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Socialinis Ir Istorinis Teisingumas Daugiaetninėje Lietuvos Visuomenėje: Sampratos, Patirtys Ir Kontekstai

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Socialinis Ir Istorinis Teisingumas Daugiaetninėje Lietuvos Visuomenėje: Sampratos, Patirtys Ir Kontekstai Lietuvos socialinių tyrimų centras SOCIALINIS IR ISTORINIS TEISINGUMAS DAUGIAETNINĖJE LIETUVOS VISUOMENĖJE: SAMPRATOS, PATIRTYS IR KONTEKSTAI Monografija Monika Frėjutė-Rakauskienė Neringa Klumbytė Andrius Marcinkevičius Kristina Šliavaitė TURINYS 2 Socialinis ir istorinis teisingumas daugiaetninėje Lietuvos visuomenėje: sampratos, patirtys ir kontekstai Monografija. Vilnius: LSTC, 2018. Autoriai ir jų indėlis autoriniais lankais (aut. l.): Monika Frėjutė-Rakauskienė (4 aut. l.) Neringa Klumbytė (4 aut. l.) Andrius Marcinkevičius (4 aut. l.) Kristina Šliavaitė (4 aut. l.) Recenzentai: Vyriausiasis mokslo darbuotojas dr. Donatas Burneika (Lietuvos socialinių tyrimų centras) Doc. dr. Pavel Lavrinec (Vilniaus universitetas) Doc. dr. Grigorijus Potašenko (Vilniaus universitetas) Tyrimą ir monografijos leidybą finansavo Lietuvos mokslo taryba (sutarties Nr. LIP-031/2016). Monografija parengta Lietuvos socialinių tyrimų centro Etninių tyrimų institute. Monografija apsvarstyta ir rekomenduota išleisti Lietuvos socialinių tyrimų centro Mokslo tarybos posėdyje (2018 m. rugsėjo 27 d., posėdžio protokolas Nr. MT-6). Kalbos redaktorė: Giedrė Junčytė Vertėjas į anglų kalbą: Justinas Šuliokas Viršelio dizainas ir maketas: Marta Frėjutė Leidinio bibliografinė informacija pateikiama Lietuvos nacionalinės Martyno Mažvydo bibliotekos Nacionalinės bibliografijos duomenų banke (NBDB) © Monika Frėjutė-Rakauskienė, Neringa Klumbytė, Andrius Marcinkevičius, Kristina Šliavaitė, 2018 ISBN 978-609-8193-19-0 (spausdintinis) © Lietuvos socialinių tyrimų centras, 2018 ISBN 978-609-8193-21-3 (internetinis) 3 M. Frėjutė-Rakauskienė, N. Klumbytė, A. Marcinkevičius, K. Šliavaitė TURINYS Įvadas 7 (M. Frėjutė-Rakauskienė, N. Klumbytė, A. Marcinkevičius, K. Šliavaitė) I. Teorinės ir metodologinės tyrimo prieigos 15 (M. Frėjutė-Rakauskienė, N. Klumbytė, A. Marcinkevičius, K. Šliavaitė) 1.1. Socialinio teisingumo sampratos ir teorinės prieigos 15 1.2. Istorinis teisingumas 23 1.3. Žiniasklaidos formuojami diskursai ir teisingumas 27 1.4. Socialinis teisingumas ir švietimas 33 1.5. Socialinis teisingumas ir pilietinis dalyvavimas 35 1.6. Tyrimo metodologija ir metodai 38 II. Istorinio teisingumo diskursų formavimas Lietuvos spaudoje 45 lietuvių ir rusų kalba (A. Marcinkevičius) 2.1. Spaudos vaidmuo formuojant visuomenės sampratas apie praeitį 45 2.2. Spaudos tyrimo metodai 50 2.3. Lietuvos spaudoje vyraujančios istorijos temos ir (ne)teisingumo aspektai 54 2.3.1. Antrojo pasaulinio karo tematika 55 2.3.2. Pokario stalininio laikotarpio tematika 67 2.3.3. Sąjūdžio laikotarpio tematika 78 2.3.4. Politinių ir socialinių Lietuvos spaudos aktualijų istorinis aspektas: Holokausto atvejis 87 2.4. Istorinio teisingumo diskursų formuotojai Lietuvos spaudoje 89 III. Tautybių atskirties ir bendrystės ideologijos istorinio 101 teisingumo politikoje, viešojoje ir kasdieninėje erdvėje (N. Klumbytė) 3.1. Teisingumas kaip neteisybė 108 3.1.1. Lietuvos ir Rusijos istorinio teisingumo politika 108 3.1.2. Atskirties santykiai viešojoje erdvėje: Antrojo pasaulinio karo atmintinų dienų minėjimas 115 3.2. Teisingumas kaip bendrystė 122 3.2.1. Bendrystė kaip „beñdros kañčios“ 122 3.2.2. Bendrystė kaip „išlikimas“ 127 3.2.3. Bendrystė kaip „sugyvenimas“ sovietmečiu 131 TURINYS 4 IV. Kalba, istorija ir konstruojamos jungtys su Lietuva: socialinio 141 teisingumo sampratos mokyklose rusų mokomąja kalba (K. Šliavaitė) 4.1. Tautinių mažumų švietimas ir socialinis teisingumas Lietuvoje 145 4.2. Nuo etninės tapatybės puoselėjimo iki pilietiškumo ugdymo: mokyklų rusų mokomąja kalba misija 151 4.3. Valstybinė kalba ir lygios galimybės 158 4.4. Iššūkiai istorijos pamokose: diskusijos ir bendrų požiūrio taškų paieškos 168 V. Socialinio teisingumo aspektai ir rusų savanoriškos 189 organizacijos (M. Frėjutė-Rakauskienė) 5.1. Valstybės politika tautinių mažumų nevyriausybinių organizacijų atžvilgiu 193 5.2. Rusijos tėvynainių politika ir rusų savanoriškos organizacijos 200 5.3. Geopolitinis kontekstas: „Mes esame Lietuvos piliečiai“ 204 5.4. Politinė teisingumo dimensija: „Užtikrinti lygiavertišką dalyvavimą visuomenės gyvenime“ 212 5.5. Kultūrinė teisingumo dimensija: „Nereikia mūsų pakišti po grindjuoste“ 222 VI. Socialinio teisingumo sampratos ir patirtys: 237 saugumas, lygybė ir pasitikėjimas (M. Frėjutė-Rakauskienė, N. Klumbytė, K. Šliavaitė) 6.1. Socialinis ekonominis (ne)saugumas ir (ne)savirealizacija 239 6.1.1. „Tu man nebereikalingas“: neužtikrintumas dėl darbo ir pajamų 239 6.1.2. „Dabar sunku pasakyti, kas bus po savaitės, kas bus kitą dieną“: (ne)tikrumas dėl rytojaus 245 6.1.3. Neišsipildžiusios savirealizacijos 252 6.2. Socialinė ir ekonominė (ne)lygybė 255 6.2.1. „Anksčiau galėjau tai sau leisti“: socialinė ir ekonominė nelygybė 255 6.2.2. „Paprasti“ vs. „įtakingi“ piliečiai: visuomenės diferenciacija ir politinė atskirtis 263 6.3. Suirusios bendruomenės ir tarpusavio nepasitikėjimas 267 Išvados: socialinio ir istorinio teisingumo sampratos, 275 patirtys ir kontekstai (M. Frėjutė-Rakauskienė, N. Klumbytė, A. Marcinkevičius, K. Šliavaitė) Summary: Social and historical justice 291 in multiethnic Lithuania: ideas, expriences, and contexts (M. Frėjutė-Rakauskienė, N. Klumbytė, A. Marcinkevičius, K. Šliavaitė) Literatūros sąrašas 301 Priedas 317 ĮVADAS Monika Frėjutė-Rakauskienė Neringa Klumbytė Andrius Marcinkevičius Kristina Šliavaitė 7 M. Frėjutė-Rakauskienė, N. Klumbytė, A. Marcinkevičius, K. Šliavaitė ĮVADAS M. Frėjutė-Rakauskienė, N. Klumbytė, A. Marcinkevičius, K. Šliavaitė XX a. Europoje vienas didžiausių įvykių, formavusių modernias istorinio ir so- cialinio teisingumo perspektyvas, buvo Antrasis pasaulinis karas, kuris nusinešė milijonus gyvybių ir kuriame panaudotos modernios gyvybės naikinimo prie- monės – Holokaustas ir atominis ginklas. Siekdamos išvengti panašių žmonijos katastrofų ateityje, Europos valstybės įsipareigojo įgyvendinti istorinį ir socialinį teisingumą. Vienas iš ryškiausių pavyzdžių – Niurnbergo karo nusikaltimų tri- bunolas, pirmąkart už nusikaltimus žmoniškumui sėkmingai nuteisęs žmogaus teisių pažeidėjus. XX a. devintajame dešimtmetyje istorinio teisingumo paieškos persikėlė į globalų lygmenį, kai daugelio pasaulio šalių visuomenės grupės ar vy- riausybės ėmė kelti istorinio teisingumo klausimus (plg. Sikkink 2011). Po Antro- jo pasaulinio karo daugelyje Vakarų Europos valstybių taip pat kuriamos gerovės valstybės, užtikrinančios ne tik socialines teises ir garantijas, bet ir pilietines bei politines teises. Gerovės modelis tampa trečiuoju keliu siekiant išvengti komuniz- mo ar nereguliuojamo kapitalizmo. Lietuva, kaip ir kitos Rytų Europos valstybės, buvusios Sovietų Sąjungos da- limi ar patekusios į jos įtakos zoną, patyrė karo ir pokario terorą bei ekonominį ir socialinį visuomenės restruktūrizavimą pasitelkiant kolektyvizaciją, naciona- lizaciją bei industrializaciją. Smarkiai apribojusi gyventojų pilietines ir politines ĮVADAS 8 teises, sukurta nauja sovietinės gerovės sistema formaliai laikėsi universalumo principo, t. y. rūpinosi visais savo piliečiais visais socialinės rizikos atvejais; kartu socialinio saugumo sistemą naudojo ir kaip propagandos priemonę (Aidukaitė, Bogdanova, Guogis 2012; Gudžinskas 2014). XX a. devintojo dešimtmečio vidu- ryje paskutinio SSRS lyderio Michailo Gorbačiovo inicijuota pertvarka ir iš jos išaugęs 1988 m. Lietuvos Persitvarkymo Sąjūdis į viešumą iškėlė stalininių repre- sijų neteisėtumą. Sovietinės okupacijos ir represijų neteisėtumo klausimai tapo vienais iš pirmųjų, formavusių istorinio teisingumo ideologijas atkurtoje Lietuvos valstybėje (žr. Senn 1990). Po jų sekė dvigubo totalitarizmo ir dvigubo genoci- do (nacistinio ir sovietinio) pripažinimas, kuris iki šiol tebevienija Rytų Europos valstybes, patyrusias tiek nacių, tiek sovietinę okupacijas. Posovietiniu laikotarpiu istorinis teisingumas susijęs su socialiniu teisingumu: turto grąžinimu nukentė- jusiems nuo sovietinės nacionalizacijos, sovietinio turto perskirstymu, sovietinių socialinių garantijų restruktūrizacija. Orientuojantis į Vakarų valstybes pirmaisiais nepriklausomybės dešimtme- čiais Lietuvoje buvo kuriama gerovės valstybė, įtraukianti visus piliečius. Anot Jolantos Aidukaitės, Natalijos Bogdanovos ir Arvydo Guogio (2012: 7), po įsto- jimo į Europos Sąjungą Lietuvą galima vadinti „minimalios“ gerovės valstybe ES gerovės valstybės modelių kontekste. Autoriai daro išvadą, jog nors „valstybė formaliai prisiima atsakomybę už savo piliečių gerovę, tačiau parama, kurią ji tei- kia, ne visuomet garantuoja orų pragyvenimo lygį į socialinę riziką patekusiems (susirgusiems, sulaukusiems senatvės, netekusiems darbo ar atsidūrusiems skurde) piliečiams“ (Aidukaitė, Bogdanova, Guogis 2012: 7). Anot Liutauro Gudžinsko (2014: 129), posovietinės valstybės raida pasižymi netolygia visos valstybės mo- dernizacija, kuri gali turėti „nemažą poveikį didėjančiai socialinei atskirčiai, ska- tinti gyventojų nepasitikėjimą valdžios institucijomis“. Siekdami suprasti posovietinio socialinio ir istorinio teisingumo procesus, mokslininkai į jį žvelgė iš pereinamojo laikotarpio teisingumo (Pettai, Pettai 2015), visuomenės integracijos (Kasatkina, Leončikas 2003), europeizacijos (Dze- novska 2018), pokolonijinės istorijos (Kelertas 2006; Oushakine 2013; Annus 2018), atminties politikos (Velmet 2011; Davoliūtė, Balkelis 2012; Bernhard ir Kubik 2014; Laanes 2017) perspektyvų. Išskyrus kelias išimtis (pvz., pereinamojo laikotarpio teisingumo studijos), tyrinėdami posovietinių valstybių istoriją šie au- toriai nevartojo socialinio ir istorinio teisingumo sąvokų kaip analizės priemonių.
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