DOCSLIB.ORG

Rwanda Not So Innocent

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Rwanda Not So Innocent RWANDA NOT SO INNOCENT WHEN WOMEN BECOME KILLERS August 1995 PO Box 3836, Kigali, Rwanda Tel: 00 250 501007 Fax: 00 250 501008 Web: www.africanrights.org Email: [email protected] Table of Contents Acronyms and Explanatory Notes .......................................................................................... vii SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 4 The 1973 Watershed: Women Come Into Their Own As Allies Of Killers .................... 5 BACKGROUND ................................................................................................................... 10 LENDING A BIG HAND IN THE MASSACRES AND KILLINGS .............................. 14 Women who Led the Killings .......................................................................................... 15 Bernadette Mukarurangwa .................................................................................... 15 Félicitée Semakuba ................................................................................................ 19 Léoncie Nyirabacamurwango ................................................................................ 20 Maman Aline ......................................................................................................... 21 Women Who Were Coerced Into Killing ......................................................................... 22 Women Among The Crowds Of Attackers ...................................................................... 24 Athanasie Mukabatana .......................................................................................... 27 Louise Uwamahoro ................................................................................................ 27 Gaudence Kantwaza .............................................................................................. 28 Women Accused of Killing Their Husbands and Children .............................................. 29 Intimate Murders: Women Who Turned on Their Neighbours ........................................ 31 Madeleine Senguri ................................................................................................. 33 Spéciose Mujawayezu ........................................................................................... 34 Jeanne Mukamugemana ......................................................................................... 35 Solina Rwamakombe ............................................................................................. 36 Mme Suzanne ........................................................................................................ 36 Girls Complicit in The Murder of Fellow-Pupils ............................................................. 36 Solange Uwamahoro .............................................................................................. 37 Marie Louise Uwizeye ........................................................................................... 38 Angéline Musafiri .................................................................................................. 38 Gaudence Uwamahoro .......................................................................................... 38 Alphonsine Uwizeyimana ...................................................................................... 39 Singing In Praise Of Genocide: Ululating The Killers Into Action ................................. 39 Betraying The Hunted ...................................................................................................... 39 Looting The Dead ............................................................................................................. 44 Women Who Encouraged Their Men To Rape ................................................................ 44 MINISTERS IN THE INTERIM GOVERNMENT .......................................................... 49 Pauline Nyiramasuhuko .................................................................................................... 50 Agnès Ntamabyariro ......................................................................................................... 58 ADMINISTRATORS OF DEATH: LOCAL GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS ................ 59 Rose Karushara: The Butcher of Kimisagara ................................................................... 60 Odette Nyirabagenzi: The Terror of Rugenge .................................................................. 67 Euphrasie Kamatamu: Stalking Muhima .......................................................................... 72 Madeleine Kankuyo ......................................................................................................... 77 Thérèse Nyirabititaweho .................................................................................................. 77 Mamashura Mwajuma ...................................................................................................... 78 MESSENGERS OF DEATH: JOURNALISTS WHO PREACHED GENOCIDE ........ 79 Valérie Bemeriki .............................................................................................................. 80 Stéphanie Nyirasafari ....................................................................................................... 82 Agenesta Mukarutamu ...................................................................................................... 82 THE UNTHINKABLE: NUNS WHO JOINED THE KILLERS .................................... 84 Sister Gertrude Mukangango and Sister Julienne Kizito of Sovu, Butare ....................... 84 Sister Bernadette Mukarusine, Sister Bénédicte Mukanyangezi, Sister Josephine 102 Uzamukunda and Sister Pétronile Nyirabirori of Shyorongi, Greater Kigali .................. Sister Elizabeth of Nyamasheke 104 TEACHERS AND SCHOOL INSPECTORS .................................................................... 106 Angéline Mukandutiye ..................................................................................................... 106 Bernadette Nyirabukeye ................................................................................................... 111 WHEN HEALERS BECOME KILLERS: DOCTORS, NURSES & EMPLOYEES OF 113 MEDICAL INSTITUTIONS ............................................................................................... Elianne Mukahirwa .......................................................................................................... 114 Nurses at the University Hospital in Butare (HUNR) ...................................................... 117 Employees of the University Centre for Public Health (CUSP) ...................................... 120 Dr. Jeanne Nduwamariya ................................................................................................. 124 Mme Siméon Remera ....................................................................................................... 128 Nurses at Kigali Central Hospital (CHK) ........................................................................ 129 Josephine Mukaruhungo ................................................................................................... 132 Laurence Nkundabanyanga and Patricie Kanyarengwe, Maternity Hospital, Gisenyi .... 133 CONCLUSION ...................................................................................................................... 136 ACRONYMS AND EXPLANATORY NOTES AVEGA Association of the Widows of the Genocide of April 1994 (Association des Veuve du Génocide d'Avril de 1994) CDR Coalition for the Defence of the Republic (Coalition pour la Défense de la République) CND National Council for Development (RPF headquarters from December 1993) FAR Rwandese Armed Forces (Forces Armées Rwandaises) GP Presidential Guard (Garde Présidentielle) MDR Democratic Republican Movement (Mouvement Républicain Démocrate) MRND National Revolutionary Movement for Development (1975-91) and National Republican Movement for Democracy and Development (1991-4) (Mouvement Républicain pour le Developement et la Démocratie/Mouvement Républicain National pour la Démocratie et le Développement) PDC Christian Democratic Party (Parti Démocrate Chrétien) PL Liberal Party (Parti Libéral) PSD Social Democratic Party (Parti Sociale Démocrate) RTLM Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines RPA Rwandese Patriotic Army RPF Rwandese Patriotic Front UNAMIR United Nations Assistance Mission to Rwanda Inkotanyi is used to refer to the RPF by both its allies and opponents. The term, which means "fierce fighter" in Kinyarwanda, was the name given to one of the battalions of King Rwabugiri in the nineteenth century. Inyenzi, meaning "cockroach" in Kinyarwanda, is a term of abuse for the RPF made popular by the Habyarimana government. The term has another connation; after the massacres and expulsions of Tutsis in 1959-63, a group of refugees, called Inyenzi, tried to stage a comeback and were defeated. The term was intended to imply that the RPF had the same objectives, and was equally destined to fail. "Refugee": The vast majority of the people we interviewed referred to those who fled their homes and places of sanctuary as "refugees," although they were not refugees under international law, not having crossed an international boundary. Throughout the report, we have used the term as it has been used by Rwandese themselves, except when, due to the context, there is a danger of
Load more

Recommended publications
  • What Is Happening to Women in Transitional Justice? Analysing the Crime of Rape and Its Reconciliation in the ICTR Bilge Şahin
    Yayınlayan: Ankara Üniversitesi KASAUM Adres: Kadın Sorunları Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi, Cebeci 06590 Ankara Fe Dergi: Feminist Eleştiri Cilt 6, Sayı 2 Erişim bilgileri, makale sunumu ve ayrıntılar için: http://cins.ankara.edu.tr/ What is happening to women in transitional justice? Analysing the crime of rape and its reconciliation in the ICTR Bilge Şahin Çevrimiçi yayına başlama tarihi: 22 Aralık 2014 Bu makaleyi alıntılamak için Bilge Şahin, “What is happening to women in transitional justice? Analysing the crime of rape and its reconciliation in the ICTR” Fe Dergi 6, no. 2 (2014), 1-13. URL: http://cins.ankara.edu.tr/12_1.pdf Bu eser akademik faaliyetlerde ve referans verilerek kullanılabilir. Hiçbir şekilde izin alınmaksızın çoğaltılamaz. 1 Şahin What is happening to women in transitional justice? Analysing the crime of rape and its reconciliation in the ICTR1 Bilge Şahin* International law is dominated by the reproduction of gendered structures originating in the masculine nature of law. In respect of rape in armed conflicts the prescribed roles of men and women and the respective experiences they make severely limit subtantial reconciliation. In armed conflicts, men are considered decision-makers and fighters whereas women are regularly regarded as victims. Hence, their respective roles and experiences in post-conflict societies have constrained effective legal efforts. I will exemplify this by examining the masculine nature of the jurisprudence of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR). I propose that the ICTR case law illustrates the lack luster reconciliation efforts of the international community in response to rape crimes in armed conflicts and reproduces gender norms.
    [Show full text]
  • „Kobieta, Która Zatraciła Człowieczeństwo – Sprawa Pauline
    Aleksandra Spychalska (Uniwersytet Wrocławski) „Kobieta, Która zatraciła człowieczeństwo” – sprawa paUline nyiramasUhuko abstract a women who lost her hUmanity: the case of paUline nyiramasUhuko This article presents the case of Pauline Nyiramasuhuko – Rwandan Minister for Family Welfare and the Advancement of Women – who was tried at the Interna- tional Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda for genocide, public and direct incitement to commit genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes. The trial of Ny- iramasuhuko was unprecedented. It was the longest and most expensive trial the ICTR has ever held. It was also the first trial before an international criminal court in which the accused was a woman. Furthermore, among the charges that were brought against her – for which she was sentenced in the first instance to life im- prisonment – was rape as a crime against humanity. KEYWORDS: genocide, Pauline Nyiramasuhuko, ICTR, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, Rwanda SłOWA KLUCZOWE: ludobójstwo, Pauline Nyiramasuhuko, MTKR, Międzynaro- dowy Trybunał Karny dla Rwandy, Rwanda A woman from the Rwandan society, a woman who is a minis- ter, who is a member of parliament. A woman who lost all her civil nature: People being raped before their parents; watching their children being raped. She had lost her civil nature be- cause in her presence, the most serious rape under the cruelest conditions were applauded. She encouraged even her son to do 266 ��������������������������� aleKsandra spychalsKa as much. She put everything she had to the point that she was dressed in military gear to play her role of a militant minister. A woman who had lost every sense of feeling, Pauline Nyira- masuhuko1.
    [Show full text]
  • Rwanda Timeline
    Rwanda Profile and Timeline 1300s - Tutsis migrate into what is now Rwanda, which was already inhabited by the Twa and Hutu peoples. [Hutus are farmers and make up > 80% of the population / Twa are the smallest group and by trade hunters and gatherers / Tutsi > 10% of the population are pastoralists] 1600s - Tutsi King Ruganzu Ndori subdues central Rwanda and outlying Hutu areas. Late 1800s - Tutsi King Kigeri Rwabugiri establishes a unified state with a centralized military structure. 1858 - British explorer Hanning Speke is the first European to visit the area. 1890 - Rwanda becomes part of German East Africa. 1916 - Belgian forces occupy Rwanda. 1923 - Belgium granted League of Nations mandate to govern Ruanda-Urundi, which it ruled indirectly through Tutsi kings. 1946 - Ruanda-Urundi becomes UN trust territory governed by Belgium. Independence 1957 - Hutus issue manifesto calling for a change in Rwanda's power structure to give them a voice commensurate with their numbers; Hutu political parties formed. 1959 - Tutsi King Kigeri V, together with tens of thousands of Tutsis, forced into exile in Uganda following inter-ethnic violence. 1961 - Rwanda proclaimed a republic. 1962 - Rwanda becomes independent with a Hutu, Gregoire Kayibanda, as president; many Tutsis leave the country. Hutu Gregoire Kayibanda was independent Rwanda's first President 1963 - Some 20,000 Tutsis killed following an incursion by Tutsi rebels based in Burundi. 1973 - President Gregoire Kayibanda ousted in military coup led by Juvenal Habyarimana. 1978 - New constitution ratified; Habyarimana elected president. 1988 - Some 50,000 Hutu refugees flee to Rwanda from Burundi following ethnic violence there. 1990 - Forces of the rebel, mainly Tutsi, Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) invade Rwanda from Uganda.
    [Show full text]
  • Gender and the Genocide in Rwanda
    Gender and the Genocide in Rwanda This book examines the mobilization, role, and trajectory of women rescuers and perpetrators during the 1994 genocide in Rwanda. While much has been written about the victimization of women during the 1994 genocide in Rwanda, very little has been said about women who rescued targeted victims or perpetrated crimes against humanity. This book explores and analyzes the role played by women who exercised agency as rescuers and as per- petrators during the genocide in Rwanda. As women, they took actions and deci- sions within the context of a deeply entrenched patriarchal system that limited their choices. This work examines two diverging paths of women’s agency during this period: to rescue from genocide or to perpetrate genocide. It seeks to answer three questions: First, how were certain Rwandan women mobilized to parti- cipate in genocide, and by whom? Second, what were the specific actions of women during this period of violence and upheaval? Finally, what were the tra- jectories of women rescuers and perpetrators after the genocide? Comparing and contrasting how women rescuers and perpetrators were mobilized, the actions they undertook, and their post- genocide trajectories, and concluding with a broader discussion of the long- term impact of ignoring these women, this book develops a more nuanced and holistic view of women’s agency and the genocide in Rwanda. This book will be of interest to students of gender studies, genocide studies, African politics and critical security studies. Sara E. Brown is a Fellow at the USC Shoah Foundation – The Institute for Visual History and Education, and has a PhD in Comparative Genocide Studies from Clark University, USA.
    [Show full text]
  • Expanding the Definition of Genocide to Include Rape
    Volume 108 Issue 1 Dickinson Law Review - Volume 108, 2003-2004 6-1-2003 From the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda to the International Criminal Court: Expanding the Definition of Genocide To Include Rape Alexandra A. Miller Follow this and additional works at: https://ideas.dickinsonlaw.psu.edu/dlra Recommended Citation Alexandra A. Miller, From the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda to the International Criminal Court: Expanding the Definition of Genocide oT Include Rape, 108 DICK. L. REV. 349 (2003). Available at: https://ideas.dickinsonlaw.psu.edu/dlra/vol108/iss1/19 This Comment is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Reviews at Dickinson Law IDEAS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dickinson Law Review by an authorized editor of Dickinson Law IDEAS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. I Comments I From the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda to the International Criminal Court: Expanding the Definition of Genocide To Include Rape Alexandra A. Miller* I. Introduction On July 18, 1997, Kenyan and international authorities arrested Pauline Nyiramasuhuko ("Pauline"), the former National Minister of Family and Women's Affairs for Rwanda.1 The Office of the Prosecutor for the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda ("Tribunal"), formed to address the atrocities committed in Rwanda in 1994, charged Pauline2 with eleven counts involving genocide and crimes against humanity. * J.D. Candidate, The Pennsylvania State University Dickinson School of Law, 2004. 1. Press Release, International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, Pauline Nyiramasuhuko: Former Minister of Women Development Pleads Not Guilty (Sept. 3, 1997), available at www.ictr.org; see Peter Landesman, Woman's Work, N.Y.
    [Show full text]
  • Violence Against Women in the Rwandan Genocide Cecilia D'arville
    Violence Against Women in the different, the main tensions between the two Rwandan Genocide stemmed from political and socioeconomic differences (Hoex & Smeulers 2010:438). The Tutsis were the elites of society, and the Hutus Cecilia D’Arville rebelled against them in the mid-1950s by Sophomore, Global Studies/Journalism taking over the government (Sharlach 1999:391). The Hutus controlled the Throughout history, genocides have government for the next few decades and proven to be amongst the most violent implemented discriminatory policies against atrocities committed by the human race. The Tutsis, deepening the tensions between the Rwandan genocide was no different. In 1994, groups (Hoex & Smeulers 2010:439). In 1990, between April and July, approximately 800,000 a Tutsi rebel group invaded Rwanda in an 1 attempt to regain control of the government Rwandans were killed. ​ Occurring only a ​ couple decades ago, the Rwandan genocide (Sharlach 1999:391). Their attempt failed and stands out as one of the most notable examples led Hutu leaders to begin planning what would of genocide in recent history. Despite the eyes become the Rwandan genocide. of the world watching and involvement by the Regardless of ethnicity, women in United Nations and other groups, hundreds of Rwanda held less power in society than men. thousands of people were killed and sexually The Family Code of 1992 designated husbands assaulted. During the Rwandan genocide, as the official heads of households, limiting the women were sexually assaulted on a scale rights of women within their families (U.S. previously unrecorded in any past genocide Department of State 1997).
    [Show full text]
  • PAULINE NYIRAMASUHUKO's ROLE in the RWANDAN GENOCIDE Carrie Sperling
    Fordham Urban Law Journal Volume 33 | Number 2 Article 11 2006 MOTHER OF ATROCITIES: PAULINE NYIRAMASUHUKO'S ROLE IN THE RWANDAN GENOCIDE Carrie Sperling Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/ulj Part of the Law and Gender Commons Recommended Citation Carrie Sperling, MOTHER OF ATROCITIES: PAULINE NYIRAMASUHUKO'S ROLE IN THE RWANDAN GENOCIDE, 33 Fordham Urb. L.J. 637 (2006). Available at: https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/ulj/vol33/iss2/11 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by FLASH: The orF dham Law Archive of Scholarship and History. It has been accepted for inclusion in Fordham Urban Law Journal by an authorized editor of FLASH: The orF dham Law Archive of Scholarship and History. For more information, please contact [email protected]. MOTHER OF ATROCITIES: PAULINE NYIRAMASUHUKO'S ROLE IN THE RWANDAN GENOCIDE Cover Page Footnote Carrie Sperling is an Assistant Professor of Legal Research and Writing at the University of Oklahoma College of Law. I would like to thank three of the brightest people I know for their assistance in writing this article—Talitha Ebrite for her excellent research and thoughtful comments, Meg Penrose for her encouragement and superb suggestions, and Vivian Houng for her keen insight and deft de iting. This article is available in Fordham Urban Law Journal: https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/ulj/vol33/iss2/11 SPERLING_CHRISTENSEN 2/3/2011 10:16 PM MOTHER OF ATROCITIES: PAULINE NYIRAMASUHUKO’S ROLE IN THE RWANDAN GENOCIDE Carrie Sperling* In the courtroom she prefers
    [Show full text]
  • Women's Participation in the Rwandan Genocide
    Volume 92 Number 877 March 2010 Women’s participation in the Rwandan genocide: mothers or monsters? Nicole Hogg Nicole Hogg is a former legal adviser for the International Committee of the Red Cross in the Pacific region. She has a Master of Laws from McGill University,for which her thesis research involved extensive interviews in Rwanda, including with 71detained female genocide suspects. Abstract The participation of women in the 1994 Rwandan genocide should be considered in the context of gender relations in pre-genocide Rwandan society. Many ‘ordinary’ women were involved in the genocide but, overall, committed significantly fewer acts of overt violence than men. Owing to the indirect nature of women’s crimes, combined with male ‘chivalry’, women may be under-represented among those pursued for genocide- related crimes, despite the broad conception of complicity in Rwanda’s Gacaca Law. Women in leadership positions played a particularly important role in the genocide, and gendered imagery, including of the ‘evil woman’ or ‘monster’, is often at play in their encounters with the law. ‘No women were involved in the killings … They were mad people; no women were involved. All women were in their homes.’ Female genocide suspect, Miyove prison1 ‘I believe that women are just as guilty of this genocide as men.’ Female genocide suspect, Kigali Central Prison2 doi:10.1017/S1816383110000019 69 N. Hogg – Women’s participation in the Rwandan genocide: mothers or monsters? Women’s participation in the 1994 Rwandan genocide has been brought to light by several high profile trials of Rwandan women in international jurisdictions, notably before the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda.
    [Show full text]
  • Women's Participation in the Rwandan Genocide
    Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal Volume 2 Issue 3 Article 3 November 2007 A Calamity in the Neighborhood: Women's Participation in the Rwandan Genocide Reva N. Adler Cyanne E. Loyle Judith Globerman Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp Recommended Citation Adler, Reva N.; Loyle, Cyanne E.; and Globerman, Judith (2007) "A Calamity in the Neighborhood: Women's Participation in the Rwandan Genocide," Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal: Vol. 2: Iss. 3: Article 3. Available at: https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol2/iss3/3 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Open Access Journals at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal by an authorized editor of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A Calamity in the Neighborhood: Women’s Participation in the Rwandan Genocide Reva N Adler Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Cyanne E Loyle PhD Candidate, Department of Political Science, University of Maryland and Judith Globerman Institute for Health Promotion Research, University of British Columbia Although public-health-based violence-prevention trials have been successful in a variety of high-risk settings, no study has addressed the prevention of genocide, a form of population-based catastrophic violence. In addition, little is known about women who participate in genocide, including women’s motivations for active participation in hands-on battery, assault, or murder. In order to explain why women assaulted or murdered targeted victims during the 1994 Rwandan Genocide, we interviewed ten Rwandan female genocide perpetrators living in prisons and communities in six Rwandan provinces in 2005.
    [Show full text]
  • French Soldiers: a Private Initiative? One of the Needs Mentioned By
    Leave None to Tell the Story:Genocide in Rwanda French Soldiers: A Private Initiative? One of the needs mentioned by Rwabalinda was “foreign soldiers,” whether regulars or mercenaries, to serve as “instructors.” Captain Paul Barril, the former French policeman who had served as security consultant to Habyarimana, may have agreed to fill that need. Barril was reportedly linked to the French president directly as well as through Mitterrand’s confidant De Grossouvre, who committed suicide at the presidency on April 7 (see above). According to one press report, a high-ranking military officer was so suspicious of Barril’s activities in Rwanda in 1993 that he questioned Mitterrand directly about them, fearing that the president might be compromised by what Barril was doing. Mitterrand reportedly replied that Barril had received no orders from him.100 Barril claims to have been present in Rwanda from the beginning of the genocide through to its end. He maintains that he was one of the last to leave Kigali before the RPF victory, taken out by helicopter. In fact, he was in Europe for at least part of the period—he appeared on television at the end of June to describe his theory about how the RPF shot down Habyarimana’s plane— but he seems to have been in Kigali on April 6 or soon after. He provides no specifics of his activities but relates that the Rwandans were so panic-stricken by Habyarimana’s death that they “were running around like rabbits” and that senior officers of the Rwandan army, notably General Bizimungu, needed to turn to him for advice.
    [Show full text]
  • Pauline Nyiramasuhuko Et Shalom Ntahobali
    INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL PENAL INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNAL FOR RWANDA POUR LE RWANDA Case No. ICTR-97-21-1 N de dossier: ICTR-97-21-1 C- C ',' CJ 6 ~t: ;-:: ' c f";' .' - THE PROSECUTOR LE PROCUREUR DU TRIBUNAL~ : ~ _ ~ AGAINST CONTRE (:i ~~- 1) PAULINE NYIRAMASUHUKO PAULINE NYIRAMASUHUKO SHALOM NTAHOBALI SHALOM NTAHOBALI AMENDED ACTE D'ACCUSATION INDICTMENT AMENDE as per the decision of Trial Chamber II of Selon la decision de la Chambre de August 10th 1999 Premiere Instance II du 10 aoiit 1999 The Prosecutor ofthe International Criminal Le Procureur du Tribunal Penal International Tribunal for Rwanda,pursuantto the authority pour le Rwanda, en vertu des pouvoirs que lui stipulated in Article 17 of the Statute of the confere I'article 17 du Statut du Tribunal International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda Penal International pour le Rwanda ("IeStatut ('the Statute ofthe Tribunal') charges: du Tribunal") accuse: PAULINE NYIRAMASUHUKO PAULINE NYIRAMASUHUKO SHALOM NTAHOBALI SHALOM NTAHOBALI d'ENTENTE EN VUE DE COMMETTRE with CONSPIRACY TO COMMIT LE GENOCIDE, de GENOCIDE de GENOCIDE, GENOCIDE, COMPLICITY COMPLICITE DE GENOCIDE, IN GENOCIDE, DIRECT AND PUBLIC d'INCITATION PUBLIQUE ET INCITEMENT TO COMMIT DIRECTE A COMMETTRE LE GENOCIDE, CRIMES AGAINST GENOCIDE, de CRIMES CONTRE HUMANITY, and VIOLATIONS OF L'HUMANITE, et de VIOLATIONS DE ARTICLE 3 COMMON TO THE L'ARTICLE 3 COMMUN AUX GENEVA CONVENTIONS AND CONVENTIONS DE GENEVE ET DU ADDITIONAL PROTOCOL II, offences PROTOCOLE ADDITIONNEL II, crimes stipulated in Articles 2, 3 and 4 ofthe Statute prevus aux articles 2, 3 et 4 du Statut du ofthe Tribunal. Tribunal. INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL PENAL INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNAL FOR RWANDA POUR LE RWANDA Case No.
    [Show full text]
  • She Makes Me Ashamed to Be a Woman: the Genocide Conviction of Pauline Nyiramasuhuko, 2011
    Michigan Journal of International Law Volume 34 Issue 3 January 2013 She Makes Me Ashamed to Be a Woman: The Genocide Conviction of Pauline Nyiramasuhuko, 2011 Mark A. Drumbl Washington and Lee University, School of Law Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjil Part of the Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, Human Rights Law Commons, Law and Gender Commons, and the Organizations Law Commons Recommended Citation Mark A. Drumbl, She Makes Me Ashamed to Be a Woman: The Genocide Conviction of Pauline Nyiramasuhuko, 2011, 34 MICH. J. INT'L L. 559 (2013). Available at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mjil/vol34/iss3/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Michigan Journal of International Law at University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Michigan Journal of International Law by an authorized editor of University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. "SHE MAKES ME ASHAMED TO BE A WOMAN": THE GENOCIDE CONVICTION OF PAULINE NYIRAMASUHUKO, 2011 Mark A. Drumbl* INTRODUCTION................................................. 559 I. PAULINE NYIRAMASUHUKO: BACKGROUND, ASCENT, DESCENT ............................................... 564 II. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS................................... 571 III. MYTH As STRATEGY, TRIAL As SENSATION ............ 580 A. Instrumental Pretexts..... .................... 583 B. Her Case As News.... ...................... 586 1. How She Looks ........................... 587 2. What She Does................................. 589 3. And How She Lords over That Son of Hers .... 590 IV. LESSONS FOR INTERNATIONAL LAW IN POST-CONFLICT SOCIETIES .............................................. 593 A. InternationalJustice As First-Best Justice ............ 593 B. Connivance and Collective Violence ................ 597 C.
    [Show full text]