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Avhandling Johan Gärde.Pdf UPPSALA UNIVERSITET Teologiska institutionen Religionssociologi FRÅN INVANDRARKYRKA TILL MÅNGKULTURELLT SAMFUND En kyrkosociologisk analys av katolska kyrkan i Sverige från 1970-tal till 1990-tal Johan Gärde UPPSALA 1999 FRÅN INVANDRARKYRKA TILL MÅNGKULTURELLT SAMFUND 2 FRÅN INVANDRARKYRKA TILL MÅNGKULTURELLT SAMFUND Det är egentligen bara i två instanser som katoliker i Sverige är överrepresenterade: i Svenska Akademin och i fängelserna. Hubertus Brandenburg Biskop i Stockholms katolska stift 1977-98 3 FRÅN INVANDRARKYRKA TILL MÅNGKULTURELLT SAMFUND 4 FRÅN INVANDRARKYRKA TILL MÅNGKULTURELLT SAMFUND FRÅN INVANDRARKYRKA TILL MÅNGKULTURELLT SAMFUND En kyrkosociologisk analys av katolska kyrkan i Sverige från 1970-tal till 1990-tal Johan Gärde 5 FRÅN INVANDRARKYRKA TILL MÅNGKULTURELLT SAMFUND Doktorsavhandling framlagd vid Uppsala universitet 1999 Abstract Gärde, J.1999. Från invandrarkyrka till mångkulturellt samfund. En kyrkosociologisk analys av katolska kyrkan i Sverige från 1970-tal till 1990-tal. (From Immigration Church to a Multicultural Church. A Church Sociological Analysis of the Catholic Church in Sweden from the 1970’s to the 1990’s. Written in Swedish with a summary in English). 265 pp. Uppsala. ISBN 91-628-3502-5. This dissertation is focusing upon the Catholic Church of Sweden and her transformation from a marginal minority church of immigrants to a multicultural congregation, which has become the second in size after the Lutheran State Church. The process of change is studied in relation to the Swedish Immigration’s Policy and the different existing cultural paradigms that have existed since the Second World War. The principal part of this study is to increase the sociological knowledge about the Catholic Church of Sweden and analyse the future crossroads the Church will be facing in the future and how the social-pastoral work is being effected by external and internal factors. The dissertation has been focussed on four levels: Society , Church, Group/community , and Individual . The Swedish authorities have not so far seen religion and the churches as main social actors. The Swedish model tends to give the State monopoly in the production, regulation and financing of welfare services. Through the debate about Civil Society, other social actors such as the Non Governmental Organisations, the private sector and family/informal social networks are slowly transforming the Swedish welfare state. The Catholic Church in Sweden would need entrepreneurs if her social role should be increased. The actual leadership of the Catholic Church of Sweden has not changed substantially from the 1970’s to the 1990’s. On a central level, the church has had an Anglo-Saxon/German leadership, which was moderate/conservative in vision and modern in mission. On the parish level, the Slavic influence has increased with a more explicit conservative and traditional view on faith. National parishes are not allowed in the Catholic Church in Sweden, as the bishops believe that could lead to disunion, ethnic and cultural challenges. Thus, national groups have been created which comprise approximately half of the registered Catholics in Sweden. The dissertation concludes that the Catholic Church in Sweden has a multicultural composition of her members, her leadership is multicultural but without a manifested multicultural vision. Key-words: The Roman Catholic Church, Sweden, Sociology of religion, ecclesiology, cultural anthropology, multiculturalism, civil society, immigration, integration, inculturation, Liberal and Conservative churches, secularism, church and management, strategic planning. Johan Gärde, Department of Theology, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 1604, S-751 46 Uppsala, Sweden © Johan Gärde, 1999 ISBN 91-628-3502-5. Printed in Sweden Typoprint, Stockholm 1999 6 FRÅN INVANDRARKYRKA TILL MÅNGKULTURELLT SAMFUND Till mina föräldrar, Till Carole, Rafaella och Andrea 7 FRÅN INVANDRARKYRKA TILL MÅNGKULTURELLT SAMFUND 8 FRÅN INVANDRARKYRKA TILL MÅNGKULTURELLT SAMFUND INNEHÅLL Kapitel 1 Inledning .................................................................................................................................... 17 1.1 Syfte ............................................................................................................................................................. 23 1.2 Ett flerdimensionellt arbetsätt ...................................................................................................................... 23 1.3 Metod och material: några inledande synpunkter ........................................................................................ 26 1.4 Definitioner.................................................................................................................................................. 29 1.5 Avhandlingens uppläggning ........................................................................................................................ 29 DEL 1 ............................................................................................................................................................. 31 TEORETISK RAM ...................................................................................................................................... 31 Kapitel 2 En religionssociologisk bakgrund .............................................................................................. 33 2.2 A. Samhällsnivå: relationen mellan kyrka/samfund och samhälle ............................................................... 34 2.2.1 Klassiska teorier om religionens roll i samhället ............................................................................... 35 2.2.2 Religiös och social förändring i Sverige ........................................................................................... 42 2.2.3 Det civila samhället ........................................................................................................................... 49 2.2.3.1 Katolska kyrkan och det civila samhället ..................................................................................... 55 2.2.3.2 Huvudproblematiken .................................................................................................................. 57 2.2.4 Invandrarnas samfund som sociala aktörer........................................................................................ 58 2.2.4.1 Rollfördelning mellan den privata, frivilliga respektive offentliga sektorn.................................. 61 a) Avantgarde ................................................................................................................................... 63 b) Komplement................................................................................................................................. 64 c) Alternativ ..................................................................................................................................... 64 d) Ersättning ..................................................................................................................................... 65 2.2.4.2 Faktisk relation ............................................................................................................................ 65 a) Kunskap ....................................................................................................................................... 65 b) Värdering ..................................................................................................................................... 66 c) Samarbete .................................................................................................................................... 66 d) Påverkan ...................................................................................................................................... 66 e) Kontroll ........................................................................................................................................ 67 f) Finansiering ................................................................................................................................. 68 2.2.4.3 Samfundens välfärdsproducerande roll i välfärdssamhället ......................................................... 68 2.2.4.4 Samfundens framtida sociala roll ................................................................................................. 70 2.2.5 Slutsatser nivå A ............................................................................................................................... 71 2.3 B. Samfundsnivå: kyrkobegrepp, kyrkans roll, kyrkans väsen och kyrkans organisation ............................ 73 2.3.1 Teologisk/ecklesiologisk teoribildning ............................................................................................. 73 2.3.2 Två typologier för ledarskap och förhållningssätt i katolska kyrkan ................................................. 77 2.3.2.1 Rationellt, traditionellt och karismatiskt ledarskap ...................................................................... 78 2.3.2.2 Konservativt och progressivt synsätt ........................................................................................... 80 2.3.3 Marginalisering av den religiösa auktoriteten ................................................................................... 82 2.3.3.1 Profetisk insikt och dynamisk vision ........................................................................................... 83 2.3.3.2 Förutsebart agerande?
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