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Energy Efficiency State of the Art of Available Low-Gwprefrigerants And ENERGY EFFICIENCY STATE OF THE ART OF AVAILABLE LOW-GWP REFRIGERANTS AND SYSTEMS Final Report September 2018 Study commissioned by the AFCE and carried out by EReIE, the Cemafroid, and the CITEPA Authors : Stéphanie Barrault (CITEPA) Olivier Calmels (Cemafroid) Denis Clodic (EReIE) Thomas Michineau (Cemafroid) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We sincerely thank the members of the Steering Committee for their contributions: Bénédicte BALLOT-MIGUET, EDF Emmanuelle BRIERE, UNICLIMA Tristan HUBE, Service Entreprises et Dynamiques Industrielles, ADEME Laurent GUEGAN, François HEYNDRICKX, Régis LEPORTIER, François PIGNARD, AFCE. We would also like to thank all the professionals contacted as part of the study Copyright 2018 Any representation or reproduction in whole or in part without the consent of the authors or their heirs or successors is illegal according to the Code of Intellectual Property (Art. L 122-4) and constitutes an infringement punishable under the Criminal Code. Only are allowed (art. 122-5) copies or reproductions strictly reserved for private use and not intended for collective use, as well as analyzes and short quotations justified by the critical pedagogical character, or information the work to which they are incorporated, subject, however, to compliance with the provisions of Articles L122-10 to L122-12 of the Code, relating to reprographic reproduction. 2 / 131 Content CONTENT Content 3 List of Figures _________________________________________________________________ 6 List of Tables _________________________________________________________________ 8 Glossary 11 Keywords 14 Executive Summary ___________________________________________________________ 15 1 - Introduction ________________________________________________________ 18 1.1 Purpose of the study _________________________________________________ 18 1.2 Sponsors __________________________________________________________ 20 1.3 Presentation of Organizations that carried out the study ____________________ 20 2 - Methodological approach of the study ___________________________________ 21 2.1 Evolutions compared to the previous study _______________________________ 21 2.2 The summary sheet by application ______________________________________ 22 3 - Regulation and standard state of the art _________________________________ 25 3.1 Introduction ________________________________________________________ 25 3.2 Environment: F-Gas __________________________________________________ 26 3.3 Safety _____________________________________________________________ 29 3.4 Energy efficiency/Eco Design __________________________________________ 44 3.5 Programs of Voluntary Certification _____________________________________ 54 3.6 Guides and Recommendations _________________________________________ 55 4 - Refrigerant substitutes _______________________________________________ 60 4.1 Overall analysis of the 2016 bank _______________________________________ 60 4.2 R-134a and its substitutes _____________________________________________ 61 4.3 R-404A and its substitutes _____________________________________________ 63 4.4 R-410A and its substitutes _____________________________________________ 65 5 - DOMESTIC APPLIANCES (refrigerators, freezers, thermodynamic water heaters) __ 67 5.1 Domestic refrigerators and freezers _____________________________________ 67 5.2 Thermodynamic water heaters (TWH) on new air or extracted air _____________ 68 6 - Commercial refrigeration _____________________________________________ 70 6.1 Hermetically sealed equipment for display cases ___________________________ 70 6.2 Condensing units ____________________________________________________ 71 Content 3 / 131 6.3 Direct or indirect centralized systems for medium and low temperature refrigeration equipment 74 7 - Air-to-air air conditioning _____________________________________________ 84 7.1 Air conditioning using hermetically sealed systems _________________________ 85 7.2 Split or Multi-split systems (P<17.5 kW) _________________________________ 85 7.3 Multi-splits P>17.5 kW, DRV systems and rooftops _________________________ 87 7.4 Air-to-air air conditioning conclusion ____________________________________ 88 8 - Heat pumps ________________________________________________________ 89 8.1 Reference refrigerants _______________________________________________ 89 8.2 Alternatives for new equipment _______________________________________ 89 8.3 Analysis of the 2016 sectorial bank _____________________________________ 90 8.4 Conclusions & perspectives ___________________________________________ 91 9 - Mobile air conditioning (mobile air conditioning system) _____________________ 92 10 - Chillers ____________________________________________________________ 95 10.1 Centrifugal chillers _________________________________________________ 95 10.2 Volumetric chillers _________________________________________________ 97 11 - Refrigeration in food processes ________________________________________ 101 11.1 Analysis of the 2016 sectorial bank ____________________________________ 101 11.2 Direct expansion system, low temperatures or medium and low temperatures _ 102 11.3 System with flooded evaporator – medium temperatures or low and medium temperatures 104 12 - Refrigerated transport _______________________________________________ 106 12.1 Refrigeration unit characteristics ______________________________________ 106 12.2 Reference refrigerants ______________________________________________ 107 13 - Synthesis of implemented case studies for new options and feedback__________ 111 13.1 Retrofit in hypermarkets ____________________________________________ 111 13.2 Controlled temperature transport _____________________________________ 114 13.3 Efficiency of stand-alone display cases with hermetically-sealed unit _________ 115 14 - Status of training programs on alternatives ______________________________ 119 14.1 Introduction ______________________________________________________ 119 14.2 European regulation for training ______________________________________ 120 14.3 Key competencies related to refrigerants subjected to F-Gas ________________ 121 14.4 Key competencies related to flammables refrigerants _____________________ 122 14.5 Key competencies related to high-pressure refrigerants ____________________ 122 4 / 131 Content 14.6 Key competencies related to toxic refrigerants ___________________________ 123 14.7 Key competencies related to HFC/HFO blends ____________________________ 123 14.8 Synthesis _________________________________________________________ 124 14.9 Directory of available training programs _________________________________ 125 References 126 Annex 1 131 Existing training programs _________________________________________________________ 131 Content 5 / 131 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2-1: Multicriteria Indicator (radar type) ....................................................................................................... 23 Figure 2-2: Overview of an application summary sheet. ...................................................................................... 23 Figure 3-1: Schedule of enter into force of regulations and standards........................................................... 25 Figure 3-2: Item ICPE 4802: definition of conditions. ............................................................................................ 29 Figure 3-3: Pictogram “Warning; risk of fire”. ........................................................................................................... 40 Figure 3-4: Pictogram “Warning: Risk of fire”. .......................................................................................................... 43 Figure 3-5: Leak typology as a function of leak diameter/piping diameter ratios. ................................... 56 Figure 4-1: Evolution of the refrigerant bank from 1990 to 2016 – all sectors. ......................................... 60 Figure 4-2: 2016 refrigerant bank – all sectors. ....................................................................................................... 61 Figure 5-1: Shares of refrigerants used in the domestic refrigeration bank in 2016. (Barrault 2016) ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 67 Figure 6-1 – Hermetically sealed equipment (small stores) – 2016 bank. .................................................... 71 Figure 6-2 – Bank 2016 of condensing units in small stores. ............................................................................. 73 Figure 6-3 – Comparison of the total annual equivalent CO2 emissions of several types of commercial refrigeration plants (Bivens, 2002). ...................................................................................................... 75 Figure 6-4 – Evolution of costs and energy consumptions of CO2 systems in commercial refrigeration. Feedback from Switzerland (European Commission, 2017). ................................................... 78 Figure 6-5: Bank of refrigerants used in commercial refrigeration – Centralized systems of super and hypermarkets. (Barrault, 2016) ............................................................................................................................. 82 Figure 7-1: Bank 2016 – Hermetic air-conditioning systems. ............................................................................ 85 Figure 7-2: Bank 2016 –Split and multi-split systems. .........................................................................................
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