Factors Affecting Attempts to Establish County-Wide Junior Colleges in Sparsely Populated Regions
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FACTORS AFFECTING ATTEMPTS TO ESTABLISH COUNTY-WIDE JUNIOR COLLEGES IN SPARSELY POPULATED REGIONS Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Snider, Richard Harlan, 1921- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 09/10/2021 20:31:06 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/287524 This dissertation has been microfilmed exactly as received 69-12,538 SNIDER, Richard Harlan, 1921- FACTORS AFFECTING ATTEMPTS TO ESTABLISH COUNTY-WIDE JUNIOR COLLEGES IN SPARSELY POPULATED REGIONS. University of Arizona, Ph.D., 1969 Education, administration University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan FACTORS AFFECTING ATTEMPTS TO ESTABLISH COUNTY-WIDE JUNIOR COLLEGES IN SPARSELY POPULATED REGIONS by Richard H. Snider A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATIONAL ADMINISTRATION In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 1969 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. SIGNED: PREFACE This study was undertaken to analyze factors associated with the success and with the failure of attempts to establish public junior colleges in two large, sparsely populated counties in Arizona. Since much of the analysis was based on case studies of the two counties, an important aspect of the study was the presentation of the political history of the attempts to establish junior colleges in Cochise County, Arizona, between 1961 and 1962, and in Pinal County, Arizona, between 1961 and 1963. For their contributions toward the development of the study and for their specific suggestions, grateful acknowledgment is made to Dr. Lloyd E. McCann, Dr. Jerald L. Reece, and Dr. Marsden B. Stokes. Acknowledgment is also made to Dr. Oliver F. Sigworth and Dr. Alan E. Craven for their suggestions and cooperation. A special debt of gratitude is due Dr. John T. Greer for his important contributions to the design and development of the study, for his will ing cooperation under difficult circumstances, and finally for his constant encouragement. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter F>aSe LIST OF TABLES i* ABSTRACT xi I. INTRODUCTION 1 A. Statement of the Problem 1 B. Importance of the Study 1 C. Literature Relevant to the Problem 4 Studies of the Founding of Junior Colleges 4 Studies of Public School Financial Elections ..... 6 Studies of Influences on Public Schools 9 Studies of Community Influence Structures 10 D. Summary 21 II. DESIGN OF THE STUDY 23 A. Limitations and Assumptions 23 B. Method of Collecting the Data 27 C. Presentation of the Findings 29 Hypotheses Examined 29 Organization of the Data 33 III. THE SUCCESSFUL ESTABLISHMENT OF A JUNIOR COLLEGE IN COCHISE COUNTY, ARIZONA, 1961-1962... 34 A. Geography, Population and Economy of Cochise County 35 B. The Movement to Establish a Junior College District 38 The Campaign for the Junior College District Election 43 The Results of the Election to Create the District . 45 iv V TABLE OF CON TENTS--Continued Page C. The Junior College Survey and Selection of a Site 46 Promotion of Sites by Community Leaders 47 Appointment of a Governing Board ...... ..... 49 Recommendations of the Survey Team 50 Selection of the College Site 53 D. Opposition to the Selected Site 56 Proposal of an Alternate Site 59 Restudy of the Site Problem 62 E. The Campaign for the Bond Election 68 F. The Success of the Bond Election 73 How Communities Voted . 73 Commentary on the Success of the Election 74 IV. THE UNSUCCESSFUL ATTEMPT TO ESTABLISH A JUNIOR COLLEGE IN PINAL COUNTY, ARIZONA, 1961-1963 77 A. Geography, Population and Economy of Pinal County 78 B. The Movement to Establish a Junior College District 81 The Campaign for the Junior College District Election 86 The Results of the Election to Create the District 87 C. The Junior College Survey and Recommendation of a Site 88 Appointment of a Governing Board 90 Planning for the Survey 92 Indications of Opposition to the College . 94 First Election of the Governing Board 95 Commencement of the Feasibility Study 99 Dissatisfaction with the Survey Team's Approach 101 Completion of the Survey . 103 D. Controversy over the Finding of the Survey 104 Arguments Favoring the Recommended Site .... 107 Objections to the Survey Team's Methodology and Conclusions 108 Press Reactions to Criticisms of the Survey .... Ill Defense of Survey Team's Methodology 112 c vi TABLE OF CONTENTS--Continued Page Postponement and Restudy of Site Selection 114 Selection of the Junior College Site 120 E. The Campaign for the Bond Election a 122 Preparations to Promote the Bond Issue 124 Indications of Preparations to Oppose the Bond Issue .. 127 Failure of Proponents of the Bond Issue to Obtain Support 128 Organization of the Opposition . * 130 F. The Defeat of the Bond Proposal 137 How Communities Voted . 137 Commentary on the Defeat of the Bond Proposal. 138 V. GEOGRAPHIC AND ECONOMIC FACTORS IN RELATION TO JUNIOR COLLEGE ELECTION RESULTS IN THE TWO COUNTIES 143 A. Comparison of Population and Economic Characteristics . 143 B. Bond Election Results in Relation to Tax Rate, Distance from Site and the Establishment Election .. 146 Bond Election Results and Community Tax Rates and Assessed Valuations 146 Bond Election Results and Community Distances from College Sites 148 Bond Election Results and Community Vote in Election Creating the Districts 150 C. Summary . 158 VI. ANALYSIS OF ASPECTS OF THE FEASIBILITY STUDIES . 161 A. Comparison of the Scope, Content, and Objectives of the Published Surveys 161 Projections of the Educational Program in the Surveys 162 Discussions of the Purposes of a Junior College . 164 Examinations of Employment and Population Characteristics 165 Projections of High School Graduates and College Enrollments 169 vii TABLE OF CON TENTS- -Continue d Page General Treatment of Data in the Surveys 172 Site Recommendations of the Surveys 173 B. Analysis of Aspects of the Surveys as Targets for Criticism 175 Targets for Criticism in the Pinal Survey 175 Targets for Criticism in the Cochise Survey ....... 181 C. The Surveys as Documents with Potential Political Implications 185 VII. SOCIAL FACTORS IN RELATION TO THE SUCCESS AND FAILURE OF THE JUNIOR COLLEGE ELECTIONS A. Methods Employed in the Two Counties in the Attempt to Establish Junior Colleges 189 Differences in the Organization of Junior College Proponents .. 191 Differences in Large Community Promotion of the Junior Colleges ............ 193 Differences in Techniques Employed in Promoting the Bond Issues 195 Differences in the Conduct of the Feasibility Studies 197 B. The Influence of Community Leaders during the Establishment Processes 199 The Role of Influential Individuals in the County Where the Bond Election Succeeded 201 The Role of Influential Individuals in the County Where the Bond Election Failed 207 Comparison of the Power Structures in Relation to the Junior College Bond Elections 215 VIII. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS A. Summary 220 B. Conclusions 234 Examination of Specific Hypotheses 235 Implications 244 viii TABLE OF CON TENTS- -Continued Page APPENDICES 250 A. Provisions of the I960 Arizona Junior College Legislation Pertaining to the Establishment of New Junior Colleges 251 B. Projections of Pinal County and Cochise County High School Graduates Compared to Experience .... 255 C. Elements in the Pinal County Survey Which Affected Projections of Potential College Enrollments According to Location of the Proposed Institution ... 259 D. Interview Procedures 265 SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 270 LIST OF TABLES Tables Page I. Employment by Category in Cochise and Pinal Counties, Arizona, April, 1961 . 145 II. Junior College Bond Election Vote in Relation to 1961 Tax Rates and Per Capita Assessed Valuations in High School Districts in Two Counties 147 III. Bond Election Vote and Distance to Proposed Sites of Pinal and Cochise County Communities 149 IV. Comparison of Community Vote in Junior College Establishment and Bond Elections in Cochise and Pinal Counties, 1961-1963 152 V. Percentage of 1961 Registered Voters Casting Ballots in Junior College Establishment and Bond Elections, Pinal and Cochise Counties, Arizona, 1961-1963 154 VI. Junior College and High School Bond Election Results of Selected Pinal County and Cochise County Communities, 1955 to 1965 . 156 VII. Influential Persons in the County with a Successful Bond Election as Choices of Eighteen Identified Leaaders .... 202 VIII. Influential Persons in the County with an Unsuccessful Bond Election as Choices of Twenty-two Identified Leaders . 208 IX. Actual Graduates