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THIRD SERIES, VOLUME 57, NUMBER 3 CONTENTS MARCH 1998

RAPID COMMUNICATIONS

Fundamental concepts

From Feynman histories to observables ...... R1469 D. Sokolovski Microscopic analogs of the Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger experiment ...... R1473 Seth Lloyd

Quantum information

Optical simulation of quantum logic ...... R1477 N. J. Cerf, C. Adami, and P. G. Kwiat

Atomic and molecular structure and dynamics

Finite-size scaling approach for the Schro¨dinger equation ...... R1481 Pablo Serra, Juan Pablo Neirotti, and Sabre Kais

Atomic and molecular collisions and interactions

Angle-resolved two-dimensional mapping of electron emission following Cl 2p excitations in the HCl molecule ...... R1485 E. Kukk, A. Wills, N. Berrah, B. Langer, J. D. Bozek, O. Nayadin, M. Alsherhi, A. Farhat, and D. Cubaynes Double photoionization of helium from threshold to high energies ...... R1489 Yanghui Qiu, Jian-Zhi Tang, Joachim Burgdo¨rfer, and Jianyi Wang

Atomic and molecular processes in external fields

Threshold photodetachment of AlϪ: Electron affinity and fine structure ...... R1493 Michael Scheer, Rene´ C. Bilodeau, Jan Tho”gersen, and Harold K. Haugen Elastic and inelastic collisions of 6Li atoms in magnetic and optical traps ...... R1497 M. Houbiers, H. T. C. Stoof, W. I. McAlexander, and R. G. Hulet Direct observation of atomic localization in optical superlattices ...... R1501 L. Guidoni and P. Verkerk

Matter waves

Multiply connected Bose-Einstein-condensed alkali-metal gases: Current-carrying states and their decay ...... R1505 Erich J. Mueller, Paul M. Goldbart, and Yuli Lyanda-Geller

(Continued) CONTENTS - Continued

PHYSICAL REVIEW A THIRD SERIES, VOLUME 57, NUMBER 3 MARCH 1998

ARTICLES Fundamental concepts Continuous and pulsed observations in the quantum Zeno effect ...... 1509 L. S. Schulman Dispersion relation for the ground-state energy of a two-electron atom ...... 1516 I. A. Ivanov and J. Dubau Position-momentum entropic uncertainty relation and complementarity in single-slit and double-slit experiments ...... 1519 Jorge Sa´nchez-Ruiz Wigner phase-space distribution function for the hydrogen atom ...... 1526 S. Nouri Interference in hyperbolic space ...... 1529 S. Chaturvedi, G. J. Milburn, and Zhongxi Zhang Uniform semiclassical expansions for the direct part of Franck-Condon transitions ...... 1536 Bruno Hu¨pper and Bruno Eckhardt Fourth-order self-energy contribution to the Lamb shift ...... 1548 S. Mallampalli and J. Sapirstein Quantum stochastic motion in complex space ...... 1565 M. S. Wang Consistency, amplitudes, and probabilities in quantum theory ...... 1572 Ariel Caticha Strict bounds on the Franson inequality ...... 1583 Lev Vaidman and Ori Belkind Renormalization-group method for simple operator problems in quantum mechanics ...... 1586 I. L. Egusquiza and M. A. Valle Basagoiti Radiative level shifts of an accelerated hydrogen atom and the Unruh effect in quantum electrodynamics ...... 1590 R. Passante Limits of the measurability of the local quantum electromagnetic-field amplitude ...... 1595 G. Compagno and F. Persico Choice of consistent family, and quantum incompatibility ...... 1604 Robert B. Griffiths

Quantum information Entanglement measures and purification procedures ...... 1619 V. Vedral and M. B. Plenio Using a quantum computer to investigate quantum chaos ...... 1634 Ru¨diger Schack

Atomic and molecular structure and dynamics

Resonant formation of dd␮ mesomolecules at low D2 gas density ...... 1636 Yu. V. Petrov, V. V. Kuzminov, V. Yu. Petrov, W. H. Breunlich, M. Cargnelli, J. Marton, and J. Zmeskal Valence and excited states of LiHϪ ...... 1646 Gennady L. Gutsev, Marcel Nooijen, and Rodney J. Bartlett Energies and oscillator strengths for lithiumlike ions ...... 1652 Zong-Chao Yan, M. Tambasco, and G. W. F. Drake Hyperfine structure of antiprotonic helium energy levels ...... 1662 D. Bakalov and V. I. Korobov

(Continued) CONTENTS - Continued

PHYSICAL REVIEW A THIRD SERIES, VOLUME 57, NUMBER 3 MARCH 1998

Two-stage Rydberg charge exchange: An efficient method for production of antihydrogen ...... 1668 E. A. Hessels, D. M. Homan, and M. J. Cavagnero Kohn-Sham equations for multiplets ...... 1672 A´ . Nagy Stability and positron annihilation of positronium hydride Lϭ0,1,2 states: A quantum Monte Carlo study ...... 1678 Dario Bressanini, Massimo Mella, and Gabriele Morosi Evolution of the Cu K␣3,4 satellites from threshold to saturation ...... 1686 M. Fritsch, C. C. Kao, K. Ha¨ma¨la¨inen, O. Gang, E. Fo¨rster, and M. Deutsch Laser spectroscopic studies of state-dependent collisional quenching of the lifetimes of metastable antiprotonic helium atoms ...... 1698 M. Hori, H. A. Torii, R. S. Hayano, T. Ishikawa, F. E. Maas, H. Tamura, B. Ketzer, F. J. Hartmann, R. Pohl, C. Maierl, T. von Egidy, M. Kumakura, N. Morita, I. Sugai, D. Horva´th, E. Widmann, J. Eades, and T. Yamazaki Muon transfer from excited states of hydrogen and deuterium to nitrogen, neon, and argon ...... 1713 Y.-A. Thalmann, R. Jacot-Guillarmod, F. Mulhauser, L. A. Schaller, L. Schellenberg, H. Schneuwly, S. Tresch, and A. Werthmu¨ller Benchmark calculations for lanthanide atoms: Calibration of ab initio and density-functional methods ...... 1721 Wenjian Liu and Michael Dolg Kohn-Sham potentials and exchange and correlation energy densities from one- and two-electron density matrices for Li2,N2, and F2 ...... 1729 P. R. T. Schipper, O. V. Gritsenko, and E. J. Baerends Electron affinities, magnetic dipole decay rates, and hyperfine structure for the excited states of 5p3 SnϪ ...... 1743 Steven M. O’Malley and Donald R. Beck Radiative transition processes between initial and final channels ...... 1747 Cheng Zhu, Jian-Guo Wang, Yi-Zhi Qu, and Jia-Ming Li Some two-electron properties of sodium ...... 1753 Charlotte Froese Fischer, Per Jo¨nsson, and Michel Godefroid Electron-pair relative-motion densities of atoms in position and momentum spaces ...... 1759 Hisashi Matsuyama, Toshikatsu Koga, E. Romera, and Jesus S. Dehesa Hydrogen molecule in a magnetic field: The lowest states of the ⌸ manifold and the global ground state of the parallel configuration ...... 1767 T. Detmer, P. Schmelcher, and L. S. Cederbaum

Atomic and molecular collisions and interactions

3 3 3 Cross-section measurement for the energy pooling collisions: Cd(5p P1)ϩCd(5p P1) Cd(5d DJ) 1 → ϩCd(5s S0) ...... 1778 S. Barsotti, F. Fuso, A. F. Molisch, and M. Allegrini Polarization of Lyman-␣ radiation from atomic hydrogen excited by electron impact from near threshold to 1800 eV ...... 1787 G. K. James, J. A. Slevin, D. Dziczek, J. W. McConkey, and Igor Bray Elastic collisions of low- to intermediate-energy electrons from carbon dioxide: Experimental and theoretical differential cross sections ...... 1798 H. Tanaka, T. Ishikawa, T. Masai, T. Sagara, L. Boesten, M. Takekawa, Y. Itikawa, and M. Kimura Illustration of the role of saddle-point and molecular-type ionization mechanisms in atomic collisions ...... 1809 Clara Illescas, I. Rabada´n, and A. Riera Long-range diagonal adiabatic corrections for the ground molecular state of alkali-metal dimers ...... 1821 M. Marinescu and A. Dalgarno Observation of exchange-scattering effects in cadmium (e,2e) energy spectra ...... 1827 N. L. S. Martin, R. P. Bauman, and M. Wilson CONTENTS - Continued

PHYSICAL REVIEW A THIRD SERIES, VOLUME 57, NUMBER 3 MARCH 1998

Measurements of the electron-impact differential cross sections and generalized oscillator strengths for excitation of the 2 1S and 3 1S states in helium at small scattering angles ...... 1832 T. Y. Suzuki, H. Suzuki, F. J. Currell, S. Ohtani, Y. Sakai, T. Takayanagi, and K. Wakiya Light-fronts approach to electron-positron pair production in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions ...... 1849 B. Segev and J. C. Wells Multichannel effective-range theory with long-range interactions ...... 1862 Leonard Rosenberg Lifshitz theory of Casimir forces at finite temperature ...... 1870 B. W. Ninham and J. Daicic Parametrization of a spin-polarized (e,2e) experiment ...... 1881 S. Mazevet, I. E. McCarthy, and E. Weigold Low-energy electron capture by B 4ϩ ions from hydrogen atoms ...... 1892 Marc Pieksma and C. C. Havener Gaussian-type-orbital basis sets for the calculation of continuum properties in molecules: The differential photoionization cross section of molecular nitrogen ...... 1895 Ivo Cacelli, Roberto Moccia, and Antonio Rizzo Double photoionization of helium ...... 1906 J. A. R. Samson, W. C. Stolte, Z.-X. He, J. N. Cutler, Y. Lu, and R. J. Bartlett Near-threshold structures in inner-shell photoabsorption processes of CH4,NH3,H2O,andHF ...... 1912 An-Fu Niu, Yi Zhang, Wei-Hua Zhang, and Jia-Ming Li

Electron, atom, and molecule interactions with solids and surfaces Ionization of excited hydrogen atoms interacting with a metal surface under the influence of an external electric field ...... 1920 P. Ku¨rpick, U. Thumm, and U. Wille Interactions of Ar 9ϩ and metastable Ar 8ϩ with a Si͑100͒ surface at velocities near the image acceleration limit ...... 1925 J. Ducre´e, J. Mrogenda, E. Reckels, M. Ru¨ther, A. Heinen, Ch. Vitt, M. Venier, J. Leuker, H. J. Andra¨, and R. Dı´ez Muin˜o

Clusters „including fullerenes… Electron emission from strongly excited metal clusters ...... 1938 C. A. Ullrich, P.-G. Reinhard, and E. Suraud

Atomic and molecular processes in external fields Ion dynamics in perturbed quadrupole ion traps ...... 1944 G. Zs. K. Horvath, J.-L. Hernandez-Pozos, K. Dholakia, J. Rink, D. M. Segal, and R. C. Thompson Evanescent light-wave atomic funnel: A tandem hollow-fiber, hollow-beam approach ...... 1957 Jianping Yin, Yifu Zhu, and Yuzhu Wang Effects of atomic orientation on atom-dimer equilibria in alkali-metal vapors ...... 1967 R. J. Hoobler and R. A. Bernheim Quantum-state control in optical lattices ...... 1972 Ivan H. Deutsch and Poul S. Jessen 100-photon microwave ionization of Rydberg atoms in a static electric field ...... 1987 Giuliano Benenti, Giulio Casati, and Dima L. Shepelyansky Classical and quantum dynamics of chirped pulse dissociation of diatomic molecules ...... 1992 Jian-Min Yuan and Wing-Ki Liu

(Continued) CONTENTS - Continued

PHYSICAL REVIEW A THIRD SERIES, VOLUME 57, NUMBER 3 MARCH 1998

Analytic expressions for Autler-Townes transitions in the presence of a linearly polarized pump field ...... 2002 John P. D. Martin Effects of spontaneous emission on nondispersing wave packets in two-electron atoms ...... 2014 Birgit S. Mecking and P. Lambropoulos

Matter waves Atomic versus molecular diffraction: Influence of breakups and finite size ...... 2021 Gerhard C. Hegerfeldt and Thorsten Ko¨hler Achieving steady-state Bose-Einstein condensation ...... 2030 J. Williams, R. Walser, C. Wieman, J. Cooper, and M. Holland

Quantum optics, physics of lasers, nonlinear optics Nonlinear optical Kerr coefficients of disordered media ...... 2037 R. E. de Araujo and A. S. L. Gomes Lasing threshold and mode competition in chaotic cavities ...... 2041 T. Sh. Misirpashaev and C. W. J. Beenakker Stochastic model of nonclassical light emission from a microcavity ...... 2046 Seiji Miyashita, Hiromi Ezaki, and Eiichi Hanamura Transverse effects in the laser threshold due to electronic-vibrational coupling ...... 2056 Oscar G. Caldero´n and Isabel Gonzalo Direct measurement of the quantum state of radiation field from the resonance fluorescence spectrum ...... 2066 M. Suhail Zubairy Squeezing-induced complete transparency in two-level systems ...... 2072 M. R. B. Wahiddin, Z. Ficek, Uzma Akram, K. T. Lim, and M. R. Muhamad Theory of the three-photon entangled state ...... 2076 Timothy E. Keller, Morton H. Rubin, Yanhua Shih, and Ling-An Wu Physical insight into the polarization dynamics of semiconductor vertical-cavity lasers ...... 2080 M. P. van Exter, R. F. M. Hendriks, and J. P. Woerdman Resonance fluorescence in a bichromatic field as a source of nonclassical light ...... 2091 G. Yu. Kryuchkyan, M. Jakob, and A. S. Sargsian Preparation of arbitrary entangled quantum states of a trapped ion ...... 2096 B. Kneer and C. K. Law Control of quantized photon states with cascade phase conjugators by modulation pumping ...... 2105 Tsuyoshi Fukuo and Tetsuo Ogawa Renormalization-group approach to the dynamical Casimir effect ...... 2113 Diego A. R. Dalvit and Francisco D. Mazzitelli Enhanced second-harmonic generation in media with a weak periodicity ...... 2120 J. W. Haus, R. Viswanathan, M. Scalora, A. G. Kalocsai, J. D. Cole, and J. Theimer Number-phase uncertainty relations: Verification by balanced homodyne measurement ...... 2129 T. Opatrny´, M. Dakna, and D.-G. Welsch Quantum optics of lossy beam splitters ...... 2134 Stephen M. Barnett, John Jeffers, Alessandra Gatti, and Rodney Loudon One-probe reconstruction of a quantum state ...... 2146 D. Mogilevtsev Nonequilibrium spatiotemporal dynamics of the Wigner distributions in broad-area semiconductor lasers ...... 2150 E. Gehrig and O. Hess Lasing without inversion in three-level systems: Self-pulsing in the cascade schemes ...... 2163 J. Mompart, C. Peters, and R. Corbala´n

(Continued) CONTENTS - Continued

PHYSICAL REVIEW A THIRD SERIES, VOLUME 57, NUMBER 3 MARCH 1998

Adaptive single-shot phase measurements: The full quantum theory ...... 2169 H. M. Wiseman and R. B. Killip Dynamics of a cw multimode dye laser ...... 2186 J. Sierks, T. J. Latz, V. M. Baev, and P. E. Toschek

BRIEF REPORTS

Fundamental concepts

Physical meaning of the photon wave function ...... 2204 Toshio Inagaki

Quantum information

Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger-state analyzer ...... 2208 Jian-wei Pan and Anton Zeilinger

Atomic and molecular structure and dynamics

Relativistic correction of the generalized oscillator strength sum rules ...... 2212 Rodolfo H. Romero and Gustavo A. Aucar Resonance structure in the Li(4s)ϩeϪ(⑀p) partial photodetachment cross section ...... 2216 Gunnar Haeffler, Igor Yu. Kiyan, Dag Hanstorp, and David J. Pegg

Atomic and molecular collisions and interactions

ϩ Classical dynamics of H2 interacting with an ultrashort intense laser pulse ...... 2219 Weixing Qu, Suxing Hu, and Zhizhan Xu Theory with correlations for ionization in ion-atom collisions ...... 2223 P. A. Macri, J. E. Miraglia, M. S. Grabielle, F. D. Colavecchia, C. R. Garibotti, and G. Gasaneo Evolution of the electronic orbital alignment in metal-atom–rare-gas fractional collisions ...... 2227 T. H. Wong and P. D. Kleiber Effects of alignment on strontium energy pooling collisions ...... 2231 J. A. Neuman and A. Gallagher Electric-field effects on the 1Po shape resonance above the H(Nϭ2) threshold of HϪ ...... 2235 Y. K. Ho

Atomic and molecular processes in external fields

Aharonov-Bohm oscillations in a hydrogen atom in a radiation field through electron self-interference ...... 2239 Maciej Kalinski Near-threshold photoionization by pulses with modulated frequency ...... 2243 A. Raczyn´ski and J. Zaremba

Quantum optics, physics of lasers, nonlinear optics

Cavity-QED state reduction method to produce atomic Schro¨dinger-cat states ...... 2247 Christopher C. Gerry and Rainer Grobe

(Continued) CONTENTS - Continued

PHYSICAL REVIEW A THIRD SERIES, VOLUME 57, NUMBER 3 MARCH 1998

COMMENTS Validity of the Aharonov-Bergmann-Lebowitz rule ...... 2251 Lev Vaidman Reply to ‘‘Validity of the Aharonov Bergmann-Lebowitz rule’’ ...... 2254 Oliver Cohen

ERRATA Erratum: Finite-element calculations of the antiprotonic helium atom including relativistic and QED corrections ͓Phys. Rev. A 56, 1855 ͑1997͔͒ ...... 2256 Nils Elander and Evgeny Yarevsky

Cumulative Author Index ...... 2257