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The Work of History in the 1990S American Cable Television News Genre

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The Work of History in the 1990S American Cable Television News Genre UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles See It Again: The Work of History in the 1990s American Cable Television News Genre A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Film and Television by Sudeep Sharma 2015 © Copyright by Sudeep Sharma 2015 ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS See It Again: The Work of History and the 1990s American Cable Television News Genre by Sudeep Sharma Doctor of Philosophy in Cinema and Media Studies University of California, Los Angeles, 2015 Professor John T. Caldwell, Chair American cable television news has emerged as one of the most important and contested media genres in the United States over the past three and a half decades. In this dissertation, I examine cable television news in the 1990s, a transformative period of industrial and cultural change, and consider how the continuous, 24-hour coverage of the genre represented, constructed and problematized “history”. By packaging history as a programming form that I term “historicizing news programs (HNPs)” at the beginning of the decade, 24-hour cable television news created a framework that brought cohesion to its continual coverage and brought together viewers, producers, events and time into a coherent whole. By the end of the decade, political and technological pressures lead to fundamental changes in the workings of the cable television news genre and its use of history. My dissertation is one of the first to consider 1990s television news from a critical humanities/media studies perspective and will help open new avenues for scholars to think about genre and its relationship to history. ii First, I explain how my study of television news is in the tradition of media studies and its views of historiography in contrast to journalism studies, communication studies and other scholarship that focus on television as primarily a technology of instantaneity and presence. Using textual, discourse, and institutional analysis of written and visual texts and other artifacts, I then provide four in-depth case studies for how depictions of history worked industrially and culturally during the 1990s. The first looks at the rise of HNPs following the 1991 Gulf War on CNN. The second shows the spread of HNPs to sports cable television news and how they provided a point of contrast with the liveness that defined the genre. The last two case studies show the shift in how history was performed by cable television news, with the third explaining the politicization of history due to the political conflict of the Culture Wars and the fourth the outsourcing of history into the “cloud” due to the disruptive force of new media technologies. Keywords: CABLE TELEVISION NEWS; TELEVISION NEWS; CABLE PROGRAMMING; EDWARD MURROW; CBS; CNN; ESPN; C-SPAN; AMERICAN HISTORY; TED TURNER; GULF WAR; 24-HOUR NEWS CYCLE; ESPN; SPORTS TELEVISION; CULTURE WARS; FOX NEWS; MSNBC; COLD WAR; WORLD AT WAR; NEW MEDIA; CLINTON IMPEACHMENT; Y2K; 9/11; THE DAILY SHOW; COMEDY CENTRAL; JON STEWART; DOCUMENTARY; 1990s; HISTORIOGRAPHY; TELEVISION HISTORY iii The dissertation of Sudeep Sharma is approved. Allyson Field Purnima Mankekar Douglas Kellner John T. Caldwell, Chair University of California, Los Angeles 2015 iv Dedicated to Teshome Gabriel Teacher, Scholar, Friend v TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………...1 REMEDIAL HISTORIOGRAPHY, TELEVISION NEWS SUPRAGENRE AND THE MURROW MYTH WHY CABLE TELEVISION NEWS, WHY THE 1990S, WHY THIS PROJECT REMEDIAL HISTORIOGRAPHY BLINDSPOTS IN JOURNALISM STUDIES AND COMMUNICATION MEDIA STUDIES HISTORIOGRAPHIES Text Form Nation DEFINING TERMS Television news as supragenre / Cable television news as genre Subgenre Genre and history: Murrow Myth as ur-text THE MURROW MYTH THE EMERGENCE: MURROW DURING THE BLITZ MCCARTHY AND MURROW: PERSON TO PERSON PROTO HISTORICIZING NEWS PROGRAM: FORD 50TH ANNIVERSARY SHOW MURROW IN THE 21ST CENTURY: 1958 RTNDA SPEECH AND GOOD NIGHT AND GOOD LUCK CHAPTER ONE………………………………………………………………………………..44 “A LOOK BACK”: CNN AND THE RISE OF THE HISTORICIZING NEWS PROGRAM INTRODUCTION EARLY CABLE TELEVISION AND BLUE SKY POST BLUE SKY: THE FIRST, TOP DOWN BEGINNING OF CABLE TELEVISION TED TURNER AND THE FOUNDING OF CNN: THE SECOND, GROUND UP BIRTH OF CABLE TELEVISION PADDY SCANNELL ON EVERYDAY HISTORICALITY AND CNN HISTORICIZING NEWS PROGRAMS AND BIG HISTORY CNN COVERAGE OF DESERT SHIELD / DESERT STORM HISTORICIZING NEWS PROGRAMS – A LOOK BACK CONCLUSION CHAPTER TWO……………………………………………………………………………….87 “AT LONG LAST, HAVE YOU NO DYNASTY?”: ESPN AND THE HISTORICIZING NEWS PROGRAM INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND: SPORTS NEWS WHY ESPN FOR THIS STUDY: CATASTROPHE AND LIVENESS vi FORMATION OF ESPN ESPN’S FIRST BROADCAST SPORTSCENTER TENTH ANNIVERSARY SPECIAL ESPN BOOM IN THE 1990’S HISTORICIZING NEWS PROGRAMS IN SPORTS: ESPY’S AND JIMMY VALVANO HISTORICIZING NEWS PROGRAMS IN SPORTS: SPORTSCENTURY SportsCenter of the Decade Top 50 Athletes of the 20th Century and Rankings CONCLUSION CHAPTER THREE – “THE RIGHT SIDE WON”: CNN’S COLD WAR AND THE POLITICIZATION OF THE HISTORICIZING NEWS PROGRAM…………………………………………………………………………………....131 INTRODUCTION THE LATE HISTORICIZING NEWS PROGRAM CULTURE WARS RIGHTWING CRITIQUE OF MAINSTREAM MEDIA FOX NEWS TED TURNER AND CNN THE WORLD AT WAR CNN’S COLD WAR Red Spring and Postscript CONSERVATIVE CRITIQUE OF CNN’S COLD WAR WHY COLD WAR CONCLUSION CHAPTER FOUR……………………………………………………………………….…….169 “SERIOUS NEWS DOESN’T HAVE TO BE BORING”: NEW MEDIA, THE “END OF HISTORY” AND SUMMER 2001 CABLE TELEVISION NEWS INTRODUCTION HISTORICIZING NEWS PROGRAMS IN THE CLOUD THE END OF HISTORY C-SPAN AS PROTO-INTERNET TELEVISION NEWS SHATTERED GLASS LATE 1990’S SELF-AWARE HISTORIC PROGRAMMING – THE CLINTON IMPEACHMENT Y2K BUG 2000 ELECTION CONFLICT SUMMER 2001 Tabloid: Chandra Levy disappearance Stunt programming: “Summer of the Shark” Politics: Stem Cell Research CONCLUSION vii CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………………..213 BRIEF SUMMATION DEATH OF IRONY AND THE SERIOUSNESS OF FAKE NEWS THE MURROW MOMENT: STEWART THE TRUTH TELLER ON CROSSFIRE WITHER HISTORY IN TELEVISION HISTORY BIBLIOGRAPHY AND NOTES…………………………………………………………..…224 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Processing Historicality in 24-Hour Cable Television News ......................................... 66 Figure 2 Images of CNN's 1991 Gulf War Coverage .................................................................... 73 Figure 3 Cronkite in foreground and background on CBS for 1991 Coverage ............................. 74 Figure 4 Scene from first ESPN broadcast in 1979 ..................................................................... 100 Figure 5 Historicizing News Programs on ESPN ........................................................................ 102 Figure 6 Image from "ESPN, Founding Partner" page of the V Foundation website ................. 116 Figure 7 Stills from ESPN's SportsCenter of the Decade: 1900-1949 ........................................ 122 Figure 8 Danny Glover in the archival space in a still from SportsCenter of the Decade: 1950s ............................................................................................................................................. 123 Figure 9 Late Historicizing News Program Process .................................................................... 132 Figure 10 Still of title at opening of The World At War .............................................................. 149 Figure 11 Lech Walesa in still from Cold War: Postscript following the "Red Spring" episode ............................................................................................................................................. 156 Figure 12 Example Illustrations of Cloud Computing ................................................................ 171 Figure 13 Lack of Cohesiveness in Historicizing News Programs at the End of the 1990s ....... 176 Figure 14 Screen shot of email read on CSPAN's Washington Journal ...................................... 186 Figure 15 Stewart on Crossfire in 2004 ....................................................................................... 218 Figure 16 Google search for "Jon Stewart" and "Edward R. Murrow" ....................................... 221 ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I love reading the acknowledgments in any book or manuscript. It is a reminder that what you are reading was the work of a human being with friends, mentors, families and a community supporting them. First, I would like to thank my dissertation chair John T. Caldwell. John is not only a brilliant, path-making scholar, but also an enthusiastic and kindhearted person. Through the many years this project took, John always remained supportive and generous with his time and attention. When it came time to hone my draft into a cohesive whole he was incisive and demanding in getting the best possible result from what I had produced. I consider myself lucky to call John a mentor and thank him. I also want to thank the other members of my committee, Purnima Mankekar, Allyson Field, and Douglas Kellner. Purnima has always been supportive, but I am most grateful for her insightful and clear minded advice about life, both inside and outside the academy. Allyson, like Purnima, came onboard my committee at a late date but I am grateful for her time, critical eye and encouraging words when she did so. Doug’s course on Critical Pedagogy really influenced my teaching and research approach and I am thankful for his helpful guidance in the world of contemporary politics and television
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