Epidemics and Pandemics 04/27/20
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Pandemic Flu Planning for Schools
PandemicPandemicPandemic FluFluFlu PlanningPlanningPlanning forforfor SchoolsSchoolsSchools EdenEden Wells,Wells, MD,MD, MPHMPH Michigan Department of Community Health Influenza Strains •Type A – Infects animals and humans –Moderate to severe illness – Potential epidemics/pandemics • Type B – Infects humans only Source: CDC – Milder epidemics – Larger proportion of children affected •Type C –No epidemics –Rare in humans A’s and B’s, H’s and N’s • Classified by its RNA core – Type A or Type B influenza • Further classified by surface protein – Neuraminidase (N) – 9 subtypes known – Hemagluttin (H) – 16 subtypes known • Only Influenza A has pandemic potential Influenza Virus Structure Type of nuclear material Neuraminidase Hemagglutinin A/Moscow/21/99 (H3N2) Virus Geographic Strain Year of Virus type origin number isolation subtype Influenza Overview • Orthomyxoviridae, enveloped RNA virus •Strains –Type A –Type B –Type C Source: CDC • Further classified by surface protein –Neuraminidase (N) – 9 subtypes known – Hemagglutinin (H) – 16 subtypes known Influenza A: Antigenic Drift and Shift • Hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminadase (NA) structures can change •Drift: minor point mutations – associated with seasonal changes/epidemics – subtype remains the same •Shift:major genetic changes (reassortments) – making a new subtype – can cause pandemic Seasonal Influenza •October to April • People should get flu vaccine • Children and elderly most prone • ~36,000 deaths annually in U.S. Seasonal Effects Seasonal Influenza Surveillance Differentiating -
The Definition and Measurement of Dangerous Research
Center for International and Security Studies at Maryland The Definition and Measurement of Dangerous Research Alex Greninger July 2004 CISSM School of Public Policy This paper was prepared as part of the Advanced Methods of Cooperative Security Program at 4113 Van Munching Hall the Center for International and Secuirty Studies at Maryland, with generous support from the University of Maryland John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation. College Park, MD 20742 Tel: 301-405-7601 [email protected] Outline I. Introduction to the Biological Research Security System Model A. The 3-D Definition of Danger 1. Define Transmissibility 2. Define Infectivity 3. Define Lethality B. Defining the Project At Hand C. Where Do Candidate Pathogens Fit into the Danger Terrian? II. Influenza A. Parameter Background 1. Transmissibility 2. Lethality 3. Infectivity B. Highlighting Problematic Research That Has Been Done 1. General Pathogenesis 2. Determinants of 1918 Influenza Pathogenesis 3. Determinants of H5N1 Virus Pathogenesis C. Highlighting Problematic Research That Could Be Done D. Difficulties in Creating an Oversight System for Influenza Research E. Recommendations for Influenza Research III. Pneumonic Plague A. Parameter Background 1. Transmissibility 2. Infectivity 3. Lethality 4. Conclusions B. Highlighting Problematic Research That Has Been Done 1. Increasing Presentation or Activity of Virulence Factors 2. Therapy and Prophylaxis Resistance C. Highlighting Problematic Research That Could Be Done D. Conclusions IV. Conclusions A. Recommendations 1. Include Countermeasures 2. Build the Science of Transmissibility 3. Recognize the Threat Presented By Host Susceptibility and Immunology 4. Keep Weaponization Information Under Control 5. Is Infectivity Useful? B. Long-Term Dilemmas 1. -
1614154442698 05 Preparedn
Brief Communication Preparedness of Siddha system of medicine in practitioner perspective during a pandemic outbreak with special reference to COVID-19 S. Rajalakshmi1*, K. Samraj2, P. Sathiyarajeswaran3, K. Kanagavalli4 1*, 2Research Associate, Siddha Clinical Research Unit (SCRU), Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India, 3Director, Siddha Central Research Institute (SCRI), Chennai, Tamilnadu, India, 4Director General, Central Council for Research in Siddha (CCRS), Chennai, Tamilnadu, India ABSTRACT COVID-19 (Corona Virus Disease-2019) is an infectious respiratory disease caused by the most recently discovered coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona virus-2). This new viral disease was unknown before the outbreak began in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. As of November 16th 2020, it affects about 54.3 million populations, death troll increased to 1.32 million cases in worldwide. Whereas in India 8.85 cases are infected with COVID-19, of which 1, 30, 112 cases were died. Till now there has been no specific anti-virus drug or vaccines are available for the treatment of this disease, the supportive care and non-specific treatment to the symptoms of the patient are the only options in Biomedicine, the entire world turns its attention towards alternative medicine or Traditional medicine. Siddha medicine is one of the primordial systems of medicine practiced in the southern part of India, it dealt a lot about pandemic, and its management. This review provides an insight into Pandemic in Siddha system and its management in both ancient history and modern history, National and state level Government policies related to current pandemic, World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines on usage of unproven drug during infectious disease outbreak, Preparedness of Siddha system during a pandemic outbreak Challenges and Recommendations. -
People, Plagues, and Prices in the Roman World: the Evidence from Egypt
People, Plagues, and Prices in the Roman World: The Evidence from Egypt KYLE HARPER The papyri of Roman Egypt provide some of the most important quantifiable data from a first-millennium economy. This paper builds a new dataset of wheat prices, land prices, rents, and wages over the entire period of Roman control in Egypt. Movements in both nominal and real prices over these centuries suggest periods of intensive and extensive economic growth as well as contraction. Across a timeframe that covers several severe mortality shocks, demographic changes appear to be an important, but by no means the only, force behind changes in factor prices. his article creates and analyzes a time series of wheat and factor Tprices for Egypt from AD 1 to the Muslim conquest, ~AD 641. From the time the territory was annexed by Octavian in 30 BCE until it was permanently taken around AD 641, Egypt was an important part of the Roman Empire. Famously, it supplied grain for the populations of Rome and later Constantinople, but more broadly it was integrated into the culture, society, and economy of the Roman Mediterranean. While every province of the sprawling Roman Empire was distinctive, recent work stresses that Egypt was not peculiar (Bagnall 1993; Rathbone 2007). Neither its Pharaonic legacy, nor the geography of the Nile valley, make it unrepresentative of the Roman world. In one crucial sense, however, Roman Egypt is truly unique: the rich- ness of its surviving documentation. Because of the valley’s arid climate, tens of thousands of papyri, covering the entire spectrum of public and private documents, survive from the Roman period (Bagnall 2009). -
RHODE ISLAND M Edical J Ournal
RHODE ISLAND M EDICAL J ournaL DANIEL HALPREN-RUDER, MD, PhD JOHN R. LONKS, MD ANTHONY E. MEGA, MD FRED J. SCHIFFMAN, MD JON A. MUKAND, MD, PhD LYNN E. TAYLOR, MD MARIA A. MILENO, MD JENNIE E. JOHNSON, MD BRETT D. OWENS, MD RAMIN R. TABADDOR, MD JIE TANG, MD, MPH, MSc WEN-CHIH WU, MD, MPH RIMJ GUEST EDITORS of 2020 See story, page 21 DECEMBER 2020 VOLUME 103 • NUMBER 10 ISSN 2327-2228 URGENT RESOURCES FOR URGENT TIMES. In a pandemic, speed and access to information and You can access Coverys’ industry-leading Risk resources are vital. Management & Patient Safety services, videos, and staff training at coverys.com. Knowledge saves time, and you need all the time you can get to save lives. Introducing the COVID-19 Resource Center. All in one place, for our policyholders as well as for all Right here, right now, for you. healthcare providers. On our website, you’ll find the latest information and Thank you. For all that you are doing. You are our heroes, resources for important topics like: and we are here if you need us. • Telemedicine: including best practices and plain language consent forms • Links to infectious disease prevention guidance • Education and resources for healthcare providers on the front lines Medical Liability Insurance • Business Analytics • Risk Management • Education COPYRIGHTED. Insurance products issued by ProSelect® Insurance Company and Preferred Professional Insurance Company® RHODE ISLAND M EDICAL J OURNAL 7 COMMENTARY Reflections on 2020, the year of COVID RIMJ EDITORS A Pandemic-Inspired Transformation of Primary Care JEFFREY BORKAN, MD, PhD PAUL GEORGE, MD, MHPE ELI Y. -
Bibliographic Review on the Historical Memory of Previous
REVISIONES Bibliographic review on the historical memory of previous pandemics in nursing reviews on COVID-19: a secularly documented reality Revisión bibliográfica sobre la memoria histórica de pandemias anteriores en revisiones de enfermería sobre COVID-19: una realidad secularmente documentada Joaquín León Molina1 M. Fuensanta Hellín Gil1 Eva Abad Corpa2 1 Nurse Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca de Murcia; Advanced Nursing Care Group of the Murcian Institute of Biosanitary Research Arrixaca. Murcia. Spain. 2 Associate nurse, Hospital General Universitario Reina Sofía de Murcia; Contracted Professor PhD linked University of Murcia. Advanced Nursing Care Group of the Murcian Institute of Biosanitary Research Arrixaca. Murcia. Spain. https://doi.org/10.6018/eglobal.456511 Received: 17/11/2020 Accepted: 10/01/2021 ABSTRACT: Introduction: Reviews for COVID-19 should reflect historical antecedents from previous pandemics. Objective: We plan to map the content of recent reviews in the nursing area on COVID-19 to see if it refers to health crises due to epidemics and infectious diseases. Methodology: Descriptive narrative review. The Science Web, PubMed and Lilacs were consulted to identify the reviews; The content of the documents was consulted to detect the presence of descriptors and terms related to pandemics prior to the 21st century of humanity, taking into account the inclusion criteria and objectives of the study. Results: Relevant reviews were found only in 11 documents of the 192 identified. Conclusions: There may be reluctance to use documentation published more than a century ago; However, it would be advisable not to lose the historical memory of pandemic crises that humanity has suffered for millennia Key words: Pandemics; Epidemics; History; Ancient History. -
Inception of the Modern Public Health System in China
Virologica Sinica www.virosin.org https://doi.org/10.1007/s12250-020-00269-4 www.springer.com/12250 (0123456789().,-volV)(0123456789().,-volV) PERSPECTIVE Inception of the Modern Public Health System in China and Perspectives for Effective Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases: In Commemoration of the 140th Anniversary of the Birth of the Plague Fighter Dr. Wu Lien-Teh 1,2 2 1,3,4 1,2 Qingmeng Zhang • Niaz Ahmed • George F. Gao • Fengmin Zhang Received: 30 January 2020 / Accepted: 28 June 2020 Ó Wuhan Institute of Virology, CAS 2020 Infectious diseases pose a serious threat to human health insights into the effective prevention and control of and affect social, economic, and cultural development. emerging infectious diseases as well as the current world- Many infectious diseases, such as severe acute respiratory wide pandemic of COVID-19, facilitating the improvement syndrome (SARS, 2013), Middle East respiratory syn- and development of public health systems in China and drome (MERS, 2012 and 2013), Zika virus infection around the globe. (2007, 2013 and 2015), and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19, 2019), have occurred as regional or global epidemics (Reperant and Osterhaus 2017; Gao 2018;Li Etiological Investigation and Bacteriological et al. 2020). In the past 100 years, the world has gradually Identification of the Plague Epidemic established a relatively complete modern public health in the Early 20th Century system. The earliest modern public health system in China was founded by the plague fighter Dr. Wu Lien-Teh In September 1910, the plague hit the Transbaikal region of during the campaign against the plague epidemic in Russia and spread to Manzhouli, a Chinese town on the Northeast China from 1910 to 1911. -
The Politics of the Coronavirus and Its Impact on International Relations
Vol. 14(3), pp. 116-125, July-September 2020 DOI: 10.5897/AJPSIR2020.1271 Article Number: FA1630564661 ISSN: 1996-0832 Copyright ©2020 African Journal of Political Science and Author(s) retain the copyright of this article http://www.academicjournals.org/AJPSIR International Relations Full Length Research Paper The politics of the coronavirus and its impact on international relations Bheki Richard Mngomezulu Department of Political Science, Faculty of Economic and Management Sciences, University of the Western Cape, South Africa. Received 7 June, 2020; Accepted 1 July, 2020 Pandemic outbreaks are not a new phenomenon globally. There is plethora of evidence to substantiate this view. However, each epidemic has its own defining features, magnitude, and discernible impact. Societies are affected differently. The coronavirus or COVID-19 is not an incongruity. Although it is still active, thus making detailed empirical data inconclusive, it has already impacted societies in many ways - leaving indelible marks. Regarding methodology, this paper is an analytic and exploratory desktop study which draws evidence from different countries to advance certain arguments. It is mainly grounded in political science (specifically international relations) and history academic disciplines. Firstly, the paper begins by looking at how the coronavirus has affected international relations – both positively and negatively. Secondly, using examples from different countries, it argues that the virus has exposed the political leadership by bringing to bear endemic socio-economic inequalities which result in citizens responding differently to government regulations meant to flatten the curve of infection. Thirdly, in the context of Africa, the paper makes a compelling argument that some of the socio-economic situations found within the continent are remnants of colonialism and apartheid. -
A Comparative Evaluation Between the Impact of Previous Outbreaks and COVID-19 on the Tourism Industry Has Been Made Based on Statistics and Previous Research Studies
The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available on Emerald Insight at: https://www.emerald.com/insight/2516-8142.htm Impact of A comparative evaluation between COVID-19 on the impact of previous outbreaks the tourism and COVID-19 on the industry tourism industry Gulcin Ozbay, Mehmet Sariisik and Veli Ceylan Received 11 November 2020 Revised 9 January 2021 Gastronomy and Culinary Arts, Sakarya University of Applied Sciences, Accepted 10 January 2021 Sakarya, Turkey, and Muzaffer Çakmak Gastronomy and Culinary Arts, Istanbul_ Gelis¸im University, Istanbul, Turkey Abstract Purpose – The main purpose of this study is to make a comparative evaluation of the impacts of previous outbreaks and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on the tourism industry. COVID-19 appears to have disrupted all memorizations about epidemics ever seen. Nobody has anticipated that the outbreak in late December will spread rapidly across the world, be fatal and turn the world economy upside down. Severe acute respiratory syndrome, Ebola, Middle East respiratory syndrome and others caused limited losses in a limited geography, thus similar behaviors were expected at first in COVID-19. But it was not so. Today, people continue to lose their lives and experience economic difficulties. One of the most important distressed industries is undoubtedly tourism. Design/methodology/approach – This study is a literature review. In this review, a comparative evaluation between the impact of previous outbreaks and COVID-19 on the tourism industry has been made based on statistics and previous research studies. Findings – The information and figures obtained show that COVID-19 and previous outbreaks have such significant differences that cannot be compared. -
The Next Influenza Pandemic: Lessons from Hong Kong, 1997
Perspectives The Next Influenza Pandemic: Lessons from Hong Kong, 1997 René Snacken,* Alan P. Kendal, Lars R. Haaheim, and John M. Wood§ *Scientific Institute of Public Health Louis Pasteur, Brussels, Belgium; The Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway; §National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, Potters Bar, United Kingdom The 1997 Hong Kong outbreak of an avian influenzalike virus, with 18 proven human cases, many severe or fatal, highlighted the challenges of novel influenza viruses. Lessons from this episode can improve international and national planning for influenza pandemics in seven areas: expanded international commitment to first responses to pandemic threats; surveillance for influenza in key densely populated areas with large live-animal markets; new, economical diagnostic tests not based on eggs; contingency procedures for diagnostic work with highly pathogenic viruses where biocontainment laboratories do not exist; ability of health facilities in developing nations to communicate electronically, nationally and internationally; licenses for new vaccine production methods; and improved equity in supply of pharmaceutical products, as well as availability of basic health services, during a global influenza crisis. The Hong Kong epidemic also underscores the need for national committees and country-specific pandemic plans. Influenza pandemics are typically character- Novel Influenza Viruses without ized by the rapid spread of a novel type of Pandemics influenza virus to all areas of the world, resulting In addition to true pandemics, false alarms in an unusually high number of illnesses and emergences of a novel strain with few cases and deaths for approximately 2 to 3 years. -
Novel H1N1 Influenza Updated Key Points June 11, 2009 • On
Novel H1N1 Influenza Updated Key Points June 11, 2009 • On June 11, 2009, the World Health Organization (WHO) raised the worldwide pandemic alert level to Phase 6. • Designation of this phase indicates that a global pandemic is underway. • There are now community level outbreaks ongoing in other parts of the world. • State and international borders don’t matter at this point. The bottom line is that this new virus is among us all. • While U.S. influenza surveillance systems indicate that overall flu activity is decreasing in the United States, novel H1N1 outbreaks are ongoing in different parts of the U.S., in some cases with intense activity. • In the United States, this virus has been spreading efficiently from person-to-person since April and, as we have been saying for some time, we do expect that we will see more cases, more hospitalizations and more deaths from this virus. • Because there is already widespread novel H1N1 disease in the United States, the WHO Phase 6 declaration does not change what the United States is currently doing to keep people healthy and protected from the virus. • Thus there is no change to CDC’s recommendations for individuals and communities. • WHO’s decision to raise the pandemic alert level to Phase 6 is a reflection of epidemiological changes in other parts of the world and not a reflection of any change in the novel H1N1 virus or associated illness. • At this time, most of the people who have become ill with novel H1N1 in the United States have not become seriously ill and have recovered without hospitalization. -
The Epidemic of Justinian (Ad 542): a Prelude to the Middle Ages 1. Introduction
Acta Theologica Supplementum 7 2005 THE EPIDEMIC OF JUSTINIAN (AD 542): A PRELUDE TO THE MIDDLE AGES ABSTRACT The epidemic that struck Constantinople and the surrounding countries during the reign of Justinian in the middle of the 6th century, was the first documented pan- demic in history. It marked the beginning of plague as a nosological problem that would afflict the world until the 21st century. The symptoms of the disease, as de- scribed by various contemporary writers (especially the historian and confidant of the emperor, Procopius, and the two church historians, John of Ephesus and Euagrius), are discussed. There is little doubt that the disease was the plague. The most com- mon form in which it manifested was bubonic plague, which is spread by infected fleas and is not directly contagious from patient to patient. There is also evidence of septicaemic plague and possibly even pneumonic plague. The disastrous effects of the plague were described vividly by contemporary writers. A major problem was to find ways to dispose of infected corpses. It is estimated that about one third of the popu- lation died — a figure comparable to the death rate during the Black Death in the Middle Ages. Famine and inflation, the depopulation of the countryside, and a cri- tical manpower shortage in the army were further effects which all contributed to bringing to a premature end Justinian’s attempt to restore the grandeur of the Roman empire, and precipitating the advent of the Middle Ages. 1. INTRODUCTION The epidemic which devastated Constantinople in the 6th century during the reign of Justinian formed part of the first genuine pandemic in history to be documented.