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Plant Community and White-Tailed Deer Nutritional Carrying Capacity Response to Intercropping Switchgrass in Loblolly Pine Plantations

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Plant Community and White-Tailed Deer Nutritional Carrying Capacity Response to Intercropping Switchgrass in Loblolly Pine Plantations Mississippi State University Scholars Junction Theses and Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 1-1-2016 Plant Community and White-tailed Deer Nutritional Carrying Capacity Response to Intercropping Switchgrass in Loblolly Pine Plantations Ethan Jacob Greene Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsjunction.msstate.edu/td Recommended Citation Greene, Ethan Jacob, "Plant Community and White-tailed Deer Nutritional Carrying Capacity Response to Intercropping Switchgrass in Loblolly Pine Plantations" (2016). Theses and Dissertations. 3547. https://scholarsjunction.msstate.edu/td/3547 This Graduate Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Scholars Junction. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Scholars Junction. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Template A v3.0 (beta): Created by J. Nail 06/2015 Plant community and white-tailed deer nutritional carrying capacity response to intercropping switchgrass in loblolly pine plantations By TITLE PAGE Ethan Jacob Greene A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Mississippi State University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Wildlife, Fisheries, and Aquaculture in the Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Aquaculture Mississippi State, Mississippi May 2016 Copyright by COPYRIGHT PAGE Ethan Jacob Greene 2016 Plant community and white-tailed deer nutritional carrying capacity response to intercropping switchgrass in loblolly pine plantations By Ethan Jacob Greene Approved: ____________________________________ Stephen Demarais (Major Professor) ____________________________________ Darren A. Miller (Committee Member) ____________________________________ Scott A. Rush (Committee Member) ____________________________________ Kevin M. Hunt (Graduate Coordinator) ____________________________________ Andy J. Kouba (Department Head) ____________________________________ George M. Hopper Dean College of Forest Resources Name: Ethan Jacob Greene ABSTRACT Date of Degree: May 6, 2016 Institution: Mississippi State University Major Field: Wildlife, Fisheries, and Aquaculture Major Professor: Stephen Demarais Title of Study: Plant community and white-tailed deer nutritional carrying capacity response to intercropping switchgrass in loblolly pine plantations Pages in Study: 90 Candidate for Degree of Master of Science Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is a cellulosic feedstock for alternative energy production that could grow well between planted pines ( Pinus spp.). Southeastern planted pine occupies 15.8 million hectares and thus, switchgrass intercropping could affect biodiversity if broadly implemented. Therefore, I evaluated effects of intercropping switchgrass in loblolly pine (P. taeda L.) plantations on plant community diversity, plant biomass production, and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus Zimmerman) nutritional carrying capacity. In a randomized complete block design, I assigned three treatments (switchgrass intercropped, switchgrass monoculture, and a “control” of traditional pine management) to 4 replicates of 10-ha experimental units in Kemper County, Mississippi during 2014-2015. I detected 246 different plant species. Switchgrass intercropping reduced plant species richness and diversity but maintained evenness. I observed reduced forb and high-use deer forage biomass but only in intercropped alleys (interbeds). Soil micronutrient interactions affected forage protein of deer plants. White-tailed deer nutritional carrying capacity remained unaffected. DEDICATION The foresight and design for this research was the product of an exceptional ecologist, conservationist, and colleague. I therefore wish to dedicate this manuscript to Dr. Sam K. Riffell, his wife Angie, and daughters, Hannah, and Abby. He was a trusted academic advisor and friend. He is sorely missed by all who had the privilege of knowing him. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It is with great sincerity that I express my appreciation for those individuals who supported me both personally and professionally in the completion of this research. To my wife Rachel, I greatly thank you for helping me accomplish these goals. Without your enduring support and love I simply would not have succeeded. I thank my parents for their many years of love and support, and for their persistence in my education. It has been an honor to work with an incredible company of colleagues who have provided tremendous support, advice, and reassurance throughout my graduate academic career. I thank Dr. Steve Demarais for his initiative and selflessness as an academic advisor. Without the support and flexibility of Dr. Scott Rush and Dr. Darren Miller this project would have never been completed. For all the humor and advice I thank Brad Wheat. For help in the field, office, and outside the office, I thank Craig Marshall. Zac Loman, you considerably helped me to understand the intricacies of data analysis and for that I am grateful. To the numerous others whom I’ve received help in a cacophony of ways, I express to you my sincere thanks. Thank you, Dr. Jeanne Jones for being the inspiring person that you are. Thank you Scott Edwards, Dr. Lisa Wallace, Dr. Bruce Leopold, Jason Bies, Daniel Sullivan, Jenny Foggia, Tony Francis, and all the technicians who gave tremendous effort for this project; Nick Deutsch, Skylar Keller, Jonathan Marguet, Jade McCarley, Logan McConnaughey, Samantha Pipo, and Ciera Rhodes. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION .................................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... iii LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. vi LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... vii CHAPTER I. ENERGY AND CONSERVATION IN PINE PLANTATIONS .........................1 Literature Cited ......................................................................................................6 II. PLANT COMMUNITY RESPONSE TO INTERCROPPING SWITCHGRASS IN LOBLOLLY PINE PLANTATIONS .....................9 Methods ...............................................................................................................10 Study Area .....................................................................................................10 Study Design .................................................................................................11 Statistical Methods ..............................................................................................13 Results .................................................................................................................14 Evenness ........................................................................................................14 Richness .........................................................................................................15 Shannon Diversity .........................................................................................16 Summary ........................................................................................................17 Discussion ............................................................................................................17 Management Implications ...................................................................................20 Literature Cited ....................................................................................................29 III. SOIL NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY EFFECT ON NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF THREE WHITE-TAILED DEER FORAGES ...................33 Methods ...............................................................................................................36 Study Area .....................................................................................................36 Study Design .................................................................................................36 Statistical Methods ..............................................................................................40 Results .................................................................................................................40 Thoroughwort ................................................................................................40 iv Blackberry .....................................................................................................41 Goldenrod ......................................................................................................41 Summary ........................................................................................................41 Discussion ............................................................................................................42 Management Implications ...................................................................................43 Literature Cited ....................................................................................................51 IV. PLANT BIOMASS PRODUCTION AND WHITE-TAILED DEER NUTRITIONAL CARRYING CAPACITY RESPONSE TO INTERCROPPING SWITCHGRASS IN LOBLOLLY PINE PLANTATIONS .....................................................................................54 Methods ...............................................................................................................56
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