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Friedrich Ebert Institute for Peace and Foundation Democracy ARIF YUNUSOV Islam in Azerbaijan Baku - 2004 1 The publication is implemented by the Institute for Peace and Democracy owing to the financial support of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation Editor: Prof. Doctor of History Rauf Huseynov (National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan) Translation: Zhala Mammadova and Murad Gassanly Consultants: Doctor of political Science Dina Malysheva (Institute of World Economy and International Relations of Russian Academy of Sciences) Thomas de Waal (officer of London Institute of War and Peace Reporting) Technical editor: Javanshir Huseynov The publication expresses personal opinion of the author 2 Yunusov, Arif S. Islam in Azerbaijan. – Baku: «Zaman», 2004. – 364 p. ISBN 9952-8052-1-7 In the monograph prepared by the author on the basis of many years of field research, monitoring of the Mass Media and a sociological poll, the history of Islam in Azerbaijan is considered for the first time from the ancient to modern times. The picture of the religious situation in the country in the pre-Islamic period as well as all the stages in the development of Islam in Azerbaijan is illustrated. Special attention is paid to the contemporary problems of Islam and the activity of different Muslim organizations. The publication is addressed to everybody who is interested in the problems of Islam in Azerbaijan and in the region. ISBN 9952-8052-1-7 3 CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. 8 CHAPTER I The religious situation in pre-Islamic Azerbaijan ........ 12 CHAPTER II Islam in Azerbaijan in Middle Ages ............................ 27 CHAPTER III Islam in Azerbaijan in the XIX – early XX Centuries .............................................................................................................. 86 CHAPTER IV Islamic and national renaissance in Azerbaijan in the XIX – early XX centuries ................................................................... 111 CHAPTER V Islam in Soviet Azerbaijan ......................................... 131 CHAPTER VI Islam in Azerbaijan in 1985-2003 ............................ 163 CHAPTER VII Islamic radical and nontraditional organizational 219 CHAPTER VIII Religion as a factor prior and in the aftermath of presidential election of 2003 .............................................................. 250 CHAPTER IX Azerbaijan’s population on religion and its role in society ................................................................................................. 266 Appendices ......................................................................................... 281 CONCLUSION .................................................................................. 289 NOTES ............................................................................................... 295 TABLES ............................................................................................. 341 Photos ................................................................................................. 355 4 FROM THE AUTHOR The religious thematic particularly the issue of Islam attracted my attention even at the time of my work at the Institute of History of the National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan. Then during numerous archeological and ethnographic trips to the districts of the country I had to study numerous places of worshiping, tombs of the holy people, to take part in the scientific examination of the mosques and churches. After the beginning of the Karabakh conflict the religious theme did not only remain actual but became an even sharper issue. At that period of time I had to appear and talk about the role of the Islam in the republic as well as outside it. I repeatedly participated in the discussions in the numerous conferences abroad and talked about the possibility of the “Islamic revolution” in Azerbaijan. The interesting detail on which I paid attention long time ago is: representatives of non-Muslim world in all the possible ways tried to assure and talked about the threat of the Islam in Azerbaijan. And representatives of the Muslim East on the contrary referred to such statements somewhat skeptically. Particularly striking was the talk in 1993 with Arabic journalist who after the numerous meetings held in Azerbaijan stated me Azerbaijanis – “are kind of special type of Muslims” who thoughts and actions are simply not understandable for the true followers of the Islam. The true believer Arab did not understand how one can consider himself a Muslim and at the same time for example in days of the fast to sell alcohol everywhere in the shops. Why Azerbaijanis are so predisposed and easily accept any kind of superstitions “future-telling on the Koran” and many other things which are blasphemy in the Islam. At the same time, very few Azerbaijanis know at least one chapter of the Koran by heart not to mention the whole text of the holy book of Muslims. The overwhelming majority do not observe Islamic norms and rules do not make namaz and many things which a Muslim should do. The famous Arabic thinker Jamal ad-Dina al-Afghani (1839-1897) said namely about such people: “Islam – is one thing, Muslims- its quite issue”. And completed the 5 monolog by a phrase which first seemed incomprehensible to me: “The name – Ali Omarov could appear only in Azerbaijan”. Then I understood that Arab meant the combination of the Shiite name with Shiite surname, what in that given case simply was not understandable for him – Sunni. All mentioned above mainly became the determining factor in order in 1996 in the Institute for Peace and Democracy (IPD) there would be worked out a program to study the religious situation in Azerbaijan and certainly of the Islam. Within the framework of that program in the course of the field researches held in the second part of 1990s there were implemented trips to many regions of the republic, regular monitoring of the Mass Media was carried out. Finally, in 2002, the German Friedrich Ebert Foundation agreed to sponsor the project to carry out broad research of the issue of Islam in Azerbaijan. From November 2002 there started the process of the realization of the project that passed in several stages. First there was carried out the monitoring of the Mass Media as well as the collection of the necessary material about the situation in the religious sphere. From 1 February the next stage began: during four months the IPD held the sociological poll in five regions of the country. In its course there were questioned 1000 people and interviews from 120 citizens were taken. In July 2003 after the study of the collected material the IPD organized the conference where it informed the public with the results of the sociological poll. On the final stage the whole material both collected in the previous years and in the course of the realization of the current project was brought together and used for the creation of the current research. Taking the opportunity, I would like to express gratitude to all those who rendered support and assistance in the course of the realization of the project. But I would like to express my deep gratitude to those whose support helped this research to be published. That’s first of all the leadership of the of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation and personally to its representative in the Caucasus during the implementation of the project – Mr. Winfred Schneider who did not only demonstrate wonderful understanding of the importance of the research of the religious factor 6 but also tactical attitude to the problems appeared in the course of the project realization. On the other hand I would like to mention all experts of the IPD but particularly group leaders, candidate of the historical sciences Yunis Nasibov, Khaliaddin Khalilov and Alakpar Alakparov who brilliantly carried out the poll and interviews of the citizens in spite of all problems appeared in the course of the trips to the districts. Special thanks are tendered to the Doctor of Historical Sciences, professor Rauf Huseynov who took the most active part in the realization of the project: he went to the districts of the republic and helped to collect necessary materials, gave consultations and also edited the book on the final stage. Special gratitude is also rendered for the help and consultations to the Doctor of the Political Sciences, leading research officer of the Institute of World Economy and International Relations of Russian Academy of Sciences Dina Malysheva and Thomas de Waal, officer of London Institute of War and Peace Reporting. I would like to express my gratitude to the officers of the IPD, particularly Zhala Mammadova, Mutallim Mutallimov, Javanshir Huseynov, Hafiz Safikhanov, as well as journalist Zamin Haji and the chairman of the society “Vatan” in London - Murad Gasanly for the assistance in the preparation of the current research. And of course, my deep gratitude is rendered to my wife and friend – Director of the IPD and assistance in all affairs- Leyla Yunus. Baku, 25 August 2004. Arif Yunusov Candidate of Historical Sciences, Chief of Conflict and Migration Studies Departments Institute for Peace and Democracy 7 INTRODUCTION Azerbaijan – is a country with a rich and complex history. Practically all known religions of the world – from the paganism, shamanism and idolatry to the world religions (Zoroastrianism, Buddhism, Christianity and Islam) – left their traces in Azerbaijan. In 639 Arabs invaded that country and since then during
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