Contrasting Patterns of Diterpene Acid Induction by Red Pine and White
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Polar Semivolatile Organic Compounds in Biomass-Burning Emissions and Their Chemical Transformations During Aging in an Oxidation flow Reactor
Atmos. Chem. Phys., 20, 8227–8250, 2020 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-8227-2020 © Author(s) 2020. This work is distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. Polar semivolatile organic compounds in biomass-burning emissions and their chemical transformations during aging in an oxidation flow reactor Deep Sengupta, Vera Samburova, Chiranjivi Bhattarai, Adam C. Watts, Hans Moosmüller, and Andrey Y. Khlystov Desert Research Institute, 2215 Raggio Parkway, Reno, NV 89512, USA Correspondence: Vera Samburova ([email protected]) Received: 20 December 2019 – Discussion started: 23 January 2020 Revised: 7 May 2020 – Accepted: 18 May 2020 – Published: 16 July 2020 Abstract. Semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) emit- 350 g mol−1 decreased after OFR aging, while abundances ted from open biomass burning (BB) can contribute to chem- of low-MW compounds (e.g., hexanoic acid) increased. This ical and physical properties of atmospheric aerosols and indicated a significant extent of fragmentation reactions in also may cause adverse health effects. The polar fraction of the OFR. Methoxyphenols decreased after OFR aging, while SVOCs is a prominent part of BB organic aerosols, and thus a significant increase (3.7 to 8.6 times) in the abundance of it is important to characterize the chemical composition and dicarboxylic acids emission factors (EFs), especially maleic reactivity of this fraction. In this study, globally and region- acid (10 to 60 times), was observed. EFs for fresh and ratios ally important representative fuels (Alaskan peat, Moscow from fresh-to-aged BB samples reported in this study can be peat, Pskov peat, eucalyptus, Malaysian peat, and Malaysian used to perform source apportionment and predict processes agricultural peat) were burned under controlled conditions occurring during atmospheric transport. -
Resin Acids in Rosin (Colophony) Solder Flux Fume Laboratory Method Using Gas Chromatography
Health and Safety Executive Resin acids in rosin (colophony) solder flux fume Laboratory method using gas chromatography Scope 1 This method describes the measurement of time-weighted average concentrations of rosin (also known as colophony) based solder flux fume collected onto membrane filters with analysis of the resin acid components, after derivatisation, by gas chromatography (GC). Summary 2 A measured volume of air is drawn through a membrane filter mounted in a sampling head close to the breathing zone. The filter is solvent desorbed, the resin acids derivatised and then quantified using GC with a flame ionisation detector (FID). If confirmation of the resin acid components’ identities is required, samples may also be analysed by GC with a mass spectrometer (MS) detector. However, MS is not recommended for quantitative analysis as, unlike an FID, the MS detector gives different response factors for the various resin acids. The use of alternative methods not included in the MDHS series is acceptable provided they can demonstrate the accuracy and reliability appropriate to the application. Recommended sampling 3 For long-term exposures: Maximum sampling time: 8 hours; Sampling rate: 1–2 l-1min; Sampled volume: up to 960 litres. For short-term exposures: Sampling time: 15 mins; Sampling rate: 2 lmin-1; Sampled volume: 30 litres. Prerequisites 4 Users of this method will need to be familiar with the content of MDHS14.1 Safety 5 Users of this method should be familiar with normal laboratory practice and MDHS83/3 carry out a suitable risk assessment. It is the user’s responsibility to establish appropriate health and safety practices and to ensure compliance with regulatory requirements. -
Mountain Pine Beetle-Attacked Lodgepole Pine for Pulp and Papermaking
Operational extractives management from- mountain pine beetle-attacked lodgepole pine for pulp and papermaking Larry Allen and Vic Uloth Mountain Pine Beetle Working Paper 2007-15 Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre, 506 West Burnside Road, Victoria, BC V8Z 1M5 (250) 363-0600 • cfs.nrcan.gc.ca/regions/pfc Natural Resources Ressources naturelles Canada Canada Canadian Forest Service canadien Service des forêts Operational extractives management from mountain pine beetle-attacked lodgepole pine for pulp and papermaking Larry Allen and Vic Uloth Mountain Pine Beetle Initiative W orking Paper 2007œ15 Paprican 3800 W esbrook Mall Vancouver, B.C. V6S 2L9 Mountain Pine Beetle Initiative PO # 8.43 Natural Resources Canada Canadian Forest Service Pacific Forestry Centre 506 W est Burnside Road Victoria, British Columbia V8Z 1M5 Canada 2007 ≤ Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada 2007 Printed in Canada Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Allen, Larry Operational extractives m anagem ent from m ountain pine beetle-attached lodgepole pine from pulp and paperm aking / Larry Allen and Vic Uloth. (Mountain Pine Beetle Initiative working paper 2007-15) "Mountain Pine Beetle Initiative, Canadian Forest Service". "MPBI Project # 8.43". "Paprican". Includes bibliographical references: p. Includes abstract in French. ISBN 978-0-662-46480-8 Cat. no.: Fo143-3/2007-15E 1. Pulping--British Colum bia--Quality control. 2. Pulping--Alberta--Quality control. 3. Paper m ills-- Econom ic aspects--British Colum bia. 4. Pulp m ills--Econom ic aspects--Alberta. 5. Lodgepole pine--Diseases and pests–Econom ic aspects. 6. Mountain pine beetle--Econom ic aspects. -
The Phytochemistry of Cherokee Aromatic Medicinal Plants
medicines Review The Phytochemistry of Cherokee Aromatic Medicinal Plants William N. Setzer 1,2 1 Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL 35899, USA; [email protected]; Tel.: +1-256-824-6519 2 Aromatic Plant Research Center, 230 N 1200 E, Suite 102, Lehi, UT 84043, USA Received: 25 October 2018; Accepted: 8 November 2018; Published: 12 November 2018 Abstract: Background: Native Americans have had a rich ethnobotanical heritage for treating diseases, ailments, and injuries. Cherokee traditional medicine has provided numerous aromatic and medicinal plants that not only were used by the Cherokee people, but were also adopted for use by European settlers in North America. Methods: The aim of this review was to examine the Cherokee ethnobotanical literature and the published phytochemical investigations on Cherokee medicinal plants and to correlate phytochemical constituents with traditional uses and biological activities. Results: Several Cherokee medicinal plants are still in use today as herbal medicines, including, for example, yarrow (Achillea millefolium), black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa), American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius), and blue skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora). This review presents a summary of the traditional uses, phytochemical constituents, and biological activities of Cherokee aromatic and medicinal plants. Conclusions: The list is not complete, however, as there is still much work needed in phytochemical investigation and pharmacological evaluation of many traditional herbal medicines. Keywords: Cherokee; Native American; traditional herbal medicine; chemical constituents; pharmacology 1. Introduction Natural products have been an important source of medicinal agents throughout history and modern medicine continues to rely on traditional knowledge for treatment of human maladies [1]. Traditional medicines such as Traditional Chinese Medicine [2], Ayurvedic [3], and medicinal plants from Latin America [4] have proven to be rich resources of biologically active compounds and potential new drugs. -
United States Patent \ .J Patented Oct
2,907,738 United States Patent \ .j Patented Oct. 3, 1959 1 2 dibasic acids would also give polymerization in which the natural resin acid ester becomes an intimate part ‘ 2,907,738 of the ?nal polymer chemical composition. Such esteri ‘MIXED RESIN ACID ESTERS OF 4,4-BIS(47 ?cation reactions involving the phenolic hydroxyl groups HYDROXYARYL) PENTANOIC ACID 01 would conveniently be carried out by heating with a mix ture of the dibasic acid and acetic anhydride. Sylvan 0. Greenlee, Racine, Wis., assignor to The hydroxyaryl—substituted aliphatic acids contem~ S. C. Johnson & Son, Inc., Racine, Wis. plated for use in preparing the desired resinous poly No Drawing. Application June 30,1955 hydric phenols have two hydroxyphenyl groups attached ‘ Serial No.‘ 519,279’ 10 to a single carbon atom. The preparation of these sub~ stituted acids may be most conveniently carried out by 9 Claims. (Cl. 260-24)‘ condensing a keto-acid with the desired phenol. Expe rience in the preparation of bisphenols and related com pounds indicates that the carbonyl group of the keto This invention relates to new compositions which are 15 acid must be located next to a terminal carbon atom in ‘mixed esters of‘polyhydric alcohols, natural resin,acids, order to obtain satisfactory yields. A terminal carbon and hydroxyaryl-substituted aliphatic acids. atom as used herein refers to primary carbon atoms An object of this invention is to produce new com other ‘than the carboxyl carbon atom of the keto-acid. positions from natural resin acids, polyhydric alcohols Prior applications, Serial Nos. 464,607 and 489,300, and hydroxyaryl-substituted aliphatic acids which are 20 ?led October 25, 1954, and February 18, 1955, respec~ valuable as intermediates in the production of other more tively, disclose a number of illustrative compounds suit complex compositions. -
Determination of Terpenoid Content in Pine by Organic Solvent Extraction and Fast-Gc Analysis
ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 25 January 2016 doi: 10.3389/fenrg.2016.00002 Determination of Terpenoid Content in Pine by Organic Solvent Extraction and Fast-GC Analysis Anne E. Harman-Ware1* , Robert Sykes1 , Gary F. Peter2 and Mark Davis1 1 National Bioenergy Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA, 2 School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA Terpenoids, naturally occurring compounds derived from isoprene units present in pine oleoresin, are a valuable source of chemicals used in solvents, fragrances, flavors, and have shown potential use as a biofuel. This paper describes a method to extract and analyze the terpenoids present in loblolly pine saplings and pine lighter wood. Various extraction solvents were tested over different times and temperatures. Samples were analyzed by pyrolysis-molecular beam mass spectrometry before and after extractions to monitor the extraction efficiency. The pyrolysis studies indicated that the optimal extraction method used a 1:1 hexane/acetone solvent system at 22°C for 1 h. Extracts from the hexane/acetone experiments were analyzed using a low thermal mass modular accelerated column heater for fast-GC/FID analysis. The most abundant terpenoids from Edited by: the pine samples were quantified, using standard curves, and included the monoter- Subba Rao Chaganti, University of Windsor, Canada penes, α- and β-pinene, camphene, and δ-carene. Sesquiterpenes analyzed included Reviewed by: caryophyllene, humulene, and α-bisabolene. Diterpenoid resin acids were quantified in Yu-Shen Cheng, derivatized extractions, including pimaric, isopimaric, levopimaric, palustric, dehydroabi- National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Taiwan etic, abietic, and neoabietic acids. -
Identification and Functional Characterization of Diterpene Synthases for Triptolide Biosynthesis from Tripterygium Wilfordii
Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology Publications Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology 1-2018 Identification and functional characterization of diterpene synthases for triptolide biosynthesis from Tripterygium wilfordii Ping Su China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Hongyu Guan China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Yujun Zhao China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Yuru Tong China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences Meimei Xu Iowa State University, [email protected] See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/bbmb_ag_pubs Part of the Biochemistry Commons, Biophysics Commons, Molecular Biology Commons, Plant Sciences Commons, and the Structural Biology Commons The complete bibliographic information for this item can be found at https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/ bbmb_ag_pubs/272. For information on how to cite this item, please visit http://lib.dr.iastate.edu/howtocite.html. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology Publications by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Identification and functional characterization of diterpene synthases for triptolide biosynthesis from Tripterygium wilfordii Abstract Tripterygium wilfordii has long been used as a medicinal plant, and exhibits impressive and effective anti- inflammatory, immunosuppressive and anti-tumor activities. The main active ingredients are diterpenoids and triterpenoids, such as triptolide and celastrol, respectively. A major challenge to harnessing these natural products is that they are found in very low amounts in planta. -
A Review of Wood Biomass-Based Fatty Acidsand Rosin Acids Use In
polymers Review A Review of Wood Biomass-Based Fatty Acids and Rosin Acids Use in Polymeric Materials Laima Vevere *, Anda Fridrihsone , Mikelis Kirpluks and Ugis Cabulis Polymer Department, Latvian State Institute of Wood Chemistry, 27 Dzerbenes Str., LV-1006 Riga, Latvia; [email protected] (A.F.); [email protected] (M.K.); [email protected] (U.C.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +371-28869638 Received: 26 October 2020; Accepted: 14 November 2020; Published: 16 November 2020 Abstract: In recent decades, vegetable oils as a potential replacement for petrochemical materials have been extensively studied. Tall oil (crude tall oil, distilled tall oil, tall oil fatty acids, and rosin acids) is a good source to be turned into polymeric materials. Unlike vegetable oils, tall oil is considered as lignocellulosic plant biomass waste and is considered to be the second-generation raw material, thus it is not competing with the food and feed chain. The main purpose of this review article is to identify in what kind of polymeric materials wood biomass-based fatty acids and rosin acids have been applied and their impact on the properties. Keywords: crude tall oil; tall oil; fatty acids; rosin acids; polymer materials 1. Introduction The success of plastics as a commodity has been significant and polymer materials are a part of everyday life. The advantages of polymers over other materials can be attributed to their adjustable properties, low cost and ease of processing. Worldwide, the manufacturing of polymers grows every year, reaching almost 360 million tonnes in 2018 [1]. In the light of environmental challenges of the 21st century, the development of novel low-cost and scalable monomers from renewable resources is essential. -
Tall Oil Production and Processing
TALL OIL PRODUCTION AND PROCESSING Tall oil is a mixture of mainly acidic compounds found, like turpentine, in pine trees and obtained as a by-product of the pulp and paper industry. It is used as a resin in many different industries, including mining, paper manufacture, paint manufacture and synthetic rubber manufacture. It is extracted at the pulp and paper mill, and undergoes the first two processing steps there. Step 1 - Extraction of tall oil soap The "black liquor" from the paper making process is concentrated and left to settle. The top layer is known as "tall oil soap", and is skimmed off. The rest is recycled for further use in paper making. Step2 - Production of crude tall oil The tall oil soap is reacted with acid to form crude tall oil. The following reaction occurs: + + R—COONa + H3O → R—COOH + H2O + Na The acids formed from this reaction, along with small quantities of other compounds of similar volatility, make up the crude tall oil. All crude tall oil produced in New Zealand is then sent to a plant in Mt. Maunganui to complete processing. Step 3 - Crude tall oil distillation The oil is distilled into five components with different boiling points: heads (which boils first), then fatty acids, distilled tall oil (a mixture of fatty and resin acids), resin acids (collectively known as rosin) and pitch (the residue). All of these can be used in various industries as is, but some of the rosin is also further processed on site. Step 4 - Production of rosin paper size "Paper size" is the substance that stops all paper from behaving like blotting paper. -
Medically Useful Plant Terpenoids: Biosynthesis, Occurrence, and Mechanism of Action
molecules Review Medically Useful Plant Terpenoids: Biosynthesis, Occurrence, and Mechanism of Action Matthew E. Bergman 1 , Benjamin Davis 1 and Michael A. Phillips 1,2,* 1 Department of Cellular and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G5, Canada; [email protected] (M.E.B.); [email protected] (B.D.) 2 Department of Biology, University of Toronto–Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-905-569-4848 Academic Editors: Ewa Swiezewska, Liliana Surmacz and Bernhard Loll Received: 3 October 2019; Accepted: 30 October 2019; Published: 1 November 2019 Abstract: Specialized plant terpenoids have found fortuitous uses in medicine due to their evolutionary and biochemical selection for biological activity in animals. However, these highly functionalized natural products are produced through complex biosynthetic pathways for which we have a complete understanding in only a few cases. Here we review some of the most effective and promising plant terpenoids that are currently used in medicine and medical research and provide updates on their biosynthesis, natural occurrence, and mechanism of action in the body. This includes pharmacologically useful plastidic terpenoids such as p-menthane monoterpenoids, cannabinoids, paclitaxel (taxol®), and ingenol mebutate which are derived from the 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathway, as well as cytosolic terpenoids such as thapsigargin and artemisinin produced through the mevalonate (MVA) pathway. We further provide a review of the MEP and MVA precursor pathways which supply the carbon skeletons for the downstream transformations yielding these medically significant natural products. Keywords: isoprenoids; plant natural products; terpenoid biosynthesis; medicinal plants; terpene synthases; cytochrome P450s 1. -
Resin Profile in a Bleached Kraft Pulp Process
Resin Profile in a Bleached Kraft Pulp Process Jennie Berglund May 2012 Degree Project in Polymeric Materials, First Level Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology Royal Institute of Technology Stockholm, Sweden Abstract The aim with this project was to investigate how the amount and composition of resins varied during the process producing bleached birch pulp at the mill SCA Packaging Munksund. A literature study about how the resin removal can be improved has also been included. Problems with resins in the process are common at pulp and paper mills, especially when birch is used as a raw material. The resin can cause deposits on the equipment leading to process stops, but also lowered mechanical properties and spots on the paper products. The addition of tall oil to the digester is one way of improving the removal of resins, seasoning of wood, and a good debarking are other ones. Also the different washing and bleaching steps can affect the amount of resin remaining in the pulp. In this study pulp samples from eight different positions in the process were analyzed. To extract the samples a Soxtec device was used. Results showed that the most effective resin removal happened during the washing in their first washing step after the digester, a DD-washer. Here 77 % of the resin was removed, of totally 88 % during the whole process. Another step which was effective was the final washing step, the PO-press. About 36 % of the remaining resins in the pulp which entered the PO-press were washed out here. The extracts were analyzed with GC-FID and GC-MS to identify and quantify the substances, and determine how the composition varied over the manufacturing process. -
Composition of American Distilled Tall Oils Thomas V
321 Composition of American Distilled Tall Oils Thomas V. Magee and Duane F. Zinkel* USDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, One Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, Wisconsin 53705-2398 The composition of the acidic components was deter mined for a cross section of distilled tall oil products pro duced in the United States. The composition varied wide ly as a result of different process designs and operations. Filtration of those products that crystallize offers a poten tial for upgrading some distilled tall oils. In the course of this work, a new resin acid, 7,15-pimaradien-18-oic acid, was isolated and identified. KEY WORDS: Distilled tall oil, resin acids, rosin, secodehydroabietate, tall oil. Tall oil is the most important domestic source of rosin and a major contributor to the production of fatty acids in the United States. Nearly all U.S. tall oil is distilled. The primary products are tall oil rosin (TOR) and tall oil fatty acids (TOFA); TOR and TOFA products are defined as contain ing a minimum of 90% resin acids or 90% fatty acids, respec tively. Other distillation cuts of mixed rosin and fatty acids not meeting this 90% minimum are grouped together as distilled tall oils. The yields and characteristics of TOR and TOFA depend on the design and operation of the distilla tion process, as does the byproduct distilled tall oil. The ob ject of this study was to characterize American distilled tall oils and to identify their principal components. 1 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES = -28.8° (CHCl3; c 1.3); H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) (CDCl3): 0.83 (Me-20), 0.96 (Me-17), 1.25 (Me-19), Distilled tall oil samples were obtained from several tall 2.25 (dd, J = 1.7, 14.6 Hz, 1H, H-14), 3.64 (OMe), 4.96 (dd, oil fractionators.