Topic 5.3: BIODIvERSITy

Plant Phyla

Bryophyta (e.g. liverworts and mosses) Coniferophyta (e.g. conifers)

• No vascularisation (lacks xylem / phloem) • Have vascularisation (xylem and phloem)

• Reproduce via spores released by stalks • Reproduce via seeds (found in cones)

• No ‘true’ leaves, roots or stems • Narrow leaves with a thick, waxy cuticle

Filicinophyta (e.g. ferns) Angiospermophyta (e.g. flowering plants) • Have vascularisation (xylem and phloem) • Have vascularisation (xylem and phloem) • Reproduce via spores in sporangia • Reproduce via seeds (found in fruits) • Have large fronds divided into leaflets • Have flowers as reproductive organs

Invertebrate Phyla

Porifera (e.g. sponges) Annelida (e.g. earthworms and leeches)

• Have an asymmetrical body plan • Possess bilateral symmetry

• Have no mouth or anus (have pores) • Have a separate mouth and anus

• May have spicules for structural support • Body composed of ringed segments

Cnidaria (e.g. jellyfish and anemones) Mollusca (e.g. squids, slugs, snails, bivalves) • Possess radial symmetry • Possess bilateral symmetry • Have a mouth but no anus (single opening) • Have a separate mouth and anus • Has tentacles and stinging cells (cnidocytes) • Has non-visible segments (may have a shell)

Platyhelmintha (e.g. flatworms, tapeworms) Arthropoda (e.g. insects, spiders, crustaceans) • Possess bilateral symmetry • Possess bilateral symmetry • Have a mouth but no anus (single opening) • Have a separate mouth and anus • Has a flattened body (increases SA:Vol ratio) • Have jointed appendages and exoskeleton

Vertebrate Classes

Phylum Chordata (i.e. vertebrates) Reptiles

• Possess bilateral symmetry • Covered in scales (made of keratin)

• Have a separate mouth and anus • Have internal fertilisation (lays soft eggs)

• Have a notochord (may form a backbone) • Breathe via lungs and are ectothermic

Fish Birds • Covered in scales (bony plates of skin) • Covered in feathers (made of keratin) • Reproduce via external fertilisation • Have internal fertilisation (lays hard eggs) • Breathe through gills and are ectothermic • Breathe via lungs and are endothermic

Amphibians Mammals • Have a moist skin (permeable to gases) • Covered in skin (and keratin hair follicles) • Reproduce via external fertilisation • Have internal fertilisation (and lactation) • Breathe through skin and are ectothermic • Breathe via lungs and are endothermic