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About halfofthe l5 6 speciesincluded in the Kimberley flora areannuals, including severalgenera that do not occur elsewherein Westem Australia, In the south-westmost speciesare perennial; for "Flora example,in the areacovered by ofthe PerthRegion" lessthan a quarterofthe speciesare annuals (Rye 1987). Many ofthe annualspecies are small and inconspicuous,as well asbeing absent altogether forpartofeach year,sotendto bepoorly collected. SincethePerthregional florawas completed,eight additional annual specieshave been recordedin that region.

In maly ofthe perennialspecies, maximum fruitsethasbeenreducedto oneor twonuts per spikelet, and vegetativespread by rhizomesis ofgreat importance.Annual speciesneed to producea good seed crop eachyear to ensurefuture generationsand almost invariably producelarger numbersofnuts per spikeletor condensedspike. Sinceftuitingquickly follows flowering in annuals,flowering andfruiting generally occur in the samemonths. The flowering and fruiting periods given here apply only to specimenscollected in the study area,as do any measurementsand other descriptions.

Distributionpatt€rns and new records

Most speciesof Cyperaceaehave wide distributions,often extending to otherstates ofAustralia andoverseas. The annual species occur mainly in seasonallydamp habitats, including the margins of watercouses,low-lying flats and rock crevices.Ofthe 48 namednative species included here, 13 are endemicto thesouth-west and one to thePilbara area ofWestern Australia. Five species (Fim brrsD,/is ammobia,Fuirena incrassatd,F. nudiJlora,Isolepis australiensis and. Schoenus centralis) arcknown from lessthan five localitiesin this Statebut havebeen collected more frequently from otherparts of Austlalia,while the remaining species have beenwidely collected both in WesternAustraliaand outside theState. The Western Australian distributions ofall thespecies are shown in Figuresl-18, with each symbolindicating thepresence ofthe taxon in aquarterdegree latitude by quarterdegree longitude area.

Thenumber ofnamed annual species recorded for WesternAustralia since the publication ofthe censusand its mostrecent supplement (Green 1985, 1988) has increased by seven. Curation ofthe PERTH collectionby KarenWilson has led to the additionofthe two nativespecies Fzirena incrassata and, Isolepisaustraliensr's and the introduced species 1solepis llystlr. A furtherfour species,named since thelast supplement ofthe census,are Fln bristylissimulans (LaIz 1990), Sc hoenus badius, S. plumosus andS. variicellae (Rye 1997).

Onespecies previously recorded (Wilson l98l ) for WestemAustralia,butnow excluded, is 1solepis platycarpa(5.T. Blake)Soj6k. This speciesoccurs in SouthAustralia, New SouthWales, Victoria, Tasmaniaand New Zealand, andmightproveto be more widespread, but there are cunentlyno specimens knownto havebeen collected from WesternAustralia.

Thedescriptions given for all theannual species included in "Floraofthe Perth Region" (Rye 1987) areaccurate except that the one given under the name ,Sc&oenus odontocarpus actually applies to the new speciesS. variicellae. At the time the flora treatmentwas prepared,no specimensof true S. odontocdrpusfrom the Perthregion had been seen, but somehave since been incorporated in the collectionat PERTH. Othernewly recordednative species for the regionarc Isolepiscongrua, L hookeriena,Schoenus humilis, S. plumosus, S. sp.Bullsbrook (J.J. Alford9l1) andS. sp.Waroona (G.J.Keighery 12235). There is alsoone additional naturalized species, /so lepis hystrix. 'elp.qsnv ur4se^t tt opqrDq sn,Qsoqlg Jo uoqnqu$ro I emBIJ

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Synopsisand keysto species

BulbostylisKunth

1. Spikeletsusually fewto many in ahead,rarely solitary. Stamens I (2) ...... B.barbata l. Spikeletsin a simpleumbel or rarelysolitary. Stamens 3 2. Involucralbracts long, at least one exceeding inflorescence, hairy. Glumes with hairsc. 0.3mm long;apical mucro I .5-2mm long.Nut nottransYersely ridged...... B. burbidgeae 2. Involucralbracts all shorterthan inflorescence or mrelythe basal one longer, subglabrousor with minutehairs. Glumessubglabrous or with hairsless than 0.lmmlong;apicalmucrolessthan0.5mmlong.Nuttransverselyridged...... B.turbinata

Bulbostylisbarbata (Rottb.) C.B. Clarke - occursfrom the coastto far inland, in avafiety ofdamp habitats, includingshallow soil overrock or in rockcrevices, the margins ofwatercourses and low-lying flats. Widespreadin thenorthern half of WesternAustralia, extending from thefar northofthe Kimberley Regionaroundthe coastto Kalbarri NationalPark in theSouth West Botanical Province, south to Hunt Rangein theSouth-west€rn Interzone and inland to nearGahnda Rockhole (east of Warburton)in the EremaeanBotanical Province. Also occu$ in Northern Territory, SouthAustralia, Queensland and New SouthWales. Widely distributed in warmparts ofthe world. Flowers and fruits: mainly Febtuary- September.Plants20-350 mm high;stems0.2-0.6mm diam. Bulbostylis eustachiil.M.Black,Fimbrislylis barbata (Rottb.) Benth., Scirpus barbat&r Rottb. (Jessop & Vy'eber1986:Figure 923A;Rye 1992: Figure 31I B;Sharp 1989: Figure43A; Wilson 1994: 381)

Bulbostylisburbidgeae K.L. Wilson- apparentlyendemic to thcEremaean Botanical Province of WesternAustralia, recorded from the baseof cliffs or associatedwith graniteoutcrops, on Mulyie Station,Gorge Range, Abydos-Woodstock Reserve and Mt EdgarStation. Flowers and fruits: March, June-August.Plants 30-200 mm high; stems 0.2-0.4 mm diam. Priority 3 (Figurel9A.-C)

Bulbostylisturbinata S.T. Blake - occursalong watercourses, indepressions, rockholes and otherdamp habitatsin theEremaean Botanical Province, extending from KarijiniNational Park south to nearMount Magnetand east to WalterJames Range. AIso occurs in NorthernTerritory, Queensland and possibly SouthAustralia. Flowers and fruits: February-April. Plants 50- 150 mm high;stems 0.2-0.6 mm diam. (Jessop& Weber1986: Figure 9238;Latz& Wilson 1981: Figure 640)

CyperusL.

Nole. Thetwo specieskeyed fint, C.y'la mulosus and C. squarro,ras, belong to a differentspecies group from the otherspecies included here and might be benerplaced in a distinctgenus as discussed by Wilson(1981:171).

1. Plantswith adistinctcurrylike smellwhen dried. Spikelets either terete (the glumesspirally arranged) or squarrosewith points (0,5)0.7- 1,2 mm long 2, Spikeletsmore or lessterete; glumes spiro-distichous, with 1 or 2 prominentveinsoneachsideandarecuruedmucro0.3-0.4mm1ong...... *C,hamulosus 2. Spikeletsflat; glumesdistichous, with 2-4prominent veins on eachside and aprominentlyrecurvedmucro(0.5)0.7- 1.2 mm long ...... ,C. squarrosus (yqgg9 ern8rg :1961uosluN ? zle.l :dtz6 e:n8tg :996y.reqe16 15, dossaf) ue^ols ( q erg'W) snsofiwoq ., szd.ne5'redoo11g g ( qa1g 1,r1)snsoputztl sncsllDry ruerpruur t 0 a sruelsiq8rq (ruru gS) ru S0.0 s1ueq4 ,{ey4tr1udy:strn{ pu€ sJe,,lrolCErsV l€Jluecpue €cr4v ol eAIl€N €rJolct1 puu Erl€JFnV 'fuolureJ qlnos uJequoNur pezrpmleu oslv ocur^oJdl€cru€log u€eEu.rolgoql ur uolluls pueJ^\oI 'sllprtrsnv uo elelago aSpeeql tuo{ pep:ocel ulelse/A ulpozrleJnlsu- qerg l snsolnruzq sn.rad,{3*

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Eleocharisatropurpurea (Retz.) Kunth - occursalong watercoutses and atound swamps and lakes, extendingflom MitchellPlateauand Drysdale RiverNational Park inthe KimberleyRegion south-west toDuckCreekStation in thePilbara area ofthe Eremaean Botanical Province. Also occurs in Northem Tenitory,Queensland and widely distributed in warmregions ofthe world. Flowersand fruits: April- August.Plants 0.03-0.1mhigh;stems0.1-0.3 mmdiam. Eleocharis atropurpuleavar.setifolmisBetth., Scirpusatropurpuretls Retz. (Rye 1992: Figure 3 10E)

El€ocharisg€niculata (L.) Roem.& Schult.- occursalong watercourses, commonly onthemargins of permanentpools. Extends fiom thefar northand east ofthe KimberleyRegion south-west to Harding River in the EremaeanBotanical Province. Also occursin NorthemTerritory, South Australia, Queensland,New SouthWales andwidespread in warm regions ofthe world. Flowers and fruits:mainly May-October,also January-February.Many specimensappear to be perennial,others apparently annual.Plants 0.l-0.4 m high;stems0.3-l mmdiam. Eleocharis capitataR.Br., E. caribaea(Rottb.) S.T.Blake, Scirpas c aribaeus F.ottls., S. genicul1tusL. (Jessop & Weber1986: Figure 930C;Rye 1992: Figure3 l0I; Sharp1989: Figure42F;Wilson 1993: 376)

FimbristylisVahl l. Styleflat, 2-branched. Nut biconvex,neither tuberculate nor transversely ridged 2. Stamen1. Stylebase with very long reflexed hairs ...... F.velata 2. Stamens(2)3. Stylebaseglabrousorciliolate...... F depauperata l. Styletriquetrous, 3-branched. Nut 3-angledin cross-section,usually either tuberculateor transverselyridged (exceptln F. miqocaryq whichoften has a smoothernut) 3. Spikeletsolitary, compressed, the glumes distichous at first. Nut c. 2 5 mm long...... F.oxystachya 3. Spikeletsl-many, more or lessterete, the glumes spirally arranged. Nut 0.6-1.5mmlong 4. Inflorescenceof I or rarely2 or 3 spikelets,simple. Glumes 2 5-5mm long. Nut l -1.5mm long,if I - 1.2mm long then with prominenttransverse ridges 5. Glumes2.5-3mmlong. Nutwith 7- 10 prominent tansverse ridges . "., ...... F,ammobia 5. Glumes4-5 mm long.Nut longitudinally3-ridged, tuberculate towards apex . F. simulans 4. Inflorescenceof(3)4-many spikelets, simple, compound or decompound. Glumes1-2.5 mm long. Nut 0.6-I mmlong, not transversely ridged 6. Glumes2-2.5 mm long. Stamens3, Styleciliate alongthe angles of undividedportion 7. Glumesfairly broad, each side 0.5-0.6 mmwide. Anthers 0.5-0.6 mm long .. F.sp ShayGap ?. Glumesvery broad, each side 1-1.2 mm wide. Anthers 1.2- 1.7 mm long ...... F.rara 6. Glumes1-1.5(2)mmlong. Stamens 1or2. Styleglabrous onundivided portion 8. Spikeletsobtuse; axis (visible after fruits shed) slightly winged Anthers0.4-0.8 mm long ...... F.littoralis 8. Spik€letsacute; axis (visible after fruits shed) prominently winged. Anthers0.2-0.4mm long ...... F.microcarya 'surpoW ,eoutAoJd poo,t\Icelg tuo{pJoJelpetplosru€ rlr^r ol qlnosIoolg ua1lgruo4 Surpualxe l"cruslog .Jg tse^\ qlnos eql ur slelquq druepreqlo ur pue sesrnocrelu,uSuole slncco - a u}u1e,ls11,{1q,rqru1g

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River.Also occurs in NorthemTerritory, South Australia, Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria and fromAsiatoPolynesia.Flowers andfiuits:December-May. Plants 0.04-0.15 mhigh;stems 0.4-0.6 mm diam,Fimbristylis squqrrosavar, esquqryosaMakino, F. squarrosavar. velata (R. Br.) Cheeseman, Iriavelata(R.Br.)Kuntze(Sharp 1989: Figure 43M;Wilson 1993: 378)

Fimbristyfissp. ShayGap(K.R. Newbqt 10293)- apparently endemic to the Eremaean Botanical hovince of WesternAustralia, known from a singlecollection from sandy soil on a drainage line near Shay Gap. Flowersand fruits: June-July. Plants c. 0.15m high;stems c. 0.7mm diam. Priority I

FuirenaRottb.

l. Perianthabsent. Stamen l ...... F.nudiflora L Perianthconsisting of3 bristlesand3 prominentlyclawed scales. Stamens usually3 (butsometimes hidden) 2. Perianthscales prominently 3-veined but otherwiseunthickened throughout the body,with a shallowlobe or toothon eachside of a thickenedincurved apicalpoint, the apical point c. 0.2 mm long ...... F. ciliaris 2. Perianthscales prominently 3-veined in basalpart and prominently thickened in distalpart ofbody, the apex broadly obtuse and with a slenderawn c. 0.6mm long...... F. incrassata

Fuirenaciliaris (L.) Roxb.- widespreadin theKimberley Region. Occurs along watercourses in the HamersleyRanges and along Yule River in theEremaean Botanical Province. Also occurs in Northem Territory,Queensland,New South Wales andfrom tropical Africanorth-eastto Japan. Flowers andfruits: April-August.Plants 0.1-0.35 m high;stems0.5-1,2 mm diam. Fuirena glomerataLam.,Scirpus ciliaris L. (Kem197 4:32;Latz & Wilson1981 : Figure 642; Sharp 1989:Figure42A;Wilson 1993:369)

Fuirena incrassata S.T. Blake - onerecord from Edgar Range in thefar south ofthe Kimberley Region andanother ftom Googhenama Rockhole on upper Oakover River in theEremaean Botanical Province. Alsooccurs in NorthemTenitory, Queenslandand New South Wales. Flowers andfruits: May-August. Plants0.1-0.3 m high;stems0.7- 1 .7 mm diam. This species is widespread butuncommon across northem Australiaand has been included on thePriority Flora List for WesternAustralia. It is probablypoorly collectedrather than at risk; it iseasily overlooked because it resembles its com mo n rclationF. ciliaris. Priority3 (Sharp1989: Figure42B;Wilson 1993: 369)

Fuirena nudiflora S.T, Blake - onerecordfrom near Kunununa in the Kimberley Region, and one record fromarocky creekbed in avalley ofRawlinson Range in theEremaean Botanical Province. Also occurs in NorthernTerritory and Queensland.Flowers and fruits: June. Plants0.05-0.2 m high; stems 0.3-1.0mmdiam.Likethe previous species, F. nudiJlorahasbeen included on the Priority Flora Listfor WesternAustralia, although it hasa largerange in Ausffalia.It is probablypoorly collected, perhaps mostlyoverlooked because of itsmuch more common relation,F. ciliaris. Priority 1 (Figure19GJ)

IsolepisR. Br.

1 Glumes2.3-3.7 mm long. Stylebranches2. Nutvery compressed, shallowly biconvex,l.4-l.8mmlong 2. Spikelets1-5, 1.5-2.5 mm diam. atfirst, upto 3.5 mm diam. in fruit. Glumes with a shortor long,rather straight mucro. Nut usuallybroadly obovate to broadlyelliptic but sometimesalmost circular in outline ...... I. cyperoides 'erJolcr^ 'sepl[ ,erT?J]snv qlnos,roN'pu€lsueano qlnos ur sJnccooslv (e8ueXrezurg3o lsee) lcog ueu,{eNJo ls?e-quoueuozlalul ruelse^\-qlnoSor{l ruo{ procol elSursp qlr,t\,(ecu?redsggolsea-qyou) slcog ne;4pue dmurfuEIAI'sllrH u"3uol[ olpuplur pue{ftd leuorlz5lpr.ryede3olur8urg;o qgou ulo4 'ecur^oJd ,sllos ,elrueJ8 lseoceql punore Surpuelxa l?ctuploq lse.r,t\qlnos eql ur FIur?ur ,4elcJo pu?s uI r{}I.ttpoleIcosseJosuorsserdeple,tr-lelur^\ ur srncco,(luou.nuoc- 1lnqcg 4r.ueog(1qe4) BnutaJ srdalosJ

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Tasmaniaandmostregionsofthe world. Flowe$ and fiuits:August-March. Plants 20-200(300)mm high; stems0.2-0.6 mm diam. Annual or apparentlyannual specimens are much less common than perennial ones,and a particularlyrobust perennial variant from the southcoast has beennamed SclrPas psammophilusS.T, Blake. There may be two or morespecies or infra-specifictaxa included here, with onespecies or variantbeing distinguished by havinga black(rather thar brown)nut; the variation in thiscomplexneeds further study throughout the world. ScirpuscernuusYahl (Jessop & Weber1986: Figure9348; Sharp 1989:Figure 4l L;Wilson 1994:Figure 65a-c)

Isolepiscongrua Nees - commonlyassociated with granite outcrops, also in otherdamp locations such asthe margins ofwatercoutses and winter-wet depressions. Widespread in theSouth WestBotanical Province(except for theextreme south-west comer), South-westem Interzone and adjacent parts ofthe EremaeanBotanicalProvince, extending ftom Lyons RiverStation and Kalbarri south-eastto Porongurup RangeNational Park and east to DadyumRockhole (east ofLaverton), with an isolatedrecord from RawlinsonRange. Alsooccurs inNorthem Territory, SouthAustralia, New South Wales andVictoria. Flowersand fruits: July-October. Plants l5- 180mm high; stems 0.15-0.35 mm diam.Scirpus congruus (Nees)S.T. Blake (Jessop & Weber 1986: Figure 934C; Wilson 1994: Figure 63e,f)

Isolepiscyperoides R. Br. - endemictothe South WestBotanical Province, occurring in clay inwinter- wet depressionsand other damp habitats, extending around the coastfrom nearNanson (north of Geraldton)to nearCape Le Grand National Park and inland to StirlingRange. Flowers and fruits: mainly September-February.Plants (when apparently annual) 35- 150 mm high, more commonly perennial and upto 300 mm high;stems 0.3- L3 mmdiam. Closely relatedtol oldfieldiana,whichhas broader, usually moreobtuse spikelets. Scirpus brunonianas S.T. Blake, S. cyperor'des (R Br') Spreng(Figure20A,B)

Isolepishookeriana Boeck. - occursin the South West Botanical Province, recorded on winter-wet flats in sandyclay, known from at leastfive scatteredlocalities extending from Meenaarsouth to Lowden (possiblyalso Stirling Range) and east to nearCorrigin. Also occurs in SouthAustralia, Queensland, NewSouth Wales, VictoriaandTasmania. Flowers andfruits: September-November. Plants 30- 150 mm high;stems0.1-0.25 mm diam. Although this species iswidespread, it appears tobe uncommon, with fewplants at each population (K.L. Wilsonpers. comm.) Sclrpus calocarpusS.T.Blake,S hookerianus (Boeck.)S.T. Blake Priority3 (Jessop & Weber 1986:Figure 934E;Sharp 1989:Figure4l E;Wilson 1994: Figure64a,b)

*Isolepishystrix (Thunb.)Nees - naturalizedin the SouthWest Botanical Province, recorded from winter-wetflats in theWaroona area and near Green Range (north-east ofAlbany). Also naturalized in SouthAustralia. New South Wales and Victoria. Nativeto South Africa. Flowers and fruits: November. Plantsc. 25 mm high;stems 0.3-0.4 mm diam. Scipus hystrixThunb. (Jessop & Weber1986: Figure 934F)

*Isolepisrnarginata (Thunb.)A. Dietr. - commonlyoccurs in shallow soil over granite, limestone orother typesor rocks,also in winter-wetdepressions and other damp habitats. Widespread in theSouth West BotanicalProvince, extending around the coast from Abrolhos Islands to RechercheArchipelago and inlandintotheSouth-westem IntezonenearMtHampton(south ofSouthemCross) andMtWillgonarinya (southofBalladonia), with anisolated record frorn Belele Station in theEremaean Botanical Province. Probablynaturalized in Australia.Also occurs in SouthAustralia,New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania andNewZealand. Native to SouthAfrica. Flowersand fruits: mainly August-December, alsoJanuary- February.Plants 15-220 mm high; stems0.2-0.5 mm dlam. Isolepiscartilaginea R. Br., Sclrpas marginatusTh\nb.(Jessup& Weber 1986: Figure 934H,935,{;Wilson 1994:Figure 65j-l) '(H) C) ILIZ n4J:utuJ /y puE(D 6f9 VadS II N LSSSqPauuax ! X '(D'c) '(A) '(a'J) 0t p1a{uot3 7y 99tt! LtaLqlat 1, s66l.l arDW JS'(E'V) 06LI tlsox n uro{ u^\eIC '(olx) (po^\orrE)sruouBos rllu€|od pecnpcrAa^ qllM lnu cJnlEU- f'(olx) (po^\orn)slueu8os qlulllod Suol ,{FreJpu! al,{tspeqrusrq-€ 'slutu€lu uoluelseerto qll^{ lnu eurcK - | stl|luDqxDssiPsnpaFauaoqrs }o lu€!l!^ snoreLu!.lf'l - - :(0lx) lnu - H'(9x) ecuocscrouur- c'(lx)tuutd etoqM- J nanflps sldapq*:l:(0lx) llru a'0,x) orllnti c'(ix) - '(}x) - o.uo.sorouul- J DuDqa{plo sdapV 3-J:(olx) ounl8 g s.uo.sorollu! Y saPtuladbsldalaNt fl'V 0Z ern8ri @%

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Isolepisoldfieldiana(S.T. Blake)K.L. Wilson - endemicto the South West Botanical Province, occurring in clayorsandy clay in winter-wetdepressions, extending liom nearDandaragan south to PerupRiver (nearManjimup).Flowers and fruits: August-October, alsorecordedFebruary. Plaats (when apparently annual)20-70mmhigh;stems0.3-1.1mmdiam.Peremialplantsmorecommon,upto350mmhigh. Scrpzs brizoides Benth.,S. oldfieldianus S.T. Blake (Figure 20C-E)

Isol€pissetiformis (S.T. Blake) K.L. Wilson- endemicto WestemAustralia, occurring mainly in the SouthWest Botanical Province in winter-wetdepressions and other damp habitats, commonly in clay or sandyclay. Extendsaxound the coast from Dirk HartogIsland in theEremaean Botanical Province southto Albanyand inland to Highbury(south ofNarogin). Flowersand fiuits: mainlySeptember- February.Plants 20-350mm high, the smallerones sometimes apparently annual;stems 0.2-0.5 mm diam. Closelyrelated to L cernua;thedifferences between the two taxaare not clear and possibly no greater thandiffelences between some ofthe variantspresently included within 1. cernr.a (see note underthat species).Scirpus arenqrius var. setiformisBenth., S. setiformls S.T. Blake (Figure20F-H)

Isolepisstellata(C.B. Clarke) K.L. Wilson - occursin the South WestBotanical Province, in clayorsandy clayin winter-wetdepressions and other damp habitats. Extends around the coast from Lakelndoon southto Capeland from Albanyeastto CapeAridNational Park and inlandto StirlingRange. Also occurs in SouthAustralia, New SouthWales, Victoria and Tasmania. Flowers and fruits: mainly October- January.Plants 20-90 mm high;stems 0.2-0.4 mm diam. Sci/'p us stellatus C.B. Clarke (Jessop & Weber 1986:Figure934L, 935C; Wilson I 994:Figure 66d,e)

LipocarphaR.Br.

Lipocarphamicrocephala (R. Br.) Kunth - commonlyoccurs along watercourses, also recorded from drainagelines, rockholes andclaypans. Extends from the far north ofthe Kimberley Region south-west toByro Stationin theEremaean Botanical Province and south to Rawlinson Range in theEremaean Also occursin NorthemTerritory, South Australia, Queensland, New SouthWales, Victoria and north to Japan.Flowers andfruits:March-August. Plants 0.05-0.4m high; stems 0.3-0 9 mmdiam. Hypaelptum microcephalumR. Br., Rikliella australiensisJ. Raynal,Scirpus dietrichiae Boeck., S squarrosus var.dietrichiae (Boeck.) Benth. (Jessop & Weber1986: Figureg37;Latz &Wilson 1981:Figure 641 ; Rye1992:Figure 3l lG; Sharp1989:Figure4l O,42D;Wilson 1994:Figure 62a-c)

SchoenoplectusPalla l. Nut smooth,2-faced(biconvex or almostplano-convex), without perianth bristles ...... S. laevis l. Nut hansverselyridged, 2- or 3-faced,sometimes surround€d by minuteto prominentperianth bristles 2. Spikeletswith darkreddish brown portions. Glumes minutely ciliolate or minutelydenticulate towards apex; mucro distinctly thickened, usually dark red-brown.Perianth absent. Anthers 0.4-0.5 mm long ...... S.lateriflorus 2. Spikeletslacking reddish colouring. Glumes glabrous and entire; mucro slenderor sometimesscarcely developed, green or yellowish.Perianth of 3-7 (usually6) longto veryreduced bdstles. Anthers c. 0 7 mm long ...... S. dissachanthus

Schoenoplectusdissachanthus (S.T. Blake) J. Raynal - occusalong watercourses, aroundrockpools and in claypans,extending from WeaberPlain in the KimberleyRegion south-west to nearMount Magnet. Also occursin NorthemTerritory, South Australia, Queensland, New SouthWales and '?uo1 3uo1rurug 6 .;lnp lynp,(I1vnsn urur g g-7 eurn181sa8re1 g ".' '3uo1 .raJlrslp'S 3uo1rurug 1 a1n51,4utqs ulu 9-y erun131se3:21 6 qlootus lo '.{1un1eul1€ (seqclud:o sedr4s1ce1q Suruuoj {c€lq euocoq 013u1pue1s,r'to.t eqt;o syed r41,it)eceyns qceouo s1lecSuolqo ,{l,ttorr€uJos^\or ,{u€urqlltr lnN '1e1e4ds 'e4ds 1 q1t.tr.{11ensn epou qcue paldn:lelut ue ur uals red 9- 1 s1e1a11dg7 (lnu ueql:auoqs qcnu) elnurlu ro luesqesluauSes qluutra4 1

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Nuytsia Vol. ll. No. 3 (1997)

4. Aquaticor semi-aquaticplant 35- I l0 mmhigh, with very slender laxleaves. Spikelets at 2-6nodes per stem; lowest bract 3-6 mm long...... S,tene[us 4. Tiny terrestrialplant l5-55 mm high, with finn leaves.Spikelets at I -4nodes per stem; lowest bract l0-25 mm long ...... S,sp. Waroona 2, Spikeletsseveral to manyin a terminalcluster on eachstem or in several pairsor clusters,sometimes also with solitaryspikelets at somenodes. Nut with fewto manyrows of almostisodiametfic ortansversely elongatecells on eachsurface. 5. Nut 3-homed,with eachofthe 3 ddgesshortly produced at the summit into a smallrounded projection 6. Spikelets4-6-flowered, with I emptybasalglume. Nut l.l-1.5 mmlong, with c. l0 rowsofcells on eachsurface and a prominentapical beak. Occursin centralAustralia ...... ,.,,.. ..S. centralis 6. Spikelets2-5-flowered, with 2(3) empty basal glumes. Nut0.6-1.0 mm long, with 3-7rows ofcells on eachsurface and a smallapical point. Occursin south-westemAustralia 7. Floralglumes (2.5)3-4 mm long. Anthers 1.2-2.4mm long. Nutwith 3-5 rowsofcells on eachsurface, the central row(s) usually with very 1argece11s...... S.variicellae 7. Floralglumes1.5-2.5mmlong. Anthers 0.5-0.8 mm long. Nutwith 5-7rows ofcells ofrelatively uniform size on each surface S,odontocarpus 5. Nut not homed,with eachofthe 3 ridgessmoothly rounded at thesummit 8. Nut with a prominentbeak a quarterto a third aslong as body of nut, with 3 or 4(5)rows ofcells on eachsurface, the central rows with large almostisodiametriccells...... S. sculptus 8. Nut with beakor apicalpoint less than a quarteras long as the body of nut,with 4-16rows ofcells on eachsurface, the central rows with cells eithersmall or transverselynarrowly oblong 9. Anthers0.5- 1.5 mmlong 10.Mature upperglumes 5-6 mm long. Anthersover I mm long.Nutwith l2-16rows ofcells on each surface ...... S.sp. Jindong 10.Mature upper glumes 3.5-4.5 mm long.Anthers less than I mm long. Nutwith 5-7 rows ofcells on each surface ...... S.sD. Harrismith 9. Anthers2.5-3.5 mmlong 11.Glumes with apexsimilar in colourtoremainder ofglume. Nutwith 6-8 rowsofcells on eachsurface, all rowswith squareto hansversely oblongcells ...... S.sp. Kalbarri ll. Glumesdeeply coloured at apexbut not elsewhere.Nut with 4-6rows ofcells on eachsurface, all or at leastthe central rows with fansverselynarrowly oblong cells ...,.S. elegans l. Perianthsegments well developed,about half aslong as to exceedingnur, hair-liketoplumose 12.Spikelets solitary (sometimes basal and largely hidden by theleaves) or rarely2 superposedperstem, l- or2-flowered (y17 ernSrg) uomsls,{]€lrlos € llt,tt s1e1e1tds 'epr,r pere,r\ou-I I€s€qpw urruZ 0- I 0 epelqeqlr,r Buolurru 9I l-02 se^eelx€l repualstua,,r qtt.tr stuuld pagnl po8reuqns,{1lergedro,411n9 oolJelpl\ ol qlnos ue,tg reddq urorgspuetxe -lueus,^ lectd.{l

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Figur€21. A - Typical variantof Schoenuscapilrrltrr, wholeplant (x1); B-E Inlandvariant of Schoenuscapillifoliur B - whole plant(xl), c - basalspikelet (x7), D - aerialspikelet (x5), E - nut with perianthsegm€nts, from aerialspik€let (x8.5);F-HSchoenus e/eganr F - inflorescence(xl), c - nut withoutperianth (xl3); H nut andperianth s€gments (xl3); l-L schoenushumilis | - stemfrom largevariant (xl), J - whole plant of small variant(xl), K - nut with perianth segments(xl0), L - nut (xlo). Drawnfrom ,4.Ke r & A. Spooher90t63 (A\, G.J.Keighery 6291A (B-E\, J. Seabrook 437 (F,G), G.J. Keighery 1905 (1), G.J. Keighery 330? (I) and LS. ceorse ll6t0 (!-L\. (g'OI om8rC:166to,{X) ururpruur 6 g-g1g sruelsiq8rq urru 96-0Z SluEId roqure^oN -1sn8ny:s1rn:j pu€ sre,lrolJ euozrelululetse,r-qlnos eql ul )coU oorell€lNot (puelul)lsee pue 'llIH Icr,,ttoHolseo-qtnos'.{u€qlvpue eBrrEN.reqcr/[ ol qtnos e:.ru3u1119 uror;acurlord lucru€lo€llsel\ 'erlel]snv qtnoseql ur Buurncco ulelsel!\Jolse,r-qlnos oql ol Jrurepugureld lelsuoc aql uo suorsse:dap 10,r-Jelur/$urpuE prrElur sqels:o sdorclno elruurS uo,4luruur s;naco - llontvJ sndJsroluoposnueoqrs

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c@ A

Figure 22. -C Schoenusnatans A - whole plant (xl), B - spikelet(x8), C - nut with perianthsegments (xlo): D-F Schoenuspennisetis D - wholc plant (xl), E - spikelet(x8), F - nut wilh perianthsegDlents (x10); G-J Scroerrr tenellusG - l{hole plant(xl), H - fruiting spikelet(x8), I - fruiting axis (x8), J -nut(xl4). Dft\Nn ftom B.J. Keighery & N. Gibson015 (A,B), B.J. Keighery& N. Gib:on 019 (C), G.J.Keighety 9183 (D,E), A. Ke t & ,4.Spoonet 90/116 (F), G.J. Keishery3594 (G) and H Butler Oct. 1948(IlJ). 1,t1goqr4urerp rutu 8 0 r slxelslq8tq uu 691 , slueld reque^oN -roqolco:sln{pu€ sre^\olCuotlessngJo qlnos'8uopur11e rueaJls€Jo IIJEq el{l tuo.g uollcelloc elSuts E uro{ u.rorr)l'acur^ordlecruutoglse^d wnos eqlo]cluropue - (ggyTactoy q y)fluopu11dssnuaoqcS

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'e{U 'l elFl}snv urols./d ueqtnos pue FIue. lllo{ eeeculd,{J pnuuv { NuytsiaVol. 11,No. 3 (1997)

Schoenussp. Kalbarri (K.R. Newbey9352) - recordedirom sandysoil alongdrainage lines or watercourses.Endemic to WestemAustralia,known from asingl€ collection from Kalbani NationalPark in thenorth ofthe SouthWest Botanical Province. Another specimen possibly belonging to thesame speciesis from Mt Augustusin the EremaeanBotanical Province. The Mt Augustusspecimen (K.R.Newbey I 1692)shows a numberofdifferences in overallappearance, glumes and patteming on thenut surfacebut appearsto occurin the samehabitat. Flowers and fiuits: August-October.Plants c. 90 mm high;stems c. I mm diam. Apparentlyrelatedto Schoenus elegans. Priority 2

Schoenussp. Wa ro ona(G.J.Keighery | 2235) - endemicto theSouth West Botanical Province, extending from eastemsuburbs ofPerth south to nearHarvey. Occurs in clayor sandyclay on winter-wetflats onthe eastem side ofthe coastalplain. Flowers and fruits: October-November. Plants l5-30 mmhigh; stems0.35-0.6 mm wide. Closelyrelated to S. discifer and S. tene llus but asmallerpl ant than both these speciesand with shorteranthers. Priority 3

Discussion

Of all the generaincluded here, only Bulbostylisand Lipocarpha are fully coveredfor Westem Australia.The othergenera have perennial members and some also have annual members from the KimberleyRegion that do not extendinto the studyarea. Somesmall perennial species, such as EleocharispusillaR.Br. andSchoenus latilars S.T. Blake, could easily be mistaken for annualspecies, but true annualscan generally be distinguishedreadily by their shallowmulti-rooted base with no rhizomeorbulbs. Mostperennial species have a short to longrhizome connectingthe densely clustered to scatteredbases of the stems.

Thereis some overlapbetween the annuals and perennials as a few species appearto vary in lifeform accordingto the environmental conditions or accordingtotheir variant. For example, Cyperus rigidellus, Eleocharisgeniculala and four ofthe 1solepisspecies (1. cernua,I. cyperoides,I. oldJieldianaand I. setiformis) appearto be perennialmore often than anrnal. Cyperuspolystaclryos Rottb. is often describedas being either annual or perennial,but is usuallya robustperennial. This species is native in theKimberley Region and other tropical or subtropicalareas andhas become naturalized in theSouth WestBotanicalProvince, recorded fiom lawns,drains, swamps andotherdamphabitats in the Perth and Bunburyareas. Itwas notincludedherebecause allthe naturalizedspecimens examinedwere perennial.

It isunlikely that all annualtaxa occurring in thestudy area have been covered here. Some Westem Australianspeciespresentlyknown only in theKimberley Region might eventually be collected further sout[ andsorne new taxa may still be awaiting discovery. A possiblenew species in Frmbrrsrylris the southemmostspecimen ( E.M.Maniske & D. True12/105) of thoseincluded under F. depauperata, whichis quiteatypical. This taxon is known from incomplete material and couldpossibly be perennial.

Fivenamed Western Australian endemics (Bulbostylis burbidgeqe, Schoenus badius, S. capillifolitts , S. natans andS. pemiselrlr) and all of the taxa known by phrasenirmes are cu[ently includedon the DeclaredRare and Pdo ty FloraList. In viewofthe usually wide distributions ofother members ofthe family,it islikely that additional populations ofat leastsome ofthese taxawill be discovered over fairly widedistributions. The small inconspicuous nature ofthese plants would certainly have contributed to the paucity of collections,although there is no doubtthat they aremuch rarer thantheir frequently collectedrelatives.It is intendedthat, asthenewtaxabecomeknown frommultiple collections, they will be describedand illustrated. .rEecsrod,{C ..I ,uosll^t ( ournoqlol^rssetd ?lsluD 9S€-8€Zdd Z lo^ ,,? otcr^ Jo BlolC,, rrl (}661) ) ( sserd .ereou.d,{J ..1 .uos|^\ ^fun soled\$nos ^\oj\D 962-t6Z dd t lo^ ,, sop/t\ qlnos ^{aNJo erolJ,, rr1 (t661) ) '96t-l9t:t {uoslrl\ rodoloJ (oeocsredlJ)ltDuutd uotttessr./adtr, ut satpnlsc9?uols,{S (1661) l.) 'ZLl-tgl .1) ,uoslrd\ tZ eoclolal erlD4snvul (a?ocsred,t3)lDl suesstdl!?S snuo8or! Jo srsdou,{sV (1861) ( ousqsug:sorlsnpul fjEur|id ldac puBlsueonc)).gst-/rz 'dd ,ssoU ,lelulls .oeoceDd{J .d.Isqs € lo^ .. puslsuoont)uralsEe-qlnos Jo etolC,, ng ? C.I rr1 (6861) .I '892-E9Zttl gfst,{nN .T.g ,eIU Ellr.tlsnvurelse^\Jo lso^\-qlnos eql uorJ (egeaeted(J\snuaoqcs Jo sercedspnuu€ ,!.\ou oolqJ 0661) (slp.rtsnv uratsr^\ :lu3ruoisughlpue,I ? uolp^lrsuoJ .0,(U tdeo /0ll-S€01 dd .. uolSou,Glraqur) oqlJo BJolJ,, lt2 ft U.f.toloorlfil rrl a?rcBrod^C(2661) .I.8 ( erpl|snv urelsr^\ :ontlncu8v ldoo) 906-0/8 dd Z lo^ ..'uorSouquod oqlJo erolJ,, 7rla.gN lwqcrEt{ :uJ eeoce!.d(J 0.g61).l.S,oÛ ( Êup^s .dossrf .eae.sredi) ,(1861)..I ,uosll^\ .).d ,4e.I :peau) tlS-r6t dd ..'srlsrlsnvpluoJJo srolg,, ( po) f rq ) ? 'Z8l-I9l .(0661) ,4s1 tL EIq^nN srlsl}sny uroquouur (osrcsrrd,{J>s!l,{tsqqw!! Jo serpnlscrurouoxsl ) d 'ose-€tt:l ,ap-l pJsOtog epltlopv'f srlBllsnv ptluoc uro{ o€e.sladrCJo sorceds^.\ou JnoC (6/61) )d ( uop,{o,IrButqslqnd puolleurolul 'l ,ulo) JJoqprooN) €St-9€t,dd selros ..suelsapt\ ?rolJ,, ra1 osocsrod,{O(tl6l) HI ( oprElopv:lô9 .Al .lo^ .d.l.dossef uerlErNnvqlnos) tS0Z-l00Z dd ,, srpllsnv qlnosJosrolJ,, ra1 oerceDd,{J(9861) T.f,loqol\ ? ( q ad rernllnc|JBV lde() / oN luonrolddnse^$sFunJ ,!ellBrlsnry'uJolsel\ Jo stueld&ln.se^ aqlJo snsueJ,, (gg6l) ,A|f ,uao.r9 quad .uooro ( :ojnllncuSvtdoc) upe puz .!.erlsrtsnyurelsortA Jo slu?ldl?lnose^ oqlJo snsueJ,, 1S861) ll.f .D ,aâuD Cssorderlsqsnv uolsolA ^run) ,, $e^roupllA uetpllsnv urolsoî^\ou) ol ^\oH,, 1t96t) g ? g.A\ lpl.elg

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