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Security Aspects of the South Stream Project
BRIEFING PAPER Policy Department External Policies SECURITY ASPECTS OF THE SOUTH STREAM PROJECT FOREIGN AFFAIRS October 2008 JANUARY 2004 EN This briefing paper was requested by the European Parliament's Committee on Foreign Affairs. It is published in the following language: English Author: Zeyno Baran, Director Center for Eurasian Policy (CEP), Hudson Institute www.hudson.org The author is grateful for the support of CEP Research Associates Onur Sazak and Emmet C. Tuohy as well as former CEP Research Assistant Rob A. Smith. Responsible Official: Levente Császi Directorate-General for External Policies of the Union Policy Department BD4 06 M 55 rue Wiertz B-1047 Brussels E-mail: [email protected] Publisher European Parliament Manuscript completed on 23 October 2008. The briefing paper is available on the Internet at http://www.europarl.europa.eu/activities/committees/studies.do?language=EN If you are unable to download the information you require, please request a paper copy by e-mail : [email protected] Brussels: European Parliament, 2008. Any opinions expressed in this document are the sole responsibility of the author and do not necessarily represent the official position of the European Parliament. © European Communities, 2008. Reproduction and translation, except for commercial purposes, are authorised, provided the source is acknowledged and provided the publisher is given prior notice and supplied with a copy of the publication. EXPO/B/AFET/2008/30 October 2008 PE 388.962 EN CONTENTS SECURITY ASPECTS OF THE SOUTH STREAM PROJECT ................................ ii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .............................................................................................iii 1. INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................... 1 2. THE RUSSIAN CHALLENGE................................................................................... 2 2.1. -
3. Energy Reserves, Pipeline Routes and the Legal Regime in the Caspian Sea
3. Energy reserves, pipeline routes and the legal regime in the Caspian Sea John Roberts I. The energy reserves and production potential of the Caspian The issue of Caspian energy development has been dominated by four factors. The first is uncertain oil prices. These pose a challenge both to oilfield devel- opers and to the promoters of pipelines. The boom prices of 2000, coupled with supply shortages within the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), have made development of the resources of the Caspian area very attractive. By contrast, when oil prices hovered around the $10 per barrel level in late 1998 and early 1999, the price downturn threatened not only the viability of some of the more grandiose pipeline projects to carry Caspian oil to the outside world, but also the economics of basic oilfield exploration in the region. While there will be some fly-by-night operators who endeavour to secure swift returns in an era of high prices, the major energy developers, as well as the majority of smaller investors, will continue to predicate total production costs (including carriage to market) not exceeding $10–12 a barrel. The second is the geology and geography of the area. The importance of its geology was highlighted when two of the first four international consortia formed to look for oil in blocks off Azerbaijan where no wells had previously been drilled pulled out in the wake of poor results.1 The geography of the area involves the complex problem of export pipeline development and the chicken- and-egg question whether lack of pipelines is holding back oil and gas pro- duction or vice versa. -
Wiiw Research Report 367: EU Gas Supplies Security
f December Research Reports | 367 | 2010 Gerhard Mangott EU Gas Supplies Security: Russian and EU Perspectives, the Role of the Caspian, the Middle East and the Maghreb Countries Gerhard Mangott EU Gas Supplies Security: Gerhard Mangott is Professor at the Department Russian and EU of Political Science, University of Innsbruck. Perspectives, the Role of This paper was prepared within the framework of the Caspian, the the project ‘European Energy Security’, financed from the Jubilee Fund of the Oesterreichische Na- Middle East and the tionalbank (Project No. 115). Maghreb Countries Contents Summary ......................................................................................................................... i 1 Russia’s strategic objectives: breaking Ukrainian transit dominance in gas trade with the EU by export routes diversification ............................................................... 1 1.1 Nord Stream (Severny Potok) (a.k.a. North European Gas Pipeline, NEGP) ... 7 1.2 South Stream (Yuzhnyi Potok) and Blue Stream II ......................................... 12 2 The EU’s South European gas corridor: options for guaranteed long-term gas supplies at reasonable cost ............................................................................... 20 2.1 Gas resources in the Caspian region ............................................................. 23 2.2 Gas export potential in the Caspian and the Middle East and its impact on the EU’s Southern gas corridor ................................................................. -
2021 Half-Year Report - N.V
2021 half-year report - N.V. Nederlandse Gasunie 2021 half-year report Partner 1 2021 half-year report - N.V. Nederlandse Gasunie Index Management summary 3 Timeline 3 D I R E C T O R S ’ R E P O R T 01 Gasunie profile 9 02 Mission, vision and strategy 11 03 Recent developments 12 04 Risk management 19 S T A T E M E N T O F T H E E X E C U T I VE B O A R D 05 Statement of the Executive Board 21 H A L F - Y E A R R E P O R T 06 Consolidated half-year report 23 07 Signature 45 R E VI E W R E P O R T 08 Review report 47 09 Disclaimer 48 2 2021 half-year report - N.V. Nederlandse Gasunie Management summary Timeline January In 2021 and early 2022, Gasunie Deutschland will, as part of Germany’s phasing out of coal, build a natural gas pipeline to the Volkswagen plant in Wolfsburg, enabling the car manufacturer to cut its carbon emissions by 1.5 megatonnes per year. The impact on the natural surroundings along the 30km stretch of pipeline will be offset as much as possible. Trees felled will be replaced by new greenery. Bird and bat boxes have already been installed. In partnership with the city of Wolfsburg, new bodies of water have been created for amphibians. February In the second week of the month, it was remarkably cold in north-western Europe. Below ground, however, gas transport continued as normal. -
Russian and European Gas Interdependence Can Market Forces Balance out Geopolitics?
Laboratoire d'Economie de la Production et de l'Intégration Internationale Département Energie et Politiques de l'Environnement (EPE) FRE 2664 CNRS-UPMF CAHIER DE RECHERCHE LEPII Série EPE N° 41 bis Russian and European gas interdependence Can market forces balance out geopolitics? Dominique FINON Catherine LOCATELLI janvier 2007 LEPII - EPE BP 47 - 38040 Grenoble CEDEX 9 - France 1221 rue des Résidences - 2e étage - 38400 Saint Martin d'Hères Tél.: + 33 (0)4 56 52 85 70 - Télécopie : + 33 (0)4 56 52 85 71 [email protected] - http://www.upmf-grenoble.fr/lepii-epe/ 1 Russian and European gas interdependence. Can market forces balance out geopolitics? Dominique FINON, CIRED, CNRS and EHESS, Paris Catherine LOCATELLI, LEPII-EPE, Université de Grenoble Summary This article analyses the economic risk associated with the dominant position of the Russian vendor in the European market, with a view to assessing the relevance of possible responses by European nations or the EU. It considers various aspects of the Russian vendor's dependence on the European market, before turning to the risks that Gazprom exerts market power on the European market. It concludes by considering the relevance of the possible responses open to the EU and member states to limit any risks by creating a gas single buyer or more simply by encouraging the development of a denser pan-European network, with additional sources of supply and increased market integration. 2 1. Introduction A great deal has been written recently on relations between European Union countries and Russia with respect to gas. Alarmed by the fears stirred up by the supply cuts following the gas dispute between Russia and Ukraine in January 2006, European states are increasingly concerned about their growing dependence on Russian gas (40% of imports) and the strategy of the quasi-public company Gazprom, which aims to take control of some major gas companies in certain countries without offering anything very substantial in return. -
Former President International Gas Union 2003-2006
Former President International Gas Union 2003-2006 George H.B. Verberg George H.B. Verberg was born on September 2, 1942 in Batavia (former Dutch East Indies). After primary school in Medan (Indonesia) and secondary school in the Netherlands, he read General Economics at the Netherlands School of Economics of the Erasmus University, Rotterdam, graduating with distinction in 1970. He spent 1970/1971 in the United States, studying at M.I.T. and the University of California at Berkeley. Mr. Verberg joined the Dutch Ministry of Education, Culture and Science in May 1971. In March 1974 he joined the Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs and held subsequently the positions of General Economic Policy Director, Director-General for Trade, Industry and Services and during 1982-1988 Director-General for Energy. Mr. Verberg joined N.V. Nederlandse Gasunie on January 1, 1988 and was appointed Commercial Managing Director with effect from January 1, 1989. From May 1992 till July 2004 he was Gasunie’s CEO. He also served two periods as President of EUROGAS. Mr. Verberg was appointed President of the International Gas Union on June 1, 2003 for the triennium 2003 – 2006 and President of the World Gas Conference 2006 in Amsterdam. February 2007 – January 2009 he served as President of the Energy Delta Institute (EDI) in Groningen. EDI was founded in 2002 – a cooperative agreement between N.V. Nederlandse Gasunie, GasTerra, OAO Gazprom and Groningen University, joined by Shell in 2006 and by RWE in 2007. EDI aims to educate the energy industry’s current and future managers. Therefore EDI coordinates knowledge projects and organizes training programmes with a focus on economic, social, managerial and geopolitical aspects of the gas value chain. -
TYNDP 2017 FID Status (Final Investment Decision) White Sea PCI Status (Project of Common Interest) Submission
SHTOKMAN SNØHVIT Pechora Sea ASKELADD MELKØYA KEYS ALBATROSS Hammerfest Salekhard Cross-border points / intra-country or intra balancing zone points Transport by pipeline LNG Import Terminals Storage facilities Compressor stations Barents KILDIN N Acquifer Sea 1ACross-border interconnection point Cross-border interconnection point Pipeline diameters : LNG Terminals’ entry point within Europe within Europe Diameter < 600 mm intro transmission system Salt cavity - cavern or export point to non-EU country or export point to non-EU country Operational Under construction or Planned Diameter 600 - 900 mm Depleted (Gas) eld on shore / oshore MURMAN Diameter > 900mm Other type Unknown Cross-border interconnection point Cross-border third country (import) with third country (import) Under construction or Planned Pomorskiy Project categories : Project categories : Project categories : Project categories : Strait Intra-country or Murmansk Third country cross-border FID projects FID projects FID projects intra balancing zone points interconnection point FID projects Non-FID, advanced projects Non-FID, advanced projects Non-FID, advanced projects REYKJAVIK Non-FID, advanced projects Non-FID, non-advanced projects Non-FID, non-advanced projects Non-FID, non-advanced projects Gas Reserve areas Countries Non-FID, non-advanced projects ENTSOG Member Countries ICELAND Project is part of 2nd PCI list : Project is part of 2nd PCI list : Project is part of 2nd PCI list : Project is part of 2nd PCI list : Drilling platform ENTSOG Associated Partner P ENTSOG -
2020 Half-Year Report Index
2020 half-year report Index 1.. K.ey . fig.ure. s . .3 . 2.. F.ina. nc.ial. re.sul.ts . .5 . 3.. P.rof.ile. .9 . 4. R. ec.en.t d.eve.lo.pm.en.ts . 1.1 . 5. O. th.er . de.vel.op.me.nt.s . 16. 6. R. es.ult.s fo. r t.he. fir.st .hal.f-y.ea.r of. 20.20. 1.9 . 7.. R.isk. m.an.ag.em.en.t . 2.2 . 8. S.ta.tem. en. t o. f t.he. Ex.ecu. ti.ve .Boa. rd. 2.4 . 9. 2.02.0 c.on.sol.ida. te.d in. te.rim. fi.na.nc.ial . sta.te.me.nt.s . 2.6 . .Con. de. ns.ed. co.ns.olid. at.ed. sta. te.me.nt. of. fin.an.cia.l p.osi.tio.n a. s a.t 3.0 J.un.e 2.020. 2.7 . .Con. de. ns.ed. co.ns.olid. at.ed. sta. te.me.nt. of. pro. fit. an. d .los.s . 2.9 . .Con. so.lid.at.ed .sta.tem. e.nt .of .com. p.reh. en.siv.e i.nc.om.e . 3.0 . .Con. so.lid.at.ed .sta.tem. e.nt .of .cha. ng. es. in. eq.uit.y . .31 . .Con. de. ns.ed. co.ns.olid. at.ed. sta. te.me.nt. of. ca.sh .flo.ws. 3.2 . .No.tes. to. th.e 2.02.0 c.on.sol.ida.te.d in. te.rim. fi.na.nci.al .sta.tem. -
Blue Stream Gas-In Procedure
BLUE STREAM GAS-IN PROCEDURE THE INJECTION OF NATURAL GAS THROUGH THE VACUUM SYSTEM MINNETTI Giuseppe, Manager of Process (Snamprogetti S.p.A.) CARUSO Salvatore, Technical Director (Blue Stream Pipeline Company) BOROVIK Vladimir, Technical Director (Blue Stream Pipeline Company) MANSUETO Massimiliano, Process Engineer (Snamprogetti S.p.A.) TERENZI Alessandro, Process Engineer (Snamprogetti S.p.A.) FERRINI Francesco, Manager (SICURGAS) 1. INTRODUCTION The Blue Stream Project represents a challenging work from a technological perspective, since it is the first sealine installed at more than 2000 m of water depth, in a sea environment having peculiar characteristics and presenting safety problems (high water pressure, landslides). The pipeline installation has been completed on 2002. The whole pipeline profile is shown in Figure 1. This paper describes the gas-in operation relevant to one of the twin pipelines crossing the Black Sea, called W2. The procedure developed to carry out the gas-in operation was conceived in order to satisfy the following requirements: { minimise the duration of the operations; { use of conventional or standard equipment; { minimise temporary pipeworks; { maximise the safety of the operations; { take care of risk of possible abort and operation restart; { minimise environment impact; { minimise consumable materials; { avoid any possible hydrate formation during gas-in. The main problem related to the execution of such an operation is represented by the risk of flammable mixture. In fact, air and natural gas in the proper stechiometric proportions will ignite liberating heat. The temperature rise of the gases causes an increase of pressure and, under confinement, might result in an explosion. There are two composition limits of flammability for air and gaseous fuel under specified conditions. -
Energy Delta Institute
Energy Delta Institute Building Knowledge Hubs around the world by Robert Badoux & Wim Mallon Mission - vision EDI • Support organisations around the world to obtain knowledge and skills for the development of an economically viable gas market and a sustainable gas industry through an international network of knowledge institutes • An international acknowledged business school and research centre for the gas business. A top class institute recognised as the cradle for Gas in a changing world toward sustainable energy Objectives • Promote gas as the preferred fuel for the next decennia in transition towards sustainable energy • Steer and conduct strategic Research and Development in areas impacting the gas value chain • Facilitate the flow and exchange of knowledge in matters related to the gas value chain through – a network among knowledge centres, – publications, workshops and conferences – training and development programme’s • Provide advice to stakeholders on the gas value chain and the environment in which it is embedded The Netherlands: knowledge centre for natural gas Vast technical expertise on gas transport, gas usage Groningen gas field: driving force for development of W. European gas SOS ! market Security of supply: top priority 20 € ct/m3 Four decades of experience in gas marketing, gas pricing Truly liberalised energy market EDI supported by Gazprom Strategic alliance between Gazprom and Gasunie Sharing the knowledge of both companies Strong commitment Gasunie ? Alliance with Science! Business International Academic Experience -
Gazprom Cannot Do Without Ukraine in 2020
Gazprom cannot do without Ukraine in 2020 Silvia Favasuli / London Gazprom will not find sufficient capacity on alternative export routes to Europe before 2020, meaning it will have to sign a new deal with Naftogaz GAZPROM SAID ON 2 March that it will not renew its Ukrainian transit contracts with Naftogaz Ukrainy when they expire in December 2019, but the reality is it will almost certainly have to do so, as no alternative routes will be available by then. The Russian monopoly has been working on reducing its reliance on Ukraine’s transport network for years. Its Nord Stream 2 pipeline will have a capacity of 55 billion cubic metres per year and will offer a new northern route across the Baltic Sea, while the second leg of Turkish Stream will provide a 15.75 bcm/y southern route across the Black Sea dedicated entirely to the European market. However, the two new pipelines together will not have enough Source: Gazprom capacity to replace the Ukrainian route, and they will be available only from 2020. TAP Italy told Interfax Natural Gas Daily. “Even if Gazprom files the Gazprom exported 193 bcm of gas to Europe in 2017. Of this, request now, it won’t be ready before spring 2020,” he said. 93.3 bcm transited Ukraine – utilising about two-thirds of the route’s ITGI-Poseidon, another connecting option being considered by capacity. And Gazprom expects to maintain its current export levels Gazprom, will not be ready before 2023, assuming it takes an FID in in the coming years, Deputy Chief Executive Alexander Medvedev 2019 as expected. -
Last Ned Brosjyre Om Prosessanlegget På Kollsnes
FAKTA Kollsnes prosessanlegg Som en oase lyser prosessanlegget opp kystlandskapet en sensommerkveld Kollsnesanlegget spiller en nøkkelrolle når det gjelder transport av gass i store mengder fra felt i norsk del av Nordsjøen til kunder i Europa. Gass fra Kollsnes utgjør nærmere 40 prosent av totale norske gass- leveranser. De enorme gassmengdene i Troll-feltet var starten på det hele. Kollsnes prosessanlegg er i dag et Selve prosessanlegget består i hovedsak Troll er selve hjørne- senter for behandling av gass fra feltene av tre duggpunktsanlegg for behand- steinen i norsk gass- Troll, Fram, Visund og Kvitebjørn. På ling av henholdsvis gass, kondensat og Kollsnes blir gassen renset, tørket og monoetylenglykol (MEG). I tillegg finnes produksjon. Da feltet komprimert før den sendes som tørrgass et eget anlegg for utvinning av flytende gjennom eksportrør til Europa. I tillegg våtgass (Natural Gas Liquids -NGL). ble erklært drivverdig i transporteres noe gass i eget rør til I anlegget blir våtgass (NGL) først Naturgassparken, vest i Øygarden, der skilt ut. Deretter blir tørrgass trykket 1983, kom spørsmålet Gasnor behandler og distribuerer gass opp ved hjelp av de seks eksport- om hvilken vei de til innenlands forbruk. Kondensat, eller kompressorene og sendt ut i transport- våtgass, som er tyngre komponenter i systemet via eksportrør-ledningene enorme gassmengdene gassen, føres via Stureterminalen i rør Zeepipe IIA og IIB. til Mongstad (Vestprosess). Her videre- skulle ta for å komme behandles produktet og fraksjoneres til trygt fram til brukerne. propan, butan og nafta. Løsningen ble et mottaksanlegg på Kollsnes i Øygarden kommune nordvest 40% Gass fra Kollsnes utgjør nærmere for Bergen.