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Common Diatoms of Phytobenthos in Gediz River Basin Gediz Nehir

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Common Diatoms of Phytobenthos in Gediz River Basin Gediz Nehir TURKISH JOURNAL OF WATER SCIENCE & MANAGEMENT _______________________________________________________________________________________ Case Study Common Diatoms of Phytobenthos in Gediz River Basin Gediz Nehir Havzasındaki Fitobentozun Yaygın Diyatomeleri Cüneyt Nadir SOLAK1, Tolga ÇETİN2, Yakup KARAASLAN2, Aydın KALELİ1, Elif YILMAZ1, Mustafa DURAN3, Gürçay KIVANÇ3, Taner KİMENÇE2, Şebnem AYNUR KOYUNLUOĞLU4, Burhan Fuat ÇANKAYA2, Deniz YILMAZ AŞIK2 1Dumlupınar University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biology, Kütahya, Republic of Turkey [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] 2Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, General Directorate of Water Management, Ankara, Republic of Turkey [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] [email protected], [email protected] 3Pamukkale University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Hydrobiology Laboratory, Kinikli Campus, 20070 Denizli, Republic of Turkey [email protected], [email protected] 4TÜBİTAK MAM, Environment and Cleaner Production Institute, Gebze/KOCAELİ, Republic of Turkey [email protected] Received Date: 4.12.2018, Accepted Date: 24.12.2018 Abstract Diatoms (important representatives of phytobenthos) are ecologically significant quality elements for rivers and lakes according to the EU Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC). We aimed to investigate common diatoms of Gediz River Basin within the scope of the studies for preparation of Gediz River Basin Management Plan. Samples were collected from epilithon and epipelon substrates of 17 rivers, 2 lakes (Gölcük and Marmara) and 4 dams (Demirköprü, Küçükler, Buldan, Afşar) from November 2017 to April 2018. The samples were boiled with H2O2 and HCl for removing the organic matter from frustules. Permanent slides were mounted with Naphrax solution. As a result, 28 taxa were found as common diatoms of Gediz River Basin. Many of the taxa were commonly found also in Turkish rivers and lakes. Amphora pediculus (Kützing) Grunow, Navicula reichardtiana Lange-Bertalot, Navicula veneta Kützing, Nitzschia dissipata (Kützing) Rabenhorst and Nitzschia inconspicua Grunow were most common diatoms in sampling points. On the other hand, Navicula erifuga Lange-Bertalot, Navicula reichardtiana Lange-Bertalot and Nitzschia archibaldii Lange-Bertalot were rarely found in Turkish rivers and lakes. Keywords: Common diatoms, Gediz River Basin, phytobenthos Öz AB Su Çerçeve Direktifine (2000/60/EC) göre; fitobentozun önemli temsilcilerinden olan diatomlar, nehir ve göller için önemli ekolojik kalite göstergelerindendir Gediz Havzası Yönetim Planı hazırlanması çalışmaları kapsamında Gediz Nehir Havzası için yaygın diyatomelerin araştırılmasını amaçladık. Örnekler 17 nehir, 2 göl (Gölcük ve Marmara) ve 4 barajdan (Demirköprü, Küçükler, Buldan, Afşar) Kasım 2017 ve Nisan 2018’de epiliton ve epipelon substratlardan toplanmıştır. Organik maddenin frustullerden uzaklaştırılması için örnekler H2O2 ve HCl ile kaynatılmıştır. Daimi preparatlar Naphrax solüsyonu ile hazırlanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, Gediz Nehir Havzasında 28 diyatome taksonu yaygın olarak bulunmuştur. Taksonların pek çoğu Türkiye nehir ve göllerinde yaygın olarak bulunan taksonlardır. Amphora pediculus (Kützing) Grunow, Nitzschia dissipata (Kützing) Rabenhorst ve Nitzschia inconspicua Grunow örnekleme noktalarında tespit edilen en yaygın türler olmuştur. Ancak, Navicula erifuga Lange-Bertalot, Navicula reichardtiana Lange-Bertalot ve Nitzschia archibaldii Lange-Bertalot Türkiye nehir ve gölleri için nadir bulunan tü- rlerdendir. Anahtar kelimeler: Yaygın diyatomeler, Gediz Nehir Havzası, fitobentoz 58 July-August-September-October-November-December / Volume: 3 Issue: 2 Year: 2019 _________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC) (Anonymous, 2000) aims to establish a framework for the protection of rivers, lakes, transitional waters, coastal waters and groundwater. Member States shall ensure that a river basin management plan is produced for each river basin. Establishment of river basin management plans has been accelerated last years in Turkey. Turkey has 25 river basins and for 11 river basins (Konya, Susurluk, Meriç-Ergene, Büyük Menderes, Gediz, Yeşilırmak, Akarçay, Batı Akdeniz, Burdur, Küçük Menderes, Kuzey Ege) preparation of river basin management plans are still on- going. A river basin management plan shall cover the surface waters ecological status. Ecological status is an expression of the quality of the structure and functioning of aquatic ecosystems associated with surface waters. Phytoplankton, macrophyte and phytobenthos, benthic invertebrates and fish are the biological quality elements for the classification of ecological status (Anonymous, 2000). There are some studies (Demir et al., 2017; Çelekli et al., 2018; Solak et al., 2018a) for identifying the ecological status of water bodies in Turkey within the scope of the river basin based monitoring studies. Regarding the diatom studies of Gediz River Basin, some works were done in the basin. Karagöl was one of the pioneer works for Turkish inland waters by Güner (1969). Then, Marmara Lake was investigated by Cirik (1983, 1994) and Demirköprü Reservoir was worked by GezerlerŞipal et al. (1999) in the basin. Also, Gürle River was examined by Yurterin & Öztürk (2001) as lotic system. This study aims to investigate the distribution of common benthic diatoms in the Gediz River Basin. Method Study Site Gediz River Basin is located between 38° 04'-39°-13' northern latitudes with 26° 42'-29° 45' eastern longitudes. The main water source of the basin is Gediz River. The Gediz River is 275 km. long and is fed by 17220 km2 of precipitation area in Western Anatolia. There are very few natural lakes in the basin. The most important natural lake is Marmara. The minimum and maximum elevation of the lake is 73.2-79.2 m and the minimum and maximum volume is 8.5-320 hm3. There is Gölcük Lake as a natural lake in the basin except Lake Marmara. This lake is a crater lake, 80 ha wide and 10 m deep. There are 5 dams in the river basin. The larger dam in the basin is Demirköprü Dam with a storage capacity of 1.022 million m3. A hydroelectric power plant was established to produce energy on the dam. Küçükler Dams are also used for drinking water supply. The other dams are used for irrigation, flood protection and energy production. Demirköprü, Afşar and Buldan Dams are located in Manisa and Küçükler Dam is located in Uşak (Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı, Su Yönetimi Genel Müdürlüğü, 2018). 59 TURKISH JOURNAL OF WATER SCIENCE & MANAGEMENT _______________________________________________________________________________________ Sampling Samples were collected from 17 rivers, 2 lakes (Gölcük and Marmara) and 4 dams (Demirköprü, Küçükler, Buldan, Afşar) (Table 1) in Gediz River Basin (Figure 1) in November 2017 and April 2018 from 23 sampling points. Epilithic samples were taken by brushing the submerged stones and epipelic samples were taken by using a pipette aspirator from the sediment. Table 1 The Coordinates of the Sampling Points of the Water Bodies in Gediz River Basin 60 July-August-September-October-November-December / Volume: 3 Issue: 2 Year: 2019 _________________________________________________________________________________ Figure 1. Distribution of sampling points in Gediz River Basin. Sample Processing, Observation and Identification Samples were boiled with H2O2 and HCl to remove the organic matter from frustules (Swift 1967). After washing three times of diatoms with distilled water, the material was air-dried on cover glasses and mounted with Naphrax solution. Diatoms were observed with a Nikon Ci Light Microscope (LM) in Dumlupınar University, Turkey. The literature used for identification and dimensions (Krammer 2002, Krammer & Lange-Bertalot 1986, 1991, Lange-Bertalot et al. 2017). Diatom Distribution Description of the distribution of Turkish diatom flora was made according to Gönülol (2018). The taxa reported from Turkey by Gönülol (2018) which cover 10% of the literature are categorized as “common” diatoms, the ones cover less than 10% are noted as “rare” diatoms. If a taxon exists in more than 10 stations, it was named as “common” in this study. Results In this work, common diatoms of Gediz River Basin was evaluated and as a result, totally 28 taxa were commonly found in the sampling stations (Table 2, Figure 2). Amphora pediculus (Kützing) Grunow Ref. Hustedt 1930 (p. 343, Fig. 629); Patrick & Reimer 1975 (p. 253, Fig. 16: 9 – 10); Krammer & Lange-Bertalot 1986 (p. 346, Fig. 150: 8 – 13); Levkov 2009 (p. 101, Figs. 55: 31 – 34; 78: 40 – 47); Hofmann et al. 2011 (p. 98, Fig. 91: 29 – 33). 61 TURKISH JOURNAL OF WATER SCIENCE & MANAGEMENT _______________________________________________________________________________________ Cocconeis pediculus Ehrenberg Ref. Hustedt 1930 (p. 188, Fig. 259); Patrick & Reimer 1966 (p. 240, Fig. 15: 3 – 4); Krammer & Lange-Bertalot 1991 (p. 88, Fig. 57: 1 – 4); Hofmann et al. 2011 (p. 132, Fig. 19: 17 – 19). Cyclotella meneghiniana Kützing Ref. Krammer and Lange-Bertalot, 1991 (p. 44, fig. 44: 1 – 10); Håkansson, 2002 (p. 79, figs. 263 – 268); Wojtal and Kwandrans, 2006 (p. 186, fig. 4: 18 – 21, 7: 1 – 13, 9: 1 – 8, 10: 1 – 5); Kiss et al., 2012 (p. 337, fig. 14: A – C); Bey and Ector, 2013 (Vol. 1, p. 30); Cavalcante et al., 2013 (p. 243, fig. 8: A – O); Houk et al., 2010 (p. 16, fig. 143:
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