The brigantia archaeological practice

FARM CONSERVATION SCHEME

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY IN KINGSDALE, NORTH

(Yorkshire Dales National Park)

A report to the Yorkshire Dales National Park Authority

November, 2000 CONTENTS

1. Introduction to the Survey Area

2. Methodology

3. Note on Place-Names

4. List of Place-Names

5. Bibliography

6. Note on Dry-Stone walls

7. List of Selected Photographs

8. List of Colour Slides (in project archive)

9. Site Record Sheets

10. Stone Wall Record Sheets

11. Drawings

12. Selected Photographs 1. INTRODUCTION TO THE SURVEY AREA.

1.1 The land surveyed in this report includes 1260ha of upper Kingsdale and a smaller area to the north and west of the village of Thornton in Lonsdale. Kingsdale lies within the parish of Thornton in Lonsdale on the western edge of the Yorkshire Dales National Park. The survey area extends to the watershed on both the eastern and western sides of the valley. It is bounded on the eastern side by the summit ridge of Whernside, over High Pike, Combe Scar and West Fell and reaches a maximum altitude of 700m aOD. This line also repre- sents the parish boundary between Thornton in Lonsdale and Ingleton. The land below the ridge is character- ised by tussocky moorland on millstone grit and Yoredale Series geology; which gives way to a carboniferous limestone escarpment at approximately 350m aOD. Much of this grassland is open or divided into very large enclosures. The north western extent of the survey area runs along the northern summit ridge of Gregareth, at a altitude of 620m aOD; south of this, the western boundary is marked by the road in the valley bottom.

1.2 The valley has a relatively shallow U-shaped profile with a flat valley floor, the clays, sands and grav- els of which are the remnants of a late glacial lake dammed at its southern end by terminal moraine. The braided channels of the former course of Kingsdale Beck are still very evident, meandering across the flood plain. The beck is now canalised along much of its length, from Kingsdale Head Farm to Keld Head, the result of nineteenth century enclosure awards (Fig. 5)

1.3 The valley includes two farmsteads, Kingsdale Head and Braida Garth. Kingsdale Head is situated,, as the name suggests, at the valley head at an altitude of 303m aOD, at the confluence of Long Gill, Buck Beck and Backstone Gill, which thereafter become Kingsdale Beck. Braida Garth is situated approximately half way down the valley on a river terrace at a height of 290m aOD. Both farmhouses are of nineteenth century date with contemporary or later outbuildings.

1.4 The survey also included a small area to the north and west of Thornton in Lonsdale village. The land here is generally low-lying, reaching a maximum height of 190m aOD on Banks Hill and characterised by south facing improved pasture.

FIELD EVIDENCE.

1.5 The survey area included thirty-three previously recorded sites: of these eighteen had been verified by field investigation and the remainder were the result of documentary information taken from the 1st edition Ordnance Survey map of 1851. This survey has identified a further twenty-seven sites; of which the greatest concentration is situated between the two farms, Braida Garth and Kingsdale Head, on or just below the scar, on the east side of the valley and at an altitude of between 280m and 330m aOD.

1.6 The area of the survey situated to the north and east of the village of Thornton in Lonsdale yielded little in the way of new sites, but rather verified the absence of two of the sites recorded from the 1st edition Ordnance Survey map. The land here is relatively low-lying and much improved. Many of the stone wall field boundaries have been removed and replaced by fences. The earliest features present are the lynchets on the south side of Banks Hill, otherwise all features are post-mediaeval in date.

PREHISTORIC SITES

1.7 The scope of the survey did not allow for detailed fieldwalking which might reveal the scatters of flint which are likely to be the only surviving evidence of Mesolithic activity in the area. It is nevertheless likely, a priori, that such material exists in the Kingsdale area: the distinctive narrow-blade tradition of the Pennine later Mesolithic is abundant in the general area.

1.8 In the absence of any known inhabited cave sites in the valley, the scheduled Neolithic / Early Bronze Age ring cairn known as Apron Full of Stones (BGS 31) is our earliest evidence for settlement in Kingsdale. Located at a height of 285m aOD on a river terrace above Kingsdale Beck, the cairn was excavated in 1972 by Alan King (King:1978). Structurally it was found to be simple and of a single period, with a boulder kerb. It was noted that the gritstones and sandstones of which the cairn body was built were graded in size, with the larger towards the base. King suggests an early Bronze Age date for the monument, but the specific results of the excavation were meagre: a cremation unaccompanied by grave goods and two possible grave pits, one of which may have had a stone lining, were empty. Finds were limited to a collection of flints. It seems equally possible that the origins of the monument may be Neolithic. Despite the lack of a ditch, it could be argued that the structure as much resembles a small henge-type monument as it does other ring cairns of the limestone zone (the large henge at Mayburgh is similarly ditchless, built of boulders and in a riverside position). This interpre- tation might be supported by the difficulty which exists in showing the site to be primarily funereal in nature and perhaps also by its relatively low-lying riverside location (Turnbull:1993).

IRON AGE / ROMANO BRITISH SITES

1.9 Ten new sites of a probable Iron Age / Romano-British date have been identified during this survey, in the form of small circular enclosures and associated field systems. The greatest concentration of these is around Low Brown Hills Pasture which includes BGS 4,5,6 on the valley floor, BGS 15 on Low Brown Hill and BGS 12 and 14 beside Gaze Gill.

1.10 BGS 4,5 and 6 (Fig. 11) are situated on unimproved land in the valley bottom, beside a former chan- nel of Kingsdale Beck (Fig. 5) and are interpreted as part of a hut circle settlement, BGS 5 and BGS 6 being linked by the remains of a limestone rubble wall, which extends for some distance south-east of BGS 6 along the bank of the former beck. The enclosures are constructed of limestone rubble standing to a maximum height of 0.42m and a 1m width at the base. Although there are no discernible features to the east, the vegetation there becomes increasingly dense and marshy, making identification difficult. The dimensions of the enclosures are roughly equal, at about 8.5m to 9.5m diameter.

1.11 The best example of this type of site within the survey area is BGS 15 (Fig. 15), situated in a ele- vated position (320m aOD) on Low Brown Hills Pasture. The large enclosure includes at least three and proba- bly five hut circles on its north and west perimeter, built onto the large enclosure wall. The part of the south side of the large enclosure is no longer visible due to blanket peat coverage. The hut circles are generally smaller than those of BGS 4,5 and 6 with diameters of 6m-8m.

1.12 BGS 14 (Fig. 14) situated beside Gaze Gill consists of two limestone rubble enclosures, the most north-easterly of which includes an annexe on its north-east side, (similar to that at BGS 5) and loose limestone rubble banks extending from it to the north and south-east. The enclosures are generally less regular in shape than BGS 4,5 and 6 with diameters of 6m-8.25m and appear to be more like BGS 15.

1.13 Two further hut circles were identified at the south-western extent of Long Scar, BGS 20 and 22 (Figs. 17 and 18). The remains of both are fairly slight and include limestone rubble banks extending from them (in the case of BGS 22, some 50m directly eastwards to the base of the scar). BGS 24 (Fig. 19) on the edge of Georges Scar is similar in dimensions to BGS 20 and 22 with a 9m diameter and also includes rubble banks extending a few metres to the north and east. A further very slight enclosure was identified approxi- mately 50m to the south-east. Isolated fragments of limestone rubble banks are also discernible in the immedi- ate area, but these were felt to be too slight to make a positive identification.

1.14 In a fairly isolated position, at a height of 380m aOD above Long Gill, a further possible hut circle settlement (KHS 1) (Fig. 24) was identified. The most easterly of the three enclosures has a diameter of only 5m and includes an interior cell built into its south-west wall, the space within being only 1.5m in diameter. The enclosure has a entrance on its western side, facing down the slope, and a limestone rubble bank extending down from it towards a further enclosure. This second low limestone rubble enclosure is squarish in shape and approximately 15m across, but missing its south and part of its west sides. A further 15m to the west is a circu- lar pile of limestone rubble 5m in diameter. Of all those hut circles identified in the survey, in only two cases was it possible to discern the location of the entrance. As already mentioned KHS 1 includes an entrance on its west side (rather unusually, given the strong statistical tendency for the doors of ‘native’ houses to be in the south-eastern quadrant). BGS 12 (Fig. 14) situated beside Gaze Gill was found to have a gap on its south side. This gap however was found to be 3.2m wide and may therefore have been the result of the destruction of that section of the enclosure.

EARLY MEDIAEVAL / DARK AGE RECTANGULAR BUILDINGS

1.15 It has been suggested by King (King:1996) that rectangular buildings may initially appear as ele- ments of the native Romano-British farmsteads; however, all those identified within the survey area are consid- ered to be of an early mediaeval date. All are situated above 300m aOD on top of, or just below, the limestone scar which extends along most of the length of the east side of the valley.

1.16 The Braida Garth Longhouse Complex, BGS 8 (Fig. 12), (which, it should be noted, is located at Ewe Slack) has previously been surveyed by King (King:1970). It consists of five enclosures, three of which are longhouses, and a enclosure wall. The longhouses are between 15m and 17m long and 6m wide. Approxi- mately 30m east of Ewe Slack, on a enclosed terrace immediately below Long Scar is a further, previously un- recorded longhouse (BGS 27) (Fig. 21). This longhouse is comparable in size with the largest of the Braida Garth longhouses and includes an adjoining enclosure. Although the interior is heavily overgrown with nettles and other vegetation, the longhouse is otherwise very well preserved, with rubble banks surviving to a maxi- mum height of 0.5m. To the north-east and south-west of the Braida Garth sites (BGS 8 and BGS 27) are the remains of an associated field system (BGS 9) visible for some 700m below Long Scar. This includes a wall running parallel to Long Scar with further walls descending at right angles from the scar base to connect with the long wall.

1.17 A further probable early mediaeval settlement site, consisting of two rectangular enclosures, is situ- ated beside a tributary of Gaze Gill, BGS 17 (Fig. 16). The spring emerges from a limestone outcrop just above the enclosures. The more westerly of the two is particularly well preserved, with earth and stone banks standing to a height of 0.5m in places. Both enclosures measure approximately 17m by 7.5m wide with an interior part i- tion at the eastern end, and probable entrance at the west gable end.

MEDIAEVAL PERIOD

1.18 By the time of the Domesday Survey Thornton in Lonsdale and presumably also Kingsdale lay at the north east edge of the pre-conquest wapentake of Amounderness. At this time north west had not yet been divided into counties; some vills subsequently in north , Cumberland and Westmorland were included in the survey of Yorkshire. There are very few surviving mediaeval features in the visible landscape, an observation consistent with the historical evidence that the Kingsdale area consisted largely of waste and chase.

1.19 Amounderness is referred to in a charter of 934 in which Athelstan made a large grant of that land to the church at York, of which Wolfstan was Archbishop. The boundaries of it are described as follows:

First from the sea up along the Cocker to the source of that river, from that source straight to another spring that is called in Saxon Dunshop, thus down the rivulet to the Hodder, in the same direction to the Ribble and thus along that river through the middle of that channel back to the sea.(Le Patourel:1993)

1.20 The grant is unusual in that the king himself had bought the territory. It suggests that Athelstan may have been attempting to strengthen his hold on the recently conquered north by handing this large stretch of territory to a power that might prove a useful ally.

1.21 Whether or not Thornton in Lonsdale and Kingsdale should be included within the area at this date is uncertain; however by 1086 it is listed as being within the wapentake of Amounderness which was held di- rectly by the king. The entry in Domesday reads as follows:

In Thornton (in Lonsdale) and in (Nether and Over) Burrow Ormr, 6 carucates taxable. (Morris:1986)

1.22 By the thirteenth century Thornton in Lonsdale lay within the wapentake of Ewcross; which is first mentioned as a wapentake in 1219. There is, however no mention of it in the surviving hundred rolls, nor to any of the nine vills said to be contained within it in 1316. It could be that a Ewcross return was never made to the hundred commissioners because of its remoteness and sparsely of population, nor are definitive boundaries given on the endpaper maps. However, we do know that during the reign of King John, in the year 1203-4 Wil- liam de Moubray acquired the chase of Mewith and Ingleborough from one Adam de Staveley. It is reported that he

Afterwards enlarged that chase and newly occupied a chase through the whole of the vills of Thornton, Horton, Austwick and Burton, and similarly in some valleys, that is Kingsdale, Blea Moor, Whernside and Cam Side, and made there another two foresters so that then he had four there… (English:1996)

1.23 The Quo Warranto Rolls of 1293-4 record a dispute between Roger de Moubray, grandson of Wil- liam and Roger de Heigham who sued for the king, concerning,

Free chase in a great wood which is called Kingsdale outside his ground and fee, which is partly John de Thornton’s and partly other free tenants.. (English:1996)

AGRICULTURAL IMPROVEMENTS

1.24 Much of the visible elements in the historic landscape of Kingsdale represent the effects of post- mediaeval change, particularly in the context of enclosure and other forms of agricultural improvement and management. This is not part of the Dales where mining and quarrying have been of great significance (though the vestiges of quarrying certainly do exist): it is farming, and particularly the pasturing of cattle and sheep, which has shaped Kingsdale.

1.25 A major element of agricultural improvement is water control, which includes not only drainage, but also the construction of leats to service farmhouses and stock. An example of this is to be found a little way north of the farm at Kingsdale Head (KHS 4). In Kingsdale however, the major water control project, occurred as part of the nineteenth century enclosures awards. This was the canalisation of Kingsdale Beck along much of its length, as far as Keld Head. The first edition Ordnance Survey map indicates the former braided channel of the beck (Fig. 5).

1.26 The nineteenth century enclosure awards, which generally in this area served to push to a higher level the boundary between improved and unimproved grazing, also saw the expansion of the road network. This included the Dent Road (30ft from wall to wall), from Thornton in Lonsdale to Dent, the Tow Scar Road (to Westgate) and Twistleton Road. The Holloway which cuts through the terminal moraine at the southern end of the valley no doubt indicates the earlier route, possibly for the carriage of stone from the quarries at Kingsdale Head.

1.27 Evidence for mining within the survey area was found on the west side of the valley beside Yordas Grains. The fairly slight remains of quarry faces and spoil heaps were recorded on the first edition Ordnance Survey map as black marble quarries (BGS 1). Associated with these is an ill-defined trackway (BGS 2) ex- tending downslope towards Yordas Wood and the valley floor. It is probable also that the engineered section of trackway (KHS 7), extending north westwards from Cluntering Gill Bridge was also associated with quarrying. A further possible quarry site is Millstone Hag (KHS 2), a area of outcropping millstone grit situated just below the summit ridge of Gregareth. It does however seem probable, that the faces and fissures in the rock might well be no more than natural features, the results of natural processes.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

1.28 It is evident that Kingsdale has received much less attention than the neighbouring valleys to the east and north. This is to some degree explained by its relative isolation on the south western fringe of the Yorkshire Dales, and lack of modern settlement. This survey has however identified a considerable number of new sites, which, it is hoped, will rise the profile of archaeology in the immediate area.

1.29 From the evidence of this survey and others undertaken in the Yorkshire Dales, it is accepted that the land lying below approximately 250m OD generally, has such good soil cover and has been so continuously improved, that pre-mediaeval monuments are exceedingly rare. Within the present survey area this included the whole of the land parcel to the north and west of the village of Thornton in Lonsdale. Here, the earliest features identified were the series of mediaeval lynchets (BGS 38) (Fig. 22), which stood alone as the last remnant of the pre-modern landscape.

1.30 In marked contrast the limestone terraces and unimproved valley bottom of upper Kingsdale in- cluded a number of previously unrecorded sites. The most surprising of these being the Romano-British hut circle settlements, on the valley floor in upper Kingsdale and on Low Brown Hills Pasture, the later partially enclosing a fairly extensive area and being visible from the north and east from some distance. Of considerable interest also, for our understanding of the early mediaeval landscape in Kingsdale, is the extensive field system and longhouse close to the previously recorded Braida Garth Complex.

1.31 It is therefore recommended that detailed surveys be made of the most significant archaeologi- cal areas:

BGS 4, BGS 5, BGS 6 Hut circle settlement on the valley floor of upper Kingsdale.

BGS 15 Hut circle settlement on Low Brown Hills Pasture.

BGS 9, BGS 27 Longhouse and associated field system.

KHS 1 Enclosure and hut circles? above Long Gill.

2. METHODOLOGY

2.1 The methods used in the preparation of this survey report were indicated by an Archaeological Survey Project Brief ( revised 23rd December 1999) prepared by the Yorkshire Dales National Park Authority and by a Method Statement prepared by the Brigantia Archaeological Practice. In brief, the general methodology em- ployed was as outlined below.

2.2 DOCUMENTARY RESEARCH. A general documentary survey of the area was made, with par- ticular reference to:

All available map sources, and to place-names and features now no longer extant which are revealed by the maps.

Available aerial photographs.

The contents of the Yorkshire Dales Sites and Monuments Record.

Published sources relevant to the area.

2.3 FIELD SURVEY

The field survey was carried out over a period of weeks in the summer of 2000, and was carried out in the fol- lowing way:

2.4 Each field or other land parcel was inspected on the ground as part of a walk-over survey, and all sites or features recorded and described in detail. A general inspection was initially made of each land parcel, followed by a series of spaced parallel walks designed to ensure the visual inspection of the whole of the field. This survey also included unenclosed land, and the flood-plain of the Kingsdale Beck. Natural features which might have been of archaeological significance (such as caves and rock shelters) were also searched for, though in the event no such locations were identified. All sites and features already known to the Sites and Monuments Record, or newly-identified during the documentary survey, were vis- ited and recorded in detail.

2.5 The location and extent of each site or feature was added to the map base, and the feature described on a pro forma record sheet. Where appropriate (for the great majority of sites), a photographic record was made: this was based on black-and-white prints, but se- lected features were also recorded as colour transparencies, and some transparencies were made of general 'landscape' views which might assist interpretation or visualisation of the historic landscape.

2.6 A measured sketch survey of all features of interest was undertaken. Wherever possible, a scoring exercise of the type used in the Monuments Protection Programme, and using the same scoring criteria, was applied.

2.7 The survey included the inspection of all field boundaries to characterise their ma- terials, method of construction, evidence for large-scale rebuilding, and physical relations to other boundaries or other types of feature. Styles, gateways, hogg-holes and other items of wall furniture were located on the map-base and recorded on pro formis and by photography.

2.8 Ruined or roofless buildings were fully recorded in the same way as other sites or features. Roofed buildings were subjected to rapid inspection, particularly with regard to ex- ternal condition. No attempt was made to gain access to occupied domestic buildings.

2.9 In the case of the most northerly of the blocks of land within the study area (that around Kingsdale Head), this approach was modified to include only the recording of any boundaries and known sites, followed by a series of random walks, their disposition deter- mined by the location of peat cover and other topographical factors, with the aim of examin- ing a viable sample of the area.

3. NOTE ON PLACE-NAMES

3.1 The toponymy of the study area reveals a mixture of Scandinavian and early Eng- lish place-name origins, though many of the names listed appear to be of post-mediaeval ori- gin and, due in part to a general scarcity of sources from before the seventeenth century, the earliest forms of some must be reconstructed: there seems, indeed, a general scarcity of place-names of early origin. Place-names are listed and discussed by Smith (1961, 250 ff). The name of the valley itself, Kingsdale since 1771, was Kinesdale as late as 1695, though the later version is probably the original, derived from the area’s being a royal manor at the time of the Domesday survey.

3.2 There is a significant group of names which include the element Braida including Braida Garth (Bradagarth 1687) and Braida Beck (Breada Beck 1718). The main element is not, as is sometimes suggested, a personal name, but is derived from ‘brad’, ‘a river’: Braida Garth thus becomes ‘the enclosure by the river’, and Braida Beck something of a tautology. The related form Braidamaya probably includes the northern dialect word ‘mea’, ‘a pasture’: Blackamaya was presumably also formed in this way. Another water-derived name is Keld Head (from ‘kelda’, ‘a spring’).

3.3 Several names include the element ‘gill’, a northern word of Scandinavian origin, denoting a ravine. Other natural features are referred to in the names of Thack Pot, Bull Pot and Jingling Pot, indicating caves of lesser size than the interestingly named Yordas Cave: there seems nothing to support local folklore (probably of recent origin) which remembers a mythical king or giant, Yordas. Rowting Caves and Rowting Bank derive from the Old Eng- lish ‘hrutan’, ‘to roar’ (presumably indicating the sound of spate waters within the cave channels).

3.4 Some place names suggest former economic activities. Of interest is Millstone Hag, which certainly consists of the type of gritstone suited to the manufacture of querns or mill- stones. Turf Rigg and Peat Gate appear to refer to the cutting and transportation of peat for fuel (Turbary Pasture, a short distance outside the study area, is also interesting in this re- spect). It is possible that George’s Ling Hills, a name which is probably of no earlier than eighteenth century origin, and Thack Pot Gutter similarly remember the cropping of heather as a thatching material.

3.5 An unusual name is Botany Bay: this seems to belong to a group of place-names widely spread over the north of England and inspired by the colonisation and taming of vir- gin tracts of the New World. It would, in this case, indicate a new episode of enclosure and land improvement in the early decades of the nineteenth century. 4. ALPHABETICAL LISTS OF PLACE-NAMES

1. BRAIDA GARTH

Apronfull of Stones

Botany Bay

Braida Garth Farm

Braida Garth Scar

Braida Garth Wood

Braidey Garth (1st Edition OS only)

Bullpot Bank

Ewe Slack

Gaze Gill

Gaze Gill Fold

George’s Ling Hills

George’s Scar

Goose Dub (1st Edition OS only)

Green Laids

High Brown Hill

High Brown Fold

High Brown Pasture

Keld Head

Long Scar

Lord’s Lot Top

Low Brown Hill

North Green

Owlet Hole (1st Edition OS only)

Stephenson’s Hill

Thack Pot Gutter

Yordas Bank

Yordas Cave

Yordas Grains

Yordas Wood

2. IREBY HALL

Braidamaya

Green Thorn

Green Laids Scar

Jingling Pot

Knout

Rowting Bank

Rowting Caves

3. KINGSDALE HEAD

Backstone Gill

Backstone Wood

Blackamaya Gill

Blackamaya Pasture

Buck Beck

Buck Beck Bank

Cluntering Gill

Cluntering Gill Bridge

Cluntering Gill Head

Ellen Fold (1st Edition OS only)

Fidler Gill

Foul Moss in Gill (1st Edition OS only)

Gaze Gill Bank

Gill Wood

Green Hill

Heather End

High Pike

Kingsdale Head Farm

Long Gill

Long Gill Bank

Low Pike

Low Rigg

Millstone Hag

Peat Gate (1st Edition OS only)

Sand Beds

Sand Beds Head

Swere Gill

Swere Gill Bridge

Turf Rigg

The Wold

4. THORNTON in LONSDALE

Banks Hill KINGSDALE BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Anon. Rotuli Collectum Subsidii Regi a Laicis Anno Secundo Concessi in Westrythyngo in Comitatu Eboraci (Poll Tax Returns for the West Riding 1379). Yorkshire Archaeological and Topographical Association 1882.

Hall, K.M. 1993 ‘Pre -Conquest Estates in Yorkshire’ in Yorkshire Boundaries. eds. M. H. Long, M. F. Pickles, H. E. Jean Le Patourel. Yorkshire Archaeological Society.

King, A. 1970 Early Pennine Settlements. Dalesman.

King, A. 1978 Apron Full of Stones: A Prehistoric Cairn. Thornton in Lonsdale. . Yorkshire Archaeological Journal vol. 50.

King, A. 1986 ‘Romano-British Farmers in , North Yorkshire’ in Archaeology in the Pennines; Studies in Honour of Arthur Raistrick. eds T. Manby and P. Turnbull BAR 158.

Le Patourel, Jean H. E. 1993 ‘Amounderness’ in Yorkshire Boundaries. eds. M. H. Long, M. F. Pickles, H. E. Jean Le Patourel, Yorkshire Archaeological Society.

Raistrick, A. 1929 Iron Age Settlement in West Yorkshire. Yorkshire Archaeological Journal vol 34.

Riley, F. 1936 ‘Kingsdale: The Valley of the Vikings’ in Gleanings from a Yorkshire Valley.

Smith, A. H. 1961 The Place Names of the West Riding of Yorkshire: East and West Staincliffe and Ewcross Wapentakes.

Taylor, B. J. et al 1971 British Regional Geology (Northern England). Natural Environment Research Council Institute of Geological Sciences.

Turnbull, P 1993 Apron Full of Stones. Unpublished report for the Yorkshire Dales National Park.

Waltham, A. C. & Davies, M. 1987 Caves and Karst of the Yorkshire Dales. British Cave Research Associa- tion. 6 NOTE ON SURVEY OF FIELD WALLS.

INTRODUCTION

6.1 A dry stone wall survey was conducted in conjunction with the survey of field monuments for the Farm Conservation Scheme in the Yorkshire Dales. The purpose of the survey was to record the style and pre- sent condition of dry stone field walls, in addition to any features of interest, including wall furniture. The wall lengths were divided into sections, between obvious features, such as boundary junctions, corners and some- times gateways. The work was carried out in accordance with the advice provided by the Dry Stone Walling Association of Great Britain.

THORNTON IN LONSDALE

6.2 Although there is an extensive system of field boundaries in this area, many of the dry stone walls have been removed and replaced with post and wire fencing. Dry stone walls, in fact, only survive around the periphery of the study area in fairly discontinuous lengths. The walls are on the whole constructed of limestone rubble with the inclusion of some reddish shales. The basic pattern of construction is single above double fac- ing with random courses.

6.3 The majority of the walls survive in good condition and show signs of recent repair and rebuilding (BGW 23, BGW 25). However general deterioration is visible on the north and north west sides of the study area. Field walls here are in various stages of collapse and are being rendered stock proof by the inclusion of post and wire fencing (BGW 28, BGW 29, BGW 30).

6.4 On the eastern side of the study area the walls are better preserved and of particular interest is the common boundary wall shared with the house known as ‘West View’. The wall here stands to a much higher level, the result of the incorporation of the walls of two small buildings, built on the inside (West View) of the wall, into the field wall. The buildings have now been demolished, leaving only their western walls standing to a height of two metres (BGW 27).

KINGSDALE.

6.5 The dry stone walls of Kingsdale can be characterized as double faced constructions, of limestone rubble, generally with random coursing, although there are one or two notable exceptions to this. The walls are generally in good condition with much evidence of recent rebuilding. In particular the walls in the immediate Yordas Cave area (BGW 3, BGW 4, BGW 5) which are in a poor state are subject to an ongoing programme of repair at present.

6.6 It was noted also, that in places, particularly on the rebuilt sections of walls extending westwards from the parish boundary (BGW 12, BGW 19), lengths of barbed wire have been strung along the wall tops; evi- dently to deter people or athletic sheep from climbing over them.

6.7 Worthy of particular mention is the boundary wall (BGW 11) between the parishes of Thornton in Lonsdale and Ingleton, which extends along the highest point of the West Fell ridge. It survives in excellent condition to a maximum height of 2.5m in places and is generally of a superior construction, in coursed rubble.

6.8 Wall furniture is generally uncommon in the survey area. There are a few examples of sheep smoots (hog holes) and water smoots as would be expected; but other wall features are rare. The dearth of stiles is no doubt the result of the lack of public footpaths, and generally where these do exist they tend to be of the mo d- ern wooden variety.

7. SELECTED PHOTOGRAPHIC INDEX (BLACK and WHITE) PHOTO. NUMBER SITE NUMBER FACING

P1 BGS 4 SW

P2 BGS 5 N

P3 BGS 4&5 SE

P4 BGS 7 NW

P5 BGS 8 W

P6 BGS 9 W

P7 BGS 9

P8 BGS 10 N

P9 BGS 10 N

P10 BGS 11 SW

P11 BGS 12 NE

P12 BGS 12 NW

P13 BGS 13 N

P14 BGS 13 S

P15 BGS 14 NE

P16 BGS 14 NE

P17 BGS 15 NE

P18 BGS 15 S

P19 BGS 15 E

P20 BGS 16 S

P21 BGS 17 NW

P22 BGS 20 SE

P23 BGS 22 E

P24 BGS 24 W

P25 BGS25 N

P26 BGS 27 S

P27 BGS 28 SW

P28 BGS 29 NE

P29 BGS 30 W

P30 BGS 31 SE

P31 BGS 32 NE

P32 BGS 33 N

P33 BGS 34 SW

P34 BGS 35 W

P35 BGS 36 N

P36 BGS 36 E

P37 BGS 38 NE

P38 BGS 40 N

P39 KHS 01 W

P40 KHS 01 SE

P41 KHS 01 E

P42 KHS 02 NE

P43 KHS 03 SW

P44 KHS 04 NE

P45 KHS 05 N

P46 KHS 06 W

P47 KHS 07 NW

P48 KHS 10 E

P49 KHS 10 8. COLOUR SLIDE INDEX

SLIDE NUMBER SITE NUMBER FACING

S1 BGS 4 & BGS 5 SE

S2 BGS 5 NW

S3 BGS 8 W

S4 BGS 9 W

S5 BGS 13 SE

S6 BGS 13 NE

S7 BGS 15 E

S8 BGS 16 S

S9 BGS 17 W

S10 BGS 20 SE

S11 BGS 20 SE

S12 BGS 22 NE

S13 BGS 24 N

S14 BGS 25 N

S15 BGS 25 N

S16 BGS 25 W

S17 BGS 27 N

S18 BGS 27 S

S19 BGS 27 S

S20 BGS 28 W

S21 BGS 28 W

S22 BGS 31 SE

S23 BGS 40 N

S24 KHS 1 E

S25 KHS 1 E Fig. 1

Kingsdale Study area outlined in red. Scale 1:25,000

Fig.2

Thornton-in-Lonsdale Survey area outlined in red Scale 1:25,000

Fig. 3 Kingsdale O.S. 1842

Fig. 4 1st Ed O.S. 6” 1851

Fig. 5 O.S. 1851 showing former course of the Kingsdale Beck Fig. 6 Geology (After Waltham & Davies) Fig. 7 Kingsdale site distribution Scale 1:25,000 KHS 38

BGS 1 BGS 7 BGS 15

BGS 12-14 BGS 2 BGS 4-6 BGS 17 BGS 3

BGS 40

BGS 10 BGS 31 BGS 11

BGS 9 BGS 8

BGS 27

BGS 21-22 BGS 16

BGS 20

BGS 18,19,23

BGS 42

Fig. 8 Kingsdale site locations Scale 1:12,500 Fig. 9 Thornton in Lonsdale site distributions Scale 1:25,000 Fig. 10 Kingsdale sites BGS 1-3 Fig. 11 Kingsdale sites BGS 4-6 Fig. 12 Kingsdale sites BGS 8 Fig. 13 Kingsdale sites BGS 13 Fig. 14 Kingsdale sites BGS 14 Fig. 15 Kingsdale sites BGS 15 Fig. 16 Kingsdale sites BGS 17 Fig. 17 Kingsdale sites BGS 20 Fig. 18 Kingsdale sites BGS 21 & 22 Fig. 19 Kingsdale sites BGS 24 Fig. 20 Kingsdale sites BGS 25 Fig. 21 Kingsdale sites BGS 27 Fig. 22 Kingsdale sites BGS 33-35 & 39 Fig. 23 Kingsdale sites BGS 40

Fig. 24 Kingsdale sites KH 1 Fig. 25 Kingsdale sites KH 10 38 38

39

37 40 8

6 11

5 7 9 3 4 10 1 13 2

12 14

15 19 16

20 13 11

17 6

7 5

18 4 3 1 2

Fig.26 Location of Dry Stone Walls. Kingsdale. 32

33 31 30

29 34

35 36

28

27

39 37 38 40 25 26

Fig. 27

Location of Dry Stone Walls.

Thornton in Lonsdale. P1 (above) P2 (below) P3 (above) P4 (below) P5 (above) P6 (below) P7 (above) P8 (below) P9 (above) P10 (below) P11 (above) P12 (below) P13 (above) P14 (below) P15 (above) P16 (below) P17 (above) P18 (below) P19 (above) P20 (below) P21 (above) P22 (below) P23 (above) P24 (below) P25 (above) P26 (below) P27 (above) P28 (below) P29 (above) P30 (below) P31 (above) P32 (below) P33 (above) P34 (below) P35 (above) P36 (below) P37 (above) P38 (below) P39 (above) P40 (below) P41 (above) P42 (below) P43 (above) P44 (below) P45 (above) P46 (below) P47 (above) P48 (below) P49 (above)