Announcements
Lab Quiz today. Please stay afterwards to key and look at new families…
Lecture Exam Wednesday.
Arboretum Field Trip Wednesday. Attendance expected, no lab. Phylogeny of angiosperms Angiosperms “Basal angiosperms”
Parallel venation scattered vascular bundles 1 cotyledon Tricolpate pollen
vessels
(Jansen et al. 2007) Phylogeny of Eudicots (or Tricolpates) Eudicots (or Tricolpates) “Basal eudicots”
(Soltis et al. 2011) Phylogeny of Rosids
Rosids Saxifragales Saxifragaceae Crassulaceae
Fabids: Malvids: Malpighiales Brassicales Salicaceae Brassicaceae Violaceae Malvales Euphorbiaceae Fabales Malvaceae Sapindales Fabaceae Rosales Aceraceae Myrtales Rosaceae Fagales Onagraceae Betulaceae Geraniales Fagaceae Geraniaceae (The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 2009) Saxifragaceae (Saxifrage family)
leaves often palmate and serrate in a basal rosette
Saxifraga sp.
Photo: Yaowu Yuan
Textbook DVD DLN Heuchera sanguinea Mitella breweri Saxifragaceae (Saxifrage family)
Textbook DVD WSJ
Photo: Yaowu Yuan Lithophragma sp. Mitella nuda flowers actinomorphic (rarely zygomorphic, e.g., Tolmeia) sepals and petals 5, often attached to a variously developed hypanthium petals often clawed, and sometimes variously dissected Saxifragaceae (Saxifrage family)
Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Textbook DVD BSC Darmera peltata Saxifraga stolonifera
two partially fused carpels (most diagnostic characteristic of this family) Saxifragaceae (Saxifrage family)
Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Heuchera sanguinea two partially fused carpels and the hypanthium Saxifragaceae (Saxifrage family)
Saxifragaceae - 30 genera/550 species. an important component of the flora of PNW Herbs Leaves often palmate and serrate, in a basal rossete Flowers actinomorphic, rarely zygomorphic sepals and petals 5, often attached to a variously developed hypanthium petals often clawed, and sometimes variously dissected stamens 5 or 10 carpels 2, more or less connate ovary superior to inferior Fruit a capsule or follicle Mitella sp. Photo: Ryan Miller Crassulaceae (Stonecrop family)
Ref. 14 Kalanchoe sp.
Ref. 12 Echeveria derenbergii
Echeveria sp. Ref. 13 Crassulacean Acid Metabolism
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/biology/phoc.html#c4 Green Roofs
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedum Sedum acre biting stonecrop
http://ecobrooklyn.com/extensive-green-roof/ Crassulaceae (Stonecrop family)
Tim Hagan 2003
Tim Hagan 2006 Rod Gilbert 2006 Crassulaceae (Stonecrop family)
Ben Legler 2004 Crassulaceae (Stonecrop family)
Textbook DVD KRR & DLN 35 genera/1,500 species (Crassula, Echeveria, Kalanchoe, Sedum)
Succulent herbs - shrubs Leaves and stems succulent Flowers actinomorphic 4-5 sepals and petals, distinct or connate stames 4-10, terminal pores carpels 4-5, distinct, slightly fused, superior Fruit: aggregate of follicles
Mitella sp. http://www.resimlerden.com/cicek/Kalanchoe.jpg Phylogeny of Rosids
Rosids Saxifragales Saxifragaceae Crassulaceae
Fabids: Malvids: Malpighiales Brassicales Salicaceae Brassicaceae Violaceae Malvales Euphorbiaceae Fabales Malvaceae Sapindales Fabaceae Rosales Aceraceae Myrtales Rosaceae Fagales Onagraceae Betulaceae Geraniales Fagaceae Geraniaceae (The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 2009) Fagales
Synapomorphies: •Indehiscent fruits •No nectaries •Inferior ovary with 1 or 2 ovules/locule •Unisexual flowers with reduced perianth •Gland-headed and/or stellate hairs
(Manos and Steele 1997) Fagaceae (Beech or Oak family)
Quercus sp.
Oak G. D. Carr 2009 Quercus garryana Garry oak Fagaceae (Beech or Oak family)
Over 450 spp. of Quercus (Oak), note the tremendous leaf variation Fagaceae (Beech or Oak family)
Textbook DVD DLN Fagus grandifolia beech Quercus sp. oak Flowers are unisexual (trees monoecious), male flowers in a dangling catkin (inflorescence a dense, elongated mass of inconspicuous, usually wind-pollinated flowers) Fagaceae (Beech or Oak family)
carpellate inflorescence
carpellate inflorescence
Quercus sp.
Textbook DVD DLN
Castanea mollissima both staminate and carpellate (female) inflorescence are on the same individual (plants are monoecious) Fagaceae (Beech or Oak family)
Quercus sp.
carpellate flowers usually in group of 1-3 and associated with a scaly cupule, carpels 3-12, connate cupule: any cup-shaped structure, such as the scaly to spiny “cup” associated with Fagaceae nuts Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Quercus palustris Fagaceae (Beech or Oak family)
Textbook DVD WSJ Quercus virginiana
fruit a nut, closely associated with a Quercus sp. spiny to scaly cupule Fagaceae (Beech or Oak family)
Textbook DVD KRR
Textbook DVD DLN Fagaceae (Beech or Oak family)
Textbook DVD WSJ Fagaceae (Beech or Oak family)
Textbook DVD DLN Castanea sativa chestnut staminate inflorescences
Quercus sp. tepals usually 6, reduced and staminate (male) flower inconspicuous, stamens 4 - numerous Fagaceae (Beech or Oak family)
Textbook DVD DLN Textbook DVD JRA Fagus sylvatica Castanea pumila
Textbook DVD KRR Fagus grandifolia Fagaceae (Beech or Oak family)
Fagaceae - 9 genera/900 species
Trees or shrubs, mostly northern hemisphere, temperate region Leaves simple, alternate; often lobed, entire or serrate, deciduous or evergreen Flowers inconspicuous, unisexual; plants monoecious; tepals usually 6, reduced. male flowers in dangling catkins; stamens 4-numerous, subtended by a bract; females flowers in groups of 1-3; carpels 3(-12), connate; surrounded by an scaly or spiny cupule of many overlapping bracts Fruit a nut (fairly large, indehiscent, dry fruit with a thick bony wall surrounding a single seed), closely associated with a scaly or spiny cupule Betulaceae (Birch family)
Textbook DVD WSJ Betula papyrifera (paper birch) Betulaceae (Birch family)
Textbook DVD JRA Carpinus caroliniana American hornbeam
doubly serrate leaf margin Betulaceae (Birch family)
Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Betula pendula both staminate and carpellate flowers are in catkins; plants are monoecious Betulaceae (Birch family)
both staminate and carpellate flowers are in catkins (plants are monoecious)
Alnus sp. Photo: Yaowu Yuan alder Betulaceae (Birch family)
Textbook DVD CSC Textbook DVD WSJ Alnus rubra Corylus cornuta red alder beaked hazelnut
fruit an achene, nut, or 2-winged samara, associated with a variously fused and developed bract-bracteole complex
Ostrya virginiana Textbook DVD KRR American hophornbeam Betulaceae (Birch family)
Corylus Hazelnut
This genus with only male flowers in catkins; female flowers solitary. Betulaceae (Birch family)
Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Betulaceae (Birch family)
Textbook DVD WSJ
Textbook DVD WSJ Betulaceae (Birch family)
Betulaceae - 6 genera/157 species
Trees or shrubs, mostly northern hemisphere, temperate region Leaves simple, alternate, deciduous, with doubly serrate margins Flowers inconspicuous, unisexual; plants monoecious both staminate and carpellate flowers are in catkins (except Corylus) erect female catkins, pendulous male catkins tepals 1-4, sometimes lacking and always very reduced stamens 4; carpels 2, connate, ovary inferior Fruit: dry, single-seeded indehiscent fruit - achene (Ostrya) nut (Corylus) 2-winged samara (Alnus and Betula) Phylogeny of Rosids
Rosids Saxifragales Saxifragaceae Crassulaceae
Fabids: Malvids: Malpighiales Brassicales Salicaceae Brassicaceae Violaceae Malvales Euphorbiaceae Fabales Malvaceae Sapindales Fabaceae Rosales Aceraceae Myrtales Rosaceae Fagales Onagraceae Betulaceae Geraniales Fagaceae Geraniaceae (The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 2009) (Chase et al. 2002) Salicaceae (Willow family)
Your textbook expanded Salicaceae dramatically to include most of “Flacourtiaceae”, a mostly tropical family with much more diverse morphology
Salicaceae (Salix and Populus) as covered here (and in FPNW) is monophyletic and is either nested within “Flacourtiaceae” or sister to “Flacourtiaceae”
Salix babylonica Textbook DVD KRR Babylon willow Salicaceae s.s. (Willow family)
Textbook DVD WSJ
Salix tweedyi Tweedy’s willow Salix exigua Sandbar willow Salicaceae (Willow family)
Textbook DVD DLN Textbook DVD WSJ Salix caroliniana Populus deltoides coastal plain willow eastern cottonwood “cottonwood” - hairy seeds (wind dispersal) Salicaceae (Willow family)
Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Salix interior coyote willow staminate and carpellate inflorescence are in different individuals (plants are dioecious) Salicaceae (Willow family)
Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Populus deltoides Populus alba staminate inflorescence carpellate inflorescence Salicaceae (Willow family)
Textbook DVD KRR & DLN Salix interior perianth is absent, each flower is subtended by a hairy bract Salicaceae (Willow family)
Salicaceae - 2 genera/435 species
Trees or shrubs, often found along river banks, due to their mode of vegetative reproduction Leaves simple, alternate, deciduous, with salicoid teeth (gland at tip of vein along serrated leaf margin) Flowers inconspicuous, unisexual; plants dioecious both staminate and carpellate flowers are in erect catkins perianth lacking, flowers are subtended by a hairy bract stamens 2-4; carpels 2-4, connate, with many ovules ovary superior Fruit: capsule - dry, dehiscent, many-carpeled fruit, seeds typically with woolly hairs Wind pollination syndrome
Textbook DVD WSJ
Textbook DVD DLN Photo: Yaowu Yuan What common traits do they share in terms of floral presentation? Wind pollination syndrome
Flowers appear before leaves are out; tend to flower early in the year
Often unisexual flowers
Flowers often aggregated in catkins
Individual flowers small and inconspicuous
Big stamens (large anthers) produce lots of pollen
Stigmas large and plumose or roughened (papillate) to catch pollen
Ratio of pollen to ovules VERY HIGH (up to 6,000 to 1) References
Ref. 1 http://www.theohhfactor.com/beet.jpg Ref. 2 http://www.life.illinois.edu/ib/335/Caryophyllidae/13-Agrostemmacapsule.jpg Ref. 3 http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/beets-2.jpg Ref. 4 http://tomorrowaustin.files.wordpress.com/2008/02/beets2.jpg Ref. 5 http://www.floweringflowers.net/wp-content/uploads/2008/10/carnation.jpg Ref. 6 http://www.floweringflowers.net/wp-content/uploads/2008/10/carnation.jpg Ref. 7 http://www.all-creatures.org/recipes/images/i-buckwheat.jpg Ref. 8 © 1997 by the University of Kentucky Cooperative Extension Service. This publication may be reproduced in portions or its entirety for educational or non-profit purposes only. Permitted users shall give credit to the author(s) and include this copyright notice. http://www.ca.uky.edu/agc/pubs/for/for59/for59.pdf Ref. 9 © The University of Auckland 2009 http://www.sbs.auckland.ac.nz/uoa/.../concepts/tilia_stem(400).jpg Ref. 10 http://www.ohranger.com/files/imagecache/parkphoto_lightbox/files/parkphotos/JOTR_JoshuaTree.jpg Ref. 11 http://www.privateislandsonline.com/wallpaper/1152x864/palm-tree-wallpaper-1152x864.jpg Ref. 12 http://www.smgrowers.com/imagedb/Echeveria_derenbergii.JPG Ref. 13 http://micheleroohani.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2008/07/succulent-echeveria-michele-roohani-huntington.jpg Ref. 14 http://www.blankees.com/house/plants/image/kalanchoe.jpg