“ are not an unmixed evil. Indeed … they are productive of more good than harm.”

U.S. Surgeon General George Sternberg, 1885

Professor Shelley McKellar Office: Lawson Hall room 2227 Office Telephone: (519) 661-2111 ext. 84990 Email: [email protected] Office Hours: Tues 11:30 – 1:30 p.m. or by appointment

Seminar Meeting: Tues 9:30 – 11:30 a.m. Winter Term 2016 Course Website: https://owl.uwo.ca

Course Description: This graduate seminar explores the impact of disease outbreaks on human society. It focuses on the social and political responses to disease, tracing changes and continuities in society’s efforts to understand and control various diseases. How have different societies, at different times, responded to disease outbreaks? What role have patients, medical practitioners, scientists, officials, the state, the church, international health agencies, the pharmaceutical industry, or even entrepreneurs played in response to specific disease outbreaks and medical challenges? Using a case study approach, this course will examine outbreaks that range in time and place, from the plague and smallpox to influenza and HIV-AIDS, among others. Questions relating to power, agency, class, race, gender and sexuality shall most certainly be discussed. This is a seminar and workshop-structured course. Seminar meetings shall concentrate on student-directed discussions based on assigned readings (both articles and monographs), from which students shall acquire content and critical inquiry into a specific topic. Workshops focus on student development of research skills of ‘doing history,’ including asking good historical questions, analyzing primary source materials, communicating findings in both oral and written formats, and encouraging peer interchange and assessment. Students will have the opportunity to pursue their own interest in the history of disease and epidemics for their major course paper.

Course Objectives: By the end of this course, students will: 1. Appreciate the interaction between the conceptualization of and the response to disease outbreaks in society; 2. Understand many of the key issues, historiography and methodologies in the history of disease; 3. Work towards developing several life-long learning skills including: • effective question formulation; • research skills; • critical thinking; • communication (written & oral); • peer and self assessment.

1

Course Evaluation:

• Seminar Discussions and Workshops 30 %

• Comparative Book Review (1500-2000 words or roughly 6-8 pp) 20 %

• Final Research Paper (18-25 pp in length) 50 %

Seminar Meeting Schedule (see Seminar Reading List below – readings available on OWL course page with exception of course texts – Johnson, Bynum, and Bourdelais)

Jan 5 Introduction Jan 12 Plague Jan 19 Smallpox Jan 26 Cholera * Stephen Johnson, The Ghost Map (2006) Feb 2 Malaria and Yellow Fever Feb 9 Workshop: Pre-circulated Preliminary Outline for Research Paper; Peer Discussion and Feedback Feb 16 Reading Week – No meeting Feb 23 Tuberculosis * Helen Bynum, Spitting Blood (2012) * Review due Mar 1 Influenza Mar 8 Polio Mar 15 HIV-AIDS Mar 22 21st Century Outbreaks (SARS, Measles, Ebola) and the Role of History Mar 29 Workshop: Pre-circulated Draft Research Paper; Peer Discussion and Feedback Apr 5 Workshop: Pre-circulated Draft Research Paper; Peer Discussion and Feedback Apr 12 * Final Research Paper due

Course Work Descriptions:

• Seminar Discussions and Workshops

Seminar Discussions: We shall meet weekly as a seminar group to discuss assigned readings towards gaining insight into some of the key issues, historiography and methodologies in the history of epidemic disease. The assigned readings shall be a mix of monographs, articles and primary sources. As much as possible, these readings shall be made available on OWL-Sakai. Students are expected to come prepared to discuss the assigned readings in detail, and to bring their notes to meetings.

Workshops: In this course there are two different workshops scheduled to assist in student development of research skills of ‘doing history’ – including asking good historical questions, analyzing primary source materials, communicating findings in both oral and written formats, and encouraging peer interchange and assessment.

2

• Comparative Book Review (1500-2000 words or roughly 6-8 pp)

This review should be comparative; that is, it needs to address issues of argument, sources, writing style, and historiographical contribution of each book, as well as comparatively. After reading these two books, how were the political, medical and social responses to cholera and tuberculosis similar and/or different? Does one book do a better job of describing and analyzing the impact of a disease? If so, how?

This is an analytical, reflective assignment that will be graded on your demonstration of close, thoughtful reading of each book and well-written prose. Citations of these two books can be in the form of parentheses (Bynum, p.35) or (Johnson, p.181) in the text of your review. Feel free to bring in any issues discussed in class. This is not a research assignment, so no other sources need to be consulted or cited.

• Research Paper (18-25 pp)

This research paper provides you the opportunity to work through the skills of being a good historian. That is, you are expected to formulate an effective historical question, locate resource materials, evaluate evidence, apply critical analysis, synthesize your research findings, and formulate conclusions. It is expected that students will undertake substantial research – including primary source research – for this paper.

The topic of this research paper can be drawn from any disease outbreak or epidemic in global history, from antiquity to the end of the 20th century. All topics should be approved by the professor. Students are strongly advised to start thinking about the research paper immediately.

Library Resources - http://www.lib.uwo.ca/programs/historyofmedicine Key to your research success for this paper is your ability to distinguish between a historical account of your disease and a medical text describing the etiology, diagnosis and/or treatment of your disease. Note: you will not be able to write a good history paper based on science papers or newspaper articles only! So make sure you read historical sources on your research topic. There is a portal for library resources in the history of medicine that identifies relevant bibliographies, biographies, encyclopedias and databases pertaining to the history of medicine at: http://www.lib.uwo.ca/programs/historyofmedicine.

Some bibliographical guides in the library that list good historical sources on various diseases, scientists, and other events are:

Titles in The D.B. Weldon Library: • DBW reference Q127.U6095 2014 (2 volumes) – also ONLINE via Western Libraries -- Encyclopedia of the History of American Science, Medicine and Technology • DBW reference D 205.O94 2008 (8 volumes) - Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World, 1750 to the Present • DBW reference Q 125.R335 2000 - Reader’s Guide to the History of Science • DBW reference Q 180.55.D57S29 2006 (3 volumes) - Science and Scientists • DBW reference R 133.M34 1985 - Encyclopedia of Medical History • DBW reference R 134.D57 2007 (5 volumes) - Dictionary of Medical Biography

Titles in Allyn & Betty Taylor Library: • TAY reference Q 141.N45x 2008 (8 vols) - New Dictionary of Scientific Biography

3

• TAY reference WA 13.E564 2008 (2 vols) - Encyclopedia of Pestilence, , and Plagues • TAY reference WC 13.I435 2008 (2 vols) - Infectious Diseases: In Context

Online resources (via shared library catalogue): • Cambridge World History of Human Disease (2008) - Also available in DBW reference R 131.C233 1993 • Encyclopedia of World Biography • Epidemics and Pandemics: Their Impacts on - Also available in DBW reference RA 649.H293 2005 • Science and Its Times: Understanding the Social Significance of Scientific Discovery

Some databases available online through Western library that will direct you to scholarly historical articles in academic journals on your topic are:

• America: History and Life (Canadian and American History) • Historical Abstracts (Non-North American History)

Preliminary Outline - Students will submit a one-page preliminary outline via email to all seminar members before our February Workshop.

Please use identical format to the sample outline below:

Preliminary Outline for Star Student, #987654321

Topic: The Influenza of 1918 (What interests you?)

Research Question: How and why did influenza spread around the world after the (What do you want to know?) First World War, and to what extent was Canada involved in the spread of this pandemic?

Preliminary Bibliography: (Where will you look to find answers?)

Secondary Sources: - Alfred Crosby, America’s Forgotten Pandemic: The Influenza of 1918 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003) - Mark Osborne Humphries, “The Horror at Home: The Canadian Military and the “Great” Influenza Pandemic of 1918,” Journal of the Canadian Historical Association, 16 (2005): 235-260.

Primary Sources: - Hans Zinsser, The Etiology and of Influenza. [Baltimore?: s.n., 1922?]. - United States. Public Health Service. “Spanish Influenza,” “Three-Day Fever,” “the Flu.” Washington, D.C.: G.P.O., 1918.

4

Your preliminary outline should include the following information:

• Topic: choose a disease outbreak or topic, which we may or may not have discussed in seminar; include place and time period

• Research Question: or line of inquiry – what do you want to know? (the answer to your research question will be your thesis statement, more or less)

• Bibliography: – list of primary and secondary sources – where will you find the answers to your line of inquiry?

Your outline will facilitate discussion which will help you to refine your research question, find appropriate sources, and in past cases, students have directed fellow classmates to material which they have found! This has always been a very useful exercise for students.

Primary Sources in the History of Medicine

• ARCC, Weldon Library - many archival records & rare books discussing disease outbreaks, for example –

Smallpox and RM 787.G64 Great Britain. Ministry of Health. Memorandum on 1948 vaccination against smallpox (pamphlet) Vaccination (Consider: What was the debate? WC588.E27v Edwards, Joseph F. What was their understanding of 1882 Vaccination: arguments pro and con, with a chapter the disease and/or epidemic on the hygiene of smallpox (monograph) nature of it? What changes by 1948?)

W1.BE106 Beck San sun (published monthly) Tuberculosis and the 1949-1951 Beck Memorial W1.BE105 Beck Memorial Sanatorium Annual Report Sanatorium, , 1949-1951 Ontario (Consider: What was the sanatorium? What was the patient experience? Was this institution a “successful” response to an epidemic?)

AFC 6 – 3/2 The Institute of Public Health Fonds Public Health AFC 6 Series 3 File 2 (Consider: What health issues Camp Sanitary Officer Correspondence, 1918 were discussed among the

sanitation officers? How did they Outgoing (and some incoming) correspondence of propose to resolve these issues? Dr Hibbert W. Hill in his capacity as Deputy Assistant What does this tell us about the Director of Medical Services (D.A.D.M.S.), Camp military and their strategy to Sanitary Officer for Military District No.1, which was control outbreaks/ epidemics?) based in London. This correspondence relates to public health and sanitation inspections of military facilities in the District.

5

• Digitized Primary Sources available online (a select few listed below)

• Medical Heritage Library https://archive.org/details/medicalheritagelibrary

• London’s Pulse: Medical Officer of Health reports 1848-1972 http://wellcomelibrary.org/moh/

• Contagion: Historical Views of Diseases and Epidemics at Harvard University Library http://ocp.hul.harvard.edu/contagion/

• National Library of Medicine, History of Medicine Division http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/index.html

• Osler Library at McGill University http://digital.library.mcgill.ca/oslerprints/index.php

Due Dates and Late Penalties:

Penalty for late essays is 2% each day (excluding Saturdays and Sundays) after the due date. Essays must be handed to the instructor or submitted to the History Department on the 2nd floor of Lawson Hall. Faxed and emailed essays are not acceptable. Extensions may be granted if legitimate circumstances are presented by the student to the instructor well in advance of the due date. Poor work planning (such as “I have XX other papers due”) is not grounds for an extension. After 7 days (one week past the due date), the assignment will not be accepted without a properly documented excuse. There will be no exceptions.

Statement on Academic Ethics and Academic Dishonesty:

Students are reminded that they should read and comply with the university’s position on academic ethics and academic dishonesty. Plagiarism and submission of work that is not one’s own or for which previous credit has been obtained are examples of academic dishonesty. Students must write their essays and assignments in their own words. Whenever students take an idea, or a passage of text from another author, they must acknowledge their debt both by using quotation marks where appropriate and by proper referencing such as footnotes or citations. Plagiarism is a major academic offence (see Scholastic Offence Policy in the Western Academic Calendar.)

6

Seminar Reading List

Course Texts (available in Western bookstore and in Weldon Library on 3-day reserve): • Steven Johnson, The Ghost Map: The Story of London’s Most Terrifying Epidemic – and How It Changed Science, Cities and the Modern World (New York: Penguin Books, 2006) • Helen Bynum, Spitting Blood: The History of Tuberculosis (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012) • Patrice Bourdelais, Epidemics Laid Low: A History of What Happened in Rich Countries (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006)

Other suggested books for background reading, if needed: • E.H. Ackerknecht, A Short History of Medicine (rev. ed 2016, 1982) • M. Harrison, Contagion: How Commerce Has Spread Disease (2013) • J. Aberth, Plagues in World History (2011) • T. Koch, Disease Maps: Epidemics On The Ground (2011) • J.N. Hays, Epidemics and pandemics: their impacts on human history (2005) • M. Harrison, Disease and the Modern World: 1500 to the present. (2004) • J.N. Hays The Burdens of Disease: Epidemics and Human Response in Western History (1998; 2009) • J. Diamond, Guns, Germs and Steel (1997) • S. Watts, Epidemics and History: Disease, power and imperialism (1997) • R. Porter, The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: a medical history of humanity (1997) • J.Duffin, The History of Medicine: A Scandalously Short Introduction (2nd ed, 2010) • I. Loudon (ed.), Western Medicine: an Illustrated History (1997) • K. Kiple (ed.), The Cambridge world history of human disease (1993) • J.Bynum & R.Porter (ed) Companion Encyclopedia of the history of medicine (1993)

Date Topic Readings

Jan 5 Intro Patrice Bordelais, “Introduction,” Epidemics Laid Low (2006,) pp. ix – 5

Charles E. Rosenberg, Explaining Epidemics and other studies in the history of medicine (1992)

• Chapter 13 “What is an epidemic?” pp. 278-292.

• Chapter 14 “Explaining epidemics,” pp. 293-304.

7

Date Topic Readings

Jan 12 Plague Patrice Bordelais, “The Plague Era,” Epidemics Laid Low (2006) – Chapt 1

Samuel K Cohn, Jr., “Pandemics: waves of disease, waves of hate from the to A.I.D.S.” Historical Research 85,230 (Nov 2012):535-55

Samuel K Cohn, Jr., “The : The End of a Paradigm,” The American Historical Review Vol. 107, No. 3 (June 2002): 703-38

Shona Kelly Wray, "Boccaccio and the doctors: medicine and compassion in the face of the plague," Journal of Medieval History Vol. 30 Issue 3, (Sept 2004): 301-22

David Steel, “Plague Writing: From Boccaccio to Camus,” Journal of European Studies 11,2 (Jun1981): 88-110

Paul Slack, 'Responses to Plague in Early Modern Europe: The Implications of Public Health' Social Research, 55, 3, (1988): 433-53

Patrick Wallis, “Plagues, Morality and the Place of Medicine in Early Modern ,” The English Historical Review, 121, 490 (Feb., 2006): 1-24

Champion, Justin. “Epidemics and the Built Environment in 1665,” in: Epidemic Disease in London Working paper series No. 1 (University of London Centre for Metropolitan History, 1994), pp. 35-52.

Primary Source material:

(1) “The Special Challenges of Plague,” in Medieval Medicine: A Reader edited by Faith Wallis (UTP,2010): 414-29. • The Report of the Paris Medical Faculty, Oct 1348 • Guy of Chauliac on the Black Death from his book Great Surgery, c 1363 • John of Burgundy’s Treatise on the Epidemic, c 1365

(2) Boccaccio, The Decameron, Penguin Classic edition , First Day, Introduction. Available online at: http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Italian_Studies/dweb/texts/DecShowText.ph p?myID=d01intro&expand=empty&lang=eng

(3) The Diary of - extracts relating to the plague at: http://www.pepys.info/1665/plague.html

For full diary see: Braybrooke, Richard Lord, ed. The Diary of Samuel Pepys, Esq., F.R.S., from 1659 to 1669: With Memoir. London: F. Warne, [1887?]. Available online at “The Great Plague of London, 1665,” Contagion: Historical Views of Diseases and Epidemics at Harvard University Library http://ocp.hul.harvard.edu/contagion/

Jan 19 Patrice Bordelais, “Vaccination and Smallpox,” Epidemics Laid Low (2006)

8

Date Topic Readings

Smallpox – pages 39-45; 109-11

Anne Eriksen, “Cure or Protection? The meaning of smallpox inoculation, ca 1750-1775” Medical History 57,4 (Oct 2013): 516-536.

Michael Bennett, “Jenner's Ladies: Women and Vaccination against Smallpox in Early Nineteenth-Century Britain,” History 93, 312 (Oct 2008): 497-513.

Diana Barnes, “The public life of a woman of wit and quality: Lady Mary Wortley Montagu and the vogue for smallpox inoculation,” Feminist Studies 38,2 (Summer 2012): 330-62.

Nadja Durbach, ‘”They Might as Well Brand Us”: Working-Class Resistance to Compulsory Vaccination in Victorian England’, Social History of Medicine, 13 (2000): 45-61.

Stuart Blume, “Anti-vaccination movements and their interpretations,” Social Science & Medicine 62 (2006) 628–642.

Primary Source material:

(1) “Abigail Adams takes measures to immunize her children against smallpox” – see John Adams HBO film YOUtube clip at: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TWxDLG9_eOU

(2) Instructions for vaccine inoculation : commonly called vaccination (Philadephia, 1807) digitizes for The Medical Heritage Library at: https://archive.org/details/2558034R.nlm.nih.gov

(3) Robert D. Hicks, “1879 Surgical Catalog: Mail-Order Smallpox Vaccine,” The History of Vaccines Blog, July 27, 2010 at http://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/blog/1879-surgical-catalog-mail-order- smallpox-vaccine

(4) “The Cow Pock-or-the Wonderful Effects of the New Inoculation! Vide-the Publications of ye Anti-Vaccine Society,” by James Gillray, published London: H. Humphrey, June 12, 1802; digitized on Images from the History of Medicine (NLM) Collection at: http://ihm.nlm.nih.gov/luna/servlet/detail/NLMNLM~1~1~101395166~148594:Th e-Cow-Pock-or-the-Wonderful-Effec

(5) Lisa Rosner, “What’s in a Name? Or, Will Vaccination Turn Your Children into Cows?” The History of Vaccines Blog, March 30, 2012 at http://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/blog/what%E2%80%99s-name-or-will- vaccination-turn-your-children-cows

(6) PBS, “World Health Organization declares smallpox eradicated, 1980,” at http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/dm79sp.html

Jan 26 Steven Johnson, The Ghost Map (2006)

9

Date Topic Readings

Cholera with online resources available at: http://www.theghostmap.com/

• Snow’s cholera map from John Snow, On the Mode of Communication of Cholera (1855) at - http://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/snow/snowmap1_1854_lge.htm

Patrice Bordelais, “Cholera,” (Ch3) Epidemics Laid Low (2006) – pp 47-66.

Additional reading for discussion that address themes of two well-known images related to cholera:

Howard Markel, "Knocking Out the Cholera:” Cholera, Class and in New York City, 1892,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 69, 3 (1995): 420-457.

• “The Kind of “Assisted Emigrant” We Can Not Afford to Admit,” [image], Puck (1883) -- http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/typhoid/quar-05.html

- In this 1883 Puck drawing, members of the New York Board of Health are wielding a bottle of carbolic acid, a disinfectant, in their attempts to keep cholera at bay. Death is personified, on board the ship, carrying a scythe, with the word “cholera” on belt scarf.

Projit Bihari Mukharji, “The “Cholera Cloud” in the Nineteenth-Century “British World”: History of an Object-Without-an-Essence,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 86, 3 (2012): 303-332.

• My selection from NLM digital exhibit (see below) – Cholera "Tramples the victors & the vanquished both," [graphic] by Robert Seymour, published in McLean’s monthly sheet of caricatures; October 1, 1831; p.2 No. 22 http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/cholera/images/a021774.jpg

Primary Source material:

 NLM, “Cholera Online: A Modern Pandemic in Text and Images,” [digital exhibit] – http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/cholera/images.html

 Harvard University Library Open Collections, Contagion: Historical Views of Diseases and Epidemics, “Cholera Epidemics in the 19th Century,” [digital source] -- http://ocp.hul.harvard.edu/contagion/cholera.html

Peruse the NLM digital exhibit and Harvard University Library Open Collections listed above, and review the various images and text (noting repeating themes and imagery). Choose an excerpt from any primary source materials – text or image – and reflect upon its impact or meaning. Be prepared to discuss in class, if called upon (will bring up website on classroom computer/projector)

Feb 2 Yellow Michael Worboys, “Tropical Diseases,” in Companion Encyclopedia of the

10

Date Topic Readings

Fever and History of Medicine, eds. W.F. Bynum and Roy Porter (London: Routledge, Malaria 1993), excerpts - pp. 515-518; 524-27.

S. Watts, Epidemics and History: Disease, power and imperialism (1997) – Ch.6 “Yellow Fever, Malaria and Development: Atlantic Africa and the New World, 1647 to 1928,” pp.213-68.

S. Watts, “Yellow Fever Immunities in West Africa and the Americas in the Age of Slavery and Beyond: A Reappraisal,” Journal of Social History 34, 4 (June 2001): 955-67. • K.Kiple, Response to Sheldon Watts, "Yellow Fever Immunites in West Africa and the Americas in the Age of Slavery and Beyond: A Reappraisal" Journal of Social History 34, 4 (June 2001): 969-74.

• S. Watts, Response to Kenneth Kiple, "Yellow Fever Immunites in West Africa and the Americas in the Age of Slavery and Beyond: A Reappraisal" Journal of Social History 34, 4 (June 2001): 975-6.

A yellow fever timeline which may be helpful at: http://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/timelines/yellow-fever

Mary Ellen Condon-Rall, “Allied Cooperation in Malaria Prevention and Control: The World War II Southwest Pacific Experience,” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 46,4 (1991): 493-513.

Margaret Humphreys, “Kicking a Dying Dog: DDT and the Demise of Malaria in the American South, 1942-1950,” Isis Vol. 87, No. 1 (Mar., 1996), pp. 1-17.

Randall M. Packard, “Malaria Dreams: Postwar Visions of Health and Development in the Third World,” Medical Anthropology: Cross-Cultural Studies in Health and Illness 17,3 (1997): 279-296.

Primary Source material: (1) Carey, Matthew. A Short Account of the Malignant Fever, Lately Prevalent in Philadelphia… Philadelphia: Printed by the Author, 1794. http://pds.lib.harvard.edu/pds/view/7374219

(2) Richard Allen and Absalom Jones, A Narrative of the Proceedings of the Black People, During the Late Awful Calamity in Philadelphia in the Year 1793 and a Refutation of Some Censures, Thrown upon them in some late Publications (1794) http://pds.lib.harvard.edu/pds/view/6483355

Note: In Mathew Carey's widely-read pamphlet - A Short Account of the Malignant Fever, Lately Prevalent in Philadelphia -- Carey accused the black community of profiteering from the disease and of plundering the houses of the sick. In response to Carey's accusations, Richard Allen and Absalom Jones published their own pamphlet in 1794 -- A Narrative of the Proceedings of the Black People, During the Late Awful Calamity in Philadelphia in the Year 1793 and a Refutation of Some Censures, Thrown upon them in some late Publications -- which described the courageous actions of the blacks who dedicated themselves to fighting the disease and included a meticulous accounting of payments and expenses.

Feb 23 Tuberculosis Helen Bynum, Spitting Blood (2012)

11

Date Topic Readings

* Comparative Book Review due (Johnson and Bynum)

Patrice Bordelais, “Tuberculosis,” Epidemics Laid Low (2006) – Chapter 6 and 7 – pages 114-121; 131-133.

Primary Source material:

 Harvard University Library Open Collections, Contagion: Historical Views of Diseases and Epidemics, “Tuberculosis in Europe and North America, 1800-1922” http://ocp.hul.harvard.edu/contagion/tuberculosis.html

* Bardswell, Noel Dean. The Consumptive Working Man: What Can Sanatoria Do for Him? London: Scientific Press, 1906.

- If you have time, peruse the Harvard University Library Open Collections, and read a few pages from Bardswell’s text listed above

Mar 1 Influenza Howard Phillips, “The Recent Wave of ‘Spanish’ Flu Historiography,” Social

12

Date Topic Readings

History of Medicine 27,4 (Nov 2014): 789-808.

Ilana Lowry, “Influenza and Historians: A Difficult Past,” Influenza and Public Health: Learning for Past Pandemics edited by Tamara Giles-Vernick and Susan Craddock with Jennifer Gunn (2010): 91-97.

Mark Humphries, “Paths of Infection: The First World War and the Origins of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic,” War in History 21,1 (Jan 2014): 55-81

Niall Johnson and Juergen Mueller, “'Updating the Accounts: Global Mortality of the 1918-29 "Spanish " Influenza Pandemic'” Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 76, 1 (2002): 105-115.

Sandra Tomkins, 'The Failure of Expertise: Public Health Policy in Britain during the 1918-19 Influenza Epidemic', Social History of Medicine, 5, 3 (1992): 435- 54.

Eugenia Tognotti, 'Scientific Triumphalism and Learning from Facts: Bacteriology and the "" Challenge of 1918', Social History of Medicine, 16, 1 (2003): 97-110.

George Dehner, “WHO Knows Best? National and International Responses to Pandemic Threats and the “Lessons” of 1976,” Journal of the History of Medicine & Allied Sciences 65,4 (Oct 2010): 478-513.

Primary Source material: (1) Choose any primary source materials at:

“1918 Influenza Digital Archive,” Center for the History of Medicine, University of Michigan http://www.influenzaarchive.org/

* My selection -- I did a search on “mask” and then downloaded:

• “Aggressive Anti-Flu Campaign Best Method To Combat Plague,” Rocky Mountain News November 24, 1918, p. 5 Permalink: http://hdl.handle.net/2027/spo.5190flu.0003.915

- Come prepared to discuss your selection in class, if called upon

Mar 8 Patrice Bordelais, “Vaccination,” (Ch6) Epidemics Laid Low (2006) –

13

Date Topic Readings

Polio pages 109-127. *skim to get a sense of the role of vaccination in the control of epidemics

A. Kirk-Montgomery and S.McKellar, “Prevention and Treatment of Poliomyelitis, The Crippling Disease,” Medicine and Technology in Canada, (2008), chapter 6. pp 95-107.

D.Wilson, “A Crippling Fear: Experiencing Polio in the Era of FDR,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 72 (1998): 464-495.

Per Axelsson, “The Cutter Incident and the Development of a Swedish Polio Vaccine, 1952-1957,” Dynamis 32,3 (2012): 311-328

Stephen E. Mawdsley, “Balancing Risks: Childhood Inoculations and America's Response to the Provocation of Paralytic Polio,” Social History of Medicine 26,4 (Nov 2013): 759-778

See also: Mawdsley, “Polio Provocation,” The Lancet 384 (July 26, 2014): 300-1

Naomi Rogers, “'Silence has its own Stories': Elizabeth Kenny, Polio and the Culture of Medicine,” Social History of Medicine 21,1 (Apr 2008): 145-161.

Daniel J Wilson, “Comment: On the Borderland of Medical and Disability History,” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 87, 4 (Winter 2013): 536-539

Neal Nathanson and Olen M. Kew, “From Emergence to Eradication: The Epidemiology of Poliomyelitis Deconstructed,” Journal of Epidemiology 172, 11 (Dec 2010): 1213-1229.

Primary Source material: Examine photographs of polio survivors (Smithsonian Institution link below) and images of President Roosevelt (FDR library link) to consider the constructed (or not) “imagery of polio.” • What do these images say about individual disease experiences, constructed disease concepts, celebrity influences, socio-cultural views of disability, and more? • Are photographs and film useful primary sources for historians studying the history of disease? Why or why not?

(1) Smithsonian Institution, “Whatever Happened to Polio? -- Understanding Historical Photos,” online exhibit at: http://amhistory.si.edu/polio/historicalphotos/index.htm

(2) Franklin D. Roosvelt Presidential Library and Museum, “FDR and Polio,” online exhibit at: http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/aboutfdr/polio.html

- Come prepared to discuss images in class - will bring up websites on classroom computer/projector

Mar 15 HIV-AIDS Patrice Bordelais, “The End of a Dream?” (Ch8) Epidemics Laid Low

14

Date Topic Readings

(2006) – pages 140-149

Powel Kazanjian, “The AIDS Pandemic in Historic Perspective,” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 69,3 (July 2014): 351-382.

Richard Poirir, “AIDS and Traditions of Homophobia,” In the Time of Plague: The History and Social Consequences of Lethal Epidemic Disease edited by Arien Mack (1992): 139-153.

Allan Brandt, “AIDS and Metaphor: Toward the Social Meaning of Epidemic Disease,” In the Time of Plague: The History and Social Consequences of Lethal Epidemic Disease edited by Arien Mack (1992): 91-110.

Dorothy Nelkin and Sander Gilman, “Placing Blame for Devastating Disease,” In the Time of Plague: The History and Social Consequences of Lethal Epidemic Disease edited by Arien Mack (1992): 39-56.

Warwick Anderson, “The New York needle trial: the politics of public health in the age of AIDS” American Journal of Public Health 81,11 (Nov 1991):1506-17

Jennifer Brier, "Save Our Kids, Keep Aids Out": Anti-AIDS Activism and the Legacy of Community Control in Queens, New York,” Journal of Social History 39,4 (Summer 2006): 965-987 - For background information on Ryan White, see http://hab.hrsa.gov/abouthab/ryanwhite.html

Helen Jefferson Lenskyj, “Clinically Correct? AIDS Education in Ontario in the 1980s and 1990s,” Canadian Bulletin of Medical History 24, 2 (2007): 403-421

Primary Source material: Examine the “material culture” and “art” of the AIDS experience through:

(1) The AIDS Memorial Quilt, supported by The NAMES Project Foundation - start: http://www.aidsquilt.org/about/the-aids-memorial-quilt - explore: http://www.aidsquilttouch.org/experience-quilt (note block#)

(2) The controversial art exhibit “Witnesses: Against Our Vanishing” (November 16, 1989 – January 6, 1990) organized by Nan Goldin at the Artists Space in New York. - start: http://artistsspace.org/exhibitions/witnesses-against-our-vanishing-3 - explore: http://issuu.com/artistsspace/docs/witnesses_catalog_full-singlefront_

Be prepared to discuss: • Are these expressions of personal illness experiences or political activism? • Are material culture and art useful primary sources for historians studying the history of disease? Why or why not?

- Come prepared to discuss your quilt block selection in class, if called upon

15

Date Topic Readings

Mar 22 21st C Patrice Bordelais, “Conclusion,” Epidemics Laid Low (2006) – pages 150- Outbreaks 154.

& - Ten years after the publication of this chapter, think about the material and themes that you add to this book Wrap Up Discussion of Course - Inform yourself about some of the 21st C outbreaks, including but not limited to Themes the following outbreaks and suggested reading:

• SARS

Jacalyn Duffin and Arthur Sweetman, ed., SARS in Context: Memory, History, Policy (MQUP, 2006) – online book at Western Libraries http://books2.scholarsportal.info.proxy1.lib.uwo.ca/viewdoc.html?id=/ebooks /ebooks3/upress/2013-08-23/1/9780773576841

• Ebola

Jacqueline Weyer et al., “Ebola Virus Disease: History, Epidemiology and Outbreaks,” Current Infectious Disease Report 17 (2015): 21.

• Measles

Lawrence O. Gostin, “Law, Ethics and Public Health in the Vaccination Debates: Politics of the Measles Outbreak,” JAMA 313, 11 (March 17, 2015): 1099-1100.

16