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A Structured Teaching Approach to Extended Flute Techniques at Pre-Tertiary Level

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A Structured Teaching Approach to Extended Flute Techniques at Pre-Tertiary Level A Structured Teaching Approach to Extended Flute Techniques at Pre-Tertiary Level By Inge Kim Pietersen Dissertation presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Music (Performance) Faculty of Humanities University of Cape Town Supervisor: Becky Steltzner 7 September 2010 DECLARATION I the undersigned, declare that this dissertation is my own, unaided work. It is being submitted in part fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Music (Performance). It has not been previously submitted in its entirety for any other degree or examination at any other university, but is further research that extends my Honours thesis, The extended flute technique practice in South Africa. …………………………………………. ……………………… Inge Kim Pietersen Date Dedicated to my parents, Anton and Michele and my grandparents, Frank, Petronella, David and Sheilah. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank the following people and institutions: Becky Steltzner, my supervisor, for her guidance, motivation and patience. Bridget Rennie-Salonen, my teacher for her advice and enthusiasm towards the project. The South African College of Music (University of Cape Town) for financial support. Robert Dick, Mike Mower, Phyllis Avidan Louke, Helen Bledsoe, Linda Holland, Leslie Marrs, Ian Clarke, Wouter Kellerman and Helen Vosloo for their willingness to answer many questions and give lots of advice. I would also like to thank my flute students and friends who were willing to participate in the research: Lise Lombard, Mari Veldsman, Linya Naudé, Daniela du Toit, Bernice Brand, Anmari Louw, Suzél van Heerden, Helga du Plessis, Lorraine Roux, Jesse de Villiers, Lindsey James, Gareth Cederes, Marga Smith, Petra Conrads and all the participants of the 2008 Franschhoek Chamber Music Workshop. Jason King, the retailer of flute music in Cape Town for his assistance and advice in ordering the material. My husband and family, for their love and support. ABSTRACT This research explores extended flute techniques and arrives at a suggested structured teaching approach to these techniques at pre-tertiary level. The views of extended flute technique specialists have been collected to help set up lesson plans and resource lists for the contemporary teacher. The specialists who completed the questionnaires believe that extended techniques help develop standard playing techniques such as air speed control, embouchure flexibility, breath support, aural skills and finger dexterity, among other things. They should be seen as a helpful teaching tool rather than ‗extended techniques‘ reserved for the advanced flautist. Based on the results of the questionnaires sent to these specialists, selected pieces of music for the appropriate age group was analyzed for suitability and then graded. Each technique was taught to high school students of varying grade levels, and based on the results of those lessons, lesson plans were drawn up to assist high school flute teachers in introducing these techniques. Also included in the research was a group workshop that dealt with extended techniques within an ensemble. Although the lesson plans are only suggestions, and each teacher would have to alter them to suit their own purposes, the research has shown that extended techniques do reinforce standard techniques and can be started at pre-tertiary level. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 Background and problem statement 1.1 Literature review .......................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Existing repertoire ....................................................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Previous research on extended techniques in South Africa ........................................................................ 4 1.4 Taking this research a step further .............................................................................................................. 9 1.5 Problem statement ...................................................................................................................................... 9 1.6 The research question ................................................................................................................................. 10 1.7 Methodology ................................................................................................................................................ 11 1.8 Summary ..................................................................................................................................................... 11 CHAPTER 2 A discussion and summary of the questionnaires and field research outcomes ............................................... 13 2.1 Answers on specialists‘ questionnaires CHAPTER 3 The benefits of extended flute techniques 3.1 Simultaneous singing and playing ............................................................................................................... 24 3.2 Natural harmonics ....................................................................................................................................... 24 3.3 Multiphonics ................................................................................................................................................ 26 3.4 Pitch bending............................................................................................................................................... 26 3.4.1 Pitch bending using the embouchure and/or turning the headjoint ........................................................... 26 3.4.2 Pitch bending using finger slides .............................................................................................................. 27 3.5 Microtones ................................................................................................................................................... 27 3.6 Summary ..................................................................................................................................................... 28 CHAPTER 4 Case studies 4.1.1 Workshop: Franschhoek Mountain Chamber Music Workshop ................................................................ 29 4.1.2 Summary of the Chamber Music Workshop questionnaires and answers ............................................... 32 4.2.1 Individual tuition: Summary of the individual lessons ............................................................................... 37 4.2.2 Summary of the individual lesson questionnaires and answers ............................................................... 37 4.3 Conclusion................................................................................................................................................... 44 CHAPTER 5 8-Week lesson plans 5.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................................................. 45 5.2 Simultaneous singing and playing ............................................................................................................... 46 5.3 Pitch bending............................................................................................................................................... 58 5.4 Harmonics ................................................................................................................................................... 69 5.5 Multiphonics ................................................................................................................................................ 84 CHAPTER 6 Graded extended technique repertoire list 6.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................................................. 102 6.2 Grading Criteria Chart: ................................................................................................................................ 102 6.3 Grade 2/3 Repertoire List ............................................................................................................................ 104 6.4 Grade 4/5 Repertoire List ............................................................................................................................ 114 6.5 Grade 6/7 Repertoire List ............................................................................................................................ 150 6.6 Grade 8 Repertoire List ............................................................................................................................... 170 CHAPTER 7 7.1 Conclusion................................................................................................................................................... 200 7.2 Recommendations ...................................................................................................................................... 201 Reference List ................................................................................................................................................... 204 Appendix A: Questionnaires: Specialists Appendix B: Questionnaires: Franschhoek Mountain Chamber Music Workshop Appendix C: Questionnaires: Individual tuition CHAPTER 1 BACKGROUND AND PROBLEM STATEMENT This study researches the possibility of teaching extended flute techniques at pre-tertiary level. 1.1 Literature Review The resource list shows
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