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Dissertation (Mth-Msc in Theology in History) Exam ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET SCHOOL of DIVINITY The University of Edinburgh Complete the information below and use this form as the first page of your essay. Course Code: ECHS11009 Course Name: Dissertation (MTh-MSc in Theology in History) Exam Number: B037616 Essay Title: ‘The feeling of his mercie’: Evaluating Emotion in Robert Bruce of Kinnaird’s Preaching on the Lord’s Supper Date: 02/08/17 Word count: 14337 Course Manager: Professor S. Brown ___________________________________________________________________ _____ Start your essay on the next page ‘The feeling of his mercie’: Evaluating Emotion in Robert Bruce of Kinnaird’s Preaching on the Lord’s Supper B037616 Word Count: 14337 MTh Theology in History The University of Edinburgh 2017 2 Contents Acknowledgements 3 Introduction 4 Chapter 1: ‘The feeling of his mercie’ 11 Chapter 2: Preparing for the Sacrament: Identifying Authentic Faith 19 Chapter 3: Ecstasy in the Lord’s Supper 28 Conclusion 36 Appendix 38 Bibliography 47 3 Acknowledgements Writing a dissertation is a team effort. Whilst I have had the exciting opportunity to research the sacramental theology of Robert Bruce of Kinnaird, it is thanks to the advice, support and insights of others that I have been able to produce this dissertation. I would like to thank Professor Susan Hardman Moore for her supervision and her constant support, which proved invaluable. My gratitude is also for Professor Jane Dawson, who generously invited me onto her course Creation of a Protestant Scotland, 1558-1638. She brought Early Modern Scotland alive, and she showed me how exciting a world it is to inhabit. My thanks also to Dr Jamie Reid Baxter, who kindly supplied me with his notes and transcript on MSS Bru 2. In helping me find Bruce’s grave and house coat of arms, I am indebted to the congregation of Larbert Old Church. In particular, my thanks to Ms Sallie Allan for her enthusiastic and generous efforts to supply me with photos, resources and contacts regarding Bruce’s time in Larbert. Thanks also to Ms Gayle Wilson for opening up the church so I could see Bruce’s grave and house coat of arms, as well as sharing more information about Larbert Old Church. Thanks to all those who worked in the Blackie-Mackinnon Room. You all made it such an encouraging and friendly place to work. I am indebted to your perceptions about my project, your encouragement when things were tough, and ultimately the friendships that we share. Finally, I would like to thank especially my father, Rev Dr Adam Hood. Throughout my studies, he has always been ready to discuss my ideas. The same is true of this dissertation. He has raised insightful points about my argument, helped to locate and see artefacts pertaining to Bruce’s history, and has been a rock of support. It is for this reason that I dedicate this dissertation to him. 4 Introduction The early Reformed Kirk of Scotland embraced an emotionally charged faith. Yeoman has observed this, arguing that, for Early Modern Scots, religious experience ‘was built on what was known as ‘heart-work’: inner-feeling, spiritual experience of great intensity, which was reached by turning the awareness inwards, stirring up the self in emotional repentance and meditation, and thus making way for this deeper level of experience to come through’.1 Similarly, Mullan argues that ‘Scottish religion in the period under discussion was much more that emotional piety which flows from Augustine’s Confessions’ than scholastic Calvinism, ‘and expressed in treatises directed towards the laity’.2 He goes onto claim that ‘Authentic Christian experience brought together the objective work of grace and an indispensable subjective experience of divine grace’.3 Both authors have recognised that the emotional aspect of their religious worldview was central to the lives of Early Modern Scots. This is consistent with a growing awareness of the role of emotion in historiography, reflected in the founding of institutions such as The Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for the History of Emotions, the Max-Planck Research Centre for the History of Emotions and the Centre for the History of Emotions. The focus on emotion has influenced recent scholarship on the 16th and 17th Century, with two anthologies on the emotions in Reformed piety published in 2016.4 However, though in recent years this approach is gaining traction in the study of Early Modern England, North American and Continental Europe, little has been done with regards to the Scottish context. Yeoman’s PhD Thesis “Heart-Work: Emotion, Empowerment and Authority in Covenanting Time”, 1994, and Mullan’s Scottish Puritanism, 2000, offer the last significant developments in this area. There is, then, scope for more work to be done and the present dissertation aspires to make a contribution to this. The focus here is on the sacramental theology of Robert Bruce of Kinnaird (1554-1631). Yeoman claims Bruce’s ‘inner spirituality... is a hallmark of covenanting devotion’.5 In light of this, the study of Bruce’s work may well illumine the place of emotion in the piety of the period. One of Bruce’s key thoughts is that, what he calls, ‘the feeling of his [God’s] mercie’, 1 Louise Yeoman, "Heart-Work: Emotion, Empowerment and Authority in Covenanting Times" (PhD, The University of St Andrews, 1991), p.ix 2 David George Mullan, Scottish Puritanism, 1590-1638 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), p.10 3 Mullan, Scottish Puritanism, p.52 4 John Coffey, Heart Religion: Evangelical Piety in England and Ireland, 1690-1850 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016); Alec; Schwanda Ryrie, Tom, Puritanism and Emotion in the Early Modern World (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2016) 5 Yeoman, "Heart-Work", p.viii 5 is a crucial dimension in Christian piety.6 This feeling is an emotional experience of union with Christ, involving the effects of joy, peace, hope and assurance. What this shows is that the subjective dimension is central to Bruce’s theology and this is exemplified in his influential discussion of the Lord’s Supper contained in sermons preached in 1590.7 Yeoman describes Bruce as ‘the great early presbyterian theologian of the sacrament’.8 Mullan agrees with Yeoman’s assessment, arguing that Bruce ‘elevated the Lord’s Supper to a position of real prominence’.9 This being the case, the following pages will aim to analyse Bruce’s sermons on the Lord’s Supper and draw out, what in his words, the feeling of his mercie subjectively involves, the doctrinal and liturgical context in which this emotion arises and is nurtured, and its necessary expression in practical living. In the course of the discussion it will become evident that Bruce emphasises and explores the interconnectedness of the emotional aspect of faith with belief, worship and moral action. Bruce’s way of conceiving of the relationships between the different dimensions of faith suggest the value of taking an approach such as that pioneered by Ninian Smart. Smart stresses the importance of examining both the inner and outer aspects of a religious tradition, seeing how they ‘are fused together’.10 Smart contended that scholars must understand that religions are organic systems, at the level of ideas and of practice.11 He argued that to understand the different aspects of religion they, the researcher, must examine them within the context of the whole. Thus, he claimed that analysing religion requires each aspect of religion to be examined through the ‘lens’ of another characteristic.12 Smart identified nine ‘dimensions’ which make up the nexus of religion.13 These are: ‘The Ritual or Practical Dimension’;14 ‘The Doctrinal or Philosophical Dimension’;15 ‘The Mythic or Narrative Dimension’;16 ‘The Experiential or Emotional Dimension’;17 ‘The Ethical or Legal 6 Robert Bruce, Sermons Vpon the Sacrament of the Lords Supper: Preached in the Kirk of Edinburgh (At Edinburgh: Printed be Robert Walde-graue, printer to the Kings Maiestie, 1591), 5, 10r. Recto and verso are used in the customary way here, with the first number indicating which sermon the citation refers too. 7 Robert Bruce, "The Mystery of the Lord's Supper: Sermons on the Sacrament Preached in the Kirk of Edinburgh by Robert Bruce in A.D. 1589," ed. Thomas F. Torrance (Edinburgh: Rutherford House, 2005), p.7 8 Yeoman, "Heart-Work", p.180 9 Mullan, Scottish Puritanism, p.63 10 Ninian Smart, The Religious Experience of Mankind (London: Collins, 1971), p.11 11 Ninian Smart, Beyond Ideology: Religion and the Future of Western Civilization, Gifford Lectures Delivered in the University of Edinburgh (London: Harper & Row, 1981), p.49 12 Smart, Beyond Ideology, p.50 13 Ninian Smart, Dimensions of the Sacred: An Anatomy of the World's Beliefs (London: HarperCollins, 1996), p.10-14 14 Smart, Dimensions of the Sacred, p.93 15 Smart, The Religious Experience, p.19 16 Smart, The Religious Experience, p.18 17 Smart, The Religious Experience, p.22 6 Dimension’;18 ‘The Organisational or Social Component’, the institutions of religious communities;19 ‘The Material or Artistic Dimension’;20 ‘The Political Dimension’; and ‘The Economic Dimension’. Smart argued that by exploring the relationships, connections and conflicts between these dimensions, historical study of religion is more fruitful. This approach applies well to Bruce’s sacramental theology insofar as Bruce recognised that the doctrinal, affective, liturgical and practical dimensions of faith interweave with one another. His preaching on the feeling of his mercie takes place within his discussion of Christian belief, godly living, kirk discipline, giving to the poor, Presbyterian politics and the material, ceremonial and spiritual aspects of the Lord’s Supper. Thus, given Bruce situates the feeling of his mercie within the rich nexus of his religious worldview, Smart’s approach to the study of religion is appropriate for evaluating Bruce’s sacramental theology.
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