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Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü KARADENİZ TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ İNŞAAT MÜHENDİSLİĞİ ANABİLİM DALI HARŞİT ÇAYI SU KALİTESİNİN MEVSİMSEL DEĞİŞİMİNİN İNCELENMESİ VE ASKI MADDE KONSANTRASYONUNUN YAPAY SİNİR AĞLARI YÖNTEMİ İLE TAHMİN EDİLMESİ DOKTORA TEZİ İnş. Yük. Müh. Adem BAYRAM ARALIK 2011 TRABZON KARADENİZ TEKNİK ÜNİVERSİTESİ FEN BİLİMLERİ ENSTİTÜSÜ İNŞAAT MÜHENDİSLİĞİ ANABİLİM DALI HARŞİT ÇAYI SU KALİTESİNİN MEVSİMSEL DEĞİŞİMİNİN İNCELENMESİ VE ASKI MADDE KONSANTRASYONUNUN YAPAY SİNİR AĞLARI YÖNTEMİ İLE TAHMİN EDİLMESİ İnşaat Yüksek Mühendisi Adem BAYRAM Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsünce “DOKTOR (İNŞAAT MÜHENDİSLİĞİ)” Unvanı Verilmesi İçin Kabul Edilen Tezdir. Tezin Enstitüye Verildiği Tarih : 05.12.2011 Tezin Savunma Tarihi : 22.12.2011 Tez Danışmanı : Prof. Dr. Hızır ÖNSOY Trabzon 2011 Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü İnşaat Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalında Adem BAYRAM Tarafından Hazırlanan HARŞİT ÇAYI SU KALİTESİNİN MEVSİMSEL DEĞİŞİMİNİN İNCELENMESİ VE ASKI MADDE KONSANTRASYONUNUN YAPAY SİNİR AĞLARI YÖNTEMİ İLE TAHMİN EDİLMESİ başlıklı bu çalışma, Enstitü Yönetim Kurulunun 06 / 12 / 2011 gün ve 1432 sayılı kararıyla oluşturulan jüri tarafından yapılan sınavda DOKTORA TEZİ olarak kabul edilmiştir. Jüri Üyeleri Başkan : Prof. Dr. Hızır ÖNSOY Üye : Prof. Dr. Mehmet BERKÜN Üye : Prof. Dr. Hasan Basri ŞENTÜRK Üye : Prof. Dr. Lokman ALTUN Üye : Prof. Dr. Mustafa Yılmaz KILINÇ Prof. Dr. Sadettin KORKMAZ Enstitü Müdürü ÖNSÖZ Bu çalışma, Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü İnşaat Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalında Doktora Tezi olarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Doktora Tez çalışmam süresince çok kıymetli zamanlarını ayırıp, desteğini, emeğini, bilgi ve tecrübesini esirgemeyen danışman hocam, Prof. Dr. Hızır ÖNSOY’a katkılarından dolayı en içten şükranlarımı sunarım. Değerli zamanlarını ayırarak tezimi değerlendiren hocalarım, Prof. Dr. Mehmet BERKÜN, Prof. Dr. Hasan Basri ŞENTÜRK, Prof. Dr. Lokman ALTUN ve Prof. Dr. Mustafa Yılmaz KILINÇ’ a çok teşekkür ederim. Çalışmamı en başından beri destekleyen hocalarım, Prof. Dr. Alemdar BAYRAKTAR, Prof. Dr. Mehmet TÜFEKÇİ, Prof. Dr. Cemal BIYIK ve Doç. Dr. Murat İhsan KÖMÜRCÜ’ye çok teşekkür ederim. Çalışmalarım boyunca yardımlarını ve desteklerini esirgemeyen yakın arkadaşlarım Yrd. Doç. Dr. Murat KANKAL, Dr. Mustafa DURMAZ, Yrd. Doç. Dr. Tayfun DEDE, Yrd. Doç. Dr. Hasan Basri BAŞAĞA, Yrd. Doç. Dr. Volkan Numan BULUT, Yrd. Doç. Dr. Ali GÜNDOĞDU, Teknisyen Yüksel HARDAL, dayılarım Aydın BAYRAK ile Zekeriya BAYRAK’a teşekkür ederim. Öğrenim hayatım boyunca üzerimde emeği olan hocalarıma teşekkür ederim. Ayrıca, bu çalışmayı 2007.118.01.2 kod numaralı araştırma proje kapsamında destekleyen Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri (BAP) Koordinasyon Birimine teşekkür ederim. Gerek arazi gerekse laboratuar çalışmaları dahil Doktora Tez çalışmam sırasında büyük bir anlayış ve fedakarlık örneği gösteren, desteğini bir kez olsun esirgemeyen sevgili eşim Öğr. Gör. Şule BIYIK BAYRAM’a ve canım kızım Nazlı Meryem’e çok teşekkür ederim. Hayatım boyunca maddi ve manevi her türlü desteği sağlayan, bu günlere gelme sebebim canım annem ve babama tüm kalbimle teşekkür ederim. Bu çalışmanın bilime, bölgemize ve ülkemize yararlı olmasını dilerim. Adem BAYRAM Trabzon 2011 III TEZ BEYANNAMESİ Doktora Tezi olarak sunduğum “Harşit Çayı Su Kalitesinin Mevsimsel Değişiminin İncelenmesi ve Askı Madde Konsantrasyonunun Yapay Sinir Ağları Yöntemi İle Tahmin Edilmesi” başlıklı bu çalışmayı baştan sona kadar danışmanım Prof. Dr. Hızır ÖNSOY’un sorumluluğunda tamamladığımı, verileri/örnekleri kendim topladığımı, deneyleri/analizleri ilgili laboratuarlarda yaptığımı/yaptırdığımı, başka kaynaklardan aldığım bilgileri metinde ve kaynakçada eksiksiz olarak gösterdiğimi, çalışma sürecinde bilimsel araştırma ve etik kurallara uygun olarak davrandığımı ve aksinin ortaya çıkması durumunda her türlü yasal sonucu kabul ettiğimi beyan ederim. 05 / 12 / 2011 Adem BAYRAM IV İÇİNDEKİLER Sayfa No ÖNSÖZ ........................................................................................................................... III TEZ BEYANNAMESİ ................................................................................................... IV İÇİNDEKİLER ............................................................................................................... V ÖZET .............................................................................................................................. X SUMMARY ................................................................................................................... XI ŞEKİLLER DİZİNİ ........................................................................................................ XII TABLOLAR DİZİNİ ...................................................................................................... XV SEMBOLLER DİZİNİ ................................................................................................... XVIII 1. GENEL BİLGİLER ........................................................................................ 1 1.1. Su ..................................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Atık ve Atıksu ................................................................................................. 4 1.3. Ülkemiz Su Kaynakları ................................................................................... 5 1.4. Ülkemiz Su Kaynakları ile Su Tüketiminin Karşılaştırılması ......................... 8 1.5. Ülkemiz Su Kaynakları Standart ve Yönetmelikleri ....................................... 9 1.5.1. Su Kirliliği Kontrolü Yönetmeliği .................................................................. 9 1.5.2. İnsani Tüketim Amaçlı Sular Hakkında Yönetmelik ...................................... 11 1.5.3. TS (Türk Standardı) 266 ................................................................................. 12 1.6. Literatür Araştırması ....................................................................................... 14 1.6.1. Yüzeysel Su Kalitesine Yönelik Çalışmalar ................................................... 14 1.6.2. Kentleşmenin ve Kentsel Atıksuların Yüzeysel Su Kalitesine Etkileri .......... 16 1.6.3. Barajların Askı Maddesi ve Yüzeysel Su Kalitesine Olan Etkileri ................. 18 1.6.4. Yüzeysel Suların Kendi Kendine Arıtımına Yönelik Çalışmalar ................... 20 1.6.5. Su Kalitesi Modelleme Çalışmaları ................................................................ 21 1.6.5.1. Su Kalitesi Modelleme Çalışmalarında Yapay Sinir Ağları Yöntemi ............ 21 1.6.5.2. Askıda Katı Madde ve Tahminine Yönelik Çalışmalar .................................. 23 1.7. Çalışmanın Gerçekleştirildiği Harşit Çayı Havzası ........................................ 26 1.7.1. Coğrafi Konum ................................................................................................ 26 1.7.2. Yer Şekilleri .................................................................................................... 28 1.7.3. İklimin Genel Özelliği ..................................................................................... 29 V 1.7.3.1. Sıcaklık Durumu ............................................................................................. 29 1.7.3.2. Yağış Durumu ................................................................................................. 29 1.7.4. Bitki Örtüsü ..................................................................................................... 30 1.7.5. Akarsular ve Göller ......................................................................................... 31 1.8. Harşit Çayı Havzasında Yürütülen Akım Gözlem Çalışmaları ...................... 32 1.9. Çalışmanın Amacı ........................................................................................... 35 1.10. Çalışma Kapsamında İncelenen Su Kalite Parametreleri ................................ 37 1.10.1. Çözünmüş Oksijen .......................................................................................... 38 1.10.2. Sıcaklık ............................................................................................................ 38 1.10.3. Elektriksel İletkenlik ....................................................................................... 39 1.10.4. Bulanıklık ........................................................................................................ 39 1.10.5. Askıda Katı Madde ......................................................................................... 39 1.10.6. pH .................................................................................................................... 40 1.10.7. Nitrit ve Nitrat ................................................................................................. 41 1.10.8. Amonyum ........................................................................................................ 42 1.10.9. Kjeldahl Azotu ................................................................................................ 42 1.10.10. Fosfor .............................................................................................................. 42 1.10.11. Deterjan ........................................................................................................... 43 1.10.12. Kimyasal Oksijen İhtiyacı ............................................................................... 44 1.10.13. Toplam Organik Karbon ................................................................................
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