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FISH TERMINOLOGIES Aircraft Type Thesaurus Report Format: Hierarchical listing - alpha Notes: Terminology relating to historic aircraft types. Date: February 2021 504 AIRCO DH6 USE AVRO 504 UF Dh6 SN Originally designed as a trainer but relegated to AIR SEA RESCUE use by the RNAS in a Maritime Reconnaissance SN An aircraft engaged in rescuing persons in and anti-submarine role when the Avro 504 danger at sea. became the standard trainer. CL AIRCRAFT TYPE CL AIRCRAFT TYPE BT AIRCRAFT <BY FUNCTION> BT RECONNAISSANCE AIRCO BIPLANE AIRCO SN Aircraft Manufacturing Co., Ltd. Established in 1912 by Mr G. Holt Thomas. In 1914 secured the AIRCO DH9 services of Capt. Geoffrey de Havilland as UF Dh9 designer-in-chief, who went on to lend his initials SN Developed from the DH4, featured the pilot and to a number of highly successful machines. gunner cockpits in closer proximity, but suffered CL AIRCRAFT TYPE from engine reliability problems. Also known as BT AIRCRAFT <BY MANUFACTURER> the Ninak, saw service from 1918 to 1931. NT AIRCO DH1 CL AIRCRAFT TYPE AIRCO DH2 BT BIPLANE AIRCO DH4 AIRCO AIRCO DH5 BOMBER AIRCO DH6 AIRCO DH9 AIRCRAFT <BY FORM> SN Aircraft grouped according to their physical form. AIRCO DH1 CL AIRCRAFT TYPE UF Dh1 NT AIRSHIP SN A single-seat, pusher prop, escort and patrol- BIPLANE fighter. Used in the UK in a Home Defence role FLYING BOMB until superseded in 1917. GLIDER CL AIRCRAFT TYPE LIGHT AIRCRAFT BT BIPLANE MONOPLANE AIRCO SEAPLANE FIGHTER TRIPLANE AIRCO DH2 AIRCRAFT <BY FUNCTION> UF Dh2 SN Aircraft grouped according to their function. SN A single-seat fighter which began service with CL AIRCRAFT TYPE the RFC's fighter squadron in 1916. Some short- NT AIR SEA RESCUE term success in dealing with new Fokkers but ARMY COOPERATION was withdrawn from service in mid-1917. BOMBER CL AIRCRAFT TYPE COMMUNICATIONS BT BIPLANE FIGHTER AIRCO MINELAYER FIGHTER RECONNAISSANCE AIRCO DH4 TARGET TEST AIRCRAFT UF Dh4 TRAINER SN A two-seat, single-engine bomber. Fast, versatile TRANSPORTER and well armed, but with a fuel tank poorly placed TUG between pilot and gunner, was considered to be the best day bomber of the First World War. Later AIRCRAFT <BY MANUFACTURER> entered civil service. SN Aircraft grouped according to their manufacturer. CL AIRCRAFT TYPE CL AIRCRAFT TYPE BT BIPLANE NT AIRCO AIRCO AIRSPEED BOMBER ARADO AIRCO DH5 ARMSTRONG WHITWORTH AVRO UF Dh5 BEECH SN The DH5 was an attempt to give a tractor-type BELL fighter a good forward view. However it BLACKBURN suffered from unpleasant flying characteristics BLERIOT and, as a result, had a short service career. BOEING CL AIRCRAFT TYPE BOULTON PAUL BT BIPLANE BREWSTER AIRCO BRISTOL FIGHTER CESSNA CHANCE VOUGHT 2 CONSOLIDATED VULTEE function and manufacturer. CURTISS CL AIRCRAFT TYPE DE HAVILLAND NT AIRCRAFT <BY FORM> DORNIER AIRCRAFT <BY FUNCTION> DOUGLAS AIRCRAFT <BY MANUFACTURER> ENGLISH ELECTRIC AIRCRAFT MARK FAIREY AIRSHIP FARMAN FELIXSTOWE SN An aircraft lifted by gas bags, containing FIESELER hydrogen or helium, but propelled by engines. FOCKE WULF Also known as a dirigible balloon, firm and FOKKER streamlined in shape and incapable of high FOLLAND speeds. Used extensively during World War One. GENERAL AIRCRAFT CL AIRCRAFT TYPE GLOSTER BT AIRCRAFT <BY FORM> GOTHA NT ZEPPELIN GRUMMAN AIRSPEED HANDLEY PAGE HAWKER SN Airspeed (1934) Ltd. registered in 1934 when HEINKEL associated with shipbuilders Swan, Hunter and JUNKERS Wigham Richardson Ltd.. Acquired by de LOCKHEED Havilland in 1940, maintaining own identity and MARTIN changing name to Airspeed Ltd. in 1944. MCDONNELL DOUGLAS CL AIRCRAFT TYPE MESSERSCHMITT BT AIRCRAFT <BY MANUFACTURER> MILES NT COURIER NIEUPORT HORSA NOORDUYN OXFORD NORTH AMERICAN ALBACORE PERCIVAL SN A biplane torpedo-bomber designed to be flown REPUBLIC from aircraft carriers. Equipped with foldable SAUNDERS ROE wings for ease of storage. Joined Fleet Air Arm SHORT service in 1940, intended as a replacement for SOPWITH the Swordfish. STINSON CL AIRCRAFT TYPE VICKERS ARMSTRONGS BT TORPEDO BOMBER WACO BIPLANE WESTLAND FAIREY AIRCRAFT MARK ALBEMARLE SN Used to identify the variations of an aircraft. SN Originally designed as a wood and steel bomber- Index with Manufacturer, Form and Function. reconnaissance aircraft, subsequent variations CL AIRCRAFT TYPE served as special transports, glider tugs and NT MKI paratroop carriers. Featured a tricycle-style MKIC undercarriage. MKIF CL AIRCRAFT TYPE MKII BT RECONNAISSANCE MKIIA ARMSTRONG WHITWORTH MKIIB MONOPLANE MKIIC BOMBER MKIII MKIIIA ALDERSHOT MKIV SN A single-engine, heavy, long range, three to five- MKV crew day bomber. Served only with 99 Squadron MKVB RAF, 1924-5. MKVI CL AIRCRAFT TYPE MKVIC BT BIPLANE MKVII AVRO MKVIII BOMBER MKX MKXI ANSON MKXII SN Twin-engined monoplane originally designed as a MKXIV reconnaissance aircraft, but also widely used as MKXVI a trainer. Entered RAF service in 1936. AIRCRAFT TYPE CL AIRCRAFT TYPE BT RECONNAISSANCE SN Types of aircraft to aid the recording of aircraft MONOPLANE remains and crash sites, listing aircraft by form, 3 AVRO PUSS MOTH TRAINER AT7 AR 196 SN A twin engine advanced trainer developed by SN Single engine, two-crew shipboard Beech/ Beechcraft , a US firm, used in WWII reconnaissance and patrol seaplane. Entered CL AIRCRAFT TYPE service in 1939, this was the last combat BT MONOPLANE floatplane built in Europe. TRAINER CL AIRCRAFT TYPE BEECH BT RECONNAISSANCE FLOATPLANE AT8 MONOPLANE SN A twin engined advanced trainer aircraft ARADO developed for the military by the US firm of ARADO Cessna CL AIRCRAFT TYPE SN Arado Flugzeugwerke. Formed in 1931 in BT MONOPLANE Germany when the aircraft manufacturer TRAINER Albatros Flugzeugwerke was declared bankrupt CESSNA and part of it merged with Arado Handells- Gessellschaft. ATLAS CL AIRCRAFT TYPE SN A two-seat, general purpose biplane. The first to BT AIRCRAFT <BY MANUFACTURER> be designed specifically for an Army Co- NT AR 196 operation role, it entered service in late 1927. ARMSTRONG WHITWORTH Ended its service as a communications and advanced trainer aircraft. SN Sir W. G. Armstrong Whitworth Aircraft, Ltd. CL AIRCRAFT TYPE formed in 1921. Controlled by the Armstrong BT ARMSTRONG WHITWORTH Siddeley Development Co., Ltd., a subsidiary of BIPLANE the Hawker Siddeley Aircraft Co., Ltd. from 1935. Pioneers in the development of all-metal aircraft. ATTACKER CL AIRCRAFT TYPE SN Single-seat carrierborne jet fighter. Originally BT AIRCRAFT <BY MANUFACTURER> conceived as an RAF land-fighter, entered Fleet NT ALBEMARLE Air Arm service in 1951 and was the first jet ARMSTRONG WHITWORTH FK3 fighter to be standardised in first-line squadrons. ARMSTRONG WHITWORTH FK8 CL AIRCRAFT TYPE ATLAS BT SUPERMARINE SISKIN MONOPLANE WHITLEY FIGHTER ARMSTRONG WHITWORTH FK3 AUDAX UF Fk3 SN A British two-seater army co-operation aircraft SN A two-seat, reconnaissance biplane developed manufactured by Hawker Aircraft for the Royal from the FK2 with a more powerful, but heavier, Air Force. A Hart variant biplane that first flew in engine. Primarily used for training in the UK. 1931, becoming a prominent British aircraft in the CL AIRCRAFT TYPE inter-war period with over 700 units built. BT RECONNAISSANCE CL AIRCRAFT TYPE ARMSTRONG WHITWORTH BT HAWKER BIPLANE ARMY COOPERATION TRAINER BIPLANE ARMSTRONG WHITWORTH FK8 AVRO UF Fk8 SN A. V. Roe & Co., Ltd. formed in 1909. A SN Single-engine, two-seat tractor bomber and subsidiary of the Hawker Siddeley Aircraft Co., reconnaissance aircraft. Entered service in 1916 Ltd. from 1935, having formerly been a member and, during 1917 and 1918, equipped nine RFC of the Siddeley group. Produced such notable squadrons in its reconnaissance role. aircraft as the Lancaster, the York and the CL AIRCRAFT TYPE Anson. BT RECONNAISSANCE CL AIRCRAFT TYPE ARMSTRONG WHITWORTH BT AIRCRAFT <BY MANUFACTURER> BIPLANE NT ALDERSHOT BOMBER ANSON ARMY COOPERATION AVRO 504 BISON SN An aircraft used in the assistance of ground- LANCASTER based military operations. LINCOLN CL AIRCRAFT TYPE MANCHESTER BT AIRCRAFT <BY FUNCTION> TUTOR NT AUDAX VULCAN HECTOR 4 YORK BARRACUDA AVRO 504 SN British multi-purpose, single-engined monoplane UF 504 that served as a torpedo-bomber, dive-bomber, SN An important two-seat, tractor biplane, initially reconnaissance aircraft and in other roles. used by the RFC in a reconnaissance role and by Equipped with folding wings for use aboard the RNAS as a bomber. Later converted to a aircraft carriers. single-seat Home Defence fighter and ultimately CL AIRCRAFT TYPE used as a trainer. BT MONOPLANE CL AIRCRAFT TYPE FAIREY BT BIPLANE AVRO BATTLE B17 FLYING FORTRESS SN British three-seat, single-engine light bomber. All metal in construction, this monoplane had a 1000 UF Flying Fortress lb bomb load. SN American, four-engined, medium/heavy day CL AIRCRAFT TYPE bomber. Entered service in 1937. The prototype BT MONOPLANE was nicknamed the Flying Fortress, which later LIGHT BOMBER became a registered trademark. FAIREY CL AIRCRAFT TYPE BT BOEING BEAUFIGHTER MONOPLANE SN British two-seat, twin-engined night fighter. Also HEAVY BOMBER used for roles such as long-range escort fighter, B24 LIBERATOR ground-attack and anti-shipping strike aircraft, bomber, torpedo-carrier and rocket fighter. UF Liberator CL AIRCRAFT TYPE SN American, four-engined, long range, BT MONOPLANE medium/heavy day bomber. Produced in greater NIGHTFIGHTER numbers than any other American aircraft during BRISTOL the war. CL AIRCRAFT TYPE BEAUFORT BT MONOPLANE SN Twin-engined, four-seat torpedo-bomber HEAVY BOMBER designed to replace the Vildebeest. Entered CONSOLIDATED VULTEE service with RAF Coastal Command in 1939. RT PB4Y LIBERATOR Later versions incorporated a remote-controlled B25 MITCHELL machine gun with periscope sight. CL AIRCRAFT TYPE SN American twin-engined medium bomber and BT TORPEDO BOMBER ground-attack aircraft that entered service in MONOPLANE 1941. A small number were delivered to the RAF BRISTOL under the British designation Mitchell I. CL AIRCRAFT TYPE BEECH BT NORTH AMERICAN UF Beechcraft MEDIUM BOMBER SN Beech Aircraft Corporation, also known as MONOPLANE Beechcraft, established 1932 B26 MARAUDER CL AIRCRAFT TYPE BT AIRCRAFT <BY MANUFACTURER> SN American twin-engined medium bomber.
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    What were the investment dilemmas of the LNER in the inter-war years and did they successfully overcome them? William Wilson MA TPM September 2020 CONTENTS 1. Sources and Acknowledgements 2 2. Introduction 3 3. Overview of the Railway Companies between the Wars 4 4. Diminishing Earnings Power 6 5. LNER Financial Position 8 6. LNER Investment Performance 10 7. Electrification 28 8. London Transport Area 32 9. LNER Locomotive Investment 33 10. Concluding Remarks 48 11. Appendices 52 Appendix 1: Decline of LNER passenger business Appendix 2: Accounting Appendix 3: Appraisal Appendix 4: Grimsby No.3 Fish Dock Appendix 5: Key Members of the CME’s Department in 1937/38 12. References and Notes 57 1. Sources and Acknowledgements This paper is an enlarged version of an article published in the March 2019 edition of the Journal of the Railway & Canal Historical Society. Considerable use was made of the railway records in The National Archives at Kew: the primary source of original LNER documentation. Information was obtained from Hansard, the National Records of Scotland, University of Glasgow Archives Services, National Railway Museum (NRM) and Great Eastern Railway Society (GERS). Use was made of contemporary issues of The Railway Magazine, Railway Gazette (NRM), The Economist, LNER Magazine 1927--1947 (GERS) and The Engineer. A literature review was undertaken of relevant university thesis and articles in academic journals: together with articles, papers and books written by historians and commentators on the group railway companies. 2 The
  • Conquering the Night Army Air Forces Night Fighters at War

    Conquering the Night Army Air Forces Night Fighters at War

    The U.S. Army Air Forces in World War II Conquering the Night Army Air Forces Night Fighters at War PRINTER: strip in FIGURE NUMBER A-1 Shoot at 277% bleed all sides Stephen L. McFarland A Douglas P–70 takes off for a night fighter training mission, silhouetted by the setting Florida sun. 2 The U.S. Army Air Forces in World War II Conquering the Night Army Air Forces Night Fighters at War Stephen L. McFarland AIR FORCE HISTORY AND MUSEUMS PROGRAM 1998 Conquering the Night Army Air Forces Night Fighters at War The author traces the AAF’s development of aerial night fighting, in- cluding technology, training, and tactical operations in the North African, European, Pacific, and Asian theaters of war. In this effort the United States never wanted for recruits in what was, from start to finish, an all-volunteer night fighting force. Cut short the night; use some of it for the day’s business. — Seneca For combatants, a constant in warfare through the ages has been the sanctuary of night, a refuge from the terror of the day’s armed struggle. On the other hand, darkness has offered protection for operations made too dangerous by daylight. Combat has also extended into the twilight as day has seemed to provide too little time for the destruction demanded in modern mass warfare. In World War II the United States Army Air Forces (AAF) flew night- time missions to counter enemy activities under cover of darkness. Allied air forces had established air superiority over the battlefield and behind their own lines, and so Axis air forces had to exploit the night’s protection for their attacks on Allied installations.