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(Cnidaria/Ctenophora) Care Manual, 2Nd Edition

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(Cnidaria/Ctenophora) Care Manual, 2Nd Edition JELLYFISH (CNIDARIA/CTENOPHORA) CARE MANUAL nd 2 Edition CREATED BY THE AZA AQUATIC INVERTEBRATE TAXONOMIC ADVISORY GROUP IN ASSOCIATION WITH THE AZA ANIMAL WELFARE COMMITTEE Jellyfish (Cnidaria/Ctenophora) Care Manual, 2nd Edition Jellyfish Care Manual Published by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums in collaboration with the AZA Animal Welfare Committee. Formal Citation: AZA Aquatic Invertebrate TAG. 2021. Jellyfish (Cnidaria/Ctenophora) Care Manual (2nd ed.). Association of Zoos and Aquariums, Silver Spring, MD. Original Completion Date: 2013 Revised 2nd Edition: 2021 Edited by: Mike Schaadt, Cabrillo Marine Aquarium (Retired) Authors and Significant Contributors: Jerry Crow, Curator, Waikiki Aquarium (Retired) Michael Howard, Senior Aquarist, Monterey Bay Aquarium Nate Jaros, Curator, Aquarium of the Pacific Vincent Levesque, Aquarist, Birch Aquarium/Museum at Scripps Leslee Matsushige, Senior Aquarist, Birch Aquarium/Museum at Scripps Steve Spina, Assistant Curator, New England Aquarium Mike Schaadt, Cabrillo Marine Aquarium (Retired) Nancy Sowinski, Owner, Sunset Marine Labs Chad Widmer, Biologist, Point Defiance Zoo and Aquarium Bruce Upton, Senior Aquarist, Monterey Bay Aquarium Reviewers: Internal: Pete Mohan, Akron Zoo, Past AZA Aquatic Invertebrate TAG Chair Jennifer Janssen, Assistant Curator of Blue Wonders, National Aquarium Rachel Stein, Associate Director of Animal Husbandry, Maritime Aquarium Mackenzie Neale, Vancouver Aquarium Nancy Sowinski, Sunset Marine Labs Chad Widmer, Monterey Bay Aquarium Emma Rees (Cartwright), Weymouth Sealife Park Dr. Poh Soon Chow, Oceanis World External: Dr. Rebecca Helm, Brown University Cheryl L. Ames, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory & Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History AZA Staff Editors: Rebecca Greenberg, Animal Programs Director Cover Photo Credits: Gary Florin Illustrations: Celeste Schaadt 2 Association of Zoos and Aquariums Jellyfish (Cnidaria/Ctenophora) Care Manual, 2nd Edition Disclaimer: This manual presents a compilation of knowledge provided by recognized animal experts based on the current science, practice, and technology of animal management at the time of publication. The manual assembles basic requirements, best practices, and animal care recommendations to maximize capacity for excellence in animal care and welfare. The manual should be considered a work in progress, since practices continue to evolve through advances in scientific knowledge. The use of information within this manual should be in accordance with all local, state, and federal laws and regulations concerning the care of animals. While some government laws and regulations may be referenced in this manual, these are not all-inclusive nor is this manual intended to serve as an evaluation tool for those agencies. The recommendations included are not meant to be exclusive management approaches, diets, medical treatments, or procedures, and may require adaptation to meet the specific needs of individual animals and particular circumstances in each institution. Commercial entities and media identified are not necessarily endorsed by AZA. The statements presented throughout the body of the manual do not represent AZA standards of care unless specifically identified as such in clearly marked sidebar boxes. 3 Association of Zoos and Aquariums Jellyfish (Cnidaria/Ctenophora) Care Manual, 2nd Edition Table of Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 6 Taxonomic Classification .......................................................................................................... 6 General Information .................................................................................................................. 6 Chapter 1. Ambient Environment ............................................................................................ 14 1.1 Temperature and Humidity................................................................................................ 14 1.2 Light .................................................................................................................................. 14 1.3 Water and Air Quality ........................................................................................................ 15 1.4 Sound and Vibration ......................................................................................................... 18 Chapter 2. Habitat Design and Containment .......................................................................... 19 2.1 Space and Complexity ...................................................................................................... 19 2.2 Safety and Containment ................................................................................................... 20 Chapter 3. Records ................................................................................................................... 23 3.1 Definitions ......................................................................................................................... 23 3.2 Types of Records .............................................................................................................. 23 3.3 Identification ...................................................................................................................... 24 Chapter 4. Transport ................................................................................................................. 25 4.1 Preparations ...................................................................................................................... 25 4.2 Protocols ........................................................................................................................... 26 Chapter 5. Social Environment ................................................................................................ 28 5.1 Group Structure and Size ................................................................................................. 28 5.2 Influence of Others and Conspecifics ............................................................................... 28 5.3 Introductions and Reintroductions..................................................................................... 28 Chapter 6. Nutrition .................................................................................................................. 29 6.1 Nutritional Requirements................................................................................................... 29 6.2 Diets .................................................................................................................................. 29 6.3 Nutritional Evaluations ...................................................................................................... 30 Chapter 7. Veterinary Care ....................................................................................................... 31 7.1 Veterinary Services ........................................................................................................... 31 7.2 Transfer Examination and Diagnostic Testing Recommendations ................................... 31 7.3 Quarantine ........................................................................................................................ 32 7.4 Preventive Medicine .......................................................................................................... 33 7.5 Capture, Restraint, and Immobilization ............................................................................. 34 7.6 Management of Diseases, Disorders, Injuries and/or Isolation ......................................... 34 Chapter 8. Reproduction .......................................................................................................... 40 8.1 Reproductive Physiology and Behavior ............................................................................ 40 8.2 Artificial Insemination ........................................................................................................ 48 8.3 Contraception .................................................................................................................... 49 Chapter 9. Ambassador Animals ............................................................................................. 50 9.1 Ambassador Animal Policy ............................................................................................... 50 9.2 Institutional Ambassador Animal Plans ............................................................................. 50 9.3 Program Evaluation .......................................................................................................... 52 Chapter 10. Research ............................................................................................................... 53 10.1 Known Methodologies ..................................................................................................... 53 10.2 Future Research Needs .................................................................................................. 54 4 Association of Zoos and Aquariums Jellyfish (Cnidaria/Ctenophora) Care Manual, 2nd Edition Chapter 11. Other Considerations ........................................................................................... 55 11.1 Surplus Animals .............................................................................................................. 55 11.2 Additional Information
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