 35.5 Lucassen, M., 3.6 Shumacker, P., 5.7, 17.4 Weinstein, R., 37.2 Lund, S., 46.27 P Sidell, B., 3.1 Weng, K.C., 34.10 Lutterschmidt, W., 31.3 Singer, D., 47.17 Pabst, D., 36.9 West, J., 25.0 Skinner, L., 7.24 Patrick, M., 46.6 West, J., 7.9 Sollid, J., 47.3 Peattie, A., 33.6 West, J., 24.8 Somero, G., 1.0 M Peck, L., 45.4 Whiteley, N., 46.13 Sorensen-Forbey, J., 7.12 MacArthur, R., 24.1 Pelster, B., 41.4 Williams, Joe, 26.9 Southwood, A., 7.37 Maddison, W., 26.2 Petzel, D., 3.0 Williams, J., 46.12 Speakman, J., 29.3 Maginniss, L., 38.10 Phillips, J., 6.6 Williams, D., 21.5 Sponberg, S., 33.4 Maluf, N., 37.14 Place, S., 7.34 Williams, T.M., 18.4 Spring, J., 48.8 Manahan, D., 2.1 Podrabsky, J., 14.4 Williams, T., 38.8 Spudich, J., 16.0 Manohar, M., 38.6 Polasek, L., 7.22 Wilson, R.P., 18.3 Stabenau, E., 27.5 Marcinek, D., 23.4 Ponganis, P., 18.5 Wilson, R., 27.4 Stecyk, J., 7.6, 37.12 Marden, J., 16.6 Poon, W., 47.4 Wilson, J., Stephens, N., 34.7 Marjanovic, M., 9.2 Porter, W., 42.10 Woo, P., 30.4 Stillman, J., 7.36 Marsh, R.L., 4.3 Portner, H., 3.6 Wood, C., 15.4 Stiner, L., 39.5 Marshall, C., 3.5 Powell, F., 43.1 Woodley, N., 37.9 Suarez, R., 17.7 Martin, S., 5.4, 20.4 Powers, D., 48.4 Woods, H., 8.7 Summers, A., 10.18 Martin, K., 45.3 Prange, H., 38.1 Wu, J., 33.5 Swank, D., 22.3 Mastropaolo, J., 31.2 Prolla, T., 5.3 Swenson, E., 27.1 Mau, T., 35.1 Pruitt, N., S5.0, 11.4 Syme, D., 37.11 Maule, A., 6.2 Prum, R., 2.8 Y Szewczak, J., 46.29 Maxson, R., 41.1 Yancey, P., 46.1

McCue, M., 7.43, 31.11 Q Yeates, L., 34.8 McCulloch, P., 24.15 Qiu, A., 21.2 Yokota, S., 44.1 McGaw, I., 36.2 T Quintana, E, 47.10 McLister, J., 36.8 Tattersall, G., 7.29

McMillan, D., 35.12 Tervonen, V., 37.15 Z McWhorter, T., 7.10 Terwilliger, N., 41.7, 45.8 Zakhartsev, M., 7.38, 9.9 Medler, S., 22.2 R Thiele, D., 15.1 Rea, L., 24.4 Zanotto, F., 39.1 Millican, D., 46.15 Thornton, S., 7.51 Zehmer, J., 7.1 Milsom, W., 43.2 Reese, S., 38.7 Tibbits, G., 16.4 Reiber, C., 47.5 Zenteno-Savín, T., 24.16 Moerland, T., 9.4 Tieleman, I., 29.6 Zimmer, B., 7.30